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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_names_and_the_binomial_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common names and the binomial system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_names_and_the_binomial_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_range_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_range_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic range of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_range_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constraints_and_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constraints_and_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Constraints and problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constraints_and_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coining_common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coining_common_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Coining common names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coining_common_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lists_that_include_common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_that_include_common_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lists that include common names</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lists_that_include_common_names-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lists that include common names subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lists_that_include_common_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists_of_general_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists_of_general_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lists of general interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists_of_general_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collective_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collective_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Collective nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collective_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Official lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9" title="اسم شائع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم شائع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_popular_d%27un_ser_vivo" title="Nombre popular d'un ser vivo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nombre popular d'un ser vivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_com%C3%BAn" title="Nome común – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nome común" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_vernacle" title="Nom vernacle – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom vernacle" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obecn%C3%BD_n%C3%A1zev" title="Obecný název – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obecný název" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_com%C3%BAn" title="Nombre común – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre común" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunlingva_nomo" title="Komunlingva nomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunlingva nomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izen_arrunt" title="Izen arrunt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izen arrunt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نام عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نام عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_vernaculaire" title="Nom vernaculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom vernaculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_com%C3%BAn" title="Nome común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nome común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%A5%EB%AA%85" title="향명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="향명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="साधारण नाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साधारण नाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_umum" title="Nama umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_volgare" title="Nome volgare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nome volgare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שם עממי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם עממי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Народно име – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Народно име" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksnaam" title="Volksnaam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volksnaam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%90%8D" title="一般名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一般名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeennaam" title="Gemeennaam – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gemeennaam" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologiczne_nazewnictwo_zwyczajowe" title="Biologiczne nazewnictwo zwyczajowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biologiczne nazewnictwo zwyczajowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomenclatura_vern%C3%A1cula" title="Nomenclatura vernácula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nomenclatura vernácula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nume_comun" title="Nume comun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nume comun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Обиходное название – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обиходное название" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Common name" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common name" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doma%C4%8De_ime" title="Domače ime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Domače ime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assa%C9%A3_imezdi" title="Assaɣ imezdi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Assaɣ imezdi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D" title="ชื่อสามัญ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชื่อสามัญ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вернакулярна назва тварини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вернакулярна назва тварини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAn_th%C3%B4ng_th%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng" title="Tên thông thường – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tên thông thường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%97%E5%90%8D" title="俗名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俗名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q502895#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Common_name_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Common name (disambiguation)">Common name (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">List of most popular given names</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Common noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Generic_name_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Generic name (disambiguation)">Generic name (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For Wikipedia's policy on article titles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles#Use_commonly_recognizable_names" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Wikipedia:Article titles § Use commonly recognizable names</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Taxonomy diagram for red fox." