CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Zouave - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0010af77-ac3e-46ab-9859-da1aa2ac4595","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Zouave","wgTitle":"Zouave","wgCurRevisionId":1257320880,"wgRevisionId":1257320880,"wgArticleId":58843,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages with French IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014","All pages needing factual verification", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW","Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia","Infantry","Military history of France","Civil War military equipment of the United States","Armée d'Afrique","Military history of French Algeria"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Zouave","wgRelevantArticleId":58843,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Zouaves","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Zouave","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13638325", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.phonos.init","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/1200px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1788"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/800px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1192"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/640px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="953"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Zouave - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Zouave rootpage-Zouave skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zouave" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zouave" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Zouave" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Zouave" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_French_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_French_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zouave units in French service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zouave_units_in_French_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zouave units in French service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_French_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recruitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recruitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Recruitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recruitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_regiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_regiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Zouave regiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zouave_regiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Second Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Third_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Third_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>The Third Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Third_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Papal_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_Papal_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zouave units in Papal service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Papal_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Polish_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_Polish_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zouave units in Polish service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Polish_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_British_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_British_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Zouave units in British service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_British_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_American_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_American_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zouave units in American service</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zouave_units_in_American_service-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Zouave units in American service subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_American_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_Zouaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_Zouaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Union Zouaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_Zouaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_Zouaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_Zouaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Confederate Zouaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_Zouaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Post-Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_zouave_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_zouave_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>American zouave uniforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_zouave_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Spanish_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zouave_units_in_Spanish_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Zouave units in Spanish service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zouave_units_in_Spanish_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_zouave_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_zouave_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other zouave units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_zouave_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_African_dress_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_African_dress_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>North African dress influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_African_dress_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zouave</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%81" title="الزواف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزواف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Зуав – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зуав" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuau" title="Zuau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zuau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%C3%A1v" title="Zuáv – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zuáv" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuaver" title="Zuaver – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zuaver" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuaven" title="Zuaven – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zuaven" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suaavid" title="Suaavid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Suaavid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ζουάβοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζουάβοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavo" title="Zuavo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zuavo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavo" title="Zuavo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zuavo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouaves" title="Zouaves – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zouaves" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeaaf" title="Soeaaf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soeaaf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%BC%EC%95%84%EB%B8%8C%EB%B3%91" title="주아브병 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="주아브병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavo" title="Zuavo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Zuavo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zouave" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavi" title="Zuavi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zuavi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זואבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זואבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu%C3%A1vok" title="Zuávok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zuávok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="സുവേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സുവേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeaaf" title="Zoeaaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zoeaaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%85%B5" title="ズアーブ兵 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ズアーブ兵" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suav" title="Suav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBuawi" title="Żuawi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żuawi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavo" title="Zuavo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zuavo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuav" title="Zuav – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zuav" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Зуав – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зуав" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuavit" title="Zuavit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zuavit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuaver" title="Zuaver – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zuaver" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhaf_(asker%C3%AE_birlik)" title="Zuhaf (askerî birlik) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zuhaf (askerî birlik)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Зуав – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зуав" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13638325#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Zouave" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zouave"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Zouave"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Zouave" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Zouave" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&oldid=1257320880" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Zouave&id=1257320880&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZouave"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FZouave"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Zouave&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zouaves" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13638325" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouaves&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouaves">Zouaves</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of light infantry regiments of the French Army</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the painting by Vincent van Gogh, see <a href="/wiki/The_Zouave" title="The Zouave">The Zouave</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/170px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/255px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg/340px-Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="1886" /></a><figcaption>French zouave, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg/220px-Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg/330px-Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg/440px-Commando_de_chasse_V66_du_4me_Zouaves_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>A small detachment of France's 4th Regiment of Zouaves in <a href="/wiki/M%27Sila_Province" title="M'Sila Province">the M'Sila region</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1961</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Zouaves</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[zwav]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bd\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-zouave.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-zouave.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-zouave.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-zouave.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Lepticed7-zouave.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Lepticed7-zouave.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Lepticed7-zouave.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) were a class of <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> of the French Army serving between 1830 and 1962 and linked to <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a>; as well as some units of other countries modelled upon them. The zouaves were among the most decorated units of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a>. </p><p>It was initially intended that the zouaves would be a regiment of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Igawawen" title="Igawawen">Zwawa</a> group of tribes in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> ("Zwawa" being the origin of the French term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zouave#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:zouave">zouave</a></i>) who had gained a martial reputation fighting for local rulers under the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>. The regiment was to consist of 1,600 Zwawa Berbers, French <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> and French officers. 500 Zwawa were recruited in August and September 1830. However, twelve years later, this idea was dropped. More zouave regiments were raised and the men recruited to serve in them were almost exclusively <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> or people of French descent born in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pied-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-noir">pieds-noirs</a></i>), a policy which continued until the final dissolution of these regiments after the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. </p><p>In the 1860s, zouave units arose in many other countries. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouaves</a> were organized by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" title="Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Juchault de Lamoricière</a>, a former commander of North African zouaves, while a former zouave sergeant, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebrune" title="François Rochebrune">François Rochebrune</a>, organized the Polish <a href="/wiki/Zouaves_of_Death" title="Zouaves of Death">Zouaves of Death</a> who fought against Russia in the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> of 1863–1864. In the 1870s, former Papal Zouaves formed the cadre for a short-lived Spanish zouave unit. The "zouave" title was also used by <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a> units of black volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly due to a perceived link with Africa. </p><p>In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by <a href="/wiki/Elmer_E._Ellsworth" title="Elmer E. Ellsworth">Elmer E. Ellsworth</a>, who created and ran a drill company called the "<a href="/wiki/United_States_Zouave_Cadets" title="United States Zouave Cadets">Zouave Cadets</a>". The drill company toured nationally. Zouave units were then raised on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861–1865; including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the <a href="/wiki/11th_New_York_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th New York Infantry">11th New York Infantry</a>—the New York "Fire Zouaves". </p><p>The distinctive uniforms of French and other zouave units was of North African origin. It generally included short open-fronted jackets, baggy trousers (<i><a href="/wiki/Serouel" class="mw-redirect" title="Serouel">serouel</a></i>), sashes, and a <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a>-like <i>chéchia</i> head-dress. