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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former anti-insurgency militia in India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">Salwa Judum</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Karma" title="Mahendra Karma">Mahendra Karma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Dates of operation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2005–2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active regions</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada districts</a> of Chhattisgarh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-<a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Inactive</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">4,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Police" title="Chhattisgarh Police">Chhattisgarh Police</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data">Naxalites</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Salwa Judum</b> (meaning "peace march" in the <a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi language</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> that was mobilised and deployed as part of <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> operations in <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, India, aimed at countering <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalite</a> activities in the region. The militia, consisting of local tribal youth, received support and training from the Chhattisgarh state government. It was outlawed and banned by a Supreme Court court order but continues to exist in the form of armed auxiliary forces, District Reserve Groups, and other vigilante groups.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG/200px-SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG/300px-SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG/400px-SalwaJudumsoldiers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Tribal Salwa Judum volunteers in southern Chhattisgarh</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 July 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, in a case filed by <a href="/wiki/Nandini_Sundar" title="Nandini Sundar">Nandini Sundar</a> and others, declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbanding. The court directed the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Chhattisgarh" title="Government of Chhattisgarh">Government of Chhattisgarh</a> to recover all of its firearms, ammunition, and accessories. The use of Salwa Judum by the government for anti-Naxal operations was criticised for its violations of human rights and poorly trained youth acting in counter-insurgency roles. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities by Salwa Judum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 May 2013, the group's founder, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Karma" title="Mahendra Karma">Mahendra Karma</a>, who had become a senior <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> party leader, was killed in <a href="/wiki/2013_Naxal_attack_in_Darbha_valley" title="2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley">a Naxalite attack</a>, along with other party members, in Darbha Valley of Chhattisgarh, 400 km south of <a href="/wiki/Raipur" title="Raipur">Raipur</a> and 50 km from <a href="/wiki/Jagdalpur" title="Jagdalpur">Jagdalpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salwa Judum was formed in 2005 as a state-sponsored vigilante movement against the <a href="/wiki/Naxalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite">Naxalites</a>, a far-left movement with <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> ideology in some states in rural India that is designated by the government as a terrorist organisation on account of its violent activities.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salwa Judum later received bipartisan support from both the ruling and opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-origin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-origin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-apocalypse_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apocalypse-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Chhattisgarh state, along with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, accounted for over 65% of total Naxal violence in the country. Chhattisgarh had trained a number of 'Special Police Officers' or SPOs (also commonly referred to as Koya Commandos), from amongst the tribespeople who were part of Salwa Judum.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada districts</a> of Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, but also include some of the poorest tribal regions. The Naxalites progressively achieved influence and control over local tribespeople through a combination of political mobilisation—around poor governance, land rights, livelihoods, and social inequity—and force.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first movement against the Naxalites was the Jan Jagran Abhiyan, launched in 1991 by local tribal leader <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Karma" title="Mahendra Karma">Mahendra Karma</a>. This movement was mostly led by local traders and businesspeople.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it collapsed, the leaders had to seek police protection. However, the second time around, the state had signed mining agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Group" title="Tata Group">Tata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essar" class="mw-redirect" title="Essar">Essar</a> groups and was eager to cleanse the region of Naxalites to permit mining operations to run smoothly. This was the beginning of police and military support for the movement. Mahendra Karma, a Congress <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">Member of the Legislative Assembly</a> (MLA) and the leader of the opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, became the public front and took the Bijapur-based movement to <a href="/wiki/Dantewada" title="Dantewada">Dantewada</a>, Katreli, and other parts of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-guar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bus_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salwa Judum herded villagers and tribal people into makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife, and the movement became increasingly violent and out of control.