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg/378px-Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="378" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg/567px-Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg/756px-Taxonomic_Rank_Graph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Common names (such as "red fox") are different across languages, whereas the scientific name does not change. </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, a <b>common name</b> of a <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> (also known as a <b>vernacular name</b>, English name, <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrasted with the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> for the same organism, which is often based in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. A common name is sometimes frequently used, but that is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-KruPug_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KruPug-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> defines a common name as one that, although it unambiguously defines a chemical, does not follow the current <a href="/wiki/Systematic_name#chemistry" title="Systematic name">systematic naming</a> convention, such as <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, systematically <a href="/wiki/2-propanone" class="mw-redirect" title="2-propanone">2-propanone</a>, while a vernacular name describes one used in a lab, trade or industry that does not unambiguously describe a single chemical, such as <a href="/wiki/Copper_sulfate" title="Copper sulfate">copper sulfate</a>, which may refer to either copper(I) sulfate or copper(II) sulfate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes common names are created by authorities on one particular subject, in an attempt to make it possible for members of the general public (including such interested parties as fishermen, farmers, etc.) to be able to refer to one particular species of organism without needing to be able to memorise or pronounce the scientific name. Creating an "official" list of common names can also be an attempt to standardize the use of common names, which can sometimes vary a great deal between one part of a country and another, as well as between one country and another country, even where the same language is spoken in both places.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIROFish_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIROFish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_part_of_folk_taxonomy">Use as part of folk taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use as part of folk taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">Folk taxonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></div> <p>A common name intrinsically plays a part in a classification of objects, typically an incomplete and informal classification, in which some names are <a href="/wiki/Degeneracy_(mathematics)" title="Degeneracy (mathematics)">degenerate examples</a> in that they are unique and lack reference to any other name, as is the case with say, <i><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo" title="Ginkgo">ginkgo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Honey_badger" title="Honey badger">ratel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">Folk taxonomy</a>, which is a classification of objects using common names, has no formal rules and need not be consistent or <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> in its assignment of names, so that say, not all flies are called flies (for example <a href="/wiki/Braulidae" title="Braulidae">Braulidae</a>, the so-called "bee lice") and not every animal called a <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">fly</a> is indeed a fly (such as <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayfly" title="Mayfly">mayflies</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-86872-713-0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-86872-713-0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, scientific or <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">biological nomenclature</a> is a global system that attempts to denote particular organisms or taxa uniquely and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/definitive" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:definitive">definitively</a>, on the assumption that such organisms or taxa are <a href="/wiki/Well-defined" class="mw-redirect" title="Well-defined">well-defined</a> and generally also have well-defined interrelationships;<sup id="cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawksworth2010-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> accordingly the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a> has formal rules for biological nomenclature and convenes periodic international meetings to further that purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names_and_the_binomial_system">Common names and the binomial system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common names and the binomial system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of scientific names for organisms, called <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, is superficially similar to the noun-adjective form of <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> names or common names which were used by non-modern cultures. A collective name such as <i>owl</i> was made more precise by the addition of an adjective such as <i>screech</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> himself published a <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> of his homeland Sweden, <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745), and in this, he recorded the Swedish common names, region by region, as well as the scientific names. The Swedish common names were all binomials (e.g. plant no. 84 Råg-losta and plant no. 85 Ren-losta); the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linnaean authority <a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">William T. Stearn</a> said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By the introduction of his binomial system of nomenclature, Linnaeus gave plants and animals an essentially Latin nomenclature like vernacular nomenclature in style but linked to published, and hence relatively stable and verifiable, scientific concepts and thus suitable for international use.