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href="#Components_and_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Components and stages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components_and_stages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components and stages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components_and_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intrinsic_and_extrinsic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intrinsic_and_extrinsic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Intrinsic and extrinsic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intrinsic_and_extrinsic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscious_and_unconscious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscious_and_unconscious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Conscious and unconscious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscious_and_unconscious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rational_and_irrational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rational_and_irrational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rational and irrational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rational_and_irrational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_cognitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_cognitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Biological and cognitive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_cognitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short-term_and_long-term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-term_and_long-term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Short-term and long-term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-term_and_long-term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egoistic_and_altruistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egoistic_and_altruistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Egoistic and altruistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egoistic_and_altruistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amotivation_and_akrasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amotivation_and_akrasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amotivation and akrasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amotivation_and_akrasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_content_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_content_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Major content theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_content_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_process_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_process_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Major process theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_process_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_various_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_various_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In various fields</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_various_fields-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In various fields subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_various_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neurology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Neurology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Criminal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivering" title="Motivering – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Motivering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" title="دافع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دافع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivaci%C3%B3n" title="Motivación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Motivación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivasiya" title="Motivasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Motivasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE" title="প্রেরণা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রেরণা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Матывацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матывацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Матывацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матывацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотивация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мотивация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivacija" title="Motivacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Motivacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeg" title="Abeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Abeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivaci%C3%B3" title="Motivació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Motivació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivace" title="Motivace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Motivace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivatsioon" title="Motivatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Motivatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Κίνητρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνητρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivaci%C3%B3n" title="Motivación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Motivación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motibazio" title="Motibazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Motibazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="انگیزش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگیزش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivaci%C3%B3n" title="Motivación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Motivación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B6%80%EC%97%AC" title="동기 부여 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동기 부여" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մոտիվացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոտիվացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अभिप्रेरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अभिप्रेरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivacija" title="Motivacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Motivacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivizo" title="Motivizo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Motivizo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivasi" title="Motivasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Motivasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivazione_(psicologia)" title="Motivazione (psicologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Motivazione (psicologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%94" title="הנעה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנעה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%86" title="ಪ್ರೇರಣೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರೇರಣೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მოტივაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოტივაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотивация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мотивация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мотивдер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мотивдер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%88" title="ຄວາມໝາຍຂອງແຮງຈູງໃຈ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄວາມໝາຍຂອງແຮງຈູງໃຈ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitamentum" title="Incitamentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Incitamentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiv%C4%81cija" title="Motivācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Motivācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motyvacija" title="Motyvacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Motyvacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мотивација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мотивација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мотиваци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мотиваци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivatie" title="Motivatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Motivatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्प्रेरणा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्प्रेरणा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%A5%E3%81%91" title="動機づけ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動機づけ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivasjon" title="Motivasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Motivasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivatsiya" title="Motivatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Motivatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motywacja" title="Motywacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Motywacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiva%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Motivação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Motivação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiva%C8%9Bie" title="Motivație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Motivație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Мотивация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мотивация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivimi" title="Motivimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Motivimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="අභිප්‍රේරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අභිප්‍රේරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiv%C3%A1cia" title="Motivácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Motivácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivacija" title="Motivacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Motivacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daalib" title="Daalib – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daalib" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="پاڵنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاڵنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Мотив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мотив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motiv" title="Motiv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Motiv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivaatio" title="Motivaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Motivaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Motivation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagganyak" title="Pagganyak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagganyak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஊக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%88" title="แรงจูงใจ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แรงจูงใจ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Ангезиш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангезиш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCd%C3%BC" title="Güdü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güdü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мотивація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мотивація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_c%C6%A1_(t%C3%A2m_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Động cơ (tâm lý học) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động cơ (tâm lý học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="动机 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" title="動機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="动机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q644302#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bamako_Carpenter.jpg/155px-Bamako_Carpenter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bamako_Carpenter.jpg/206px-Bamako_Carpenter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behavior" title="Consumer behavior"><img alt="Shopping in a supermarket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shopping2.png/131px-Shopping2.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shopping2.png/197px-Shopping2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Shopping2.png/262px-Shopping2.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport"><img alt="Photo of the Berlin Marathon 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlin_marathon.jpg/203px-Berlin_marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlin_marathon.jpg/305px-Berlin_marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Berlin_marathon.jpg/406px-Berlin_marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="303" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Motivation is relevant in many fields and affects educational success, <a href="/wiki/Work_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work performance">work performance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer behavior">consumer behavior</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(physical_culture)" title="Athletics (physical culture)">athletic</a> success.</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Motivation</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">internal state</a> that propels individuals to engage in <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a>-directed <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>. It is often understood as a force that explains why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time. It is a complex phenomenon and its precise definition is disputed. It contrasts with <a href="#Amotivation_and_akrasia">amotivation</a>, which is a state of <a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">apathy</a> or listlessness. Motivation is studied in fields like <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, neuroscience, motivation science, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p><p>Motivational states are characterized by their direction, <a href="/wiki/Motivational_intensity" title="Motivational intensity">intensity</a>, and persistence. The direction of a motivational state is shaped by the goal it aims to achieve. Intensity is the strength of the state and affects whether the state is translated into action and how much effort is employed. Persistence refers to how long an individual is willing to engage in an activity. Motivation is often divided into two phases: in the first phase, the individual establishes a goal, while in the second phase, they attempt to reach this goal. </p><p>Many types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature. <i>Intrinsic motivation</i> comes from internal factors like <a href="/wiki/Enjoyment" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjoyment">enjoyment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">curiosity</a>; it contrasts with <i>extrinsic motivation</i>, which is driven by external factors like obtaining rewards and avoiding <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a>. For <i>conscious motivation</i>, the individual is aware of the motive driving the behavior, which is not the case for <i>unconscious motivation</i>. Other types include: <i>rational</i> and <i>irrational motivation</i>; <i>biological</i> and <i>cognitive motivation</i>; <i>short-term</i> and <i>long-term motivation</i>; and <i>egoistic</i> and <i>altruistic motivation</i>. </p><p>Theories of motivation are conceptual frameworks that seek to explain motivational phenomena. <a href="/wiki/Content_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Content theories">Content theories</a> aim to describe which internal factors motivate people and which goals they commonly follow. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of needs">hierarchy of needs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory" title="Two-factor theory">two-factor theory</a>, and the learned needs theory. They contrast with process theories, which discuss the cognitive, emotional, and decision-making processes that underlie human motivation, like <a href="/wiki/Expectancy_theory" title="Expectancy theory">expectancy theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_theory" title="Equity theory">equity theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goal-setting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal-setting theory">goal-setting theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_theory" title="Reinforcement theory">reinforcement theory</a>. Motivation is relevant to many fields. It affects educational success, <a href="/wiki/Work_performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Work performance">work performance</a>, athletic success, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic behavior">economic behavior</a>. It is further pertinent in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal development</a>, health, and criminal law. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition,_measurement,_and_semantic_field"><span id="Definition.2C_measurement.2C_and_semantic_field"></span>Definition, measurement, and semantic field</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition, measurement, and semantic field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motivation is often understood as an internal state or force that propels individuals to engage and persist in goal-directed behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivational states explain why people or animals initiate, continue, or terminate a certain behavior at a particular time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivational states are characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a> they aim for, as well as the intensity and duration of the effort devoted to the goal.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivational states have different degrees of strength. If a state has a high degree then it is more likely to influence behavior than if it has a low degree.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Amotivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amotivation">amotivation</a>, which is a lack of interest in a certain activity or a resistance to it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a slightly different sense, the word "motivation" can also refer to the act of motivating someone and to a reason or goal for doing something.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">movere</i></span> (to move).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditional</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">discipline</a> studying motivation is psychology. It investigates how motivation arises, which factors influence it, and what effects it has.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation science is a more recent field of inquiry focused on an integrative approach that tries to link insights from different subdisciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurology is interested in the underlying neurological mechanisms, such as the involved brain areas and <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosophy aims to clarify the nature of motivation and understand its relation to other concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivation is not directly observable but has to be inferred from other characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different ways to do so and measure it. The most common approach is to rely on self-reports and use <a href="/wiki/Questionnaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Questionnaires">questionnaires</a>. They can include direct questions like "how motivated are you?" but may also inquire about additional factors in relation to the goals, feelings, and effort invested in a particular activity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another approach is based on external observation of the individual. This can concern studying behavioral changes but may also include additional methods like measuring <a href="/wiki/Brain_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain activity">brain activity</a> and skin conductance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_definitions">Academic definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many academic definitions of motivation have been proposed but there is little consensus on its precise characterization.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is partly because motivation is a complex phenomenon with many aspects and different definitions often focus on different aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some definitions emphasize internal factors. This can involve psychological aspects in relation to desires and <a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">volitions</a> or physiological aspects regarding physical needs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> use a psychological perspective to understand motivation as a form of desire<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Jackson Beatty and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ransom_Gallistel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ransom Gallistel">Charles Ransom Gallistel</a> see it as a physical process akin to hunger and thirst.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some definitions stress the continuity between human and animal motivation, but others draw a clear distinction between the two. This is often emphasized by the idea that human agents act for reasons and are not mechanistically driven to follow their strongest impulse.