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "zouave" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[zwav]</a></span>) is a French language derivative of <i>Zouaouas</i>; the original name of the Kabyle Berbers recruited for French service.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_French_service">Zouave units in French service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Zouave units in French service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zouave1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zouave1888.jpg/170px-Zouave1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zouave1888.jpg/255px-Zouave1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Zouave1888.jpg/340px-Zouave1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A French zouave from 1888 wearing white summer <i><a href="/wiki/Serouel" class="mw-redirect" title="Serouel">serouel</a></i> trousers instead of the usual red</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recruitment">Recruitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Recruitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_(1849).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png/220px-Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png/330px-Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png/440px-Prise_de_la_Zaatcha_%281849%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1394" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Zouaves at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Zaatcha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Zaatcha (page does not exist)">Battle of Zaatcha</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">Conquest of Algeria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The zouaves of the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> were first raised in <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">Algeria in 1831</a> with one and later two battalions, initially recruited primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Zouaoua" class="mw-redirect" title="Zouaoua">Zouaoua</a> (or Zwāwa),<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo_166_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo_166-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> located in the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Jurjura_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurjura Range">Jurjura Range</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zouaoua had formerly provided soldiers for the <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">deys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and in August 1830 the commander of the French expeditionary force which had occupied the city recommended their continued employment in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the new corps was formally recognised by a Royal decree dated 21 March 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg/170px-RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg/255px-RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg/340px-RaczynskiAleksander.ZuawiWWalce.1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>French zouaves during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>; painting by <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Raczy%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Raczyński">Aleksander Raczyński</a> (1858)</figcaption></figure> <p>From their beginning the zouave units included a French European element, initially drawn from the demobilized <i>Garde royal</i> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> and other Parisian volunteers. From March 1833 each zouave battalion was organised into ten companies, of which eight were Muslim Berbers and Arabs and two French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838 a third battalion was raised, and the regiment thus formed was commanded by Major de <a href="/wiki/Lamoriciere" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamoriciere">Lamoriciere</a>. Shortly afterwards the formation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tirailleur" title="Tirailleur">Tirailleurs algériens</a></i>, the <i>Turcos</i>, as the infantry corps for Muslim troops, changed the basis for enlistment of the zouave battalions. For most of their remaining history the zouaves became an essentially French body,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until in 1956 a new policy of partial racial mixing was introduced amongst units of the Army of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zouave_regiments">Zouave regiments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Zouave regiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially constituted as battalion sized units, the zouaves were reorganized as separate regiments in 1852:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The 1st Zouaves were linked to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and central <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. The 1st Zouaves had a continuous existence from 1852 to 1949. After disbandment the regiment was recreated between 1956 and 1960</li> <li>The 2nd Zouaves were linked to <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, 1852–1962</li> <li>The 3rd Zouaves were linked to <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, 1852–1962</li> <li>The 4th Zouaves were linked to <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. They were first formed as the Zouaves of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Napoleon_III)" title="Imperial Guard (Napoleon III)">Imperial Guard</a> in 1854, and became the 4th Zouves on the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> in 1870. They remained in existence under this title until 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg/220px-Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg/330px-Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg/440px-Zouaves_de_la_Garde_pendant_la_campagne_d%27Italie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Guard Zouaves (<i>Zouaves de la Garde</i>) during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second Italian War of Independence</a> in 1859.</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of the Algerian War six zouave regiments were in existence, of which the <i>1er</i> was disbanded in 1960 and the remainder in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other provisional regiments of zouaves were raised in 1914 and 1939 for the First and Second World Wars respectively. During World War I nine <i>regiments de marche</i> of zouaves were created; comprising active, reserve, and new battalions seconded from other regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner19958_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner19958-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In World War II the number reached fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The zouave regiments raised in 1914 for the First World War were the 8th and 9th. The 13th Zouaves were raised in 1919 and dissolved in 1940. The zouave regiments raised in 1939 for the Second World War were the 11th, 12th, 14th, and 21st, all of which were dissolved after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of France">fall of France</a> in 1940. Other regiments raised later in the Second World War were the 9th ('reactivated'), 22nd, 23rd, and 29th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs,_7_juin_1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg/220px-Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg/330px-Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg/440px-Attaque_du_mamelon_vert_et_des_ouvrages_blancs%2C_7_juin_1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5764" data-file-height="3798" /></a><figcaption>Zouaves attack Russian positions in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakoff" title="Battle of Malakoff">Battle of Malakoff</a> during the Crimean War, 1855</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Solferino,_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Solferino%2C_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3739" data-file-height="2617" /></a><figcaption>Zouaves with <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Solferino</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, four mixed zouave and <i>tirailleur</i> regiments (<i>régiments mixtes de zouaves et tirailleurs</i>) were raised for the First World War, all of which were redesignated Algerian <i>tirailleur</i> regiments in 1918 or 1920.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 9th Zouaves were the last French zouave unit. The first 9th Zouave regiment existed from 1914 until the fall of France in 1940, a second 9th Zouaves was raised in the Second World War and disbanded after the Algerian War (1954–1962), and a third 9th Zouaves existed as a nominal unit from 1982 to 2006 (representing a commando training school). There was no zouave regiment in existence between 1962–1982 and none now survive in the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The zouaves saw extensive service during the French conquest of Algeria, initially at the Mouzaia Pass action (March 1836), then at Mitidja (September 1836) and the siege of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> (1837). From 1843-44 either one or two battalions played prominent roles in each of the <a href="/wiki/Kabylia" title="Kabylia">Kabylia</a> campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg/190px-Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg/285px-Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg/380px-Premiere_messe_en_kabylie_horace_vernet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1674" /></a><figcaption>Zouaves in the Kabylia region during the French conquest of Algeria</figcaption></figure> <p>Recruited through direct voluntary enlistment or by transfer from other regiments of men with at least two years service, the zouaves quickly achieved the status of an elite amongst the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Crimean_War,_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg/220px-The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg/330px-The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg/440px-The_Crimean_War%2C_1854_-_1856_Q71609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A group of four zouaves of the French Army pose for the camera during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, 1854–1856.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Second_Empire">The Second Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Second Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1853, the French Army included three regiments of zouaves. Each of the three line regiments of zouaves was allocated to a different province of Algeria, where their depots and peace-time garrisons were located.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> was the first service which the regiments saw outside Algeria. Armed with the powerful <a href="/wiki/Carabine_%C3%A0_tige" title="Carabine à tige"><i>fusil rayé</i></a> (rifled gun)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they subsequently served as effective <a href="/wiki/Light_infantry" title="Light infantry">light infantry</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Franco-Austrian War</a> of 1859, the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Mexican Intervention</a> (1864–1866) and the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870). The distinctive dress and dash of the zouaves made them well known outside France and they were frequently portrayed in the illustrated publications of the period. The 2nd Zouaves (popularly known as "the Jackals of Oran") had their mutilated eagle decorated with the <i>Legion d' Honneur</i> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magenta" title="Battle of Magenta">Battle of Magenta</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977114–115_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977114–115-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December 1854 a fourth regiment was created, the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard. The actual formation of this unit was delayed until 15 March 1855 when detachments from the zouave regiments already serving in the Crimea were brought together before <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastopol">Sebastopol</a> for this purpose. Having earned the unusual distinction of being created on the field of battle,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Zouaves of the Imperial Guard served through the remainder of the Crimean War and subsequently in all the campaigns of the Second Empire. Their peace-time garrisons were initially at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a> and then Versailles from 1857. This regiment wore the classic zouave uniform but with yellow braiding and piping substituted for the red of the line regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the opening stages of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> the bulk of the serving zouave units were amongst the Imperial field army defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan" title="Battle of Sedan">Sedan</a> in September 1870. Drawing on remnants of the Imperial forces, depot troops from Algeria and volunteers it was possible to reconstitute all four regiments as part of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Loire" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Loire">Army of the Loire</a> and the Republican defenders of Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/170px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/255px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png/340px-Tonkin_Zouave_officer.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="1629" /></a><figcaption>French zouave officer in <a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>, Spring 1885</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Third_Republic">The Third Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Third Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1871 the zouaves lost their status as an élite corps solely made up of long-service volunteers; they became a force mainly composed of conscripts from the French settlers in Algeria and Tunisia, undertaking their compulsory military service. Shortfalls in numbers were made up by detachments from the southern <i>régions militaires</i> of mainland France (<i>Métropole</i>). The zouave regiments did however retain significant numbers of long-service volunteers (<i>engages volontiers et réengages</i>) who contributed to the high morale and steadiness of these units.