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_range_of_use">Geographic range of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic range of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The geographic range over which a particularly common name is used varies; some common names have a very local application, while others are virtually universal within a particular language. Some such names even apply across ranges of languages; the word for <i>cat</i>, for instance, is easily recognizable in most <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>. Many vernacular names, however, are restricted to a single country and colloquial names to local districts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some languages also have more than one common name for the same animal. For example, in Irish, there are many terms that are considered outdated but still well-known for their somewhat humorous and poetic descriptions of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Common Name Variations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>English name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> terms<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><small>w/ literal translations of the poetic terms</small> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Vulpes vulpes</i> </td> <td>Red fox </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Madra rua</i></span> ("red dog") or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">sionnach</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Lutra lutra</i> </td> <td>Otter </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Madra uisce</i></span> ("water dog") or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dobharchú</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Canis lupus</i> </td> <td>Wolf </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Mac Tíre</i></span> ("son of the land") or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">faolchú</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Chiroptera</i> (order) </td> <td>Bats </td> <td><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Sciathán leathair</i></span> ("leather wing") or <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ialtóg</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constraints_and_problems">Constraints and problems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constraints and problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common names are used in the writings of both <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Layman" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman">laymen</a>. Lay people sometimes object to the use of scientific names over common names, but the use of scientific names can be defended, as it is in these remarks from a book on marine fish:<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-86812-032-5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-86812-032-5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Because <i>common names often have a very local distribution</i>, the same fish in a single area may have several common names.</li> <li>Because of <i>ignorance of relevant biological facts among the lay public</i>, a single species of fish may be called by several common names, because individuals in the species differ in appearance depending on their maturity, gender, or can vary in appearance as a morphological response to their natural surroundings, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ecophenotypic_variation" title="Ecophenotypic variation">ecophenotypic variation</a>.</li> <li>In contrast to common names, formal <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">taxonomic</a> names imply <i>biological relationships between similarly named creatures</i>.</li> <li>Because of <i>incidental events, contact with other languages, or simple confusion</i>, common names in a given region will sometimes <i>change with time</i>.</li> <li>In a book that lists over 1200 species of fishes<sup id="cite_ref-isbn1-86812-032-5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn1-86812-032-5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>more than half have no widely recognised common name</i>; they either are too nondescript or too rarely seen to have earned any widely accepted common name.</li> <li>Conversely, a <i>single common name often applies to multiple species</i> of fishes. The lay public might simply not recognise or care about subtle differences in appearance between only very distantly related species.</li> <li>Many species that are rare, or lack economic importance, do not have a common name.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coining_common_names">Coining common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Coining common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In scientific binomial nomenclature, names commonly are derived from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">Latinised</a> forms of vernacular words or coinages; such names generally are difficult for laymen to learn, remember, and pronounce and so, in such books as field guides, biologists commonly publish lists of coined common names. Many examples of such common names simply are attempts to translate the scientific name into English or some other vernacular. Such translation may be confusing in itself, or confusingly inaccurate,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8018-8221-4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8018-8221-4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, <i>gratiosus</i> does not mean "gracile" and <i>gracilis</i> does not mean "graceful".<sup id="cite_ref-CasselLatin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CasselLatin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LatinTucker_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LatinTucker-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The practice of coining common names has long been discouraged; <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonse de Candolle">de Candolle's</a> <i>Laws of Botanical Nomenclature</i>, 1868,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the non-binding recommendations that form the basis of the modern (now binding) <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a> contains the following:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Art. 68. Every friend of science ought to be opposed to the introduction into a modern language of names of plants that are not already there unless they are derived from a Latin botanical name that has undergone but a slight alteration. ... ought the fabrication of names termed vulgar names, totally different from Latin ones, to be proscribed. The public to whom they are addressed derives no advantage from them because they are novelties. <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">Lindley's</a> work, <i>The Vegetable Kingdom,</i> would have been better relished in England had not the author introduced into it so many new English names, that are to be found in no dictionary, and that do not preclude the necessity of learning with what Latin names they are synonymous. A tolerable idea may be given of the danger of too great a multiplicity of vulgar names, by imagining what geography would be, or, for instance, the Post-office administration, supposing every town had a totally different name in every language.</p></blockquote> <p>Various bodies and the authors of many technical and semi-technical books do not simply adapt existing common names for various organisms; they try to coin (and put into common use) comprehensive, useful, authoritative, and standardised lists of new names. The purpose typically is: </p> <ul><li>to create names from scratch where no common names exist</li> <li>to impose a particular choice of name where there is more than one common name</li> <li>to improve existing common names</li> <li>to replace them with names that conform more to the relatedness of the organisms</li></ul> <p>Other attempts to reconcile differences between widely separated regions, traditions, and languages, by arbitrarily imposing nomenclature, often reflect narrow perspectives and have unfortunate outcomes. For example, members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Burhinus" title="Burhinus">Burhinus</a></i> occur in Australia, Southern Africa, Eurasia, and South America. A recent trend in field manuals and bird lists is to use the name "<a href="/wiki/Stone-curlew" title="Stone-curlew">thick-knee</a>" for members of the genus. This, in spite of the fact that the majority of the species occur in non-English-speaking regions and have various common names, not always English. For example, "Dikkop" is the centuries-old South African vernacular name for their two local species: <i><a href="/wiki/Spotted_thick-knee" title="Spotted thick-knee">Burhinus capensis</a></i> is the Cape dikkop (or "gewone dikkop",<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-624-00533-X_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-624-00533-X-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to mention the presumably much older Zulu name "umBangaqhwa"); <i><a href="/wiki/Water_thick-knee" title="Water thick-knee">Burhinus vermiculatus</a></i> is the "water dikkop".