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A closely related disagreement concerns the role of <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>. Definitions emphasizing this aspect understand motivation as a mostly conscious process of rationally considering the most appropriate behavior. Another perspective emphasizes the multitude of unconscious and subconscious factors responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other definitions characterize motivation as a form of <a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">arousal</a> that provides energy to direct and maintain behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, K. B. Madsen sees motivation as "the 'driving force' behind behavior" while Elliott S. Vatenstein and Roderick Wong emphasize that motivation leads to goal-oriented behavior that is interested in consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The role of goals in motivation is sometimes paired with the claim that it leads to flexible behavior in contrast to blind reflexes or fixed <a href="/wiki/Stimulus-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus-response">stimulus-response</a> patterns. This is based on the idea that individuals use means to bring about the goal and are flexible in regard to what means they employ.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this view, the feeding behavior of rats is based on motivation since they can learn to traverse through complicated mazes to satisfy their hunger, which is not the case for the stimulus-bound feeding behavior of flies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some psychologists define motivation as a temporary and reversible process.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Robert A. Hinde and John Alcock see it as a transitory state that affects responsiveness to stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach makes it possible to contrast motivation with phenomena like learning which bring about permanent behavioral changes.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another approach is to provide a very broad characterization to cover many different aspects of motivation. This often results in very long definitions by including many of the factors listed above.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The multitude of definitions and the lack of consensus have prompted some theorists, like psychologists B. N. Bunnell and Donald A. Dewsbury, to doubt that the concept of motivation is theoretically useful and to see it instead as a mere hypothetical construct.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semantic_field">Semantic field</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Semantic field"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "motivation" is closely related to the term "motive" and the two terms are often used as synonyms.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some theorists distinguish their precise meanings as technical terms. For example, psychologist Andrea Fuchs understands motivation as the "sum of separate motives".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to psychologist <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kanfer" title="Ruth Kanfer">Ruth Kanfer</a>, motives are stable dispositional tendencies that contrast with the dynamic nature of motivation as a fluctuating internal state.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivation is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ability" title="Ability">ability</a>, effort, and <a href="/wiki/Action_(philosophy)" title="Action (philosophy)">action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ability is a power to perform an action, like the ability to walk or to write. Individuals can have abilities without exercising them.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are more likely to be motivated to do something if they have the ability to do it, but having an ability is not a requirement and it is possible to be motivated while lacking the corresponding ability.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effort is the physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_energy" title="Mental energy">mental energy</a> invested when exercising an ability.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depends on motivation and high motivation is associated with high effort.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quality of the resulting performance depends on the ability, effort, and motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation to perform an action can be present even if the action is not executed. This is the case, for instance, if there is a stronger motivation to engage in a different action at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_stages">Components and stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Components and stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motivation is a complex phenomenon that is often analyzed in terms of different components and stages. Components are aspects that different motivational states have in common. Often-discussed components are direction, <a href="/wiki/Motivational_intensity" title="Motivational intensity">intensity</a>, and persistence. Stages or phases are temporal parts of how motivation unfolds over time, like the initial <a href="/wiki/Goal-setting" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal-setting">goal-setting</a> stage in contrast to the following goal-striving stage.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A closely related issue concerns the different types of <a href="/wiki/Mental_state" title="Mental state">mental phenomena</a> that are responsible for motivation, like <a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">desires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, and rational deliberation. Some theorists hold that a desire to do something is an essential part of all motivational states. This view is based on the idea that the desire to do something justifies the effort to engage in this activity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this view is not generally accepted and it has been suggested that at least in some cases, actions are motivated by other mental phenomena, like beliefs or rational deliberation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a person may be motivated to undergo a painful <a href="/wiki/Root_canal_treatment" title="Root canal treatment">root canal treatment</a> because they conclude that it is a necessary thing to do even though they do not actively desire it.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motivation is sometimes discussed in terms of three main components: direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to the goal people choose. It is the objective in which they decide to invest their energy. For example, if one roommate decides to go to the movies while the other visits a party, they both have motivation but their motivational states differ in regard to the direction they pursue.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pursued objective often forms part of a hierarchy of means-end relationships. This implies that several steps or lower-level goals may have to be fulfilled to reach a higher-level goal. For example, to achieve the higher-level goal of writing a complete article, one needs to realize different lower-level goals, like writing different sections of the article.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some goals are specific, like reducing one's weight by 3 kg, while others are non-specific, like losing as much weight as possible. Specific goals often affect motivation and performance positively by making it easier to plan and track progress.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goal belongs to the individual's motivational reason and explains why they favor an action and engage in it. Motivational reasons contrast with normative reasons, which are facts that determine what should be done or why a course of action is objectively good. Motivational reasons can be in tune with normative reasons but this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a cake is poisoned then this is a normative reason for the host not to offer it to their guests. But if they are not aware of the poison then politeness may be their motivating reason to offer it.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The intensity of motivation corresponds to how much energy someone is willing to invest into a particular task. For instance, two athletes engaging in the same drill have the same direction but differ concerning the motivational intensity if one gives their best while the other only puts in minimal effort.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theorists use the term "effort" rather than "intensity" for this component.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strength of a motivational state also affects whether it is translated into action. One theory states that different motivational states compete with each other and that only the behavior with the highest net force of motivation is put into action.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is controversial whether this is always true. For example, it has been suggested that in cases of rational deliberation, it may be possible to act against one's strongest motive.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another problem is that this view may lead to a form of <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> that denies the existence of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Persistence is the long-term component of motivation and refers to how long an individual engages in an activity. A high level of motivational persistence manifests itself in a sustained dedication over time.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motivational persistence in relation to the chosen goal contrasts with flexibility on the level of the means: individuals may adjust their approach and try different strategies on the level of the means to reach a pursued end. This way, individuals can adapt to changes in the physical and social environment that affect the effectiveness of previously chosen means.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The components of motivation can be understood in analogy to the allocation of limited resources: direction, intensity, and persistence determine where to allocate energy, how much of it, and for how long.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For effective action, it is usually relevant to have the right form of motivation on all three levels: to pursue an appropriate goal with the required intensity and persistence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages">Stages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of motivation is commonly divided into two stages: goal-setting and goal-striving.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goal-setting is the phase in which the direction of motivation is determined. It involves considering the reasons for and against different courses of action and then committing oneself to a goal one aims to achieve. The goal-setting process by itself does not ensure that the plan is carried out. This happens in the goal-striving stage, in which the individual tries to implement the plan. It starts with the initiation of the action and includes putting in effort and trying different strategies to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various difficulties can arise in this phase. The individual has to muster the initiative to get started with the goal-directed behavior and stay committed even when faced with obstacles without giving in to <a href="/wiki/Distraction" title="Distraction">distractions</a>. They also need to ensure that the chosen means are effective and that they do not overexert themselves. <sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goal-setting and goal-striving are usually understood as distinct stages but they can be intertwined in various ways. Depending on the performance during the striving phase, the individual may adjust their goal. For example, if the performance is worse than expected, they may lower their goals. This can go hand in hand with adjusting the effort invested in the activity.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emotional states affect how goals are set and which goals are prioritized. Positive emotions are associated with optimism about the value of a goal and create a tendency to seek positive outcomes. Negative emotions are associated with a more pessimistic outlook and tend to lead to the avoidance of bad outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theorists have suggested further phases. For example, psychologist Barry J. Zimmerman includes an additional <a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">self-reflection</a> phase after the performance. A further approach is to distinguish two parts of the <a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">planning</a>: the first part consists in choosing a goal while the second part is about planning how to realize this goal.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature. They differ from each other based on the underlying mechanisms responsible for their manifestation, what goals are pursued, what temporal horizon they encompass, and who is intended to benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intrinsic_and_extrinsic">Intrinsic and extrinsic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intrinsic and extrinsic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of two boys playing soccer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png/220px-Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png/330px-Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png/440px-Muhammad_Intrinsic_vs_Extrinsic_Motivation.png 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption>Intrinsic motivation arises from internal factors, like enjoying an activity. Extrinsic motivation is based on external factors, like rewards obtained by completing an activity.</figcaption></figure> <p>The distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is based on the source or origin of the motivation. Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual, who engages in an activity out of enjoyment, curiosity, or a sense of fulfillment. It occurs when people pursue an activity for its own sake. It can be due to affective factors, when the person engages in the behavior because it feels good, or cognitive factors, when they see it as something good or meaningful.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of intrinsic motivation is a person who plays basketball during lunch break only because they enjoy it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extrinsic motivation arises from external factors, such as rewards, punishments, or <a href="/wiki/Recognition_(sociology)" title="Recognition (sociology)">recognition</a> from others. This occurs when people engage in an activity because they are interested in the effects or the outcome of the activity rather than in the activity itself.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if a student does their homework because they are afraid of being punished by their parents then extrinsic motivation is responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intrinsic motivation is often more highly regarded than extrinsic motivation. It is associated with genuine passion, <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>, a sense of purpose, and personal <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. It also tends to come with stronger commitment and persistence. Intrinsic motivation is a key factor in cognitive, social, and physical development.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of intrinsic motivation is affected by various conditions, including a sense of autonomy and positive feedback from others.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of education, intrinsic motivation tends to result in high-quality learning.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are also certain advantages to extrinsic motivation: it can provide people with motivation to engage in useful or necessary tasks which they do not naturally find interesting or enjoyable.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theorists understand the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation as a spectrum rather than a clear dichotomy. This is linked to the idea that the more autonomous an activity is, the more it is associated with intrinsic motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A behavior can be motivated only by intrinsic motives, only by extrinsic motives, or by a combination of both. In the latter case, there are both internal and external reasons why the person engages in the behavior. If both are present, they may work against each other. For example, the presence of a strong extrinsic motivation, like a high monetary reward, can decrease intrinsic motivation. Because of this, the individual may be less likely to further engage in the activity if it does not result in an external reward anymore. However, this is not always the case and under the right circumstances, the combined effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation leads to higher performance.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscious_and_unconscious">Conscious and unconscious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conscious and unconscious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conscious motivation involves motives of which the person is aware. It includes the explicit recognition of goals and underlying values. Conscious motivation is associated with the formulation of a goal and a plan to realize it as well as its controlled step-by-step execution. Some theorists emphasize the role of the self in this process as the entity that plans, initiates, regulates, and evaluates behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of conscious motivation is a person in a clothing store who states that they want to buy a shirt and then goes on to buy one.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigmund_Freud,_by_Max_Halberstadt_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of Sigmund Freud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sigmund_Freud%2C_by_Max_Halberstadt_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Unconscious motivation plays a central role in <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unconscious motivation involves motives of which the person is not aware. It can be guided by deep-rooted beliefs, desires, and feelings operating beneath the level of consciousness. Examples include the unacknowledged influences of past experiences, unresolved conflicts, hidden fears, and <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanisms">defense mechanisms</a>. These influences can affect decisions, impact behavior, and shape habits.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of unconscious motivation is a scientist who believes that their research effort is a pure expression of their altruistic desire to benefit science while their true motive is an unacknowledged need for fame.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External circumstances can also impact the motivation underlying unconscious behavior. An example is the effect of <a href="/wiki/Priming_(psychology)" title="Priming (psychology)">priming</a>, in which an earlier stimulus influences the response to a later stimulus without the person's awareness of this influence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unconscious motivation is a central topic in <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early theories of motivation often assumed that conscious motivation is the primary form of motivation. However, this view has been challenged in the subsequent literature and there is no academic consensus on the relative extent of their influence. <sup id="cite_ref-auto7_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rational_and_irrational">Rational and irrational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rational and irrational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closely related to the contrast between conscious and unconscious motivation is the distinction between rational and irrational motivation. A motivational state is rational if it is based on a good reason. This implies that the motive of the behavior explains why the person should engage in the behavior. In this case, the person has an insight into why the behavior is considered valuable. For example, if a person saves a drowning child because they value the child's life then their motivation is rational.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rational motivation contrasts with irrational motivation, in which the person has no good reason that explains the behavior. In this case, the person lacks a clear understanding of the deeper source of motivation and in what sense the behavior is in tune with their values.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be the case for <a href="/wiki/Impulsive_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulsive behavior">impulsive behavior</a>, for example, when a person spontaneously acts out of anger without reflecting on the consequences of their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rational and irrational motivation play a key role in the field of economics. In order to predict the behavior of <a href="/wiki/Economic_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic actor">economic actors</a>, it is often assumed that they act rationally. In this field, rational behavior is understood as behavior that is in tune with self-interest while irrational behavior goes against self-interest.