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two zouave battalions (under <i>chefs de bataillon</i> Simon and Mignot) served in Tonkin during the closing weeks of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> (August 1884 to April 1885). One of these battalions was roughly handled on 23 March 1885 in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phu_Lam_Tao" title="Battle of Phu Lam Tao">Battle of Phu Lam Tao</a>. A third zouave battalion (<i>chef de bataillon</i> Metzinger) joined the <a href="/wiki/Tonkin_Expeditionary_Corps" title="Tonkin Expeditionary Corps">Tonkin Expeditionary Corps</a> shortly after the end of the war, and took part in operations against Vietnamese insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977188_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977188-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899 a law created for each regiment of zouaves a 5th Battalion, "to be stationed in France" in <i>groupes des 5e bataillons de Zouaves</i>. The 5th battalions of the 1st and 4th Zouaves were stationed as part of the <i>Gouvernement militaire de Paris</i>. The 5th battalions of the 2nd and 3rd Zouaves were stationed in the <i>région militaire de Lyon</i>. Upon mobilization for war in France, these battalions would form the nucleus of <i>Régiments de Marche de Zouaves</i>, each of 3 battalions. This permanent presence in the two key garrisons of metropolitan France facilitated subsequent arrival and participation by other elements of the <a href="/wiki/19th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="19th Army Corps (France)">19th Military Region</a> as reinforcements, in the event of an attack on mainland France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zouave battalions subsequently saw active service in China during the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer Rising">Boxer Rising</a> (1900–1901) and in Morocco (1908–1914).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the very beginning of World War I zouave regiments and detached battalions saw extensive service on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Others served in the Dardanelles, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonia</a> (within <a href="/wiki/156th_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="156th Infantry Division (France)">the 156th Division</a>), Tonkin, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. Twelve zouave battalions were recruited for exclusively North African service from French-speaking prisoners-of-war and deserters from German <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, who had volunteered to join the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001444_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001444-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg/220px-Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg/330px-Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg/440px-Zouaves_in_ww1_tournassoud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Early colour photograph of French 3rd Zouaves 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Colonial_Forces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/French_Colonial_Forces.jpg/220px-French_Colonial_Forces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/French_Colonial_Forces.jpg/330px-French_Colonial_Forces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/French_Colonial_Forces.jpg/440px-French_Colonial_Forces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1147" /></a><figcaption>French Zouaves in the First World War</figcaption></figure> <p>The four zouave regiments of the French Army wore their traditional colorful dress during the early months of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a46–47_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a46–47-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the machine gun, rapid-fire artillery, and improved small-arms obliged them to adopt a plain khaki uniform from 1915 onwards, in common with other units of the <i><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Armée d'Afrique</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a52–53_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a52–53-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uniformes09dec1914_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uniformes09dec1914-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1927 to 1939 the "oriental dress" of red <a href="/wiki/Fez_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fez (clothing)">fez</a> ("chéchia"), blue sash, braided blue jackets with waistcoats and voluminous red trousers was reintroduced as off-duty dress for re-enlisted NCOs and other long-service regulars in the zouave regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also worn by colour guards and other detachments on ceremonial occasions. White trousers of the same style had earlier been worn as an item of hot-weather dress. The four regiments were distinguished by the colours (red, blue, white and yellow) of the "tombeaus" or false pockets on the front of their open-fronted jackets.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The zouaves played a major role in the 1914–1918 War with their numbers being expanded to nine <i>regiments de marche</i>. These units retained much of their traditional panache, especially in attack.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became however less conspicuous in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, seeing service mainly during the opening stages of the war in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (1940)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324–330_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324–330-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the course of the liberation of France (1944).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977402–418_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977402–418-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1945">Post-1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As predominantly conscript units the zouaves did not serve in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. They were, however, employed extensively as sector troops during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>. Their history as a corps of high-profile elite infantry, closely identified with French Algeria, made for higher morale and effectiveness than that of most conscript units from metropolitan France assigned to Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 9th Zouaves based in the Casbah,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> played a major role in the 1957 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Algiers_(1957)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Algiers (1957)">Battle of Algiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the Algerian War, the remaining zouave and tirailleur units were incorporated in a short-lived <i>Force locale de l'ordre Algérienne</i>: created under the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Accords" title="Évian Accords">Évian Accords</a> of March 1962 and intended to provide a transitional peace-keeping force acceptable to both Muslim and European communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977463_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977463-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining zouave regiments (2nd, 3rd, 4th, 8th and 9th) were finally disbanded in 1962 immediately following <a href="/wiki/Algerian_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian independence">Algerian independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagnon_2012_426-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was inevitable<sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagnon_2012_426-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since their recruitment base was the European population of Algeria, which dispersed with the ending of French rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977461–462_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977461–462-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagnon_2012_426-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditions of the zouave regiments were maintained until 2006 by the French Army's Commando Training School of <a href="/wiki/Givet" title="Givet">Givet</a> (<i>Centre d'entrainment commando</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which occasionally paraded colour parties and other detachments in zouave dress. With the closure of the CEC school that year and the putting into store of the flag of the 9th Zouaves in 2010, any direct link between the former zouaves and active units of the modern French Army ceased. While other branches of the old French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a> have either survived or been reestablished as representative units in recent years (notably the <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">Foreign Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirailleur" title="Tirailleur">Tirailleurs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spahi" title="Spahi">Spahis</a>), France has not recreated one of its most distinctive and best known military corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montagnon_2012_426-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_Papal_service">Zouave units in Papal service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Zouave units in Papal service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouaves</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papal_Zouave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Papal_Zouave.jpg/170px-Papal_Zouave.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Papal_Zouave.jpg/255px-Papal_Zouave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Papal_Zouave.jpg/340px-Papal_Zouave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1099" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papal_Zouaves" title="Papal Zouaves">Papal Zouave</a> of Major O'Reilley's Papal Brigade, and a veteran of the battles against Garibaldi. Fully armed and equipped with a .71 calibre Model 1842 French Rifle with sword bayonet, and backpack.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Papal Zouaves</b> were a corps of volunteers formed as part of the Army of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. The Zouaves evolved out of a unit formed by <a href="/wiki/Christophe_L%C3%A9on_Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Lamoricière</a> in 1860: the Franco-Belgian Tirailleurs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 1, 1861, the unit was renamed the Papal Zouaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Zuavi Pontifici</i> were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to assist <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in his struggle against the Italian <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>. They wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French Zouaves but in grey with red trim. A grey and red <a href="/wiki/Kepi" title="Kepi">kepi</a> was substituted for the North African <a href="/wiki/Fez_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fez (clothing)">fez</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>All orders were given in French, and the unit was commanded by a Swiss Colonel, M. Allet.<sup id="cite_ref-Joseph_Powell_p._287_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseph_Powell_p._287-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regiment was truly international, and by May 1868 numbered 4,592 men including 1,910 Dutch, 1,301 French, 686 Belgians, and 240 Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of three hundred volunteers came from Canada, the United States and Ireland; while the remaining 155 Zouaves were mostly South American.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Papal Zouaves assisted in the notable Franco/Papal victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mentana" title="Battle of Mentana">Battle of Mentana</a> on November 3, 1867. They suffered the brunt of the fighting, sustaining 81 casualties in the battle, including 24 killed (the Papal forces suffered only 30 dead in total).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official report of the battle prepared by the French commander, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Charles_de_Failly" title="Pierre Louis Charles de Failly">General de Failly</a> cited the bravery of the Zouaves.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s poem <i>Mentana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Papal Zouaves also played a role in the final engagements against the forces of the newly united Kingdom of Italy in September 1870, in which the Papal forces were outnumbered almost seven to one.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zouaves fought bravely before surrender,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inflicting losses on the <a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">Bersaglieri</a> of the regular Italian Army as the latter stormed the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Pia" title="Porta Pia">Porta Pia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Papal Zouaves were reportedly executed or murdered by the Italian forces following the surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French component of the Papal Zouaves regrouped as the <i>Volontaires de l'Ouest</i> (Volunteers of the West) to fight on the French side in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, where they kept their grey and red Papal uniforms. The Zouaves saw action outside <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patay,_Loiret" title="Patay, Loiret">Patay</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Loigny">Battle of Loigny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Volontaires de l'Ouest</i> were disbanded after the entrance of Prussian troops into Paris.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1871 an English veteran, Joseph Powell, published his account of his service with the Papal Zouaves, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_Polish_service">Zouave units in Polish service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Zouave units in Polish service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zouaves_of_Death" title="Zouaves of Death">Zouaves of Death</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochebrune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rochebrune.jpg/170px-Rochebrune.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rochebrune.jpg/255px-Rochebrune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Rochebrune.jpg/340px-Rochebrune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="2632" /></a><figcaption>François Rochebrune in uniform of Zouave of Death</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, during the Polish <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, a French ex-officer who had served previously in one of the French zouave regiments, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rochebrune" title="François Rochebrune">François Rochebrune</a>, organised the <i>Zouaves of Death</i>. Members of this Polish unit swore "to conquer or to die" and not to surrender. They wore a black uniform with white cross and red <a href="/wiki/Fez_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fez (clothing)">fez</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The unit's <a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">baptism by fire</a> occurred at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miech%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Miechów">Battle of Miechów</a>, where under the command of <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a> Wojciech Komorowski, they successfully charged Russian forces defending the local cemetery. However, the overall engagement was a defeat for the Poles on February 17, 1863. Lt. Tytus O'Brien de Lacy escaped with 400 zouaves to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> in March 1863. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chroberz" title="Battle of Chroberz">Battle of Chroberz</a> the Zouaves covered the retreat of the main body of Polish forces under <a href="/wiki/Marian_Langiewicz" title="Marian Langiewicz">Marian Langiewicz</a>. They also fought at the follow-up <a href="/wiki/Grochowiska,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship" title="Grochowiska, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship">Battle of Grochowiska</a> where they captured Russian artillery positions but suffered very high casualties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Commanding officers of the regiment were: </p> <ul><li>Colonel François Rochebrune;</li> <li>Lieutenant Count Wojciech Komorowski;</li> <li>Lieutenant Tytus O'Brien de Lacy;</li> <li>Lieutenant Antoni Wojcicki; and</li> <li>Lieutenant Tenente Bella<div style="clear:left;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_British_service">Zouave units in British service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zouave units in British service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment,_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg/170px-Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg/255px-Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg/340px-Soldier_of_the_3rd_West_India_Regiment%2C_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A soldier of the <a href="/wiki/West_India_Regiments" title="West India Regiments">West India Regiments</a>, 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1856, the <a href="/wiki/West_India_Regiments" title="West India Regiments">West India Regiments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> switched their attire to a uniform modeled on that of the French zouaves. This consisted of a red fez with a white tassel, a white turban, a scarlet sleeveless jacket with yellow trimming, a white long sleeved waistcoat, and dark blue <a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">sirwals</a> with yellow piping. White canvas gaiters and leather jamberees completed the uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This uniform was reserved for full dress and is still used by the <a href="/wiki/Barbados_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbados Defense Force">Barbados Defense Force</a> military band and the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Military_Band" title="Jamaica Military Band">Jamaica Military Band</a>. Other British colonial units who adopted zouave elements as part of their dress uniforms included the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Regiment#History" title="Ghana Regiment">Gold Coast Regiment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_West_African_Frontier_Force" title="Royal West African Frontier Force">Royal West African Frontier Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_American_service">Zouave units in American service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Zouave units in American service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_Zouaves">Union Zouaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Union Zouaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancisBrownell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FrancisBrownell.jpg/170px-FrancisBrownell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/FrancisBrownell.jpg/255px-FrancisBrownell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/FrancisBrownell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Sergt <a href="/wiki/Francis_E._Brownell" title="Francis E. Brownell">Francis E. Brownell</a>, 11th N.Y. Regt, 1861.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg,_December_13,_1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg/220px-Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg/330px-Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg/440px-Carl_R%C3%B6chling_-_The_Battle_of_Fredericksburg%2C_December_13%2C_1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/114th_Pennsylvania_Infantry_Regiment" title="114th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment">114th Pennsylvania Infantry</a> during the assault on Prospect Hill at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a>, December 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous zouave regiments were organized from soldiers of the United States of America who adopted the name and the North African–inspired uniforms during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union army</a> had more than 70 volunteer zouave regiments throughout the conflict, while the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederates</a> fielded about 25 Zouave companies.<sup id="cite_ref-NMAH_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAH-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, zouaves were brought to public attention by <a href="/wiki/Elmer_E._Ellsworth" title="Elmer E. Ellsworth">Elmer E. Ellsworth</a>. Inspired by his French friend Charles De Villers, who had been a surgeon in the North African zouaves, he obtained a zouave drill manual. In 1859, Ellsworth took over a drill company and renamed them the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Zouave_Cadets" title="United States Zouave Cadets">"Zouave Cadets"</a>. The drill company toured nationally, performing the light infantry drill of the north African zouaves with many theatrical additions. "Zouave" units were then raised on both sides of the American Civil War of 1861–1865, including a regiment under Ellsworth's command, the <a href="/wiki/11th_New_York_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th New York Infantry">New York "Fire Zouaves"</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A feature of some American zouave units, at least in the opening stages of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, was the light infantry tactics and drill they employed. Zouaves "utilised light infantry tactics that emphasised open-order formations, with several feet between soldiers, rather than the customary close order, with its characteristic 'touch of elbows'. They moved at double-time, rather than marching to a stately <a href="/wiki/Military_cadence" title="Military cadence">cadence</a>, and they lay on their backs to load their rifles rather than standing to do so. To fire, they rolled prone and sometimes rose on one knee."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Arguably the most famous Union zouave regiments were from New York and Pennsylvania: the <a href="/wiki/5th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th New York Volunteer Infantry">5th New York Volunteer Infantry</a>, known as "Duryee's Zouaves" after its first colonel, <a href="/wiki/Abram_Duryee" class="mw-redirect" title="Abram Duryee">Abram Duryee</a>; the <a href="/wiki/114th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="114th Pennsylvania Infantry">114th Pennsylvania Infantry</a>, called "Collis's Zouaves" after their colonel, <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._T._Collis" title="Charles H. T. Collis">Charles H. T. Collis</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/11th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th New York Volunteer Infantry">11th New York Volunteer Infantry</a>, the "Fire Zouaves". The 11th New York was initially led by Col. <a href="/wiki/Elmer_E._Ellsworth" title="Elmer E. Ellsworth">Elmer E. Ellsworth</a>, until his death in 1861. The 11th New York was badly mauled during the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> in July 1861 as it acted as the rear guard for the retreating Army of the Potomac.<sup id="cite_ref-FightingFourteenth_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FightingFourteenth-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Ref previously ham-fistedly partially removed along with some of the text before it, which it presumably was meant to be supporting. Please verify it's still relevant for the remaining text (January 2021)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The 5th New York was considered one of the elite units of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>; it was one of only two volunteer regiments serving with the regular division commanded by <a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">George Sykes</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, the 5th New York, along with another Zouave regiment, the 10th New York "National Zouaves", held off the flanking attack of <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>'s Corps for ten crucial minutes before it was overrun. The 5th New York thus suffered the highest percentage of casualties in the shortest amount of time of any unit in the Civil War – of 525 men, approximately 120 were killed and 330 were wounded in less than 10 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg/220px-Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg/330px-Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg/440px-Civil_War_Zouave_ambulance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>American Zouave ambulance crew demonstrating removal of wounded soldiers from the field, during the American Civil War.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863 and 1864, three Union regiments (146th New York, <a href="/wiki/140th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="140th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">140th New York</a>, and 155th Pennsylvania) were issued with Zouave uniforms to reward their proficiency in drill and battlefield performance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199630_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199630-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Difficulties in supply and replacement meant that Zouave and other exotic militia uniforms tended to be replaced by standard issue uniforms throughout the conflict. However, the tradition remained strong, and the last Union casualty of the fighting in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> was reported to be a Zouave of the <a href="/wiki/155th_Pennsylvania_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="155th Pennsylvania Infantry">155th Pennsylvania</a>, killed at <a href="/wiki/Farmville,_Virginia" title="Farmville, Virginia">Farmville, Virginia</a>, on the morning of April 9, 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199655_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199655-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederate_Zouaves">Confederate Zouaves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Confederate Zouaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Confederate Zouave units were also raised. In contrast to the many Federal units, most Confederate Zouaves were not full "regiments"; many were companies within larger units. The <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> "Louisiana Tiger" dates from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>; it refers to any Louisiana state trooper (and more recently, to the state's athletic teams<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>). But none of the Mexican War Louisiana "Tigers" were Zouaves. The earliest, and most famous, Louisiana Zouave unit was White's Company B (the "Tiger Rifles") of Major <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Roberdeau_Wheat" title="Chatham Roberdeau Wheat">Chatham Roberdeau Wheat</a>'s 1st Special Battalion, Louisiana Volunteers, also known as "<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Tigers" title="Louisiana Tigers">Louisiana Tigers</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another notable Zouave unit on the Confederate side was the "1st (Coppens') Louisiana Zouave Battalion", which was raised by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Augustus_Gaston_De_Coppens" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Augustus Gaston De Coppens">Georges Augustus Gaston De Coppens</a> in 1861. They saw action from the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, all the while being short of supplies. They were disbanded in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Confederate Zouave units did not last long throughout the war. All of them had traded out their Zouave garb for standard Confederate clothing by 1862. The last Confederate Zouave unit was Coppens' Zouave Battalion, which later became dubbed the Confederate State Zouave Battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Civil_War">Post-Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zouaves gradually vanished from the U.S. military in the 1870s and 1880s, as the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia system</a> slowly transformed into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Guard">National Guard</a>. As an example, the Wisconsin militia still included one zouave unit in 1879, but the next year, in 1880, the traditional distinctions of title and dress ceased when a standard Wisconsin Guard uniform was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Civil War, veteran groups sometimes dressed as zouaves during <a href="/wiki/Guard_of_honour" title="Guard of honour">honor guard</a> ceremonies such as funeral processions, since zouave dress was considered colorful and distinctive. Modern American Civil War <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">reenactments</a> often feature zouave units.