<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-620-07681-X_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-620-07681-X-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-620-34053-3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-620-34053-3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thick joints in question are not even, in fact, the birds' knees, but the <a href="/wiki/Intertarsal_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertarsal articulations">intertarsal joints</a>—in lay terms the ankles. Furthermore, not all species in the genus have "thick knees", so the thickness of the "knees" of some species is not of clearly descriptive significance. The family <a href="/wiki/Stone-curlew" title="Stone-curlew">Burhinidae</a> has members that have various common names even in English, including "<a href="/wiki/Stone_curlew" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone curlew">stone curlews</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-ChristidisBoles2008_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChristidisBoles2008-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the choice of the name "thick-knees" is not easy to defend but is a clear illustration of the hazards of the facile coinage of terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn3-11-010661-2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn3-11-010661-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists_that_include_common_names">Lists that include common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lists that include common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists_of_general_interest">Lists of general interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lists of general interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Plants</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_by_common_name" title="List of plants by common name">Plant by common name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of garden plants">Garden plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary herbs and spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">Poisonous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" title="List of plants in the Bible">Plants in the Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetables" title="List of vegetables">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_useful_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="List of useful plants">Useful plants</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Animals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds" title="List of birds">Birds by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_regional_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of regional mammals">Mammals by region</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <dl><dt>Plants and animals</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_invasive_species" class="mw-redirect" title="List of invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collective_nouns">Collective nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collective nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a> for various subjects, see a <a href="/wiki/List_of_collective_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of collective nouns">list of collective nouns</a> (e.g. a flock of sheep, pack of wolves). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_lists">Official lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Official lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some organizations have created official lists of common names, or guidelines for creating common names, hoping to standardize the use of common names. </p><p>For example, the Australian Fish Names List or AFNS was compiled through a process involving work by taxonomic and seafood industry experts, drafted using the CAAB (Codes for Australian Aquatic Biota) taxon management system of the <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CSIROFish_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIROFish-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and including input through public and industry consultations by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Fish_Names_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Fish Names Committee (page does not exist)">Australian Fish Names Committee</a> (AFNC). The AFNS has been an official Australian Standard since July 2007 and has existed in draft form (The Australian Fish Names List) since 2001. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seafood_Services_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seafood Services Australia (page does not exist)">Seafood Services Australia</a> (SSA) serve as the Secretariat for the AFNC. SSA is an accredited Standards Australia (Australia's peak non-government standards development organisation) Standards Development<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_America" title="Entomological Society of America">Entomological Society of America</a> maintains a database of official common names of insects, and proposals for new entries must be submitted and reviewed by a formal committee before being added to the listing.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to standardize English names for the amphibians and reptiles of North America (north of Mexico) began in the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Conant_et_al._(1956)_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conant_et_al._(1956)-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynamic nature of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> necessitates periodical updates and changes in the nomenclature of both scientific and common names. The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Amphibians_and_Reptiles" title="Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles">Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles</a> (SSAR) published an updated list in 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_(1978)_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins_(1978)-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largely following the previous established examples, and subsequently published eight revised editions ending in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Crother_(2017)_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crother_(2017)-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently the SSAR switched to an online version with a searchable database.