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salwa Judum has also been accused of burning more than 600 villages, forcing 300,000 people to flee their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the situation further escalated, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> reported atrocities on both sides and large-scale displacement of the civilian population. By early 2008, at least 100,000 civilians caught in the conflict between the Naxalites and Salwa Judum militia had fled to camps in southern Chhattisgarh or to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-2008, that figure had grown to 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-live_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-live-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people have been killed by the Naxalites and security forces. This includes 300 security personnel, of which SPO deaths total 98—one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-bus_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bus-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ple_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ple-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2008, the Maoist rebels had altered their tactics. Operating in smaller groups, they now targeted Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel, ambushing them and stealing their weapons. Posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across <a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_district,_Chhattisgarh" title="Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh">Bijapur districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-2008, however, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Karma" title="Mahendra Karma">Mahendra Karma</a> announced that the movement would soon cease to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-live_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-live-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of 2008, Salwa Judum was losing its hold in the region. The number of people living in camps dropped from 50,000 to 13,000, and public support dwindled.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">NHRC</a> report published in October 2008 stated that Salwa Judum had lost its earlier momentum and was now restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh.<sup id="cite_ref-nh_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nh-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_Special_Police_Officers">Development of Special Police Officers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of Special Police Officers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png/200px-Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png/300px-Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png/400px-Map_Chhattisgarh_state_and_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Location of <a href="/wiki/Dantewada_district" title="Dantewada district">Dantewada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastar_district" title="Bastar district">Bastar districts</a>, the most affected regions in <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Chhattisgarh state police employed tribal youths as Special Police Officers (SPOs), essentially a militia force used to combat Naxalism. In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared such arming of civilians illegal, but the Chhattisgarh government continued to arm them under another name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (India)">Union Minister of Home Affairs</a> <a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a> has praised the role of SPOs in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required",<sup id="cite_ref-chid_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chid-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Chhattisgarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh">Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh</a> <a href="/wiki/Raman_Singh" title="Raman Singh">Raman Singh</a> has stated that "Salwa Judum is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state of Chhattisgarh to disband any militia force founded to combat Maoist guerrillas. As reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, the Supreme Court directed the Chhattisgarh Police to "immediately cease and desist from using SPOs in any manner or form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities" and directed the police to recall all firearms issued to these men.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Child soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been numerous reports that Salwa Judum recruited underage boys for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Fact-finding_Documentation_and_Advocacy" title="Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy">Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy</a> determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada and that the Chhattisgarh government had recruited 4,200 SPOs, many of them easily identifiable as minors.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Asian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Asian Centre for Human Rights">Asian Centre for Human Rights</a> also found that Salwa Judum had engaged in the recruitment of <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Child soldiers">child soldiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Stop_the_Use_of_Child_Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers">Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers</a>'s "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_violations">Human rights violations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Human rights violations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some human rights organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Union_for_Civil_Liberties" title="People's Union for Civil Liberties">People's Union for Civil Liberties</a>, have made allegations against Salwa Judum.<sup id="cite_ref-PUCL_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUCL-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAIR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAIR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACHR_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACHR-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fact-finding mission of the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">National Human Rights Commission of India</a> (NHRC), appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to the Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_sponsoring_of_militias">State sponsoring of militias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State sponsoring of militias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2008, a Supreme Court bench directed the state government to refrain from supporting and encouraging Salwa Judum: "It is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Penal_Code" title="Indian Penal Code">Indian Penal Code</a>." The state government had earlier denied Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement.<sup id="cite_ref-ple_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ple-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court later directed the state government to take up remedial measures suggested in the earlier NHRC report.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Human Rights Commission alleged that security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against the Maoists.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2008, replying to a petition filed with the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burned houses and looted property.