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_zouave_uniforms">American zouave uniforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: American zouave uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg/220px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg/330px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg/440px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Brierwood_Pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="4208" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brierwood_Pipe" title="The Brierwood Pipe">The Brierwood Pipe</a></i>, an 1864 oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Winslow_Homer" title="Winslow Homer">Winslow Homer</a> of two 5th New York Zouaves</figcaption></figure> <p>The zouave uniform was sometimes quite elaborate, to the extent of being unwieldy. Some Zouave regiments wore a <a href="/wiki/Fez_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fez (clothing)">fez</a> with a colored tassel (usually yellow, blue, green, or red) and turban, a tight fitting short jacket (some without buttons), a wide 10-foot-long (300 cm) sash, baggy pantaloons or "chasseur" trousers, white leggings, and a short leather cuff for the calf, called <a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">jambieres</a>. The sash was especially difficult to put on, often requiring the help of another zouave. The zouave uniform was better suited for warm climates and rough terrain. The loose pantaloons allowed for greater freedom of movement than trousers, while the short jacket was much cooler than the long woolen blouse worn by most armies of the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zouave_units_in_Spanish_service">Zouave units in Spanish service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Zouave units in Spanish service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acci%C3%B3n_de_Gandesa._Carga_de_caballer%C3%ADa_dada_a_los_zuavos_de_D._Alfonso_(Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Gandesa._Carga_de_caballer%C3%ADa_dada_a_los_zuavos_de_D._Alfonso_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Gandesa._Carga_de_caballer%C3%ADa_dada_a_los_zuavos_de_D._Alfonso_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Acci%C3%B3n_de_Gandesa._Carga_de_caballer%C3%ADa_dada_a_los_zuavos_de_D._Alfonso_%28Segunda_parte_de_la_Guerra_Civil._Anales_desde_1843_hasta_el_fallecimiento_de_don_Alfonso_XII%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Carlist Zouaves during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Third_Carlist_War" title="Third Carlist War">Third Carlist War</a> (1872–1876) the <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime</a>, (the brother of the Carlist Pretender to the Spanish throne, <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Carlos, Duke of Madrid</a>) raised a unit of Spanish zouaves, the Carlist Zouaves (<i>Batallon Zuavos</i>), as an honor guard for himself and his wife <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Maria_das_Neves_of_Portugal" title="Infanta Maria das Neves of Portugal">Maria de las Nieves Braganza</a>. The Carlist Zouaves originated as the sixth company of the second battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Zouaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Zouaves">Pontifical Zouaves</a>. (Don Alfonso Carlos had formerly served as a lieutenant in the Pontifical Zouaves.) The Carlist Zouaves had the status of an elite unit within the army of Catalonia and the Maestrazgo. </p><p>The uniforms of the Carlist Zouaves included the baggy trousers, short jacket, vest and sash of both the French and Pontifical Zouaves. However, the Carlist Zouaves also wore a distinctive feature that differentiated them from existing zouave regiments elsewhere, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">beret</a> of Basque influence with a characteristic tassel. In order to distinguish the troops from the officers, the color of the officer's jacket was a blue-gray shade, with a darker blue for the other ranks. The beret worn by the troops was white with a yellow tassel, while the officers wore a red beret with yellow tassel. The baggy trousers were grayish for all ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_zouave_units">Other zouave units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other zouave units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Between 1880 and 1908 the Turkish Imperial Guard included two zouave regiments. The Abdul Hamid II Collection in the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has a number of photographs of these soldiers. They wore a uniform similar to that of the French zouaves but with green turbans and less widely cut red breeches. The Ottoman Zouaves were disbanded following the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> coup of 1908, when the Imperial Guard was reduced to a ceremonial palace unit.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Under the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, a battalion of black volunteers, called the <i>"Zuavos da Bahia"</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahian</a> Zouaves) was organized in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although such use drew on a long tradition of black men's service to the Brazilian monarchy and State, both government and army soon rejected such segregated units, scattering its men along other units.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>During his campaign of 1860 against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(Italy)" title="Redshirts (Italy)">Redshirts</a> included a volunteer battalion designated as the Calabrian Zouaves (<i>Zuavvi Calabesi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1879, at the advent of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>'s Batallón “Zuavos” Nº10 was one of the units which took part in the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a> which brought <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Pi%C3%A9rola" title="Nicolás de Piérola">Nicolás de Piérola</a> into power as the country's "Supreme Commander in Chief".<sup id="cite_ref-zuavos_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuavos-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piérola immediately reorganized the army for the defense of the capital,<sup id="cite_ref-Basadre_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basadre-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Batallón “Zuavos” Nº29 de Línea was merged into the II Army Corps under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Belisario Suárez">Belisario Suárez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zuavos_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuavos-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later renamed Batallón “Zepita” Nº29, and as such took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_and_Chorrillos" title="Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos">Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos</a> on 13 January 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Basadre_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basadre-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-zuavos_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zuavos-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Zouave unit which took part in the battle was the Batallón Nº1 de Zouavos de Lima.<sup id="cite_ref-histomilitar_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histomilitar-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_African_dress_influence">North African dress influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: North African dress influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1830 to 1848 the zouave costume was closely derived from contemporary North African clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001544–545_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001544–545-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the establishment of the zouave regiments as a permanent and integral part of the French Army, the "oriental dress" became a formalized uniform,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subject to regulations while retaining the distinctive features of its indigenous origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Mollo_166_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mollo_166-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Features of the zouave dress were widely copied by colonial units of various European armies during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included African regiments raised by Portugal, Britain, Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Italy,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/West_India_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="West India Regiment">West India Regiment</a> in British service.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variations of zouave-style dress of the short open jacket (<i>shama</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-MaA233_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaA233-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voluminous trousers (<i><a href="/wiki/Serouel" class="mw-redirect" title="Serouel">serouel</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001550_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001550-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a> were worn by indigenous regiments of the French <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Spahis" class="mw-redirect" title="Spahis">Spahis</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs">Tirailleurs</a> Algeriens</i>, although in different colours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré197780_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré197780-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200044–45_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200044–45-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern ceremonial units of the Algerian, Moroccan, and Tunisian armies retain items of traditional North African dress,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharing some common features with the <i>tenue orientale</i> of the French zouaves.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg/170px-Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg/255px-Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg/340px-Paris-zouave-pont-de-l-alma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Zouave_(Pont_de_l%27Alma)" title="Zouave (Pont de l'Alma)">The Zouave</a></i> statue by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Diebolt" title="Georges Diebolt">Georges Diebolt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_l%27Alma" title="Pont de l'Alma">Pont de l'Alma</a> in Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_(Halbfigur).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg/170px-Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg/255px-Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg/340px-Van_Gogh_-_Der_Zuave_%28Halbfigur%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="5082" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zouave" title="The Zouave">The Zouave</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In French vernacular speech, the phrase "faire le Zouave" can be translated as "to act the goat" i.e. to behave wildly.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context "zouave" is used as an insult by <a href="/wiki/Captain_Haddock" title="Captain Haddock">Captain Haddock</a>, a character in the Belgian comic <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin" title="The Adventures of Tintin">The Adventures of Tintin</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Professor_Calculus" title="Professor Calculus">Professor Calculus</a> takes particular offense at the insult in <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(comics)" title="Destination Moon (comics)">Destination Moon</a></i> and at the conclusion of <i><a href="/wiki/Explorers_on_the_Moon" title="Explorers on the Moon">Explorers on the Moon</a></i>.</li> <li>A 5.2 m (17 ft) tall statue of <i><a href="/wiki/Zouave_(Pont_de_l%27Alma)" title="Zouave (Pont de l'Alma)">The Zouave</a></i>, carved by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Diebolt" title="Georges Diebolt">Georges Diebolt</a> in the 19th century to form part of the <a href="/wiki/Pont_de_l%27Alma" title="Pont de l'Alma">Alma Bridge</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a> in Paris, serves as a widely watched means of gauging the level of the river. When water reaches a point between the knees and the waist of the "Zouave of the Alma", flooding has historically been considered imminent and river traffic has been halted.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a></i>, the 11th New York (Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves) and the <a href="/wiki/14th_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Brooklyn">14th Brooklyn</a> (84th New York Infantry) are shown fighting the Stonewall Brigade at First Manassas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i>, the 14th Brooklyn are shown during the first day of battle. The 114th Pennsylvania are also shown guarding the Headquarter staff as the Union set up defenses and the 72nd Pennsylvania are briefly shown during Picketts Charge and the epilogue. In the opening credits, a scene that shows three Zouaves of the 5th New York is used as a background.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the film <i><a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a></i>, the 14th Brooklyn is shown in the beginning and during the Battle of Antietam. The 14th Brooklyn is actually supposed to represent the Zouave d'Afrique – 114th Pennsylvanian, later known as Collis Zouaves – because the scene represents the assault on the Sunken Road. Zouaves can also be seen escorting General Strong's party as it observes Fort Wagner. These Zouaves are probably supposed to represent the 76th Pennsylvania which was the only Zouave regiment in the tenth corp. However, the uniform on the Zouaves shown does not depict the actual uniform worn by the 76th.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the TV miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_and_the_Gray_(miniseries)" title="The Blue and the Gray (miniseries)">The Blue and the Gray</a></i>, a group of Union Zouaves is shown fighting at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>. These Zouaves are most likely supposed to represent the 11th New York First Fire Zouaves. However, just like the 14th Brooklyn in <i>Gods and Generals</i>, the Zouaves are shown fighting as part of a regiment instead of an individual regiment. The uniform that the zouaves wear is based on that shown in the Kurz and Alison lithograph of the battle. While both are most likely trying to represent the 11th New York (since it was the only true Zouave regiment present on the field), the uniform is inaccurate. At First Bull Run, the 11th wore red overshirts (most of them discarded the dark blue red trimmed zouave jackets prior to the battle), mid-blue sash, blue or red fez with a blue tassel, and leather gaiters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In Margaret Mitchell's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone With The Wind</a></i>, a Zouave, Rene Picard, joins the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Tennessee" title="Army of Tennessee">Army of Tennessee</a> in Atlanta, Georgia. Picard is remembered for his good humor, charm, and optimism; also, for his inveterate <a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creole French</a> accent.