<sup id="cite_ref-SSAR_Checklist_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSAR_Checklist-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in Spanish and English were first published in 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-Liner_(1994)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liner_(1994)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a revised and updated list published in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Liner_&_Casas-Andreu_(2008)_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liner_&_Casas-Andreu_(2008)-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auk">The Auk</a></i> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gave rise to <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World:_Recommended_English_Names" title="Birds of the World: Recommended English Names">Birds of the World: Recommended English Names</a></i> and its Spanish and French companions. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy of the Hebrew Language</a> publish from time to time short dictionaries of common name in Hebrew for species that occur in Israel or surrounding countries e.g. for <a href="/wiki/Reptilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptilia">Reptilia</a> in 1938, <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a> in 2012, and <a href="/wiki/Odonata" title="Odonata">Odonata</a> in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">Folk taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_common_names" title="List of historical common names">List of historical common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_terminology" title="Scientific terminology">Scientific terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_common_names" title="Category:Plant common names">Category:Plant common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">Specific name (zoology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-KruPug-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KruPug_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKruckeberg1991" class="citation book cs1">Kruckeberg, Arthur (1991). <i>The Natural History of Puget Sound Country – Appendix I: The naming of plants and animals</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97477-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97477-4"><bdi>978-0-295-97477-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Puget+Sound+Country+%E2%80%93+Appendix+I%3A+The+naming+of+plants+and+animals.&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97477-4&rft.aulast=Kruckeberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/overview-of-chemical-names-608605">"The Differences Between Types of Chemical Names"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Differences+Between+Types+of+Chemical+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Foverview-of-chemical-names-608605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CSIROFish-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSIROFish_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSIROFish_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">List of standardised Australian fish names – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marine.csiro.au/caab/namelist.htm">November 2004 Draft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503030003/http://www.marine.csiro.au/caab/namelist.htm">Archived</a> 2016-05-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-19-861271-0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-19-861271-0_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1993" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lesley (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl"><i>The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles</i></a>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861271-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861271-0"><bdi>0-19-861271-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+shorter+Oxford+English+dictionary+on+historical+principles&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-861271-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewshorteroxford00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-86872-713-0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-86872-713-0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeavingPickerGriffiths2003" class="citation book cs1">Weaving, Alan; Picker, Mike; Griffiths, Charles Llewellyn (2003). <i>Field Guide to Insects of South Africa</i>. New Holland Publishers, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86872-713-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86872-713-0"><bdi>1-86872-713-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Insects+of+South+Africa&rft.pub=New+Holland+Publishers%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86872-713-0&rft.aulast=Weaving&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Picker%2C+Mike&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+Charles+Llewellyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawksworth2010-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawksworth2010_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawksworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Hawksworth, D. L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qky7_6-UcQQC&pg=PA10"><i>Terms Used in Bionomenclature: The Naming of Organisms and Plant Communities : Including Terms Used in Botanical, Cultivated Plant, Phylogenetic, Phytosociological, Prokaryote (bacteriological), Virus, and Zoological Nomenclature</i></a>. GBIF. pp. 1–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-92020-09-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-92020-09-3"><bdi>978-87-92020-09-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+Used+in+Bionomenclature%3A+The+Naming+of+Organisms+and+Plant+Communities+%3A+Including+Terms+Used+in+Botanical%2C+Cultivated+Plant%2C+Phylogenetic%2C+Phytosociological%2C+Prokaryote+%28bacteriological%29%2C+Virus%2C+and+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.pages=1-215&rft.pub=GBIF&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-87-92020-09-3&rft.aulast=Hawksworth&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQky7_6-UcQQC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConklin1980" class="citation book cs1">Conklin, Harold C. (1980). <i>Folk Classification: A Topically Arranged Bibliography of Contemporary and Background References through 1971</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Department of Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913516-02-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-913516-02-3"><bdi>0-913516-02-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk+Classification%3A+A+Topically+Arranged+Bibliography+of+Contemporary+and+Background+References+through+1971&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Department+of+Anthropology&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-913516-02-3&rft.aulast=Conklin&rft.aufirst=Harold+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearn 1959, p. 6, 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearn 1959, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stearn 1959, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickellBaumHetterscheidLeslie2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brickell, C.D.; Baum, B.R.; Hetterscheid, W.J.A.; Leslie, A.C.; McNeill, J.; Trehane, P.; Vrugtman, F.; Wiersema, J.H., eds. (2004). "International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants". <i>Acta Horticulturae</i>. Regnum Veg. <b>647</b> (144) (7th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+Cultivated+Plants.&rft.volume=647&rft.issue=144&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bitesize.irish/blog/interesting-animal-names/">"What's In a Name? Interesting Animal Names in Irish"</a>. 