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an order, the Supreme Court mentioned that people take arms for survival and against inhuman implementation of law depriving the weak, and not senselessly. The court pointed out the importance of formalised state police actions, in ways that do not ignore constitutional values:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Given humanity's collective experience with unchecked power, which becomes its own principle and its practice its own raison d'etre, resulting in the eventual dehumanisation of all people, the scouring of the earth by the unquenchable thirst for natural resources by imperialist powers, and the horrors of two World Wars, modern Constitutionalism posits that no wielder of power should be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate the state's violence against any one, much less its own citizens, unchecked by law, and notions of innate human dignity of every individual."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encouraged by the highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government was planning to launch a people's movement in the insurgency-hit state of <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> along similar lines. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> raised a similar force employing tribal youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_(1956%E2%80%932014)" title="Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)">Andhra Pradesh</a> prior to it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter left-wing terrorists.<sup id="cite_ref-chid_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chid-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Salwa Judum appears to have been abandoned in Chhattisgarh state, with Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Raman_Singh" title="Raman Singh">Raman Singh</a> describing the movement as "over", because it was counterproductive and "innocent people were being killed" <sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singh, however, said that a "peaceful campaign" to wean locals away from supporting Maoists would continue. </p> <ul><li>The British <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Unreported_World#Season_12_episodes" title="Unreported World">Unreported World</a></i> telecast a program titled "India's Hidden War" in October 2006, on the <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> war against the State of India.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darbha_Ghat_massacre">Darbha Ghat massacre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Darbha Ghat massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2013_Naxal_attack_in_Darbha_valley" title="2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley">2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley</a></div> <p>On 25 May 2013, members of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress party</a> running the Parivartan Yatra, projected as preparatory campaigning for the forthcoming state elections, travelling in a convoy of vehicles after addressing rallies in <a href="/wiki/Sukma" title="Sukma">Sukma</a>, were ambushed and killed by Naxalites. The deceased included <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Karma" title="Mahendra Karma">Mahendra Karma</a>, founder and leader of the outlawed and disbanded Salwa Judum; <a href="/wiki/Vidya_Charan_Shukla" title="Vidya Charan Shukla">Vidya Charan Shukla</a>, a prominent Congress state and ex-central minister; <a href="/wiki/Nand_Kumar_Patel" title="Nand Kumar Patel">Nand Kumar Patel</a>, president of the Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee; his son Dinesh Patel; and ex-MLA Uday Mudaliyar, while several others were injured, including ex-MLA Phulo Devi Netam. Shukla survived the attack and was airlifted to several hospitals before dying on 11 June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a public statement, the Naxalites claimed that they had specifically targeted Karma; he had been stabbed multiple times by a group of female Naxalites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Let's call him Vasu: With Maoists in Chhattisgarh</i>, by Shubhranshu Choudhary, Penguin, 2012</li> <li><i>The Burning Forest: India's War in Bastar</i>, by Nandini Sundar, Juggernaut Press, 2016</li> <li><i>The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign</i>, by Asian Centre for Human Rights. Published by Asian Centre for Human Rights, 2006.</li> <li><i>Walking with the Comrades</i> by <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a> New Delhi: Penguin, 2011. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08553-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08553-8">978-0-670-08553-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_corridor" title="Red corridor">Red corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite-Maoist_insurgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalite-Maoist insurgency">Naxalite-Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Salwa-Judum--menace-or-messiah/articleshow/5704885.cms">"Salwa Judum - menace or messiah?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811072916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-20/india/28125246_1_salwa-judum-tribal-youths-spos">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Salwa+Judum+-+menace+or+messiah%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FSalwa-Judum--menace-or-messiah%2Farticleshow%2F5704885.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/left-in-the-lurch/815252/0">"Left in the lurch"</a>. 10 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Left+in+the+lurch&rft.date=2011-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fleft-in-the-lurch%2F815252%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Venkatesan" class="citation web cs1">J. Venkatesan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2161246.ece">"Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Salwa+Judum+is+illegal%2C+says+Supreme+Court&rft.au=J.+Venkatesan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Farticle2161246.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagchi2013" class="citation news cs1">Bagchi, Suvojit (25 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mahendra-karma-killed-vc-shukla-injured-in-maoist-attack/article4750467.ece">"Mahendra Karma killed, V.C. Shukla injured in Maoist.because of Salwa Judoom more than 2 lac people forced to become homeless , more than 650 villages devastated, and Salwa judoom killed more than three thousand tribals attack"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mahendra+Karma+killed%2C+V.C.+Shukla+injured+in+Maoist.because+of+Salwa+Judoom+more+than+2+lac+people+forced+to+become+homeless+%2C+more+than+650+villages+devastated%2C+and+Salwa+judoom+killed+more+than+three+thousand+tribals+attack&rft.date=2013-05-25&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Suvojit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fother-states%2Fmahendra-karma-killed-vc-shukla-injured-in-maoist-attack%2Farticle4750467.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-origin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-origin_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-origin_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20130203211940/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060627/asp/opinion/story_6402011.asp">[1]</a> Ramachandra Guha.