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Court_Jester" title="The Court Jester">The Court Jester</a></i>, the Jackson Zouaves American Legion Drill Team from <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Michigan" title="Jackson, Michigan">Jackson, Michigan</a>, is seen performing a humorous drill routine using the traditional Zouave quick-march. The group also made several appearances, in full Zouave uniform, on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a></i> between 1953 and 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gorey" title="Edward Gorey">Edward Gorey</a> book <i>The Fatal Lozenge</i>, a Zouave is the subject of the final poem in Gorey's alphabetical list. In the poem, the Zouave, used to killing after years of war, stabs a young child who has begun to prattle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> book <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Man" title="The First Man">The First Man</a></i> – published posthumously in 1994, but based on an incomplete manuscript the author was working on at the time of his death in 1960 – the protagonist's father, Henri Cormery, serves as a Zouave. He dies following injuries sustained in battle during the First World War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The figure portrayed on the front of <a href="/wiki/Zig-Zag_(company)" title="Zig-Zag (company)">Zig-Zag</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling papers</a>, colloquially known as the "Zig-Zag man", originates from a folk story about a zouave in the battle of Sevastopol. When the soldier's clay pipe was destroyed by a bullet, he attempted to roll his tobacco using a piece of paper torn from his bag of gunpowder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Playhouse_(film)" title="The Playhouse (film)">The Playhouse</a></i>, a zouave drill routine is one of the acts at the theatre. One of the gags involves Keaton's boss telling him to get him some Zouaves and Keaton first hands him a pack of cigarettes (referring to the above brand).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/146th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="146th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">146th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62nd_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">62nd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Missouri_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry">8th Missouri Volunteer Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_de_l%27Alma" title="Pont de l'Alma">Pont de l'Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouave_jacket" title="Zouave jacket">Zouave jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Regiment_Indiana_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Regiment Indiana Infantry">11th Regiment Indiana Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Pinckney" title="Castle Pinckney">Castle Pinckney</a> has photos of the <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, Zouave Cadets.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKraayWhigham2004" class="citation book cs1">Kraay, Hendrik; Whigham, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAlCUC2XQqMC&pg=PA61"><i>I Die with My Country: Perspectives on the Paraguayan War, 1864-1870</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-2762-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-2762-0"><bdi>0-8032-2762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Die+with+My+Country%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Paraguayan+War%2C+1864-1870&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8032-2762-0&rft.aulast=Kraay&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft.au=Whigham%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAlCUC2XQqMC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnrtl.fr/definition/zouave">"ZOUAVE : Définition de ZOUAVE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ZOUAVE+%3A+D%C3%A9finition+de+ZOUAVE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnrtl.fr%2Fdefinition%2Fzouave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollo_166-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo_166_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo_166_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo1972" class="citation book cs1">Mollo, John (1972). <i>Military Fashion</i>. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-65349-8"><bdi>0-214-65349-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+Fashion&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-214-65349-8&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 1044, volume 28 Encyclopædia Britannica, Eleventh Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2000">Larcade 2000</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977462_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallardo2020" class="citation book cs1">Gallardo, Pablo (2020). <i>Soldats d'Algerie</i>. Sophia Histoire & collections. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-524-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-524-2"><bdi>978-2-35250-524-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldats+d%27Algerie&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Sophia+Histoire+%26+collections&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-524-2&rft.aulast=Gallardo&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow1997" class="citation book cs1">Windrow, Martin (1997). <i>The Algerian War 1954-62</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1855326583" title="Special:BookSources/978-1855326583"><bdi>978-1855326583</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algerian+War+1954-62&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1855326583&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagnon2012" class="citation book cs1">Montagnon, Pierre (2012). <i>L'Armee d'Afrique</i>. Pygmalion. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2"><bdi>978-2-7564-0574-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Armee+d%27Afrique&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Pygmalion&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagnon2012" class="citation book cs1">Montagnon, Pierre (2012). <i>L'Armee d'Afrique</i>. Pygmalion. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2"><bdi>978-2-7564-0574-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Armee+d%27Afrique&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Pygmalion&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESumner19958-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESumner19958_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSumner1995">Sumner 1995</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1998" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (15 April 1998). <i>The French Army 1939-45 (1)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-666-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-666-3"><bdi>1-85532-666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+1939-45+%281%29&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1998-04-15&rft.isbn=1-85532-666-3&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallic2012" class="citation book cs1">Gallic, Paul (2012). <i>Officers et Soldats de L'Armee Francaise 1943-1956, d'apres le TTA 148</i>. Histoire & Collections. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-782352-50195-4" title="Special:BookSources/9-782352-50195-4"><bdi>9-782352-50195-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officers+et+Soldats+de+L%27Armee+Francaise+1943-1956%2C+d%27apres+le+TTA+148&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9-782352-50195-4&rft.aulast=Gallic&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemars2023" class="citation book cs1">Demars, Victor (13 April 2023). <i>Les Zouaves Histoire</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781976219313" title="Special:BookSources/9781976219313"><bdi>9781976219313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Zouaves+Histoire&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.isbn=9781976219313&rft.aulast=Demars&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShann1991" class="citation book cs1">Shann, Stephen (25 April 1991). <i>French Army 1870-71. Franco-Prussian War 1 Imperial Troops</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-121-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-121-1"><bdi>1-85532-121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Army+1870-71.+Franco-Prussian+War+1+Imperial+Troops&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1991-04-25&rft.isbn=1-85532-121-1&rft.aulast=Shann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2019" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, Andre (14 February 2019). <i>L'Armee de Napoleon III dans la Guerre 1870</i>. Editions Heimdal. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-511-7"><bdi>978-2-84048-511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Armee+de+Napoleon+III+dans+la+Guerre+1870&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Editions+Heimdal&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.isbn=978-2-84048-511-7&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemars2023" class="citation book cs1">Demars, Victor (13 April 2023). <i>Les Zouaves Histoire</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781976219313" title="Special:BookSources/9781976219313"><bdi>9781976219313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Zouaves+Histoire&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2023-04-13&rft.isbn=9781976219313&rft.aulast=Demars&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2009" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Richard (21 April 2009). <i>Soferino 1859</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-385-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-385-8"><bdi>978-1-84603-385-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soferino+1859&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2009-04-21&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-385-8&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977114–115-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977114–115_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2019" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, Andre (14 February 2019). <i>L'Armee de Napoleon III dans la Guerre 1870</i>. Editions Heimdal. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-511-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84048-511-7"><bdi>978-2-84048-511-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Armee+de+Napoleon+III+dans+la+Guerre+1870&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Editions+Heimdal&rft.date=2019-02-14&rft.isbn=978-2-84048-511-7&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 35–38 "La Gazette des Uniformes", September 2005"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShann1991" class="citation book cs1">Shann, Stephen (25 July 1991). <i>French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War 2. Republican Troops</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-135-1"><bdi>1-85532-135-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Army+1870-71+Franco-Prussian+War+2.+Republican+Troops&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1991-07-25&rft.isbn=1-85532-135-1&rft.aulast=Shann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2000188_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2000">Larcade 2000</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977188-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977188_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200019-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200019_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2000">Larcade 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001444-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001444_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2001">Larcade 2001</a>, p. 444.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a46–47-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a46–47_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouineau2009a">Jouineau 2009a</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a52–53-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJouineau2009a52–53_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJouineau2009a">Jouineau 2009a</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uniformes09dec1914-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uniformes09dec1914_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k8588418">"Notice descriptive des nouveaux uniformes. (Décision ministérielle du 9 décembre 1914 mise à jour avec le modificatif du 28 janvier 1915)"</a> (in French). Paris: Ministère de la Guerre. 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-30</span></span> – via Bibliothèque Nationale de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+descriptive+des+nouveaux+uniformes.+%28D%C3%A9cision+minist%C3%A9rielle+du+9+d%C3%A9cembre+1914+mise+%C3%A0+jour+avec+le+modificatif+du+28+janvier+1915%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Guerre&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k8588418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2011" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, Andre (15 January 2011). <i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army 1940</i>. Amber Books Limited. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-179-4"><bdi>978-2-35250-179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officers+and+Soldiers+of+the+French+Army+1940&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Limited&rft.date=2011-01-15&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-179-4&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuncken1981" class="citation book cs1">Funcken, JLiliane et Fred (1981). <i>L'Uuniformen et les Armes des Soldats du XIX Siecle 2</i>. Casterman. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-203-14325-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-203-14325-8"><bdi>2-203-14325-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Uuniformen+et+les+Armes+des+Soldats+du+XIX+Siecle+2&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Casterman&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=2-203-14325-8&rft.aulast=Funcken&rft.aufirst=JLiliane+et+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong1914" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Furlong" title="Charles W. Furlong">Furlong, Charles Wellington</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdZLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA35">"Turcos And The Legion: The Spahis, The Zouaves, The Tirailleurs, And The Foreign Legion"</a>. <i>The World's Work, Second War Manual: The Conduct of the War</i>: 35–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%2C+Second+War+Manual%3A+The+Conduct+of+the+War&rft.atitle=Turcos+And+The+Legion%3A+The+Spahis%2C+The+Zouaves%2C+The+Tirailleurs%2C+And+The+Foreign+Legion&rft.pages=35-37&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=Charles+Wellington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdZLAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324–330-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977324–330_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, pp. 324–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977402–418-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977402–418_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, pp. 402–418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindrow1995" class="citation book cs1">Windrow, Martin (17 July 1995). <i>The Algerian War 1954–62</i>. Bloomsbury USA. pp. 20 & 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-516-0"><bdi>1-85532-516-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algerian+War+1954%E2%80%9362&rft.pages=20+%26+44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1995-07-17&rft.isbn=1-85532-516-0&rft.aulast=Windrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallardo, Pablo. Soldats d'Algerie. p. 6. ISBN 978-2-35250-524-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Ted (31 January 2006). <i>My Battle of Algiers</i>. HarperCollins. pp. 116, 120, 148, 185, 187, 224, 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-085224-5"><bdi>978-0-06-085224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Battle+of+Algiers&rft.pages=116%2C+120%2C+148%2C+185%2C+187%2C+224%2C+230&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-06-085224-5&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Ted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977463-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977463_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagnon_2012_426-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagnon_2012_426_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagnon2012" class="citation book cs1">Montagnon, Pierre (2012). <i>L'Armee d' Afrique</i>. Pygmalion. p. 