2013-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+In+a+Name%3F+Interesting+Animal+Names+in+Irish&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitesize.irish%2Fblog%2Finteresting-animal-names%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.focloir.ie/en/dictionary/ei/bat">"bat - Translation to Irish Gaelic with audio pronunciation of translations for bat by New English-Irish Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.focloir.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.focloir.ie&rft.atitle=bat+-+Translation+to+Irish+Gaelic+with+audio+pronunciation+of+translations+for+bat+by+New+English-Irish+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.focloir.ie%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Fei%2Fbat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn1-86812-032-5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-86812-032-5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isbn1-86812-032-5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeemstraSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Heemstra, Phillip C.; Smith, Margaret (1999). <i>Smith's Sea Fishes</i>. Southern Book Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86812-032-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86812-032-5"><bdi>1-86812-032-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Sea+Fishes&rft.pub=Southern+Book+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-86812-032-5&rft.aulast=Heemstra&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuddCampbellKellogStevens2008" class="citation book cs1">Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Kellog, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). <i>Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach</i> (3rd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878934072" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878934072"><bdi>978-0878934072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Systematics%3A+A+Phylogenetic+Approach&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+MA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0878934072&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Walter+S.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Christopher+S.&rft.au=Kellog%2C+Elizabeth+A.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Peter+F.&rft.au=Donoghue%2C+Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8018-8221-4-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8018-8221-4_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReederWilson2005" class="citation book cs1">Reeder, Deeann; Wilson, Don W. (2005). <i>Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-8221-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-8221-4"><bdi>0-8018-8221-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Species+of+the+World%3A+a+taxonomic+and+geographic+reference&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8018-8221-4&rft.aulast=Reeder&rft.aufirst=Deeann&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Don+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CasselLatin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CasselLatin_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchantCharles1952" class="citation book cs1">Marchant, J. R. V.; Charles, Joseph F. (1952). <i>Cassell's Latin Dictionary</i>. London: Cassell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassell%27s+Latin+Dictionary&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Marchant&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+V.&rft.au=Charles%2C+Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LatinTucker-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LatinTucker_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1931" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, T. G. (1931). <i>A Concise Etymological Dictionary of Latin</i>. Halle (Saale): Max Niemeyer Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin&rft.place=Halle+%28Saale%29&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer+Verlag&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=T.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Candolle1868" class="citation book cs1">de Candolle, A. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924001723604"><i>Laws of Botanical Nomenclature adopted by the International Botanical Congress held at Paris in August 1867; together with an Historical Introduction and Commentary by Alphonse de Candolle, Translated from the French</i></a>. translated by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Algernon_Weddell" title="Hugh Algernon Weddell">Hugh Algernon Weddell</a>. London: L. Reeve and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laws+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+adopted+by+the+International+Botanical+Congress+held+at+Paris+in+August+1867%3B+together+with+an+Historical+Introduction+and+Commentary+by+Alphonse+de+Candolle%2C+Translated+from+the+French&rft.place=London&rft.pub=L.+Reeve+and+Co&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924001723604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span> p. 36, 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-624-00533-X-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-624-00533-X_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosmanVan_der_MerweHiemstra1984" class="citation book cs1">Bosman, D. B.; Van der Merwe, I. W. & Hiemstra, L. W. (1984). <i>Tweetalige Woordeboek Afrikaans-Engels</i>. Tafelberg-uitgewers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-624-00533-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-624-00533-X"><bdi>0-624-00533-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tweetalige+Woordeboek+Afrikaans-Engels&rft.pub=Tafelberg-uitgewers&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-624-00533-X&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rft.au=Van+der+Merwe%2C+I.+W.&rft.au=Hiemstra%2C+L.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-620-07681-X-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-620-07681-X_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwoodRobertsMacleanNewman1985" class="citation book cs1">Lockwood, Geoffrey; Roberts, Austin; Maclean, Gordon L.; Newman, Kenneth B. (1985). <i>Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa</i>. Cape Town: Trustees of the J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-07681-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-620-07681-X"><bdi>0-620-07681-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roberts%27+Birds+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+J.+Voelcker+Bird+Book+Fund&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-620-07681-X&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Austin&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Gordon+L.&rft.au=Newman%2C+Kenneth+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-620-34053-3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-620-34053-3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Austin (2005). <i>Roberts' Birds of Southern Africa</i>. Trustees of the J. Voelcker Bird Book Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-620-34053-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-620-34053-3"><bdi>0-620-34053-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roberts%27+Birds+of+Southern+Africa&rft.pub=Trustees+of+the+J.