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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Personal+god" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Deism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Humanist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Pandeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polydeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polydeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Polydeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polydeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Spiritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Dharmic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যক্তিকেন্দ্রিক দেবতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যক্তিকেন্দ্রিক দেবতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9u_personal" title="Déu personal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Déu personal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dios_personal" title="Dios personal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dios personal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="خدای شخص‌وار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدای شخص‌وار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieu_personnel" title="Dieu personnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dieu personnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhan_personal" title="Tuhan personal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tuhan personal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%94%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלוהות פרטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלוהות פרטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_pessoal" title="Deus pessoal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Deus pessoal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Персонифицированный Бог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персонифицированный Бог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%9File%C5%9Ftirilmi%C5%9F_tanr%C4%B1" title="Kişileştirilmiş tanrı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kişileştirilmiş tanrı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_c%C3%A1_th%E1%BB%83" title="Thần cá thể – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần cá thể" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of faith</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apatheism" title="Apatheism">Apatheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_theism" title="Classical theism">Classical theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ietsism" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Ignosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnism" title="Omnism">Omnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Specific conceptions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summum_bonum" title="Summum bonum">Summum bonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord#Religion" title="Lord">The Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology#Duotheism,_bitheism,_ditheism" title="Dualism in cosmology">Ditheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">In particular religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism#Beliefs" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Iranian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Yungdrung Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternity#God_and_eternity" title="Eternity">Eternalness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_(word)" title="God (word)">"God"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseity" title="Aseity">Aseity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Experiences</li><li>Practices</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_complex" title="God complex">God complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_gene" title="God gene">God gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">texts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayals_of_God_in_popular_media" title="Portrayals of God in popular media">Portrayals of God in popular media</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:God_sidebar" title="Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:God_sidebar" title="Template talk:God sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:God_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:God sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>personal god</b>, or <b>personal goddess</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> who can be related to as a <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of as an impersonal force, such as the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a>. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, the term "personal god" also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">God</a> as a person. In the context of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, "personal god/goddess" also refers to <a href="/wiki/Ishtadevata" title="Ishtadevata">Ishtadevata</a>, a worshipper's personal favorite deity. </p><p>In the scriptures of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is described as being a personal creator, speaking in the first person and showing emotion such as anger and pride, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">appearing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> shape.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pentateuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentateuch">Pentateuch</a>, for example, God talks with and instructs his <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and is conceived as possessing <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> (such as anger, grief and happiness), <a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">intention</a>, and other attributes characteristic of a human person. Personal relationships with God may be described in the same ways as human relationships, such as <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">a Father</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, or a Friend as in <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2008 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> reported that, of U.S. adults, 60% view that "God is a person with whom people can have a relationship", while 25% believe that "God is an impersonal force".