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, based on the assumption that it is in the self-interest of firms to maximize profit, actions that lead to that outcome are considered rational while actions that impede <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">profit maximization</a> are considered irrational.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when understood in a wider sense, rational motivation is a broader term that also includes behavior motivated by a desire to benefit others as a form of rational altruism.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_and_cognitive">Biological and cognitive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biological and cognitive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="1804 Painting "Der Völler" by Georg Emanuel Opiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg/209px-Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg/314px-Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg/418px-Georg_Emanuel_Opiz_Der_V%C3%B6ller_1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1670" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:174px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a female painter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg/175px-Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg/263px-Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg/350px-Amelia_Alcock-White-painter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4488" data-file-height="4488" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Hunger and thirst are physiological needs associated with biological motivation while the artistic pursuit of beauty belongs to cognitive motivation.</div></div></div></div> <p>Biological motivation concerns motives that arise due to <a href="/wiki/Physiological_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological needs">physiological needs</a>. Examples are hunger, thirst, sex, and the need for sleep. They are also referred to as primary, physiological, or organic motives.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biological motivation is associated with states of arousal and <a href="/wiki/Emotional" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional">emotional</a> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its source lies in innate mechanisms that govern stimulus-response patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cognitive motivation concerns motives that arise from the psychological level. They include affiliation, competition, personal interests, and <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a> as well as desires for perfection, justice, beauty, and truth. They are also called secondary, psychological, social, or personal motives. They are often seen as a higher or more refined form of motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The processing and interpretation of information play a key role in cognitive motivation. Cognitively motivated behavior is not an innate reflex but a flexible response to the available information that is based on past experiences and expected outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is associated with the explicit formulation of desired outcomes and engagement in goal-directed behavior to realize these outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some theories of human motivation see biological causes as the source of all motivation. They tend to conceptualize human behavior in analogy to animal behavior. Other theories allow for both biological and cognitive motivation and some put their main emphasis on cognitive motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short-term_and_long-term">Short-term and long-term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Short-term and long-term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Short-term and long-term motivation differ in regard to the temporal horizon and the duration of the underlying motivational mechanism. Short-term motivation is focused on achieving rewards immediately or in the near future. It is associated with impulsive behavior. It is a transient and fluctuating phenomenon that may arise and subside spontaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Long-term motivation involves a sustained commitment to goals in a more distant future. It encompasses a willingness to invest time and effort over an extended period before the intended goal is reached. It is often a more deliberative process that requires goal-setting and planning.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both short-term and long-term motivation are relevant to achieving one's goals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, short-term motivation is central when responding to urgent problems while long-term motivation is a key factor in pursuing far-reaching objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they sometimes conflict with each other by supporting opposing courses of action.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is a married person who is tempted to have a one-night stand. In this case, there may be a clash between the short-term motivation to seek immediate physical gratification and the long-term motivation to preserve and nurture a successful marriage built on trust and commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the long-term motivation to stay healthy in contrast to the short-term motivation to smoke a cigarette.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egoistic_and_altruistic">Egoistic and altruistic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egoistic and altruistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The difference between egoistic and altruistic motivation concerns who is intended to benefit from the anticipated course of action. Egoistic motivation is driven by self-interest: the person is acting for their own benefit or to fulfill their own needs and desires. This self-interest can take various forms, including immediate <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>, career advancement, financial rewards, and gaining respect from others.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altruistic motivation is marked by selfless intentions and involves a genuine concern for the <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> of others. It is associated with the desire to assist and help others in a non-transactional manner without the goal of obtaining personal gain or rewards in return.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the controversial thesis of <a href="/wiki/Psychological_egoism" title="Psychological egoism">psychological egoism</a>, there is no altruistic motivation: all motivation is egoistic. Proponents of this view hold that even apparently altruistic behavior is caused by egoistic motives. For example, they may claim that people feel good about helping other people and that their egoistic desire to feel good is the true internal motivation behind the externally altruistic behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many religions emphasize the importance of altruistic motivation as a component of religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> sees selfless love and compassion as a way of realizing God's will and bringing about a better world.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> emphasize the practice of <a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">loving-kindness</a> toward all sentient beings as a means to eliminate <a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">suffering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many other types of motivation are discussed in the academic literature. Moral motivation is closely related to altruistic motivation. Its motive is to act in tune with moral judgments and it can be characterized as the willingness to "do the right thing".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire to visit a sick friend to keep a promise is an example of moral motivation. It can conflict with other forms of motivation, like the desire to go to the movies instead.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential debate in moral philosophy centers around the question of whether moral judgments can directly provide moral motivation, as <a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism#Moral_philosophy" title="Internalism and externalism">internalists</a> claim. Externalists provide an alternative explanation by holding that additional mental states, like desires or emotions, are needed. Externalists hold that these additional states do not always accompany moral judgments, meaning that it would be possible to have moral judgments without a moral motivation to follow them.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain forms of <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathy</a> and brain damage can inhibit moral motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-determination theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Deci" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Deci">Edward Deci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryan_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ryan (professor)">Richard Ryan</a>, distinguish between autonomous and controlled motivation. Autonomous motivation is associated with acting according to one's free will or doing something because one wants to do it. In the case of controlled motivation, the person feels pressured into doing something by external forces.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related contrast is between push and pull motivation. Push motivation arises from unfulfilled internal needs and aims at satisfying them. For example, hunger may push an individual to find something to eat. Pull motivation arises from an external goal and aims at achieving this goal, like the motivation to get a university degree.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Achievement_motivation" class="mw-redirect" title="Achievement motivation">Achievement motivation</a> is the desire to overcome obstacles and strive for excellence. Its goal is to do things well and become better even in the absence of tangible external rewards. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear of failure">fear of failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of achievement motivation in sports is a person who challenges stronger opponents in an attempt to get better.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human motivation is sometimes contrasted with animal motivation. The field of animal motivation examines the reasons and mechanisms underlying animal behavior. It belongs to psychology and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gives specific emphasis to the interplay of external stimulation and internal states. It further considers how an animal benefits from a certain behavior as an individual and in terms of evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are important overlaps between the fields of animal and human motivation. Studies on animal motivation tend to focus more on the role of external stimuli and instinctive responses while the role of free decisions and <a href="/wiki/Delayed_gratification" title="Delayed gratification">delayed gratification</a> has a more prominent place when discussing human motivation.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amotivation_and_akrasia">Amotivation and akrasia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Amotivation and akrasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving "Acedia" by Hieronymus Wierix (1553–1619)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg/220px-Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg/330px-Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg/440px-Hieronymus_Wierix_-_Acedia_-_WGA25736.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Amotivation is an absence of interest and is sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Acedia" title="Acedia">acedia</a> when it manifests in relation to spiritual practices.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">Rat race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laziness" title="Laziness">Laziness</a></div> <p>Motivation contrasts with amotivation (also known as <a href="/wiki/Avolition" title="Avolition">avolition</a>) which is an absence of interest. Individuals in the state of amotivation feel apathy or lack the willingness to engage in a particular behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, amotivated children at school remain passive in class, do not engage in classroom activities, and fail to follow teacher instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amotivation can be a significant barrier to <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a>, goal attainment, and overall well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be caused by factors like unrealistic expectations, helplessness, feelings of incompetence, and the inability to see how one's actions affect outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Christian_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian spirituality">Christian spirituality</a>, the terms <a href="/wiki/Acedia" title="Acedia">acedia</a> and accidie are often used to describe a form of amotivation or listlessness associated with a failure to engage in spiritual practices.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amotivation is usually a temporary state. The term <i><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">amotivational syndrome</a></i> refers to a more permanent and wide-reaching condition. It involves apathy and lack of activity in relation to a broad range of activities and is associated with incoherence, inability to concentrate, and memory disturbance.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_diminished_motivation" title="Disorders of diminished motivation">disorders of diminished motivation</a></i> covers a wide range of related phenomena, including <a href="/wiki/Abulia" title="Abulia">abulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akinetic_mutism" title="Akinetic mutism">akinetic mutism</a>, and other motivation-related <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">neurological disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amotivation is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Akrasia" title="Akrasia">akrasia</a>. A person in the state of akrasia believes that they should perform a certain action but cannot motivate themselves to do it. This means that there is an internal conflict between what a person believes they should do and what they actually do. The cause of akrasia is sometimes that a person gives in to temptations and is not able to resist them. For this reason, akrasia is also referred to as weakness of the will.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An addict who compulsively consumes drugs even though they know that it is not in their best self-interest is an example of akrasia.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akrasia contrasts with enkrasia, which is a state where a person's motivation aligns with their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theories of motivation are frameworks or sets of principles that aim to explain motivational phenomena. They seek to understand how motivation arises and what causes and effects it has as well as the goals that commonly motivate people.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way, they provide explanations of why an individual engages in one behavior rather than another, how much effort they invest, and how long they continue to strive toward a given goal.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important debates in the academic literature concern to what extent motivation is innate or based on genetically determined instincts rather than learned through previous experience. A closely related issue is whether motivational processes are mechanistic and run automatically or have a more complex nature involving <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive processes</a> and active <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a>. Another discussion revolves around the topic of whether the primary sources of motivation are internal needs rather than external goals. <sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common distinction among theories of motivation is between content theories and process theories. Content theories attempt to identify and describe the internal factors that motivate people, such as different types of needs, drives, and desires. They examine which goals motivate people. Influential content theories are Maslow's <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchy of needs">hierarchy of needs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Herzberg" title="Frederick Herzberg">Frederick Herzberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Two-factor_theory" title="Two-factor theory">two-factor theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a>'s learned needs theory. Process theories discuss the cognitive, emotional, and decision-making processes that underlie human motivation. They examine how people select goals and the means to achieve them. Major process theories are <a href="/wiki/Expectancy_theory" title="Expectancy theory">expectancy theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equity_theory" title="Equity theory">equity theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goal-setting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal-setting theory">goal-setting theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination_theory" title="Self-determination theory">self-determination theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_theory" title="Reinforcement theory">reinforcement theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another way to classify theories of motivation focuses on the role of inborn physiological processes in contrast to cognitive processes and distinguishes between biological, psychological, and biopsychosocial theories.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_content_theories">Major content theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Major content theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram of Maslow's hierarchy of needs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg/220px-MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg/330px-MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg/440px-MaslowsHierarchyOfNeeds.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often visualized as a pyramid in which the more basic needs at the bottom form the foundation for higher needs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maslow holds that humans have different kinds of needs and that those needs are responsible for motivation. According to him, they form a hierarchy of needs that is composed of lower and higher needs. Lower needs belong to the physiological level and are characterized as <i>deficiency</i> needs since they indicate some form of lack. Examples are the desire for food, water, and shelter. Higher needs belong to the psychological level and are associated with the potential to grow as a person. Examples are self-esteem in the form of a positive self-image and personal development by actualizing one's unique talents and abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two key principles of Maslow's theory are the <i>progression principle</i> and the <i>deficit principle</i>. They state that lower needs have to be fulfilled before higher needs become activated. This means that higher needs, like esteem and self-actualization, are unable to provide full motivation while lower needs, like food and shelter, remain unfulfilled.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An influential extension of Maslow's hierarchy of needs was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Clayton_Alderfer" title="Clayton Alderfer">Clayton Alderfer</a> in the form of his <a href="/wiki/ERG_theory" title="ERG theory">ERG theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory also analyzes motivation in terms of lower and higher needs. Herzberg applies it specifically to the workplace and distinguishes between lower-lever hygiene factors and higher-level motivators. Hygiene factors are associated with the work environment and conditions. Examples include company policies, supervision, salary, and <a href="/wiki/Job_security" title="Job security">job security</a>. They are essential to prevent job dissatisfaction and associated negative behavior, such as frequent absence or decreased effort. Motivators are more directly related to work itself. They include the nature of the work and the associated responsibility as well as recognition and personal and professional growth opportunities. They are responsible for job satisfaction as well as increased commitment and creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory implies, for example, that increasing salary and job security may not be sufficient to fully motivate workers if their higher needs are not met.