+Voelcker+Bird+Book+Fund&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-620-34053-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Austin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChristidisBoles2008-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChristidisBoles2008_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidisBoles2008" class="citation book cs1">Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PA129"><i>Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds</i></a>. Csiro Publishing. pp. 129–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06511-6"><bdi>978-0-643-06511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematics+and+Taxonomy+of+Australian+Birds&rft.pages=129-&rft.pub=Csiro+Publishing&rft.date=2008-01&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06511-6&rft.aulast=Christidis&rft.aufirst=Les&rft.au=Boles%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSFP9P1i-PoEC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn3-11-010661-2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn3-11-010661-2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00scot"><i>Concise Encyclopedia Biology</i></a>. Translated by Scott, Thomas A. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-010661-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-010661-2"><bdi>3-11-010661-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Biology&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=3-11-010661-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seafood.net.au/fishnames/standard.php">Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923043721/http://www.seafood.net.au/fishnames/standard.php">Archived</a> 2006-09-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Australian Fish Names Standard. Seafood Services Australia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.entsoc.org/common-names">Common Names of Insects Database</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conant_et_al._(1956)-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conant_et_al._(1956)_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Conant_(herpetologist)" title="Roger Conant (herpetologist)">Conant, Roger</a>, Fred R. Cagle, Coleman J. Goin, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Lowe" title="Charles Herbert Lowe">Charles H. Lowe</a>, Jr., <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_T._Neill" title="Wilfred T. Neill">Wilfred T. Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Graham_Netting" title="M. Graham Netting">M. Graham Netting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Patterson_Schmidt" title="Karl Patterson Schmidt">Karl P. Schmidt</a>, Charles E. Shaw, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Stebbins" title="Robert C. Stebbins">Robert C. Stebbins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mitchill_Bogert" title="Charles Mitchill Bogert">Charles M. Bogert</a>. 1956. <i>Common names for North American amphibians and reptiles</i>. Copeia 1956: 172–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins_(1978)-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Collins_(1978)_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Collins" title="Joseph T. Collins">Collins, J.. T.</a>, J. E. Huheey, J. L. Knight, and <a href="/wiki/Hobart_Muir_Smith" title="Hobart Muir Smith">H. M. Smith</a>. 1978. <i>Standard and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles.</i> Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circulars No. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crother_(2017)-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crother_(2017)_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crother, Brian I. (Editor.). 2017. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssarherps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8th-Ed-2017-Scientific-and-Standard-English-Names.pdf">Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, with Comments Regarding Confidence in Our Understanding, 8th Edition.</a></i> Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 43:1–102 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-946681-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-946681-00-3">978-1-946681-00-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSAR_Checklist-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSAR_Checklist_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssarherps.org/publications/north-american-checklist/">Checklist of the Standard English Names of Amphibians & Reptiles.</a></i> (accessed August 2, 2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liner_(1994)-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liner_(1994)_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liner, Ernest A. 1994. <i>Scientific and common names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in English and Spanish (Nombres científicos y comunes en ingles y español de los anfibios y los reptiles de México).</i> Herpetological Circulars No. 23: v, 113 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916984-32-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-916984-32-X">0-916984-32-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liner_&_Casas-Andreu_(2008)-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Liner_&_Casas-Andreu_(2008)_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liner, Ernest A. and Gustavo Casas-Andreu. 2008. <i>Standard Spanish, English and scientific names of the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico.</i> Society for the Study Amphibians and Reptiles. Herpetological Circular 38: iv, 162 pp.. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916984-75-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916984-75-5">978-0-916984-75-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes1978" class="citation journal cs1">Parkes, K.C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v095n02/p0324-p0326.pdf">"A guide to forming and capitalizing compound names of birds in English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auk">The Auk</a></i>. <b>95</b> (2): 324–326. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F95.2.324">10.1093/auk/95.2.324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=A+guide+to+forming+and+capitalizing+compound+names+of+birds+in+English&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=324-326&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fauk%2F95.2.324&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=K.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsora.unm.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2Fauk%2Fv095n02%2Fp0324-p0326.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Stearn" title="William T. Stearn">Stearn, William T.</a> (1959). "The Background of Linnaeus's Contributions to the Nomenclature and Methods of Systematic Biology". <i>Systematic Zoology</i> <b>8</b>: 4–22.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_name&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/common_name" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/common name">common name</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003051617/http://www.names-of-flowers.net/flowers-names.html">Plant names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Frontpage.html">Multilingual, Multiscript Plant Name Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060713073929/http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/courses/bot307/B_How/janename.html#common">The use of common names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-names-of-common-substances-604013">Chemical Names of Common Substances</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715075943/http://plantae2.librecanal.com/">Plantas medicinales / Medicinal plants (database)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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