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 survey by the <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a> reported that 77.5% of U.S. adults believe in a personal god.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2014 Religious Landscape survey conducted by Pew reported that 57% of U.S. adults believe in a personal god.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish theology">Jewish theology</a> states that God is not a person. This was also determined several times in the Torah, which is considered by Jews to be an indisputable authority for their faith (Hosea 11 9: "I am God, and not a man". Numbers 23 19: "God is not a man, that He should lie". 1 Samuel 15 29: "He is not a person, that He should repent"). However, there exist frequent references to <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> characteristics of God in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> such as the "<a href="/wiki/Hand_of_God_(art)" title="Hand of God (art)">Hand of God</a>." <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> holds that these are to be taken only as figures of speech. Their purpose is to make God more comprehensible to the human reader.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="A statement explaining a religious concept needs a source to verify this is actually something believed and not just a reflection of the author's opinion (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity"><span class="anchor" id="Christianity"></span> Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">mainstream Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (or <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>) and <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">two persons or aspects of the same God</a>. Jesus is of the same <i><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">ousia</a></i> or substance as God the Father, manifested in three <i><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">hypostases</a></i> or persons (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit). <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nontrinitarian">Nontrinitarian</a> Christians dispute that Jesus is a "hypostasis" or person of God. Whether the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> is impersonal or personal,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the subject of dispute,<sup id="cite_ref-spotlightministries.org.uk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spotlightministries.org.uk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with experts in <a href="/wiki/Pneumatology_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatology (Christianity)">pneumatology</a> debating the matter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanzih" title="Tanzih">Tanzih</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> rejects the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a> and the notion of a personal god as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a>, because it is seen as demeaning to the <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendence of God">transcendence of God</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> prescribes the fundamental transcendental criterion in the following verse: "There is nothing whatever like Him" [Qur'an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/42/11/">42:11</a>]. Therefore, Islam strictly rejects all forms of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropopathism" title="Anthropopathism">anthropopathism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Concept_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept of God">concept of God</a>, and thus categorically rejects the Christian concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> or division of persons in the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Ünal_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Ünal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> confirms that <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (God) has no body, no gender (neither male nor female), and there is absolutely nothing like Him in any way whatsoever. However, due to grammatical limitation in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> is the default <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> if the noun is not specifically feminine. But this does not apply to the word "Allah," because according to Islamic theology Allah has no gender. Allah is also a singular noun and cannot have a plural form. The "We" used in the Qur'an in numerous places in the context of God is used only as the "<a href="/wiki/Royal_We" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal We">Royal We</a>" as has been a tradition in most of other languages. It is a feature of literary style in Arabic that a person may refer to himself by the pronoun nahnu (we) for respect or glorification. There is nothing that can be used as a similitude or for the purpose of comparison to Allah even in allegorical terms because nothing can be compared with Him. Thus, the Qur'an says: "Do you know any similar (or anyone else having the same <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Name</a> or attributes/qualities, which belong) to Him?" [Qur'an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/19/65/">19:65</a>]. According to mainstream theological accounts, Allah is the creator of everything that exists and transcends spatial and temporal bounds. He has neither any beginnings nor any end and remains beyond the bounds of human comprehension and perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been described in the Qur'an at various places, such as the following: "He knows (all) that is before them and (all) that is behind them (their past and future, and whatever of intentions, speech, or actions they have left behind), whereas they cannot comprehend Him with their knowledge." [Qur'an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/20/110/">20:110</a>] </p><p>In one of the most comprehensive descriptions – as revealed in <a href="/wiki/Surat_al-Ikhlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Surat al-Ikhlas">Surat al-Ikhlas</a> – the Qur'an says:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>1.</b> Say: He, Allah, is <a href="/wiki/Ahad" title="Ahad">Ahad</a> (the Unique One of Absolute Oneness, who is indivisible in nature, who is unique in His essence, attributes, names and acts, the One who has no second, no associate, no parents, no offspring, no peers, free from the concept of <a href="/wiki/Multiplicity_(mathematics)" title="Multiplicity (mathematics)">multiplicity</a>, and far from conceptualization and limitation, and there is nothing like Him in any respect).