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McClelland's learned needs theory states that individuals have three primary needs: <a href="/wiki/Need_for_affiliation" title="Need for affiliation">affiliation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Need_for_power" title="Need for power">power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Need_for_achievement" title="Need for achievement">achievement</a>. The need for affiliation is a desire to form social connections with others. The need for power is a longing to exert control over one's surroundings and wield influence over others. The need for achievement relates to a yearning to establish ambitious objectives and to receive positive feedback on one's performance. McClelland holds that these needs are present in everyone but that their exact form, strength, and expression is shaped by cultural influences and the individual's experiences. For example, affiliation-oriented individuals are primarily motivated by establishing and maintaining social relations while achievement-oriented individuals are inclined to set challenging goals and strive for personal excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More emphasis on the need of affiliation tends to be given in <a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">collectivist cultures</a> in contrast to a focus on the need of achievement in <a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">individualist cultures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_process_theories">Major process theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Major process theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Expectancy theory states that whether a person is motivated to perform a certain behavior depends on the expected results of this behavior: the more positive the expected results are, the higher the motivation to engage in that behavior. Expectancy theorists understand the expected results in terms of three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy concerns the relation between effort and performance. If the expectancy of a behavior is high then the person believes that their efforts will likely result in successful performance. Instrumentality concerns the relation between performance and outcomes. If the instrumentality of a performance is high then the person believes that it will likely result in the intended outcomes. Valence is the degree to which the outcomes are attractive to the person. These three components affect each other in a multiplicative way, meaning that high motivation is only present if all of them are high. In this case, the person believes it likely that they perform well, that the performance leads to the expected result, and that the result as a high value.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equity theory sees fairness as a key aspect of motivation. According to it, people are interested in the <a href="/wiki/Ratio" title="Ratio">proportion</a> between effort and reward: they judge how much energy one has to invest and how good the outcome is. Equity theory states that individuals assess <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">fairness</a> by comparing their own ratio of effort and reward to the ratio of others. A key idea of equity theory is that people are motivated to reduce perceived inequity. This is especially the case if they feel that they receive less rewards than others. For example, if an employee has the impression that they work longer than their co-workers while receiving the same salary, this may motivate them to ask for a raise.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goal-setting theory holds that having clearly defined goals is one of the key factors of motivation. It states that effective goals are specific and challenging. A goal is specific if it involves a clear objective, such as a quantifiable target one intends to reach rather than just trying to do one's best. A goal is challenging if it is achievable but hard to reach. Two additional factors identified by goal-setting theorists are goal commitment and <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>. Commitment is a person's dedication to achieving a goal and includes an unwillingness to abandon or change the goal when meeting resistance. To have self-efficacy means to believe in oneself and in one's ability to succeed. This belief can help people persevere through obstacles and remain motivated to reach challenging goals.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to self-determination theory, the main factors influencing motivation are autonomy, <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a>, and connection. People act autonomously if they decide themselves what to do rather than following orders. This tends to increase motivation since humans usually prefer to act in accordance with their wishes, values, and goals without being coerced by external forces. If a person is competent at a certain task then they tend to feel good about the work itself and its results. Lack of competence can decrease motivation by leading to frustration if one's efforts fail to succeed. Connection is another factor identified by self-determination theorists and concerns the social environment. Motivation tends to be reinforced for activities in which a person can positively relate to others, receives approval, and can reach out for help.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reinforcement theory is based on <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a> and explains motivation in relation to positive and negative outcomes of previous behavior. It uses the principle of <a href="/wiki/Operant_conditioning" title="Operant conditioning">operant conditioning</a>, which states that behavior followed by positive consequences is more likely to be repeated, while behavior followed by negative consequences is less likely to be repeated. This theory predicts, for example, that if an aggressive behavior of a child is rewarded then this will reinforce the child's motivation for aggressive behavior in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_various_fields">In various fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In various fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neurology">Neurology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Neurology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, motivation is studied from a <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> perspective by examining the brain processes and brain areas involved in motivational phenomena. Neurology uses data from both humans and animals, which it obtains through a variety of methods, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Functional_magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Functional magnetic resonance imaging">functional magnetic resonance imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It investigates regular motivational processes, pathological cases, and the effect of possible treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a complex discipline that relies on insights from fields like <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">experimental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">comparative psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neurologists understand motivation as a multifaceted phenomenon that integrates and processes signals to make complex decisions and coordinate actions.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation is influenced by the organism's physiological state, like stress, information about the environment, and personal history, like past experiences with this environment. All this information is integrated to perform a <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">cost–benefit analysis</a>, which considers the time, effort, and discomfort associated with pursuing a goal as well as positive outcomes, like fulfilling one's needs or escaping harm. This form of reward prediction is associated with several brain areas, like the <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_cingulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior cingulate">anterior cingulate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Basolateral_amygdala" title="Basolateral amygdala">basolateral amygdala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine system">dopamine system</a> plays a key role in learning which positive and negative outcomes are associated with a specific behavior and how certain signals, like environmental cues, are related to specific goals. Through these associations, motivation can automatically arise when the signals are present. For example, if a person associates having a certain type of food with a specific time of day then they may automatically feel motivated to eat this food when the time arrives.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of early childhood education in Ziway, Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/220px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/330px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg/440px-Early_Childhood_Education_USAID_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Motivation affects students' participation in classroom activities and <a href="/wiki/Academic_success" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic success">academic success</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Motivation plays a key role in education since it affects the students' engagement with the studied topic and shapes their learning experience and <a href="/wiki/Academic_success" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic success">academic success</a>. Motivated students are more likely to participate in classroom activities and persevere through challenges. One of the responsibilities of educators and educational institutions is to establish a learning environment that fosters and sustains students' motivation to ensure effective learning.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Educational_research" title="Educational research">Educational research</a> is particularly interested in understanding the different effects that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation have on the learning process. In the case of intrinsic motivation, students are interested in the subject and the learning experience itself. Students driven by extrinsic motivation seek external rewards, like good grades or peer recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intrinsic motivation is often seen as the preferred type of motivation since it is associated with more in-depth learning, better memory retention, and long-term commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extrinsic motivation in the form of rewards and recognition also plays a key role in the learning process. However, it can conflict with intrinsic motivation in some cases and may then hinder creativity.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various factors influence student motivation. It is usually beneficial to have an organized classroom with few distractions. The learning material should be neither too easy, which threatens to bore students, nor too difficult, which can lead to frustration. The behavior of the teacher also has a significant impact on student motivation, for example, in regard to how the material is presented, the feedback they provide on assignments, and the interpersonal relation they build with the students. Teachers who are patient and supportive can encourage interaction by interpreting mistakes as learning opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work">Work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Work_motivation" title="Work motivation">Work motivation</a> is an often-studied topic in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Organization_studies" title="Organization studies">organization studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_behavior" title="Organizational behavior">organizational behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They aim to understand human motivation in the context of organizations and investigate its role in work and work-related activities including <a href="/wiki/Human_resource_management" title="Human resource management">human resource management</a>, employee selection, training, and managerial practices.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motivation plays a key role in the workplace on various levels. It impacts how employees feel about their work, their level of determination, commitment, and overall job satisfaction. It also affects employee performance and overall business success.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lack of motivation can lead to decreased productivity due to complacency, disinterest, and <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a>. According to a 2024 Gallup report, 8.9 trillion dollars were lost in global GDP due to low engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also manifest in the form of <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">occupational burnout</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various factors influence work motivation. They include the personal needs and expectations of the employees, the characteristics of the tasks they perform, and whether the work conditions are perceived as fair and just. Another key aspect is how managers communicate and provide feedback. <sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding and managing employee motivation is essential for managers to ensure effective <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a>, employee performance, and business success.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural differences can have a significant impact on how to motivate workers. For example, workers from economically advanced countries may respond better to higher-order goals like self-actualization while the fulfillment of more basic needs tends to be more central for workers from less economically developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are different approaches to increasing employee motivation. Some focus on material benefits, like high salary, health care, <a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">stock ownership plans</a>, profit-sharing, and <a href="/wiki/Company_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Company car">company cars</a>. Others aim to make changes to the design of the job itself. For example, overly simplified and segmented jobs tend to result in decreased productivity and lower employee morale.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dynamics of motivation differ between <a href="/wiki/Paid_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Paid work">paid work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer work">volunteer work</a>. Intrinsic motivation plays a larger role for volunteers with key motivators being <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, the desire to help others, career advancement, and self-improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motivation is a fundamental aspect of sports. It affects how consistently athletes train, how much effort they are willing to invest, and how well they persevere through challenges. Proper motivation is an influential factor for athletic success.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concerns both the long-term motivation needed to sustain progress and commitment over an extended period as well as the short-term motivation required to mobilize as much energy as possible for a high performance on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the responsibility of coaches not just to advise and instruct athletes on training plans and strategies but also to motivate them to put in the required effort and give their best.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different coaching styles and the right approach may depend on the personalities of the coach, the athlete, and the group as well as the general athletic situation. Some styles focus on realizing a particular goal while others concentrate on teaching, following certain principles, or building a positive <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal relationship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Criminal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Motive_(law)" title="Motive (law)">motive</a> of a crime is a key aspect in criminal law. It refers to reasons that the accused had for committing a crime. Motives are often used as evidence to demonstrate why the accused might have committed the crime and how they would benefit from it. The absence of a motive can be used as evidence to put the accused's involvement in the crime into doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, financial gain is a motive to commit a crime from which the perpetrator would financially benefit, like <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a technical term, <i>motive</i> is distinguished from <i><a href="/wiki/Intent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intent (law)">intent</a></i>. Intent is the mental state of the defendant and belongs to <a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a>. A motive is a reason that tempts a person to form an intent. Unlike intent, motive is usually not an essential <a href="/wiki/Element_(criminal_law)" title="Element (criminal law)">element</a> of a crime: it plays various roles in investigative considerations but is normally not required to establish the defendant's guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a different sense, motivation also plays a role in justifying why convicted offenders should be punished. According to the <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">deterrence theory</a> of law, one key aspect of punishment for law violation is to motivate both the convicted individual and potential future wrongdoers to not engage in similar criminal behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others_2">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motivation is a central factor in implementing and maintaining lifestyle changes in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Personal_development" title="Personal development">personal development</a> and health.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal development is a process of self-improvement aimed at enhancing one's skills, knowledge, talents, and overall well-being. It is realized through practices that promote growth and improve different areas in one's life. Motivation is pivotal in engaging in these practices. It is especially relevant to ensure long-term commitment and to follow through with one's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, health-related lifestyle changes may at times require high willpower and self-control to implement meaningful adjustments while resisting impulses and bad habits. This is the case when trying to resist urges to smoke, consume alcohol, and eat fattening food.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivation plays a key role in economics since it is what drives individuals and organizations to make economic decisions and engage in economic activities. It affects diverse processes involving consumer behavior, labor supply, and investment decisions. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice theory</a>, a fundamental theory in economics, postulates that individuals are motivated by self-interest and aim to maximize their utility, which guides <a href="/wiki/Economic_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic behavior">economic behavior</a> like consumption choices.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Video games">video games</a>, player motivation is what drives people to play a game and engage with its contents. Player motivation often revolves around completing certain <a href="/wiki/Quest_(video_games)" title="Quest (video games)">objectives</a>, like solving a puzzle, beating an enemy, or exploring the game world. It concerns both smaller objectives within a part of the game as well as finishing the game as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding different types of player motivation helps game designers make their games immersive and appealing to a wide audience.