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apocalypse-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apocalypse_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102084103/http://dailypioneer.com/206533/Mao%E2%80%99s-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse.html">"The Pioneer > Online Edition : >> Mao's horsemen of the apocalypse"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/206533/Mao%E2%80%99s-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pioneer+%3E+Online+Edition+%3A+%3E%3E+Mao%27s+horsemen+of+the+apocalypse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2F206533%2FMao%25E2%2580%2599s-horsemen-of-the-apocalypse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span> Kanchan Gupta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318090639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-08/india/28009180_1_salwa-judum-naxal-menace-naxal-movement">Centre gives its tacit approval to Salwa Judum</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a></i>, 8 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cobra-reaches-bastar-to-join-antinaxal-ops/419612/">CoBRA reaches Bastar to join anti-Naxal ops</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i>, 5 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/rep_dce.pdf">http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/rep_dce.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616210520/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/salwa_judum.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/salwa_judum.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pucl.org%2FTopics%2FHuman-rights%2F2006%2Fsalwa_judum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guar_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/09/india.randeepramesh">Inside India's hidden war</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 9 May 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bus-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bus_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bus_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=310499">'Salwa Judum can't work in the long run'</a> Chhattisgarh Director General of Police Vishwa Ranjan. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Standard" title="Business Standard">Business Standard</a></i>, 13 January 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219204847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm">"Salwa Judum victims assured of relief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 16 December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm">the original</a> on 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Salwa+Judum+victims+assured+of+relief&rft.date=2008-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2008%2F12%2F16%2Fstories%2F2008121659190500.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727155432/http://www.otherindia.org/dev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=57">"otherindia.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otherindia.org/dev/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=57">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=otherindia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otherindia.org%2Fdev%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D25%26Itemid%3D57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042305/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-16/india/27934997_1_salwa-judum-naxal-affected-states-naxalites">'Salwa Judum, forces too violating rights'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, 16 July 2008."The 182-page report — 'Being Neutral Is Our Biggest Crime: Government, Vigilante and Naxalite Abuses in India's Chhattisgarh State' — documents human rights abuses against civilians, particularly tribals, caught in a tug-of-war between government forces, Salwa Judum and Naxalites. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7505252.stm">Indian state 'backing vigilantes'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 15 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-live-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-live_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-live_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/2008/07/10002054/How-the-Salwa-Judum-experiment.html">How the Salwa Judum experiment went wrong</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">The Mint</a></i>, 10 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukul" class="citation news cs1">Mukul, Akshaya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=%27Existence+of+Salwa+Judum+necessary%27&rft.aulast=Mukul&rft.aufirst=Akshaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FNews%2FPoliticsNation%2FExistence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary%2Farticleshow%2F3565263.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ple-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ple_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ple_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hearing-plea-against-salwa-judum-sc-says-state-cannot-arm-civilians-to-kill/290932/">Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i>, 1 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cgarh-naxals-less-dramatic-more-lethal-now/339245/">at least 18 people associated with Salwa Judum were killed during this period ..</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Express">Indian Express</a></i>, 23 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-ch/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080072498&type=SpecialReport">Salwa Judum may stay in Bastar after polls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613052255/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/elections-ch/Election_Story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080072498&type=SpecialReport">Archived</a> 13 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a></i>, 13 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nh-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nh_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms">'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>, 6 October 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chid-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chid_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chid_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Chidambaram_all_praise_for_SPOs_/articleshow/3949915.cms">Chidambaram all praise for SPOs</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i>, 8 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Salwa_Judum_is_answer_to_naxal_menace_Raman_Singh/rssarticleshow/3958157.cms">Salwa Judum is answer to naxal menace: Raman Singh</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a></i>, 10 January 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZempMohapatra2007" class="citation web cs1">Zemp, Ueli; Mohapatra, Subash (29 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727155422/http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf">"Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otherindia.org/dev/images/stories/feda_child.