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>2.</b> Allah is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Samad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Samad (page does not exist)">al-Samad</a> (the Ultimate Source of all existence, the Uncaused Cause who created all things out of nothing, who is eternal, absolute, immutable, perfect, complete, essential, independent, and self-sufficient; Who does not need to eat or drink, sleep or rest; Who needs nothing while all of creation is in absolute need of Him; the one eternally and constantly required and sought, depended upon by all existence and to whom all matters will ultimately return).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>3.</b> He begets not, nor is He begotten (He is Unborn and Uncreated, has no parents, spouse, or offspring). </p> <p><b>4.</b> And there is none comparable (equal, equivalent or similar) to Him.<sup id="cite_ref-Ali_Ünal_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_Ünal-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In this context, the masculinity of <a href="/wiki/Huwa_(Sufism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwa (Sufism)">huwa</a> (he) with respect to Allah is unmistakably a purely grammatical masculinity without even a hint of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maliki scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Laqqani" title="Ibrahim al-Laqqani">Ibrahim al-Laqqani</a> (d. 1041/1631) said in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Jawharat_al-Tawhid" title="Jawharat al-Tawhid">Jawharat al-Tawhid</a></i> (The Gem of Monotheism), that: "Any text that leads one to imagine the similitude of Allah to His created beings, should be treated either through <a href="/wiki/Ta%27wil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'wil">ta'wil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tafwid" title="Tafwid">tafwid</a> and exalt Allah the Almighty above His creation."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> jurist and theologian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tahawi" title="Al-Tahawi">al-Tahawi</a> (d. 321/933), wrote in his treatise on theology, commonly known as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Aqida_al-Tahawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya">al-'Aqida al-Tahawiyya</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Amina_Elias_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is exalted/transcendent beyond having limits, ends, organs, limbs and parts (literally: tools). The six directions do not encompass/contain Him like the rest of created things.</p></blockquote> <p>The six directions are: above, below, right, left, front and back. The above statement of al-Tahawi refutes the anthropomorphist's dogmas that imagine Allah has a physical body and human form, and being occupied in a place, direction or trajectory. <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_al-Qari" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali al-Qari">'Ali al-Qari</a> (d. 1014/1606) in his <i>Sharh <a href="/wiki/Al-Fiqh_al-Akbar" title="Al-Fiqh al-Akbar">al-Fiqh al-Akbar</a></i> states: "Allah the Exalted is not in any place or space, nor is He subject to time, because both time and space are amongst His creations. He the Exalted was present in pre-existence and there was nothing of the creation with Him".<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Al-Tahawi also stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abu_Amina_Elias_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whoever describes Allah even with a single human quality/attribute, has disbelieved/<a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">blasphemed</a>. So whoever understands this, will take heed and refrain from such statements as those of disbelievers, and knows that Allah in His attributes is utterly unlike human beings.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> God is described as "a personal God, unknowable, inaccessible, the source of all <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a>, eternal, <a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">omnipresent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">almighty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith106_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith106-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendent</a> and inaccessible directly, his image is reflected in his creation. The purpose of creation is for the created to have the capacity to know and love its creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Psmith111_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psmith111-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God communicates his will and purpose to humanity through intermediaries, known as <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestations of God</a>, who are the prophets and messengers that have founded religions from prehistoric times up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deism">Deism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Deism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While many <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deists</a> view God as a personal god, deism is a broad term encompassing people with varying specific beliefs, some of which reject the notion of a personal god. The foundational idea of a personal god in deism is illustrated by the 17th-century assertions of Lord <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Cherbury" title="Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury">Edward Herbert</a>, universally regarded as the Father of English Deism, which stated that there is one Supreme God, and he ought to be worshipped.