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Motivation is also relevant in the field of politics. This is true specifically for democracies to ensure active engagement, participation, and <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Motivation" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Motivation">Motivation</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3C-model" title="3C-model">3C-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Effects of hormones on sexual motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">Employee engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work" title="Happiness at work">Happiness at work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_action_process_approach" title="Health action process approach">Health action process approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_motivation" title="Hedonic motivation">Hedonic motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Change_Model" title="I-Change Model">I-Change Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incentives" class="mw-redirect" title="Incentives">Incentives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learned_industriousness" title="Learned industriousness">Learned industriousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation_crowding_theory" title="Motivation crowding theory">Motivation crowding theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">Nucleus accumbens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_education" title="Positive education">Positive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace" title="Positive psychology in the workplace">Positive psychology in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_focus_theory" title="Regulatory focus theory">Regulatory focus theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubicon_model_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubicon model (psychology)">Rubicon model (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striatum" title="Striatum">Striatum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_engagement" title="Work engagement">Work engagement</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A person's stage of life can also affect which needs provide motivation. Young children may not be concerned with certain needs associated with higher levels, for example, by prioritizing friendship over respect and public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFilipp2002">Filipp 2002</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/motivation">Motivation</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKazdin2000">Kazdin 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apa.org/pubs/books/4600100">314–315</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1998">Nicholson 1998</a>, p. 330, Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, pp. 1, 4</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFischer2005">Fischer 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t0PZ3yjTuX0C&pg=PA126">126</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSolomon2006">Solomon 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7qJ9OswteHAC&pg=PA92">92</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131–132</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMW_staff2023">MW staff 2023</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHC_staff2022">HC staff 2022</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, §The study of motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahGardner2013">Shah & Gardner 2013</a>, p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRobbinsEveritt1996">Robbins & Everitt 1996</a>, pp. 228–229</li><li><a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2005">Mele 2005</a>, p. 243</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller 2008</a>, pp. 222–223</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, §The study of motivation</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, p. 1</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1998">Nicholson 1998</a>, p. 330, Motivation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTouré-TilleryFishbach2014">Touré-Tillery & Fishbach 2014</a>, pp. 328–329</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMubeenReid2014">Mubeen & Reid 2014</a>, pp. 133</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTouré-TilleryFishbach2014">Touré-Tillery & Fishbach 2014</a>, pp. 328–329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 263</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPinder2014">Pinder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RoKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGolembiewski2000">Golembiewski 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aOyYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA17">17</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPinder2014">Pinder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RoKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">lead section</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 263–264</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPinder2014">Pinder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RoKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2008">Miller 2008</a>, p. 244</li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/motivation">lead section</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPinder2014">Pinder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RoKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 264</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 277–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 277–278</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, p. 7</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 267, 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFPinder2014">Pinder 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9RoKBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 264, 267, 286</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2012">O'Shaughnessy 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh9HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">40</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981">Kleinginna & Kleinginna 1981</a>, pp. 263, 273</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuchs2008">Fuchs 2008</a>, p. 967, Motivation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLevineMoreland2008">Levine & Moreland 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyh6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63">63</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMillsMillsBrattonForshaw2006">Mills et al. 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTpoNm5U_JwC&pg=PA208">208</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2022">Maier 2022</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abilities/">lead section, §1.2 Demarcating abilities</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFChen2019">Chen 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmahDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207">207</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2017">Harris 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SgUqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183">183</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2007">Williams 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6IeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMooreIsen1990">Moore & Isen 1990</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8iyRo7raTgC&pg=PA101">101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2006">Armstrong 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UC&pg=PA252">252</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAbernethy2005">Abernethy 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281">281</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015">Dörnyei, Henry & Muir 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8pmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKanferChenPritchard2008">Kanfer, Chen & Pritchard 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7Hou19LKxAC&pg=PT349">349</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFramarin2008">Framarin 2008</a>, p. 121</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMele1995">Mele 1995</a>, pp. 387, 398–399</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, p. 29</li><li><a href="#CITEREFFramarin2008">Framarin 2008</a>, p. 121</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAbernethy2005">Abernethy 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281">281</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311">311–312</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1998">Nicholson 1998</a>, p. 330, Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA314">314</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFReynoldsOlson2001">Reynolds & Olson 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kjB5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA418">418</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKleinWhitenerIlgen1990">Klein, Whitener & Ilgen 1990</a>, pp. 179–180, 189</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWallaceEtkin2018">Wallace & Etkin 2018</a>, pp. 1033–1036</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarrison2018">Harrison 2018</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AfZeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">4–6</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2017">Alvarez 2017</a>, lead section, §2. Normative Reasons, §3.1 Motivating Reasons</li><li><a href="#CITEREFTimpe2013">Timpe 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYrFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">22</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlvarez2017">Alvarez 2017</a>, §2. Normative Reasons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAbernethy2005">Abernethy 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281">281</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1998">Nicholson 1998</a>, p. 330, Motivation</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311">311–312</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2006">Armstrong 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D78K7QIdR3UC&pg=PA252">252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2003">Mele 2003</a>, pp. 162–163</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCann1995">McCann 1995</a>, pp. 571–573</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcCann1995">McCann 1995</a>, pp. 576, 582–583</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMele2005">Mele 2005</a>, p. 246</li><li><a href="#CITEREFEwing2013">Ewing 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wbn7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA175">175</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFEwing1934">Ewing 1934</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27901421">126–127</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLooper2020">Looper 2020</a>, pp. 1347–1348, 1359–1360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShahGardner2013">Shah & Gardner 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f9OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154">154</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA311">311–312</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFAbernethy2005">Abernethy 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-FlXA8p7vQC&pg=PA281">281</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNicholson1998">Nicholson 1998</a>, p. 330, Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010">Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 2010</a>, pp. 270</li><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA312">312</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015">Dörnyei, Henry & Muir 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8pmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKanferChenPritchard2008">Kanfer, Chen & Pritchard 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7Hou19LKxAC&pg=PT349">349</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA312">312</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010">Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 2010</a>, pp. 270, 281</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015">Dörnyei, Henry & Muir 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8pmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26–27</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKanferChenPritchard2008">Kanfer, Chen & Pritchard 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7Hou19LKxAC&pg=PT349">349</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015">Dörnyei, Henry & Muir 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8pmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012">Weiner, Schmitt & Highhouse 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_Iay338rosC&pg=PA313">313</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015">Dörnyei, Henry & Muir 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a8pmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26">26</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFLochner2016">Lochner 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SwJTCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">96–97</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPlemmonsWeiss2013">Plemmons & Weiss 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDgKbOkYbEgC&pg=PA123">123</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKanferChenPritchard2008">Kanfer, Chen & Pritchard 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7Hou19LKxAC&pg=PT349">349</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRyan2019">Ryan 2019</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hNShDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">98</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSilverthorne2005">Silverthorne 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DAQkVwgKBQC&pg=PA99">99–100</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWarren2007">Warren 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QblYAjpClWAC&pg=PA32">32</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSilverthorne2005">Silverthorne 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DAQkVwgKBQC&pg=PA99">99–100</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFVandenBos2015">VandenBos 2015</a>, p. 560</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSilverthorne2005">Silverthorne 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DAQkVwgKBQC&pg=PA99">99–100</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFVandenBos2015">VandenBos 2015</a>, p. 430</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2000">Ryan & Deci 2000</a>, pp. 54–55</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132">132</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2000">Ryan & Deci 2000</a>, p. 56</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2018">Ryan & Deci 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=th5rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129">129</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFChiviacowsky2022">Chiviacowsky 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYVsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68">68</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2000a">Ryan & Deci 2000a</a>, p. 70</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2000">Ryan & Deci 2000</a>, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyanDeci2000">Ryan & Deci 2000</a>, pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSilverthorne2005">Silverthorne 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DAQkVwgKBQC&pg=PA100">100–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFDeckers2018">Deckers 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFgPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA334">334</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010">Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3aznFeYHc8C&pg=PA288">288</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1988">McClelland 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-motivation/conscious-and-unconscious-motives/A1924F59E13A3A849BC9AB57DB803279">11–12</a>, Conscious and Unconscious Motives</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1988">McClelland 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-motivation/conscious-and-unconscious-motives/A1924F59E13A3A849BC9AB57DB803279">6</a>, Conscious and Unconscious Motives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSilva2001">Silva 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RW_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">72</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010">Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 2010</a>, pp. 288</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1988">McClelland 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-motivation/conscious-and-unconscious-motives/A1924F59E13A3A849BC9AB57DB803279">15–16</a>, Conscious and Unconscious Motives</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1988">McClelland 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-motivation/conscious-and-unconscious-motives/A1924F59E13A3A849BC9AB57DB803279">15–16</a>, Conscious and Unconscious Motives</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010">Fiske, Gilbert & Lindzey 2010</a>, pp. 288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSilva2001">Silva 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RW_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">72</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcClelland1988">McClelland 1988</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/human-motivation/conscious-and-unconscious-motives/A1924F59E13A3A849BC9AB57DB803279">5</a>, Conscious and Unconscious Motives</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHarold2016">Harold 2016</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvBFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">111–112</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSantisTrizio2017">Santis & Trizio 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKU5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT152">152–153</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSantisTrizio2017">Santis & Trizio 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKU5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT152">152–153</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlin2004">Hamlin 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqSBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1998">Rubinstein 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Za3JLEIHu8YC&pg=PA21">21</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHamlin2004">Hamlin 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fqSBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCarbaugh2015">Carbaugh 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=POY4CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA5">5</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHutton2012">Hutton 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml943dHipRYC&pg=PT23">23</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKingsbury2007">Kingsbury 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnYSW4jjcWQC&pg=PA25">25</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSobel2012">Sobel 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGF2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15">15</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMastrianna2013">Mastrianna 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQsLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKingsbury2007">Kingsbury 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnYSW4jjcWQC&pg=PA25">25</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGreveLægreidRykkja2016">Greve, Lægreid & Rykkja 2016</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XcLeDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83">83</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVandenBos2015">VandenBos 2015</a>, p. 670</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/motivation/Motivation-as-arousal">§Motivation as Arousal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKotesky1979">Kotesky 1979</a>, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFVandenBos2015">VandenBos 2015</a>, p. 670</li><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKotesky1979">Kotesky 1979</a>, p. 9</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/motivation/Observational-learning#ref12707">§Cognitive motivation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005">Hagger & Chatzisarantis 2005</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hieFlYy4HIYC&pg=PA99">99–101</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFMerrickMaher2009">Merrick & Maher 2009</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JaYOjNi7ZkkC&pg=PA19">19–20</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/motivation/Motivation-as-arousal">§Motivation as Arousal, §Cognitive motivation</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFKotesky1979">Kotesky 1979</a>, p. 3</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWarren2007">Warren 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QblYAjpClWAC&pg=PA32">32</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFShabbirAyubKhanDavis2021">Shabbir et al. 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITSE-09-2020-0207/full/html">535–536</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren2007">Warren 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QblYAjpClWAC&pg=PA32">32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShabbirAyubKhanDavis2021">Shabbir et al. 