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Soldiers+in+Chhattisgarh%3A+Issues%2C+Challenges+and+FFDA%27s+Response&rft.date=2007-07-29&rft.aulast=Zemp&rft.aufirst=Ueli&rft.au=Mohapatra%2C+Subash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.otherindia.org%2Fdev%2Fimages%2Fstories%2Ffeda_child.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100319202800/http://www.achrweb.org///reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf"><i>The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Asian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Asian Centre for Human Rights">Asian Centre for Human Rights</a>. 2006. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88987-14-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-88987-14-X"><bdi>81-88987-14-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achrweb.org/reports/india/Chattis0106.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adivasis+of+Chhattisgarh%3A+Victims+of+the+Naxalite+Movement+and+Salwa+Judum+Campaign&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Asian+Centre+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-88987-14-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achrweb.org%2Freports%2Findia%2FChattis0106.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,486cb108c,0.html">"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coalition_to_Stop_the_Use_of_Child_Soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers">Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers</a>. 20 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child+Soldiers+Global+Report+2008+%E2%80%93+India&rft.pub=Coalition+to+Stop+the+Use+of+Child+Soldiers&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C463af2212%2C469f2dcf2%2C486cb108c%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PUCL-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PUCL_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616193639/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2005/salwa-judum-report.htm">"Findings about the Salwa Judum in Dantewara district"</a>. 12 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2005/salwa-judum-report.htm">the original</a> on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Findings+about+the+Salwa+Judum+in+Dantewara+district&rft.date=2005-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pucl.org%2FTopics%2FHuman-rights%2F2005%2Fsalwa-judum-report.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAIR-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAIR_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/sair/archives/4_33.htm">"Salwa Judum report"</a>. South Asia Intelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salwa+Judum+report&rft.pub=South+Asia+Intelligence+Review+of+the+South+Asia+Terrorism+Portal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.satp.org%2Fsatporgtp%2Fsair%2Farchives%2F4_33.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACHR-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACHR_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080721200330/http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm">"Salwa Judum report"</a>. Asian Council For Human Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salwa+Judum+report&rft.pub=Asian+Council+For+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achrweb.org%2FReview%2F2006%2F117-06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//news/2008/mar/31sc.htm">SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Rediff.com" title="Rediff.com">Rediff.com</a></i>, 31 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922112910/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092055941300.htm">Implement NHRC recommendations on Salwa Judum, Supreme Court asks Chhattisgarh government</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, 20 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/world/india+backing+violent+militia">India backing violent militia</a> DAWN – 11 July 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Existence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary/articleshow/3565263.cms">"Politics/Nation"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 6 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Politics%2FNation&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2FNews%2FPoliticsNation%2FExistence_of_Salwa_Judum_necessary%2Farticleshow%2F3565263.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219204847/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/16/stories/2008121659190500.htm">Salwa Judum victims assured of relief</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>, 16 December 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-we-will-have-to-exclaim-at-the-end-the-horror-the-horror/20110711.htm">'The horror! The horror!'</a>, 11 July 2011, rediff.com, an excerpt from the order of the Supreme Court of India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-11/bangalore/27801128_1_tribal-youths-naxal-attack-salwa-judum">Tribal youths will now fight Naxals</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, 11 May 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/CM-Salwa-Judum-is-now-over/Article1-659693.aspx">CM: Salwa Judum is over</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709030241/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CM-Salwa-Judum-is-now-over/Article1-659693.aspx">Archived</a> 9 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>, 7 February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/microsites/U/unreportedworld/india.html">India's Hidden War</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></i>, Friday 27 October 2006<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vc-shukla-19292013/article4804137.ece">"V.C. Shukla (1929-2013)"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=V.C.+Shukla+%281929-2013%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fvc-shukla-19292013%2Farticle4804137.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalwa+Judum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2006/117-06.htm">The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum campaign</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channel4.com/news/microsites/U/unreportedworld/india.html"><i>Unreported World</i>: India's Hidden War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203111621/http://www.cgnet.in/N1/">Naxal issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811042313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-20/india/27943262_1_nhrc-arming-human-rights-violations">Anti-Naxal Salwa Judum faces axe over rights abuse</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/upload/articles/12988.pdf/">Economic and political weekly article on NHRC report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapl.net/report/india/India_FFM_Report_Full.pdf">Report of the IAPL fact-finding mission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iapl.net/report.html">Video Documentary (20 mn.) on Salwa Judum camps</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&oldid=1250449724">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salwa_Judum&oldid=1250449724</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communist_organizations_in_India" title="Category:Anti-communist organizations in 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