<sup id="cite_ref-commonnotions_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commonnotions-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A god that is not a personal god cannot be worshipped. Nevertheless, the notion of God as a personal god cannot be ascribed to all deists. Further, some deists who believe in a personal god may either not prioritize a relationship with such god or not believe a personal relationship with such god is possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian">Christian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_deism" title="Christian deism">Christian deism</a> is a term applied both to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> who incorporate deistic principles into their beliefs and to deists who follow the moral teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> without believing in his divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to those who are essentially deists who incorporate the teachings of Jesus into their beliefs, these are usually a subset of classical deists. Consequently, they believe in a personal god, but they do not necessarily believe in a personal relationship with God. However, some Christian deists may practice a different (non-classical) form of deism while viewing Jesus as a non-divine moral teacher. The views of these Christian deists on the existence of a personal god and whether a relationship with such god is possible would be based on their core deist beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical">Classical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Classical deists who adhere to Herbert's common notion certainly believe in a personal god because those notions include the belief that God dispenses rewards and punishments both in this life and after it.<sup id="cite_ref-commonnotions_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commonnotions-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not something which would be done by an impersonal force. However, a personal relationship with God is not contemplated, since living a virtuous and pious life is seen as the primary means of worshiping God.<sup id="cite_ref-commonnotions_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commonnotions-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanist">Humanist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Humanist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humanist deists accept the core principles of deism but incorporate <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> beliefs into their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-bjones_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjones-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, humanistic deists believe in a personal god who created the universe. The key element that separates humanistic deists from other deists is the emphasis on the importance of human development over religious development and on the relationships among human beings over the relationships between humans and God.<sup id="cite_ref-bjones_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bjones-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who self-identify as humanistic deists may take an approach based upon what is found in classical deism and allow their worship of God to manifest itself primarily (or exclusively) in the manner in which they treat others. Other humanistic deists may prioritize their relationships with other human beings over their relationship with God, yet still maintain a personal relationship with the Supreme Being. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pandeism">Pandeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pandeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pandeists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandeists">Pandeists</a> believe that in the process of creating the universe, God underwent a metamorphosis from a conscious and sentient being or force to an unconscious and unresponsive entity by becoming the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, pandeists do not believe that a personal god currently exists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polydeism">Polydeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Polydeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polydeism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydeism">Polydeists</a> reject the notion that one Supreme Being would have created the universe and then left it to its own devices, a common belief shared by many deists. Rather, they conclude that several gods who are superhuman but not omnipotent each created parts of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polydeists hold an affirmative belief that the gods who created the universe are completely uninvolved in the world and pose no threat and offer no hope to humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polydeists see living virtuous and pious lives as the primary components of worshiping God, firmly adhering to one of the common notions set forth by Herbert.<sup id="cite_ref-commonnotions_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commonnotions-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, polydeists believe that there are several personal gods. Yet, they do not believe they can have a relationship with any of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific">Scientific</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific deists believe, based on an analysis utilizing the scientific method, that a personal god created the universe. This analysis finds no evidence of a purpose God may have had for creation of the universe or evidence that God attempted to communicate such purpose to humanity. It therefore concludes that there is no purpose to creation other than that which human beings choose to make for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, scientific deists believe in a personal god, but generally do not believe relationships between God and human beings are important (or perhaps even possible), because they believe that there is no proof of a purpose for creation. The lack of a purpose for creation gives God no incentive to engage in such relationships with human beings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spiritual">Spiritual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spiritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spiritual deism is a belief in the core principles of deism with an emphasis on spirituality including the connections among people and between humans, nature and God. Within spiritual deism, there is an absolute belief in a personal god as the creator of the universe along with the ability to build a spiritual relationship with God.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While spiritual deism is nondogmatic, its followers generally believe that there can be no progress for mankind without a belief in a personal god.