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITSE-09-2020-0207/full/html">535–536</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDryden2010">Dryden 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpAtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">99–100</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBoyle2017">Boyle 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT232">232</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDryden2010">Dryden 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpAtCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">99–100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyle2017">Boyle 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzc7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT232">232</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2021">Miller 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfUvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">13–16</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBatson2014">Batson 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KI57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–3, 5–8</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2021">Miller 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfUvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">13–16</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBatson2014">Batson 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KI57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">1–3, 5–8</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBerkowitz1987">Berkowitz 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFc1oeDgOZ0C&pg=PA75">75</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMiller2021">Miller 2021</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfUvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">13–16</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBatson2014">Batson 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KI57AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">2–3</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGabardMartin2010">Gabard & Martin 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RVhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">23</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarke2011">Clarke 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF30DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA876">876–877</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFClarke2011">Clarke 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF30DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA876">876–877</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFPeckham2015">Peckham 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4RbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA134">134–135</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFNeusnerChilton2005">Neusner & Chilton 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy-6HiyApXsC&pg=PA88">88</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFTrainor2004">Trainor 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC&pg=PA64">64</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFWallace1998">Wallace 1998</a>, lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFRosati2016">Rosati 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-motivation/">lead section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2020">Steinberg 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_11">139–140</a>, Moral Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtinesAzmitiaGewirtz1992">Kurtines, Azmitia & Gewirtz 1992</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lDAWy9fvfNgC&pg=PA231">231</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFRosati2016">Rosati 2016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-motivation/">§3.2 Internalism v. Externalism</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFWallace1998">Wallace 1998</a>, lead section</li><li><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2020">Steinberg 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_11">139–140</a>, Moral Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2020">Steinberg 2020</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_11">139–140</a>, Moral Motivation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFDeckers2022">Deckers 2022</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=62hjEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1991">1991</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFFunkAlexandrisMcDonald2008">Funk, Alexandris & McDonald 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_cJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19">19</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, lead section</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFSorrentinoYamaguchi2011">Sorrentino & Yamaguchi 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_yt3KPT-MQC&pg=PA105">105</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHsieh2011">Hsieh 2011</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_31">20–21</a>, Achievement Motivation</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2001">Hill 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LSRjs0v5_QC&pg=PA251">251</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFBanerjeeHalder2021">Banerjee & Halder 2021</a>, pp. 1–2</li><li><a href="#CITEREFBrehm2014">Brehm 2014</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lYOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">131–132</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanerjeeHalder2021">Banerjee & Halder 2021</a>, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFUrdanPajares2008">Urdan & Pajares 2008</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_wnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">67–68</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBanerjeeHalder2021">Banerjee & Halder 2021</a>, pp. 1–2</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFTownsendMorgan2017">Townsend & Morgan 2017</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3a0-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA424">424–425</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFOzakiWada2001">Ozaki & Wada 2001</a>, pp. 42–43</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMarinWilkosz2005">Marin & Wilkosz 2005</a>, pp. 377–378</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPalmisanoFasottiBertens2020">Palmisano, Fasotti & Bertens 2020</a>, p. 1</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFStroudSvirsky2021">Stroud & Svirsky 2021</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weakness-will/">lead section</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSouthwood2016">Southwood 2016</a>, pp. 3413–3414</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGrillHanna2018">Grill & Hanna 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFFHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50">50</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinhababu2017">Sinhababu 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTJdDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">155</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSouthwood2016">Southwood 2016</a>, pp. 3413–3414</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKaushik2023">Kaushik 2023</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4grGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA381">381</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFGorman2004">Gorman 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FP-CAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7">7</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">§Historical Development</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCoferPetri2023">Cofer & Petri 2023</a>, §Debates in motivational study</li><li><a href="#CITEREFGarcíaLind2018">García & Lind 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eXZZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">10</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFHelms2000">Helms 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">§Historical Development, §Major Content Theories, §Major process theories</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFNaoum2001">Naoum 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BjBzBw2IHMC&pg=PA230">230</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFSinding2018">Sinding 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QssvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149">149</a></li><li><a href="#CITEREFBorkowski2011">Borkowski 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzKuA6Pzc8MC&pg=PA129">129</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; 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Human Kinetics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-4276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-4276-5"><bdi>978-0-7360-4276-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726142611/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasons-just-vs-expl/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Reasons+for+Action%3A+Justification%2C+Motivation%2C+Explanation&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Freasons-just-vs-expl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderman2020" class="citation book cs1">Anderman, Eric M. 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Kogan Page Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-4631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7494-4631-4"><bdi>978-0-7494-4631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Human+Resource+Management+Practice&rft.pub=Kogan+Page+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7494-4631-4&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD78K7QIdR3UC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvis2009" class="citation book cs1">Avis, Paul (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NqsSjS82MHkC&pg=PA97"><i>Psychological Perspectives</i></a>. 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John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17025-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17025-0"><bdi>978-0-470-17025-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Affiliation+Need&rft.btitle=The+Corsini+Encyclopedia+of+Psychology%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-470-17025-0&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+G.&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Jonathan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbe0VYic5iWwC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2019" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Jin (18 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmahDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>The Internationalization Of Technological Innovation For Chinese Enterprises</i></a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-14842-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-14842-5"><bdi>978-1-003-14842-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autonomy+Support+in+Motor+Performance+and+Learning&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Closed+Self-Paced+Motor+Tasks+in+Sports&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-003-14842-5&rft.aulast=Chiviacowsky&rft.aufirst=Suzete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYVsEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2011" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter (4 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF30DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA876"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Sociology of Religion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155752-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-155752-1"><bdi>978-0-19-155752-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-155752-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJF30DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoferPetri2023" class="citation web cs1">Cofer, Charles N.; Petri, Herbert L. 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Chapman and Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-0831-4"><bdi>978-94-009-0831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Motivation&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-94-009-0831-4&rft.aulast=Colgan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrimmins2017" class="citation book cs1">Crimmins, James E. (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQVpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA453"><i>The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Utilitarianism</i></a>. 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OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958960-9"><bdi>978-0-19-958960-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law%3A+A+Comparative+Approach&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-03&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958960-9&rft.aulast=Dubber&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=H%C3%B6rnle%2C+Tatjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrogfAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwing2013" class="citation book cs1">Ewing, Alfred C. 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(1934). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27901421">"Can We Act Against Our Strongest Desire?"</a></span>. <i>The Monist</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fmonist19344415">10.5840/monist19344415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-9662">0026-9662</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27901421">27901421</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628184201/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27901421">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865472-0"><bdi>978-0-02-865472-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513123008/https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/psychology/psychology-and-psychiatry/motivation">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg Springer e-books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5614-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-5614-7"><bdi>978-1-4020-5614-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motivation&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Public+Health&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg+Springer+e-books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-5614-7&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunkAlexandrisMcDonald2008" class="citation book cs1">Funk, Daniel; Alexandris, Kostas; McDonald, Heath (23 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_cJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA19"><i>Consumer Behaviour in Sport and Events</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-44162-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-44162-2"><bdi>978-1-136-44162-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consumer+Behaviour+in+Sport+and+Events&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-136-44162-2&rft.aulast=Funk&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Alexandris%2C+Kostas&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_cJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabardMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Gabard, Donald L.; Martin, Mike W. 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Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812174-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-812174-0"><bdi>978-0-12-812174-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Incentives+and+Pay+for+Performance+in+the+Workplace&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Motivation+Science&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-12-812174-0&rft.aulast=Gerhart&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeAGqDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolembiewski2000" class="citation book cs1">Golembiewski, Robert T. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32698-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-32698-4"><bdi>978-1-317-32698-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McGraw-Hill Education (UK). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-335-22563-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-335-22563-7"><bdi>978-0-335-22563-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Psychology+of+Exercise+and+Sport&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education+%28UK%29&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-335-22563-7&rft.aulast=Hagger&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Chatzisarantis%2C+Nikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhieFlYy4HIYC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2022" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Daniel E. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57593-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-57593-0"><bdi>978-1-134-57593-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Relativism%3A+Raymond+Boudon%2C+Cognitive+Rationality+and+Critical+Realism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft.isbn=978-1-134-57593-0&rft.aulast=Hamlin&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Lins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfqSBAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold2016" class="citation book cs1">Harold, James A. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58472-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-58472-0"><bdi>978-3-319-58472-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Psychology+and+Cognitive+Ergonomics%3A+Performance%2C+Emotion+and+Situation+Awareness%3A+14th+International+Conference%2C+EPCE+2017%2C+Held+as+Part+of+HCI+International+2017%2C+Vancouver%2C+BC%2C+Canada%2C+July+9-14%2C+2017%2C+Proceedings%2C+Part+I&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft.isbn=978-3-319-58472-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSgUqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2018" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Gerald K. 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HarperCollins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233315/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=motivation&submit.x=58&submit.y=14">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ahdictionary.com&rft.atitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+entry%3A+motivation&rft.date=2022&rft.au=HC+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dmotivation%26submit.x%3D58%26submit.y%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelms2000" class="citation book cs1">Helms, Marilyn M., ed. (2000). "Motivation and Motivation Theory". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory"><i>Encyclopedia of Management</i></a> (4. ed.). Gale Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-3065-2"><bdi>978-0-7876-3065-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429193353/https://www.encyclopedia.com/management/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/motivation-and-motivation-theory">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-913422-9"><bdi>978-0-19-913422-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Level+Psychology+Through+Diagrams&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-913422-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Grahame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LSRjs0v5_QC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillstromHillstrom1998" class="citation book cs1">Hillstrom, Kevin; Hillstrom, Laurie Collier (1998). "Employee Motivation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/entrepreneurs/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/employee-motivation"><i>Encyclopedia of Small Business: A-I</i></a>. Gale Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2871-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-2871-0"><bdi>978-0-7876-2871-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201171848/https://www.encyclopedia.com/entrepreneurs/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/employee-motivation">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0567-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-0567-2"><bdi>978-1-5381-0567-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-8553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-8553-7"><bdi>978-0-7487-8553-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BTEC+First+Sport&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-8553-7&rft.aulast=Honeybourne&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VxIIj-n8WYC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornbergerFurtick_JonesMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Hornberger, Steve; Furtick Jones, Roberta; Miller, Robert L. 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Springer US. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-79061-9_31">10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-79061-9"><bdi>978-0-387-79061-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930232856/https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_31">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1988). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.80.4.514">"Students' goal orientations and cognitive engagement in classroom activities"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Educational Psychology</i>. <b>80</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">514–</span>523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-0663.80.4.514">10.1037/0022-0663.80.4.514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-2176">1939-2176</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240201172013/https://psycnet.apa.org/api/request/browsePA.getJournals">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028876-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028876-1"><bdi>978-0-19-028876-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motivation+and+Agency&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003-01-02&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028876-1&rft.aulast=Mele&rft.aufirst=Alfred+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZrhwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMele2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mele, Alfred R. (April 2005). "Motivation and Agency: Precis". <i>Philosophical Studies</i>. <b>123</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11098-004-4903-0">10.1007/s11098-004-4903-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8116">0031-8116</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143586904">143586904</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Studies&rft.atitle=Motivation+and+Agency%3A+Precis&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143586904%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0031-8116&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11098-004-4903-0&rft.aulast=Mele&rft.aufirst=Alfred+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMele1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mele, Alfred R. 