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7564-0574-2"><bdi>978-2-7564-0574-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Armee+d%27+Afrique&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Pygmalion&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-2-7564-0574-2&rft.aulast=Montagnon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré1977461–462-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré1977461–462_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, pp. 461–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">page 54 Militaria No 462, Mars 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i> (London: R. Washburne, 1871), at p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph_Powell_p._287-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseph_Powell_p._287_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_R._Marraro" title="Howard R. Marraro">Howard R. Marraro</a>, "Canadian and American Zouaves in the Papal Army, 1868–1870" CCHA Report, 12 (1944–45), 83-102 at 83, who cites the New York Herald, June 10, 1868 for the numbers. Available online at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1944-45/Marraro.pdf">http://www.umanitoba.ca/colleges/st_pauls/ccha/Back%20Issues/CCHA1944-45/Marraro.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Massimo Brandani, pages 34-35, "L'Esercito Pontificio da Castelfidardo a Porta Pia", published 1976 by Intergest Milano</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 35–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.readbookonline.org/readOnLine/11983/">"Victor Hugo's poem: Mentana"</a>. Readbookonline.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victor+Hugo%27s+poem%3A+Mentana&rft.pub=Readbookonline.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.readbookonline.org%2FreadOnLine%2F11983%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 260, quoting the Evening Freeman, September 29, 1870</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2014" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Charles (19 December 2014). <i>A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912</i>. Tattered Flag. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780957689275" title="Special:BookSources/9780957689275"><bdi>9780957689275</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Box+of+Sand%3A+The+Italo-Ottoman+War+1911%E2%80%931912&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Tattered+Flag&rft.date=2014-12-19&rft.isbn=9780957689275&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles A. Coulombe, <i>The Pope's Legion: The Multinational Fighting Force that Defended the Vatican</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Powell, <i>Two Years in the Pontifical Zouaves</i>, p. 297pp.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">pages 32-33 "French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War – Republican Troops", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-135-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-135-1">1-85532-135-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyde1997" class="citation book cs1">Dyde, Brian (1997). <i>The Empty Sleeve. The story of the West India Regiment of the British Army</i>. Hansib Caribbean. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-8163-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/976-8163-09-7"><bdi>976-8163-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empty+Sleeve.+The+story+of+the+West+India+Regiment+of+the+British+Army&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Hansib+Caribbean&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=976-8163-09-7&rft.aulast=Dyde&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.M Barnes, page 276 "Military Uniforms of Britain & The Empire, Sphere Books Ltd 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theroot.com/views/return-segregated-history">Whitewashing Civil War History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209142437/http://www.theroot.com/views/return-segregated-history">Archived</a> February 9, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAH-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMAH_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object.cfm?key=35&objkey=95">"U.S. Civil War Zouave Uniform Jacket"</a>. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Civil+War+Zouave+Uniform+Jacket&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fobject.cfm%3Fkey%3D35%26objkey%3D95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FightingFourteenth-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FightingFourteenth_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTevisMarquis1911" class="citation book cs1">Tevis, C. V.; Marquis, D. R. (1911). <i>The History of the Fighting Fourteenth: Published in Commemoration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Muster of the Regiment Into the United States Service, May 23, 1861</i>. New York: Brooklyn Eagle Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Fighting+Fourteenth%3A+Published+in+Commemoration+of+the+Fiftieth+Anniversary+of+the+Muster+of+the+Regiment+Into+the+United+States+Service%2C+May+23%2C+1861&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Brooklyn+Eagle+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Tevis&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Marquis%2C+D.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199630-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199630_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199655-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199655_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1996">Smith 1996</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatesMcafeeTroiani2006" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Earl J.; Mcafee, Michael J.; Troiani, Don (2006). <i>Don Troiani's Civil War Zouaves, Chasseurs, Special Branches, & Officers</i> (1st ed.). Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-3320-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-3320-3"><bdi>0-8117-3320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+Troiani%27s+Civil+War+Zouaves%2C+Chasseurs%2C+Special+Branches%2C+%26+Officers&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8117-3320-3&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Earl+J.&rft.au=Mcafee%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Troiani%2C+Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parade Ground Soldiers</i>, J. Phillip Langellier <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87020-174-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87020-174-3">0-87020-174-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signalscv.com/section/36/article/119536/">"Bringing the pages of history to life for SCV students"</a>. Signalscv.com. 2014-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bringing+the+pages+of+history+to+life+for+SCV+students&rft.pub=Signalscv.com&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signalscv.com%2Fsection%2F36%2Farticle%2F119536%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Jose Bueno, plate 5 "Uniformes, Banderas y Organizacion de las Tropas Carlistas 1872–76", Alcaniz Fresno's Editores, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-96935-40-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-96935-40-2">978-84-96935-40-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times 27 December 1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2015" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (24 March 2015). <i>Armies of the War of the Triple Alliance 1864-70</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-0725-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-0725-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+War+of+the+Triple+Alliance+1864-70&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-0725-0&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibidem - Kraay, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2018" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (21 August 2018). <i>Armies of the War of the Italian Wars of Unification 1848–70 (2)</i>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2624-4"><bdi>978-1-4728-2624-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+War+of+the+Italian+Wars+of+Unification+1848%E2%80%9370+%282%29&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2624-4&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zuavos-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zuavos_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuavos_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zuavos_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zuaus.blogspot.com/2019/09/batallon-zepita-n-29-de-linea-ex-zuavos.html">"Batallón "Zepita" Nº 29 de Línea (ex Zuavos de Lima), Perú (1881)"</a>. <i>Zouavos del mundo</i>. September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zouavos+del+mundo&rft.atitle=Batall%C3%B3n+%22Zepita%22+N%C2%BA+29+de+L%C3%ADnea+%28ex+Zuavos+de+Lima%29%2C+Per%C3%BA+%281881%29&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzuaus.blogspot.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fbatallon-zepita-n-29-de-linea-ex-zuavos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basadre-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basadre_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basadre_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasadre,_Jorge2000" class="citation web cs1">Basadre, Jorge (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010170132/http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/">"La Verdadera Epopeya"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unjbg.edu.pe/basadre/">the original</a> on 10 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Verdadera+Epopeya&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Basadre%2C+Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unjbg.edu.pe%2Fbasadre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histomilitar-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histomilitar_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEjército_de_Chile2015" class="citation book cs1">Ejército de Chile (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ejercito.cl/descargas/mobile/MTUx"><i>Cuaderno de Historia Militar, Nº 11</i></a>. pp. 54, 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuaderno+de+Historia+Militar%2C+N%C2%BA+11&rft.pages=54%2C+60&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Ej%C3%A9rcito+de+Chile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejercito.cl%2Fdescargas%2Fmobile%2FMTUx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001544–545-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001544–545_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2001">Larcade 2001</a>, pp. 544–545.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirouze2007" class="citation book cs1">Mirouze, Laurent (2007). <i>The French Army in the First World War</i>. Militaria. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902526-09-0"><bdi>978-3-902526-09-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Militaria&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-902526-09-0&rft.aulast=Mirouze&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarman1977" class="citation book cs1">Carman, W.Y. (1977). <i>A Dictionary of Military Uniform</i>. Scribner. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-15130-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-15130-8"><bdi>0-684-15130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Military+Uniform&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-684-15130-8&rft.aulast=Carman&rft.aufirst=W.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBueno1989" class="citation book cs1">Bueno, Jose (1989). <i>Los Regulares</i>. Aldaba. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86629-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-86629-23-3"><bdi>84-86629-23-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+Regulares&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Aldaba&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=84-86629-23-3&rft.aulast=Bueno&rft.aufirst=Jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piero Crociani, Figures 7-19 "Le Uniformi Coloniali Libiche 1912-1942, Quaderni D'Appunti, La Rocci 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyde1997" class="citation book cs1">Dyde, Brian (1997). <i>The Empty Sleeve. The Story of the West India Regiments of the British Army</i>. Hansib Caribbean. pp. 149–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-8163-09-7" title="Special:BookSources/976-8163-09-7"><bdi>976-8163-09-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empty+Sleeve.+The+Story+of+the+West+India+Regiments+of+the+British+Army&rft.pages=149-150&rft.pub=Hansib+Caribbean&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=976-8163-09-7&rft.aulast=Dyde&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaA233-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaA233_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannDelperier1991" class="citation book cs1">Shann, Stephen; Delperier, Louis (1991). <i>French Army 1870-71 Franco-Prussian War. Volume 1: Imperial Troops</i>. Men-at-Arms. Illustrated by Jeffrey Burn. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-121-2"><bdi>978-1-85532-121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+Army+1870-71+Franco-Prussian+War.+Volume+1%3A+Imperial+Troops&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-121-2&rft.aulast=Shann&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Delperier%2C+Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade2001550-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade2001550_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2001">Larcade 2001</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuré197780-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuré197780_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuré1977">Huré 1977</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Rosiere, "Spahis des spahis algeriens aux gardes rouges de Dakar", pages 53-56, Editions Xavier Paris 1984</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDufour1999" class="citation book cs1">Dufour, Pierre (1999). <i>1er Regiment de Tirailleurs</i>. Lavauzelle. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7025-0439-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7025-0439-6"><bdi>2-7025-0439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1er+Regiment+de+Tirailleurs&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Lavauzelle&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=2-7025-0439-6&rft.aulast=Dufour&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarcade200044–45-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarcade200044–45_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarcade2000">Larcade 2000</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rinaldo D'Ami, pages 44-46 World Uniforms in Colour, SBN 85059 040 X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassin-Scott1973" class="citation book cs1">Cassin-Scott, Jack (1973). <i>Ceremonial Uniforms of the World</i>. Stephen Hope Books Limited. pp. 44 & 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903792-03-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-903792-03-6"><bdi>0-903792-03-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceremonial+Uniforms+of+the+World&rft.pages=44+%26+72&rft.pub=Stephen+Hope+Books+Limited&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-903792-03-6&rft.aulast=Cassin-Scott&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harrap's Shorter French and English Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spottedbylocals.com/paris/the-zouave-of-the-river-seine/"><i>The Zouave</i> of the River Seine – Famous statue</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Leanne (2012-08-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mlive.com/news/jackson/2012/08/peekthrough_time_jacksons_fast.html">"Peek Through Time: Jackson's fast-stepping Zouaves took Hollywood by storm in 1954 filming of 'The Court Jester'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>mlive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mlive&rft.atitle=Peek+Through+Time%3A+Jackson%27s+fast-stepping+Zouaves+took+Hollywood+by+storm+in+1954+filming+of+%27The+Court+Jester%27&rft.date=2012-08-23&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Leanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fjackson%2F2012%2F08%2Fpeekthrough_time_jacksons_fast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ThePlayhouse">"The Playhouse : Joseph M. Schenck : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Playhouse+%3A+Joseph+M.+Schenck+%3A+Free+Download+%26+Streaming+%3A+Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FThePlayhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grenan, Shaun C (2021). <i>We Have Them On Our Own Ground-Zouaves at Gettysburg.</i> Amazon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Have-Them-Our-Own-Ground/dp/B091WJGSLJ?asin=B098WK3B8M&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1#detailBullets_feature_div">979-8734151518</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuré1977" class="citation book cs1">Huré, Robert, ed. (1977). <i>L'Armée d'Afrique : 1830-1962</i>. Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/757208988">757208988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Arm%C3%A9e+d%27Afrique+%3A+1830-1962&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Charles-Lavauzelle&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F757208988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2009a" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, André (2009a) [2008]. <i>Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 1 : 1914</i> [<i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume I: 1914</i>]. Officers and Soldiers #11. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-104-6"><bdi>978-2-35250-104-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officiers+et+soldats+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+Tome+1+%3A+1914&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Officers+and+Soldiers+%2311&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-104-6&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJouineau2009b" class="citation book cs1">Jouineau, André (2009b) [2009]. <i>Officiers et soldats de l'armée française Tome 2 : 1915-1918</i> [<i>Officers and Soldiers of the French Army Volume II: 1915-18</i>]. Officers and Soldiers #12. Translated by McKay, Alan. Paris: Histoire & Collections. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-105-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35250-105-3"><bdi>978-2-35250-105-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Officiers+et+soldats+de+l%27arm%C3%A9e+fran%C3%A7aise+Tome+2+%3A+1915-1918&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Officers+and+Soldiers+%2312&rft.pub=Histoire+%26+Collections&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35250-105-3&rft.aulast=Jouineau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarcade2000" class="citation book cs1">Larcade, Jean-Louis (2000). <i>Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol I</i>. Livet, Normandie: Editions des Argonautes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-95-151710-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-95-151710-6"><bdi>2-95-151710-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zouaves+et+Tirailleurs%3A+les+r%C3%A9giments+de+marche+et+les+r%C3%A9giments+mixtes+%281914-1918%29%2C+Vol+I&rft.place=Livet%2C+Normandie&rft.pub=Editions+des+Argonautes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-95-151710-6&rft.aulast=Larcade&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarcade2001" class="citation book cs1">Larcade, Jean-Louis (2001). <i>Zouaves et Tirailleurs: les régiments de marche et les régiments mixtes (1914-1918), Vol II</i>. Livet, Normandie: Editions des Argonautes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-95-151711-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-95-151711-4"><bdi>2-95-151711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zouaves+et+Tirailleurs%3A+les+r%C3%A9giments+de+marche+et+les+r%C3%A9giments+mixtes+%281914-1918%29%2C+Vol+II&rft.place=Livet%2C+Normandie&rft.pub=Editions+des+Argonautes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=2-95-151711-4&rft.aulast=Larcade&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1996" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robin (1996). <i>American Civil War Zouaves</i>. Elite. London: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85-532571-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85-532571-5"><bdi>978-1-85-532571-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War+Zouaves&rft.place=London&rft.series=Elite&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85-532571-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumner1995" class="citation book cs1">Sumner, Ian (1995). <i>The French Army 1914-18</i>. Men-at-Arms. London: Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85-532516-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85-532516-6"><bdi>978-1-85-532516-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Army+1914-18&rft.place=London&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85-532516-6&rft.aulast=Sumner&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouave&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zouaves" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zouaves">Zouaves</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040730060031/http://www.geocities.com/zouavedatabase/">Zouave Database Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artquotes.net/masters/vangogh/vangogh_zouave.htm">Van Gogh portrait of a Zouave soldier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629050539/http://www.artquotes.net/masters/vangogh/vangogh_zouave.htm">Archived</a> 2017-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarkfineart.com/exhibitions/exhibition.php?exhibition=25&action=4&pid=1915">Lithograph of a Zouave soldier by Lucien Lefevre, 1898, for Absinthe Mugnier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212958/http://www.clarkfineart.com/exhibitions/exhibition.php?exhibition=25&action=4&pid=1915">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquestopic.com/remington-1863-zouave-rifle/">Remington 1863 Zouave Rifle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infaf.free.fr/ZOUAVE/indzoua_1.htm">"Les Zouaves" (French)</a></li> <li>Photograph of Alfred Laroque, a Canadian Papal Zouave, taken at Montreal, Quebec in 1868 by William Notman (1826–1891), housed in the <a href="/wiki/McCord_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="McCord Museum">McCord Museum</a> in Montreal. Laroque is posed seated and wears three medals. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/I-34892.1/">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romanmiscellany.blogspot.com/2008/10/papal-zouaves.html">The Papal Zouaves</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aramcoworld.com/en-US/Articles/March-2017/America-s-Zouaves">"America's Zouaves"</a>, article by Robert Lebling</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Zouaves" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Zouaves">Zouaves</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouaves&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Z#Zouaves" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/Z">Zouaves</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouaves&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Zouave" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Zouave">Zouave</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouave&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Zouaves" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Zouaves">Zouaves</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouaves&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Zouave" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Zouave">Zouave</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouave&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Zouave" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Zouave">Zouave</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zouave&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZouave" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zouave&oldid=1257320880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zouave&oldid=1257320880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infantry" title="Category:Infantry">Infantry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_France" title="Category:Military history of France">Military history of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_War_military_equipment_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Civil War military equipment of the United States">Civil War military equipment of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arm%C3%A9e_d%27Afrique" title="Category:Armée d'Afrique">Armée d'Afrique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_French_Algeria" title="Category:Military history of French Algeria">Military history of French Algeria</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_French_IPA" title="Category:Pages with French IPA">Pages with French IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_January_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Nuttall_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Nuttall Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_citation_to_the_NSRW_with_an_wstitle_parameter" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter">Wikipedia articles incorporating citation to the NSRW with an wstitle parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_Encyclopedia_Americana_with_a_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 09:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zouave&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l65hk","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.083","walltime":"1.357","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9717,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":155951,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":25097,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":209543,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1146.577 1 -total"," 31.51% 361.277 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.95% 274.661 41 Template:Cite_book"," 12.86% 147.498 18 Template:Citation_needed"," 12.27% 140.705 2 Template:IPA"," 11.27% 129.206 19 Template:Fix"," 9.73% 111.602 24 Template:Sfn"," 8.36% 95.860 1 Template:Wikisource-inline"," 8.17% 93.715 1 Template:Sister-inline"," 6.22% 71.321 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.680","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17434221,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBasadre,_Jorge2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBueno1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarman1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassin-Scott1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoatesMcafeeTroiani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemars2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDufour1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyde1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEjército_de_Chile2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuncken1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurlong1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallardo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallic2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuré1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouineau2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouineau2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouineau2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouineau2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKraayWhigham2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarcade2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarcade2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirouze2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollo1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontagnon2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRines1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShann1991\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShannDelperier1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumner1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTevisMarquis1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindrow1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindrow1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite Americana\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NSRW\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Nuttall\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 41,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 24,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-hppzn","timestamp":"20241124162619","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Zouave","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zouave","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13638325","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13638325","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-06-22T10:55:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/10\/Zouave_-_Grolleron_crop.jpg","headline":"soldier in the French Army"}</script> </body> </html>