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmic_religions">Dharmic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dharmic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ishta_Devata" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishta Devata">Ishta Devata</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditions of Hinduism, subscribe to an ultimate personal nature of God. The <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sahasranama" title="Vishnu Sahasranama">Vishnu Sahasranama</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declares the person of Vishnu as both the <a href="/wiki/Paramatma" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramatma">Paramatma</a> (supreme soul) and <a href="/wiki/Parameshvara_(epithet)" title="Parameshvara (epithet)">Parameshvara</a> (supreme God) while the Rudram describes the same about Shiva. In <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>-centered theology (Krishna is seen as a form of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> by most, except Gaudiya Vaishnavism) the title <i><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></i> is used exclusively to designate Krishna in his personal feature,<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gupta2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it refers to <a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaudiya Vaishnava">Gaudiya Vaishnava</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a> and followers of <a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a>, while the person of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narayana" title="Narayana">Narayana</a> is sometimes referred to as the ultimate personal god of other Vaishnava traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Delmonico2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delmonico2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elkman1986_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elkman1986-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> explicitly denies existence of non-personal transcendent god and explicitly affirms existence of personal gods. All gods in Jainism are personal. </p><p>One of the major point of dispute between <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shwetambara" class="mw-redirect" title="Shwetambara">Shwetambara</a> is the gender of the gods. <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> gods can only be men, and any man of at least eight years of age can become god if he follows the right procedure. </p><p>Jain gods are eternal, but they are not beginningless. Also, Jain gods are all <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a>. They are sometimes called quasi-gods due to this reason. </p><p>Gods are said to be free from the following eighteen imperfections:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>janma</i> – (re)birth;</li> <li><i>jarā</i> – old-age;</li> <li><i>triśā</i> – thirst;</li> <li><i>kśudhā</i> – hunger;</li> <li><i>vismaya</i> – astonishment;</li> <li><i>arati</i> – displeasure;</li> <li><i>kheda</i> – regret;</li> <li><i>roga</i> – sickness;</li> <li><i>śoka</i> – grief;</li> <li><i>mada</i> – pride;</li> <li><i>moha</i> – delusion;</li> <li><i>bhaya</i> – fear;</li> <li><i>nidrā</i> – sleep;</li> <li><i>cintā</i> – anxiety;</li> <li><i>sveda</i> – perspiration;</li> <li><i>rāga</i> – attachment;</li> <li><i>dveśa</i> – aversion; and</li> <li><i>maraņa</i> – death.</li></ol> <p>The four infinitudes of god are (<i>ananta cātuṣṭaya</i>) are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>ananta jñāna</i>, infinite knowledge</li> <li><i>ananta darśana</i>, perfect perception due to the destruction of all darśanāvaraṇīya karmas</li> <li><i>ananta sukha</i>, infinite bliss</li> <li><i>ananta vīrya</i> – infinite energy</li></ol> <p>Those who re-establish the Jain faith are called Tirthankaras. They have additional attributes. <i>Tirthankara</i>s revitalize the <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Jainism)" title="Sangha (Jainism)">sangha</a>, the fourfold order consisting of male saints (<a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sādhus</a>), female saints (<i>sādhvi</i>s), male householders (<i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka_(Jainism)" title="Śrāvaka (Jainism)">śrāvaka</a></i>) and female householders (<i>Śrāvika</i>). </p><p>The first Tirthankara of the current time cycle was <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Ṛṣabhanātha</a>, and the twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara was <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, who lived from <a href="/wiki/590s_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="590s BCE">599 BCE</a> to <a href="/wiki/520s_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="520s BCE">527 BCE</a>. </p><p>Jain texts mention forty-six attributes of <i>arihants</i> or <i>tirthankaras</i>. These attributes comprise four infinitudes (<i>ananta chatushtaya</i>), thirty-four miraculous happenings (<i>atiśaya</i>), and eight splendours (<i>prātihārya</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20143-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eight splendours (<i>prātihārya</i>) are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain2013181_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2013181-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>aśokavrikśa</i> – the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_tree" title="Ashoka tree">Ashoka tree</a>;</li> <li><i>siṃhāsana</i>– bejeweled throne;</li> <li><i>chatra</i> – three-tier canopy;</li> <li><i>bhāmadal</i> – halo of unmatched luminance;</li> <li><i>divya dhvani</i> – divine voice of the Lord without lip movement;</li> <li><i>puśpavarśā</i> – shower of fragrant flowers;</li> <li><i>camara</i> – waving of sixty-four majestic hand-fans; and</li> <li><i>dundubhi</i> – dulcet sound of kettle-drums and other musical instruments.</li></ol> <p>At the time of <i>nirvana</i> (final release), the <i>arihant</i> sheds off the remaining four <i>aghati karmas</i>: </p> <ol><li>Nama (physical structure forming) Karma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a> (status forming) Karma,</li> <li>Vedniya (pain and pleasure causing) Karma,</li> <li>Ayushya (life span determining) Karma.</li></ol> <p>And float at the top of the universe without losing their individuality and with the same shape and size as the body at the time of release. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_definitions">Other definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> in his German-language <i>Systematic Theology</i> writings wrote that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>'Personal God' does not mean that God is a person. It means that God is the <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich#God_as_the_ground_of_being" title="Paul Tillich">ground</a> of everything personal and that he carries within himself the <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> power of personality...<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Graham_Ward_(theologian)" title="Graham Ward (theologian)">Graham Ward (theologian)</a> distinguished between seeing God as a "Person" and God as a "Subject". He wrote that the "attempt to reconcile or, at least render, theologically coherent, the man-God" of <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a> in '<a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century#Modernism_in_Christian_theology" title="Christianity in the 19th century">nineteenth-century biblical criticism</a>' </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>will always make Christ the Subject par excellence, the <a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)">Monad</a> defining all monads, the man-without-relation, the self-grounding one. Let me suggest a difference here between <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject</a> and Person, <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a> and personhood. Subjectivity, though not necessarily tied to a concept of the transcendental ego, is fundamentally concerned with discrete <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a>. Personhood, on the other hand, is that sense of self that continually comes from being in relation ...Being made ‘in <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">the image of God</a>’ and, therefore, living <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ"><i>imitatio Christi</i></a>, Christian Persons are not replicas, but embodiments of Christ as Person. Persons, as such, are <a href="/wiki/Analogia_entis" title="Analogia entis">analogically</a> related to each through Christ. Subjects, on the other hand, are <a href="/wiki/Atomism_(social)" title="Atomism (social)">atomised</a>. They are monads. And theologies of Christ as Subject conceive other Christian Subjects as monadic replicas of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">the same</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cities_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cities-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 114">: 114 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ward quotes <a href="/wiki/John_S._Dunne" title="John S. Dunne">John S. Dunne</a>'s <i>The City of the Gods: A Study in Myth and Mortality</i> which states that "the personal God and his individual incarnation are abolished in a <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> from which there emerges the autonomous human spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Absolute_spirit" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">'absolute' spirit</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-cities_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cities-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishta_Deva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishta Deva">Ishta Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasocial_interaction" title="Parasocial interaction">Parasocial interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_Personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theistic Personalism">Theistic Personalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_theism" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative theism">Speculative theism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/concepts-god/">"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's concepts of God"</a>. Plato.stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%27s+concepts+of+God&rft.pub=Plato.stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fconcepts-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." <a href="/wiki/Inayat_Khan" title="Inayat Khan">Inayat Khan</a>, quoted from <i>The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2008/06/01/chapter-1-religious-beliefs-and-practices/#ii-religious-beliefs">"Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices"</a>. <i>U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Religion & Public Life Project. 1 June 2008. II. 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(18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norc.org/PDFs/Beliefs_about_God_Report.pdf">"Beliefs about God across Time and Countries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">NORC at the University of Chicago</a>. 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Third Person of the Trinity"</a>. Christianity.about.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/1/">the original</a> on 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamAwakened.com&rft.atitle=IslamAwakened+%5BQur%27an+112%3A1%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamawakened.com%2Fquran%2F112%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Juzayy" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Juzayy" title="Ibn Juzayy">Ibn Juzayy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210702002657/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=2&tTafsirNo=88&tSoraNo=112&tAyahNo=1&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">"Tafsir Ibn Juzayy [Surat al-Ikhlas: 1-4]"</a>. <i>www.altafsir.com</i> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=2&tTafsirNo=88&tSoraNo=112&tAyahNo=1&tDisplay=yes&UserProfile=0&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Juzayy+%5BSurat+al-Ikhlas%3A+1-4%5D&rft.au=Ibn+Juzayy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D2%26tTafsirNo%3D88%26tSoraNo%3D112%26tAyahNo%3D1%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26UserProfile%3D0%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210604205554/https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/">"IslamAwakened [Qur'an 112:2]"</a>. <i>IslamAwakened.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/112/2/">the original</a> on 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IslamAwakened.com&rft.atitle=IslamAwakened+%5BQur%27an+112%3A2%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamawakened.com%2Fquran%2F112%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210628224634/https://www.ahmedhulusi.org/en/quran/112-al-ikhlas">"Decoding The Quran (A Unique Sufi Interpretation)"</a>. <i>www.ahmedhulusi.