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Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-89187-1"><bdi>978-3-540-89187-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91431-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-91431-9"><bdi>978-1-134-91431-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mastery+Motivation%3A+Children%27s+Investigation%2C+Persistence+and+Development&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-26&rft.isbn=978-1-134-91431-9&rft.aulast=Messer&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Messer%2C+Professor+of+Developmental+Psychology+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0OIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2016" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, John P. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58656-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58656-6"><bdi>978-1-108-58656-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Psychology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-58656-6&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Christian+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfUvEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Christian (June 2008). 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Thomas Telford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2874-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-2874-6"><bdi>978-0-7277-2874-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+Organizational+Management+in+Construction&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-2874-6&rft.aulast=Naoum&rft.aufirst=Shamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_BjBzBw2IHMC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamDransfield1995" class="citation book cs1">Needham, David; Dransfield, Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RILxwPOfK8C&pg=PA575"><i>Business Studies</i></a> (2 ed.). Stanley Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-1876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-1876-4"><bdi>978-0-7487-1876-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Studies&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Stanley+Thornes&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-1876-4&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Dransfield%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RILxwPOfK8C%26pg%3DPA575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusnerChilton2005" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Suzanne; Chilton, Bruce (8 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy-6HiyApXsC&pg=PA88"><i>Altruism in World Religions</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-235-6"><bdi>978-1-58901-235-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Altruism+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft.isbn=978-1-58901-235-6&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Chilton%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWy-6HiyApXsC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1998" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Nigel, ed. (1998). "Motivation". <i>The Blackwell encyclopedic dictionary of organizational behavior</i>. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18781-3"><bdi>978-0-631-18781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motivation&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+encyclopedic+dictionary+of+organizational+behavior&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18781-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shaughnessy2012" class="citation book cs1">O'Shaughnessy, John (4 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mh9HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00377-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00377-5"><bdi>978-1-137-00377-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consumer+Behaviour%3A+Perspectives%2C+Findings+and+Explanations&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00377-5&rft.aulast=O%27Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmh9HEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmerodSmithHogan2011" class="citation book cs1">Ormerod, David; Smith, John Cyril; Hogan, Brian (28 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocGcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958649-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958649-3"><bdi>978-0-19-958649-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith+and+Hogan%27s+Criminal+Law&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958649-3&rft.aulast=Ormerod&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Smith%2C+John+Cyril&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DocGcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOudeyerGottliebLopes2016" class="citation book cs1">Oudeyer, P.-Y.; Gottlieb, J.; Lopes, M. (2016). 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Vol. 229. pp. <span class="nowrap">257–</span>284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.pbr.2016.05.005">10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.05.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63701-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-63701-7"><bdi>978-0-444-63701-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6123">0079-6123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27926442">27926442</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210071246/http://hal.inria.fr/hal-01404278/file/oudeyerGottliebLopesPBR16Preprint.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2023-02-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Amotivational syndrome in organic solvent abusers"</a>. <i>Folia Pharmacologica Japonica</i>. <b>117</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">42–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1254%2Ffpj.117.42">10.1254/fpj.117.42</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-5691">0015-5691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11233295">11233295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Pharmacologica+Japonica&rft.atitle=New+Developments+in+Drug+Dependence+Studies.+Amotivational+syndrome+in+organic+solvent+abusers.&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0015-5691&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11233295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1254%2Ffpj.117.42&rft.aulast=Ozaki&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft.au=Wada%2C+Kiyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1254%252Ffpj.117.42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmisanoFasottiBertens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Palmisano, Simona; Fasotti, Luciano; Bertens, Dirk (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049782">"Neurobehavioral Initiation and Motivation Problems After Acquired Brain Injury"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Neurology</i>. <b>11</b>: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffneur.2020.00023">10.3389/fneur.2020.00023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2066%2F216869">2066/216869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049782">7049782</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32153486">32153486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=Neurobehavioral+Initiation+and+Motivation+Problems+After+Acquired+Brain+Injury&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7049782%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32153486&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2066%2F216869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffneur.2020.00023&rft.aulast=Palmisano&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft.au=Fasotti%2C+Luciano&rft.au=Bertens%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7049782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapaioannouHackfort2014" class="citation book cs1">Papaioannou, Athanasios G.; Hackfort, Dieter (26 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_zYsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>Routledge Companion to Sport and Exercise Psychology: Global perspectives and fundamental concepts</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74454-1"><bdi>978-1-134-74454-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9880-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9880-0"><bdi>978-0-8308-9880-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Love+of+God%3A+A+Canonical+Model&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-9880-0&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4RbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2009" class="citation book cs1">Pedersen, Roger (23 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s13Cjz_bGkgC&pg=PA75"><i>Game Design Foundations</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8274-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-8274-0"><bdi>978-0-7637-8274-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Design+Foundations&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-8274-0&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds13Cjz_bGkgC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeteetMofficHankirKoenig2021" class="citation book cs1">Peteet, John R.; Moffic, H. Steven; Hankir, Ahmed; Koenig, Harold G. 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Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56147-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-56147-7"><bdi>978-1-317-56147-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Work+Motivation+in+Organizational+Behavior&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2014-07-17&rft.isbn=978-1-317-56147-7&rft.aulast=Pinder&rft.aufirst=Craig+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9RoKBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlemmonsWeiss2013" class="citation book cs1">Plemmons, Stefanie A.; Weiss, Howard M. 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McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9105-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-9105-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Design%3A+How+to+Create+Video+and+Tabletop+Games%2C+Start+to+Finish&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9105-6&rft.aulast=Pulsipher&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkAJt4gdgwoC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsOlson2001" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Thomas J.; Olson, Jerry C. 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Guilford Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-3896-6"><bdi>978-1-4625-3896-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+Theory%3A+Basic+Psychological+Needs+in+Motivation%2C+Development%2C+and+Wellness&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-3896-6&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Deci%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dth5rDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalmond2017" class="citation book cs1">Salmond, Michael (6 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3Q4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>Video Game Design: Principles and Practices from the Ground Up</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5545-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5545-5"><bdi>978-1-4742-5545-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Video+Game+Design%3A+Principles+and+Practices+from+the+Ground+Up&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-5545-5&rft.aulast=Salmond&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3Q4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonHuffman2019" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, Catherine A.; Huffman, Karen R. (24 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gmfDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354"><i>Real World Psychology</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57775-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-57775-1"><bdi>978-1-119-57775-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+World+Psychology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2019-12-24&rft.isbn=978-1-119-57775-1&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft.au=Huffman%2C+Karen+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgmfDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantisTrizio2017" class="citation book cs1">Santis, Daniele De; Trizio, Emiliano (12 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKU5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT153"><i>The New Yearbook for Phenomenology and Phenomenological Philosophy: Volume 15</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59736-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-59736-4"><bdi>978-1-351-59736-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Yearbook+for+Phenomenology+and+Phenomenological+Philosophy%3A+Volume+15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-351-59736-4&rft.aulast=Santis&rft.aufirst=Daniele+De&rft.au=Trizio%2C+Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKU5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaracho2019" class="citation book cs1">Saracho, Olivia (1 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvSMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22">"Motivation Theories, Theorists, and Theoretical Conceptions"</a>. In Saracho, Olivia (ed.). <i>Contemporary Perspectives on Research in Motivation in Early Childhood Education</i>. IAP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64113-491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64113-491-0"><bdi>978-1-64113-491-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Motivation+Theories%2C+Theorists%2C+and+Theoretical+Conceptions&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Perspectives+on+Research+in+Motivation+in+Early+Childhood+Education&rft.pub=IAP&rft.date=2019-03-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64113-491-0&rft.aulast=Saracho&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvSMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageFautley2007" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Jonathan; Fautley, Martin (13 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z3_gyRXZ8gC&pg=PT118"><i>Creativity in Secondary Education</i></a>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85725-212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85725-212-8"><bdi>978-0-85725-212-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creativity+in+Secondary+Education&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2007-02-13&rft.isbn=978-0-85725-212-8&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Fautley%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z3_gyRXZ8gC%26pg%3DPT118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarborough1998" class="citation book cs1">Scarborough, Jack (18 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEbPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA265"><i>The Origins of Cultural Differences and Their Impact on Management</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03528-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03528-9"><bdi>978-0-313-03528-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Cultural+Differences+and+Their+Impact+on+Management&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=1998-02-18&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03528-9&rft.aulast=Scarborough&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEEbPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermerhorn2011" class="citation book cs1">Schermerhorn, John R. (11 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qNVP2L6iKi0C&pg=PA41"><i>Exploring Management</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87821-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87821-7"><bdi>978-0-470-87821-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Management&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-470-87821-7&rft.aulast=Schermerhorn&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNVP2L6iKi0C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchermerhorn,_Jr.OsbornUhl-BienHunt2011" class="citation book cs1">Schermerhorn, Jr., John R.; Osborn, Richard N.; Uhl-Bien, Mary; Hunt, James G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8eRtuZeIguIC&pg=PA116"><i>Organizational Behavior</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-87820-0"><bdi>978-0-470-87820-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizational+Behavior&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-470-87820-0&rft.aulast=Schermerhorn%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Osborn%2C+Richard+N.&rft.au=Uhl-Bien%2C+Mary&rft.au=Hunt%2C+James+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8eRtuZeIguIC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottLewis2017" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Craig; Lewis, Laurie (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XHQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1644"><i>The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, 4 Volume Set</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95560-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-95560-4"><bdi>978-1-118-95560-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Encyclopedia+of+Organizational+Communication%2C+4+Volume+Set&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.isbn=978-1-118-95560-4&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XHQDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabbirAyubKhanDavis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Shabbir, Shahzad; Ayub, Muhammad Adnan; Khan, Farman Ali; Davis, Jeffrey (1 January 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITSE-09-2020-0207/full/html">"Short-term and long-term learners' motivation modeling in Web-based educational systems"</a></span>. <i>Interactive Technology and Smart Education</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">535–</span>552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FITSE-09-2020-0207">10.1108/ITSE-09-2020-0207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-5659">1741-5659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238770174">238770174</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930233347/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ITSE-09-2020-0207/full/html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interactive+Technology+and+Smart+Education&rft.atitle=Short-term+and+long-term+learners%27+motivation+modeling+in+Web-based+educational+systems&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E535-%3C%2Fspan%3E552&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A238770174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1741-5659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FITSE-09-2020-0207&rft.aulast=Shabbir&rft.aufirst=Shahzad&rft.au=Ayub%2C+Muhammad+Adnan&rft.au=Khan%2C+Farman+Ali&rft.au=Davis%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2FITSE-09-2020-0207%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahGardner2013" class="citation book cs1">Shah, James Y.; Gardner, Wendi L. (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5f9OAgAAQBAJ"><i>Handbook of Motivation Science</i></a>. Guilford Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4625-1511-0"><bdi>978-1-4625-1511-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Motivation+Science&rft.pub=Guilford+Publications&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.isbn=978-1-4625-1511-0&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=James+Y.&rft.au=Gardner%2C+Wendi+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5f9OAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegelWelsh2014" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Larry J.; Welsh, Brandon C. (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ROTKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT146"><i>Juvenile Delinquency: Theory, Practice, and Law</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-97470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-97470-5"><bdi>978-1-285-97470-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juvenile+Delinquency%3A+Theory%2C+Practice%2C+and+Law&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-285-97470-5&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Larry+J.&rft.au=Welsh%2C+Brandon+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DROTKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2001" class="citation book cs1">Silva, De Padmasiri (14 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RW_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3651-9"><bdi>978-1-4616-3651-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Psychology&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2001-02-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-3651-9&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=De+Padmasiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-RW_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverthorne2005" class="citation book cs1">Silverthorne, Colin P. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5DAQkVwgKBQC&pg=PA99"><i>Organizational Psychology in Cross Cultural Perspective</i></a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3986-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3986-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-3986-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizational+Psychology+in+Cross+Cultural+Perspective&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3986-0&rft.aulast=Silverthorne&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5DAQkVwgKBQC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonBalsam2016" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Eleanor H.; Balsam, Peter D. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864984">"The Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation: An Overview of Concepts, Measures, and Translational Applications"</a>. <i>Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences</i>. <b>27</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F7854_2015_402">10.1007/7854_2015_402</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26933-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-26933-7"><bdi>978-3-319-26933-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-3370">1866-3370</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864984">4864984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26602246">26602246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Topics+in+Behavioral+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=The+Behavioral+Neuroscience+of+Motivation%3A+An+Overview+of+Concepts%2C+Measures%2C+and+Translational+Applications&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4864984%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F7854_2015_402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26602246&rft.issn=1866-3370&rft.isbn=978-3-319-26933-7&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+H.&rft.au=Balsam%2C+Peter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4864984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinding2018" class="citation book cs1">Sinding, Knud (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QssvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157"><i>Organizational Behaviour</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5268-1236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5268-1236-0"><bdi>978-1-5268-1236-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-108647-2"><bdi>978-0-19-108647-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humean+Nature%3A+How+desire+explains+action%2C+thought%2C+and+feeling&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-19-108647-2&rft.aulast=Sinhababu&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTJdDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel2012" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Andrew C. 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Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-056000-7"><bdi>978-0-08-056000-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Motivation+and+Cognition+Across+Cultures&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-08-056000-7&rft.aulast=Sorrentino&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Susumu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_yt3KPT-MQC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthwood2016" class="citation journal cs1">Southwood, Nicholas (December 2016). 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Springer International Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">139–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-45680-1_11">10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45680-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-45680-1"><bdi>978-3-030-45680-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241462656">241462656</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930232819/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-45680-1_11">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. lead section. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180611012557/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weakness-will/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Weakness+of+Will&rft.pages=lead+section&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Stroud&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Svirsky%2C+Larisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fweakness-will%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, David C. 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Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-3956-0"><bdi>978-1-4129-3956-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Management%3A+Essential+Concepts&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008-04-29&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-3956-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dasfux_syZeIC%26pg%3DPT165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonBerbank-GreenCusworth2007" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Jim; Berbank-Green, Barnaby; Cusworth, Nic (9 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zyh4HXuHTPMC&pg=PA62"><i>Game Design: Principles, Practice, and Techniques - The Ultimate Guide for the Aspiring Game Designer</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96894-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96894-8"><bdi>978-0-471-96894-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Jones & Bartlett Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-14668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-14668-4"><bdi>978-1-284-14668-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6383-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6383-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-6383-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Free+Will+in+Philosophical+Theology&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6383-7&rft.aulast=Timpe&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYrFAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouré-TilleryFishbach2014" class="citation journal cs1">Touré-Tillery, Maferima; Fishbach, Ayelet (July 2014). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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M.; Meeter, Martijn (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/69085405/Vu2022_Article_Motivation_AchievementCyclesIn.pdf">"Motivation-Achievement Cycles in Learning: a Literature Review and Research Agenda"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Educational Psychology Review</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">39–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10648-021-09616-7">10.1007/s10648-021-09616-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-726X">1040-726X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254472148">254472148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Motivation-Achievement+Cycles+in+Learning%3A+a+Literature+Review+and+Research+Agenda&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254472148%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-726X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10648-021-09616-7&rft.aulast=Vu&rft.aufirst=TuongVan&rft.au=Magis-Weinberg%2C+Luc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Jansen%2C+Brenda+R.+J.&rft.au=van+Atteveldt%2C+Nienke&rft.au=Janssen%2C+Tieme+W.+P.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Nikki+C.&rft.au=van+der+Maas%2C+Han+L.+J.&rft.au=Raijmakers%2C+Maartje+E.+J.&rft.au=Sachisthal%2C+Maien+S.+M.&rft.au=Meeter%2C+Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F69085405%2FVu2022_Article_Motivation_AchievementCyclesIn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2021" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Hugh (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aWkQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT22"><i>The Psychobiology of Human Motivation</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Psychology%2C+Industrial+and+Organizational+Psychology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-118-28200-7&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Irving+B.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Neal+W.&rft.au=Highhouse%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_Iay338rosC%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kate (30 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6IeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15"><i>Performance Manager CMIOLP</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37421-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37421-0"><bdi>978-1-136-37421-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+Manager+CMIOLP&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37421-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ6IeBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltPaulussen2017" class="citation book cs1">Wilt, Harmen van der; Paulussen, Christophe (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Irg9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>Legal Responses to Transnational and International Crimes: Towards an Integrative Approach</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Responses+to+Transnational+and+International+Crimes%3A+Towards+an+Integrative+Approach&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-78643-399-2&rft.aulast=Wilt&rft.aufirst=Harmen+van+der&rft.au=Paulussen%2C+Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrg9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfolkHoyHughesWalkup2008" class="citation book cs1">Woolfolk, Anita E.; Hoy, Anita Woolfolk; Hughes, Malcolm; Walkup, Vivienne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56bOkxXZXKYC&pg=PA437"><i>Psychology in Education</i></a>. Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-3541-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-3541-1"><bdi>978-1-4058-3541-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+in+Education&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-3541-1&rft.aulast=Woolfolk&rft.aufirst=Anita+E.&rft.au=Hoy%2C+Anita+Woolfolk&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Walkup%2C+Vivienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56bOkxXZXKYC%26pg%3DPA437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2006" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Xiuyi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403984623_5">"Economic Motivation and Its Relevance for Business Ethics"</a>. <i>Developing Business Ethics in China</i>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403984623_5">10.1057/9781403984623_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8462-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8462-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-8462-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930232856/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781403984623_5">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Economic+Motivation+and+Its+Relevance+for+Business+Ethics&rft.btitle=Developing+Business+Ethics+in+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403984623_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-8462-3&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Xiuyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1057%2F9781403984623_5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMotivation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box 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href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>70 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-qrf9m","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.687","walltime":"2.929","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16117,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":592729,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2021,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":581567,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2498.430 1 -total"," 31.74% 793.081 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.16% 728.433 134 Template:Cite_book"," 21.75% 543.330 112 Template:Multiref"," 17.30% 432.146 343 Template:Harvnb"," 7.14% 178.437 32 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.33% 158.265 10 Template:Cite_web"," 5.47% 136.713 1 Template:Psychology"," 5.38% 134.506 1 Template:Navbox"," 4.42% 110.453 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.825","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15832565,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAPA_staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbernethy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlvarez2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnderman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntoniukSoltykChopykPavlyuk2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAvis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaddeley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjeeHalder2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBatson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerkowitz1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBessDee2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorkowski2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrehm2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBromberg-MartinMatsumotoHikosaka2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronk2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarbaugh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenterHuffman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapmanSchwartz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiviacowsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoferPetri2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColbyBeaumontEhrlichCorngold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColgan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrimmins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeckers2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeckers2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhiman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrumbl2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubberHörnle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDörnyeiHenryMuir2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwing1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwing2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFay2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipp2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiskeGilbertLindzey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFramarin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFunkAlexandrisMcDonald2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabardMartin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcíaLind2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhart2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolembiewski2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreveLægreidRykkja2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrillHanna2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHC_staff2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggerChatzisarantis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelms2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillstromHillstrom1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHinkson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoneybourne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornbergerFurtick_JonesMiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHsieh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuffmanDowdellSanderson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInc\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssarNavon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvanovLiuClerkinSchulz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanferChenPritchard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushik2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazdin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsbury2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinWhitenerIlgen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinginnaKleinginna1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKotesky1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtinesAzmitiaGewirtz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaasch2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambCsizérHenryRyan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevineMoreland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLooper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunenburgOrnstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMW_staff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarinWilkosz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastrianna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCann1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcInerney2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeeceBlumenfeldHoyle1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMele1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMele2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMele2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrickMaher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesserMesser2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillsMillsBrattonForshaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreIsen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMubeenReid2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaoum2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedhamDransfield1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeusnerChilton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Shaughnessy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrmerodSmithHogan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOudeyerGottliebLopes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzakiWada2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmisanoFasottiBertens2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapaioannouHackfort2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedersen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeteetMofficHankirKoenig2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinder2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlemmonsWeiss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulsipher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynoldsOlson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbinsEveritt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolls2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosati2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanDeci2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanDeci2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyanDeci2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalmond2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandersonHuffman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantisTrizio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaracho2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavageFautley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarborough1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchermerhorn,_Jr.OsbornUhl-BienHunt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchermerhorn2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottLewis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShabbirAyubKhanDavis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahGardner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegelWelsh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverthorne2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpsonBalsam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinding2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinhababu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorrentinoYamaguchi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSouthwood2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStroudSvirsky2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonBerbank-GreenCusworth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThygerson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimpe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTouré-TilleryFishbach2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTownsendMorgan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrainor2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrdanPajares2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandenBos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoTuliaoChen2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkowFowlerGatleyLogan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVuMagis-WeinbergJansenvan_Atteveldt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallaceEtkin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinerSchmittHighhouse2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiltPaulussen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolfolkHoyHughesWalkup2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 134,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 343,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 112,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Psychology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiversity\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","17.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","11.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","9.9"],["recursiveClone 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Motivation","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motivation","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q644302","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q644302","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-23T13:48:37Z","dateModified":"2025-01-31T22:50:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/99\/Schoolgirls_in_Bamozai.JPG","headline":"psychological feature or underlying reason for people's actions, willingness and goals"}</script> </body> </html>