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahmedhulusi.org/en/quran/112-al-ikhlas">the original</a> on 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahmedhulusi.org&rft.atitle=Decoding+The+Quran+%28A+Unique+Sufi+Interpretation%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahmedhulusi.org%2Fen%2Fquran%2F112-al-ikhlas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Ishaq_al-Tha'labi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Tha%27labi" title="Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi">Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210702003255/https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=2&tTafsirNo=75&tSoraNo=112&tAyahNo=1&tDisplay=yes&Page=3&Size=1&LanguageId=1">"Tafsir al-Tha'labi [Surat al-Ikhlas: 1-4]"</a>. <i>www.altafsir.com</i> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought" title="Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought">Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altafsir.com/Tafasir.asp?tMadhNo=2&tTafsirNo=75&tSoraNo=112&tAyahNo=1&tDisplay=yes&Page=3&Size=1&LanguageId=1">the original</a> on 2 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.altafsir.com&rft.atitle=Tafsir+al-Tha%27labi+%5BSurat+al-Ikhlas%3A+1-4%5D&rft.au=Abu+Ishaq+al-Tha%27labi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altafsir.com%2FTafasir.asp%3FtMadhNo%3D2%26tTafsirNo%3D75%26tSoraNo%3D112%26tAyahNo%3D1%26tDisplay%3Dyes%26Page%3D3%26Size%3D1%26LanguageId%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamza_Karamali" class="citation web cs1">Hamza Karamali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210629010301/https://www.basiraeducation.org/blog/why-do-we-refer-to-god-using-the-masculine-pronoun">"Why Do We Refer to God Using the Masculine Pronoun?"</a>. <i>www.basiraeducation.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basiraeducation.org/blog/why-do-we-refer-to-god-using-the-masculine-pronoun">the original</a> on 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.basiraeducation.org&rft.atitle=Why+Do+We+Refer+to+God+Using+the+Masculine+Pronoun%3F&rft.au=Hamza+Karamali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basiraeducation.org%2Fblog%2Fwhy-do-we-refer-to-god-using-the-masculine-pronoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210629021346/https://www.dar-alifta.org/foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=6904">"Does God have a shape?"</a>. <i>www.dar-alifta.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta%27_al-Misriyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya">Dar al-Ifta' al-Misriyya</a> (Egyptian Institute of Fatwas). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dar-alifta.org/foreign/ViewFatwa.aspx?ID=6904">the original</a> on 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dar-alifta.org&rft.atitle=Does+God+have+a+shape%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dar-alifta.org%2Fforeign%2FViewFatwa.aspx%3FID%3D6904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Ibrahim_Teymori" class="citation web cs1">Mohammad Ibrahim Teymori. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghanicc.com/books/TheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf">"The Creed of Imam Tahawi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, UK</i>. pp. 20–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Afghan+Islamic+Cultural+Centre+in+London%2C+UK&rft.atitle=The+Creed+of+Imam+Tahawi&rft.pages=20-24&rft.au=Mohammad+Ibrahim+Teymori&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghanicc.com%2Fbooks%2FTheCreedofImamTahawi-4thSpecialEdition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Amina_Elias-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Amina_Elias_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Amina_Elias_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Amina_Elias_(Justin_Parrott)2010" class="citation web cs1">Abu Amina Elias (Justin Parrott) (18 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210629025609/https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/">"Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah in English and Arabic"</a>. <i>www.abuaminaelias.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abuaminaelias.com/aqeedah-tahawiyyah/">the original</a> on 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abuaminaelias.com&rft.atitle=Al-Aqidah+al-Tahawiyyah+in+English+and+Arabic&rft.date=2010-12-18&rft.au=Abu+Amina+Elias+%28Justin+Parrott%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abuaminaelias.com%2Faqeedah-tahawiyyah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith106-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith106_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <i>An Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendi1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Effendi, Shoghi</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/GPB/gpb-9.html#gr26"><i>God Passes By</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87743-020-9"><bdi>0-87743-020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+Passes+By&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=0-87743-020-9&rft.aulast=Effendi&rft.aufirst=Shoghi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fse%2FGPB%2Fgpb-9.html%23gr26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psmith111-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psmith111_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter (2008). <i>An Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86251-6"><bdi>978-0-521-86251-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86251-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEffendi1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Effendi, Shoghi</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/"><i>The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 113–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87743-231-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87743-231-7"><bdi>0-87743-231-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Order+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois%2C+USA&rft.pages=113-114&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-87743-231-7&rft.aulast=Effendi&rft.aufirst=Shoghi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fse%2FWOB%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commonnotions-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commonnotions_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commonnotions_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commonnotions_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commonnotions_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1985" class="citation book cs1">González, Justo L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian01gonz/page/190"><i>The Reformation to the Present Day</i></a>. The Story of Christianity. 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(1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionphilosop0000broa"><i>Religion, Philosophy and Psychical Research: Selected Essays</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt,_Brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt, Brace">Harcourt, Brace</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionphilosop0000broa/page/159">159–174</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CIFVR">B0000CIFVR</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/53005653">53005653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Philosophy+and+Psychical+Research%3A+Selected+Essays&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=159-174&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F53005653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CIFVR%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Broad&rft.aufirst=C.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionphilosop0000broa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Robert M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hare+Krishna+Movement%3A+The+Postcharismatic+Fate+of+a+Religious+Transplant&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Indic+Monotheism+And+Modern+Chaitanya+Vaishnavism&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12256-6&rft.au=Delmonico%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBMxPdgrBhoC%26q%3DVaisnava%2Bmonotheism%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elkman1986-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elkman1986_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkman,_S.M.Gosvami,_J.1986" class="citation book cs1">Elkman, S.M.; Gosvami, J. (1986). <i>Jiva Gosvamin's Tattvasandarbha: A Study on the Philosophical and Sectarian Development of the Gaudiya Vaishnava Movement</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Pub.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jiva+Gosvamin%27s+Tattvasandarbha%3A+A+Study+on+the+Philosophical+and+Sectarian+Development+of+the+Gaudiya+Vaishnava+Movement&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Pub&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Elkman%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Gosvami%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20143-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain20143_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2014">Jain 2014</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2013181-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJain2013181_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJain2013">Jain 2013</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924003121/https://people.bu.edu/wwildman/tillich/stguide/stguide2.htm">"Paul Tillich Resources - Reader's Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.bu.edu/wwildman/tillich/stguide/stguide2.htm">the original</a> on 24 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Tillich+Resources+-+Reader%27s+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bu.edu%2Fwwildman%2Ftillich%2Fstguide%2Fstguide2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cities-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cities_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cities_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham Ward, <i>Cities of God</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Norcliffe, David (1999). <i>Islam: Faith and Practice</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2014" class="citation cs2">Jain, Vijay K (26 March 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5opAwAAQBAJ"><i>Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190363969" title="Special:BookSources/9788190363969"><bdi>9788190363969</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acarya+Pujyapada%27s+Istopadesa+%E2%80%93+the+Golden+Discourse&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft.isbn=9788190363969&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5opAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2001" class="citation cs2">Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8RUPwAACAAJ"><i>Aspects of Jaina religion</i></a> (3 ed.), Bharatiya Jnanpith, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-263-0626-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-263-0626-2"><bdi>81-263-0626-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Jaina+religion&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-263-0626-2&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8RUPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2013" class="citation cs2">Rankin, Aidan (2013), "Chapter 1. Jains Jainism and Jainness", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQxZAQAAQBAJ"><i>Living Jainism: An Ethical Science</i></a>, John Hunt Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780999111" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780999111"><bdi>978-1780999111</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1.+Jains+Jainism+and+Jainness&rft.btitle=Living+Jainism%3A+An+Ethical+Science&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1780999111&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQxZAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2013" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Vijay K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9CJ3jZpcqYC"><i>Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190363952" title="Special:BookSources/9788190363952"><bdi>9788190363952</bdi></a>. <q>Non-copyright</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81rya+Nemichandra%27s+Dravyasa%E1%B9%83graha&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788190363952&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Vijay+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9CJ3jZpcqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+god" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_god&action=edit&section=22" 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.about.com/od/topicalbiblestudies/a/whoisholyspirit_2.htm">Who is the Holy Spirit?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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