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stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" title="Obiščite glavno stran [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod"><span>Naučite se urejati</span></a></li><li id="n-Izbrani-članki" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Izbrani_%C4%8Dlanki"><span>Izbrani članki</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Naklju%C4%8Dno" title="Naložite naključno stran [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Naključna stran</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:ZadnjeSpremembe" title="Seznam zadnjih sprememb Wikipedije [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Zadnje spremembe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-obcestvo" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-obcestvo" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Skupnost </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Vsebina" title="Kraj, kjer lahko prejmete pomoč"><span>Pomoč</span></a></li><li id="n-Pod-lipo" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Pod_lipo"><span>Pod lipo</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Portal_skupnosti" title="O projektu, kaj lahko storite, kje lahko kaj najdete"><span>Portal skupnosti</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Stik_z_nami"><span>Stik z nami</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stran" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-sl.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="prosta enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-sl.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Iskanje" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Iskanje</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Iskanje v Wikipediji" aria-label="Iskanje v Wikipediji" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Preiščite viki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Iskanje"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Išči</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osebna orodja"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Videz" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Videz</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pliocen" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pliocen" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl"><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Pliocen" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Ustvari račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Pliocen" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijava</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Časovna_delitev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Časovna_delitev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Časovna delitev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Časovna_delitev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleogeografija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleogeografija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Paleogeografija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleogeografija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rastlinstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rastlinstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rastlinstvo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rastlinstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Živalstvo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Živalstvo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Živalstvo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Živalstvo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Živalstvo</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Živalstvo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sesalci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sesalci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sesalci</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sesalci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ptiči" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ptiči"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ptiči</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ptiči-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plazilci_in_dvoživke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plazilci_in_dvoživke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Plazilci in dvoživke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plazilci_in_dvoživke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oceani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernove" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernove"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Supernove</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernove-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glej_tudi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glej_tudi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Glej tudi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glej_tudi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sklici" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sklici"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sklici</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sklici-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pliocen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 75 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioseen" title="Plioseen – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plioseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر البليوسيني – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر البليوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocenu" title="Pliocenu – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pliocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pliosen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плиоцен – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плиоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pliosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8" title="Pliocè – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pliocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A9n" title="Pliocén – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pliocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%AFosen" title="Plïosen – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plïosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A6n" title="Pliocæn – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pliocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pliozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Πλειόκαινος εποχή – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλειόκαινος εποχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pliocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceno" title="Plioceno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plioceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceno" title="Plioceno – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plioceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliotseen" title="Pliotseen – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pliotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliozeno" title="Pliozeno – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pliozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلیوسن – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioseeni" title="Plioseeni – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plioseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8ne" title="Pliocène – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pliocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Pl%C3%A9ic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Pléicéineach – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Pléicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceno" title="Plioceno – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plioceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="פליוקן – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פליוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अतिनूतन युग – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अतिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A9n" title="Pliocén – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pliocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Պլիոցենյան բաժին – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլիոցենյան բաժին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pliosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceno" title="Plioceno – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plioceno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%AD%C3%B3sen" title="Plíósen – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plíósen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pliocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AE%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="鮮新世 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鮮新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პლიოცენი – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლიოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плиоцен – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плиоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8" title="플라이오세 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라이오세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocaenum" title="Pliocaenum – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pliocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliozen" title="Pliozen – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pliozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosene" title="Pliosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pliosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocenas" title="Pliocenas – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pliocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C4%93ns" title="Pliocēns – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pliocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плиоцен – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плиоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="अतिनूतन युग – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अतिनूतन युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliosen" title="Pliosen – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pliosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="پلیوسن – mazanderanščina" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پلیوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pliozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceen" title="Plioceen – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plioceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A8n" title="Pliocèn – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pliocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="پليوسين – paštunščina" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پليوسين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceno" title="Plioceno – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plioceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плиоцен – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плиоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pliocene" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioc%C3%A9n" title="Pliocén – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pliocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioceni" title="Plioceni – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plioceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плиоцен – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плиоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioz%C3%A4n" title="Pliozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pliozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ప్లయోసీన్ – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లయోసీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยไพลโอซีน – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยไพลโอซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plioseno" title="Plioseno – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plioseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliyosen" title="Pliyosen – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pliyosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пліоцен – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пліоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliotsen" title="Pliotsen – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pliotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Pliocen" title="Thế Pliocen – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocen" title="Pliocen – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pliocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="上新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="上新世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sian-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Sian-sin-sè – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sian-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="上新世 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="上新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pliocen" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor:Pliocen&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani (stran ne obstaja) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pliocen"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pliocen"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Pliocen" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Pliocen" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:PosebneStrani" title="Seznam vseh posebnih strani [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne strani</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&oldid=6086533" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&page=Pliocen&id=6086533&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPliocen"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPliocen"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pliocen"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Pliocen&action=show-download-screen"><span>Prenesi kot PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&printable=yes" title="Različica te strani za tisk [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Različica za tisk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V drugih projektih </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pliocene" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedijina zbirka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76259" title="Povezava na ustrezni predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" width="10%" align="right" style="margin-left: 20px; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Eon" title="Eon">Eon</a> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eratem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eratem (stran ne obstaja)">Eratem</a> </th> <th>Sistem<br />Perioda </th> <th>Serija<br />Epoha </th> <th>Čas (10<sup>6</sup>let) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8" style="background-color: #FFFFDD;"><small><a href="/wiki/Fanerozoik" title="Fanerozoik">Fanerozoik</a></small> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color: #FFEE00;"><a href="/wiki/Kenozoik" title="Kenozoik">Kenozoik</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFEEBD;"><a href="/wiki/Kvartar" title="Kvartar">Kvartar</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFFFF6;"><a href="/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen">Holocen</a> </td> <td>0 - 0,0115 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FBEAB9;"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen">Pleistocen</a> </td> <td>0,0115 - 2,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color: #FFDE00;"><a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">Neogen</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFFAAC;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pliocen</a> </td> <td>2,588 - 5,332 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFF200;"><a href="/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen">Miocen</a> </td> <td>5,332 - 23,03 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color: #FFAA73;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogen" title="Paleogen">Paleogen</a> </td> <td style="background-color: #FFDAA4;"><a href="/wiki/Oligocen" title="Oligocen">Oligocen</a> </td> <td>23,03 - 33,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #FFCE5A;"><a href="/wiki/Eocen" title="Eocen">Eocen</a> </td> <td>33,9 - 55,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #E6BE8B;"><a href="/wiki/Paleocen" title="Paleocen">Paleocen</a> </td> <td>55,8 - 65,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: #7FAD51"><small><a href="/wiki/Mezozoik" title="Mezozoik">Mezozoik</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color:#9CC069;"><small><a href="/wiki/Kreda_(geologija)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreda (geologija)">Kreda</a></small> </td> <td style="background-color: #C5DE6A;"><small>Pozna</small> </td> <td><small><b>preteklost</b></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Epoha" class="mw-disambig" title="Epoha">Epoha</a> <b>Pliocen</b> (simbol PO <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)) je obdobje v geoloških zgodovini <a href="/wiki/Zemlja" title="Zemlja">Zemlje</a>, ki se razteza od 5.333 do 2,58 milijonov let pred sedanjostjo.<sup id="cite_ref-ICS2014_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICS2014-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. To je druga in najmlajši doba obdobja <a href="/wiki/Neogen" title="Neogen">neogen</a> v <a href="/wiki/Kenozoik" title="Kenozoik">kenozojski eri</a>. Pliocen sledi epohi <a href="/wiki/Miocen" title="Miocen">miocen</a>, nato sledi doba <a href="/wiki/Pleistocen" title="Pleistocen">pleistocena</a>. Pred revizijo <a href="/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ka_%C4%8Dasovna_lestvica" title="Geološka časovna lestvica">Geološke časovne lestvice</a> v letu 2009, ki je postavljena na osnovi 4 zadnjih večjih poledenitev znotraj pleistocena, je bila v pliocen vključena tudi faza <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelasij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelasij (stran ne obstaja)">gelasij</a>, ki je trajala od 2.588 do 1.806 milijonov let pred sedanjostjo in je sedaj vključena v pleistocen. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kot pri drugih starejših geoloških obdobjih, so geološke plasti, ki določajo začetek in konec dobro označene, vendar so natančni datumi začetka in konca dobe nekoliko negotovi. Meje, ki opredeljujejo pliocen niso določene na zlahka identificiranem svetovnem dogodku, temveč na regionalnih mejah med toplejšim miocenom in relativno hladnejšem pliocenu. Zgornja meja je bila določena na začetku te pleistocenske poledenitve. </p><p>V pliocenu se je <a href="/wiki/Morje" title="Morje">morje</a> skoraj v celoti umaknilo z današnjega ozemlja <a href="/wiki/Slovenija" title="Slovenija">Slovenije</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologija">Etimologija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Etimologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Etimologija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pliocen je poimenoval Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>. Ime izhaja iz grške besede πλεῖον (pleion, "več") in καινός (kainos, "novo") <sup id="cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnlineEtDict-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in pomeni preprosto "nadaljevanje nedavnega", ki se nanaša zlasti na sodobno favno morskih <a href="/wiki/Mehku%C5%BEci" title="Mehkužci">mehkužcev</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Watson_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Watson Fowler (stran ne obstaja)">H.W. Fowler</a> imenuje izraz (skupaj z drugimi primeri, kot so <i>pleistocen</i> in <i>miocen</i>) za "obžalovanja vredno barbarstvo" in navedbo, da naj bi bil celo "dober klasični učenjak", kot je Lyellov zahteval pomoč <a href="/wiki/Filolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Filolog">filologa</a>, ko je koval besede. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Časovna_delitev"><span id=".C4.8Casovna_delitev"></span>Časovna delitev</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Časovna delitev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Časovna delitev"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V uradnem časovnem okviru <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mednarodna_komisija_za_stratigrafijo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mednarodna komisija za stratigrafijo (stran ne obstaja)">ICS</a>, je pliocen razdeljen na dve <a href="/w/index.php?title=Obdobje_(stratigrafija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obdobje (stratigrafija) (stran ne obstaja)">dobi</a> (stopnji). Od najmlajše do najstarejše so: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piacenzij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piacenzij (stran ne obstaja)">Piacenzij</a> (3,600-2,58 Ma)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zancleanij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zancleanij (stran ne obstaja)">Zancleanij</a> (5,333-3,600 Ma)</li></ul> <p>Piacenzij se včasih označuje kot pozni pliocen, medtem ko je zancleanij tudi zgodnji pliocen. </p><p>V sistemu: </p> <ul><li>Doba severnoameriških kopenskih sesalcev (NALMA) vključuje '<i>hemphillian</i> (9-4,75 Ma) in <i>blancan</i> (4,75-1,806 Ma). Blancan sega naprej v pleistocen.</li> <li>Doba južnoameriških kopenskih sesalcev (SALMA) vključuje <i>montehermosan</i> (6.8-4.0 mama), <i>chapadmalalan</i> (4,0-3,0 Ma) in <i>uquian</i> (3,0-1,2 Ma).</li></ul> <p>V prostoru <a href="/wiki/Paratetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paratetis">Paratetisa</a> (centralna <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropa</a> in del zahodne <a href="/wiki/Azija" title="Azija">Azije</a>) pliocen vsebuje dobi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakij_(geologja)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakij (geologja) (stran ne obstaja)">dakij</a> (približno enako zancleanij) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanij_(geologija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanij (geologija) (stran ne obstaja)">romanij</a> (približno enako piacenzij in gelasij skupaj). Kot je običajno v <a href="/wiki/Stratigrafija" title="Stratigrafija">stratigrafiji</a>, obstaja še veliko drugih regionalnih in lokalnih poddob. </p><p>V pliocenu <a href="/wiki/Velika_Britanija" title="Velika Britanija">Velike Britanije</a> je razdelitev na naslednje dobe (od starih do mladih): <i>Gedgravian, Waltonian, Pre-Ludhamian, Ludhamian, Thurnian, Bramertonian ali Antian, Pre-Pastonian ali Baventian, Pastonian in Beestonian</i>. V <a href="/wiki/Nizozemska" title="Nizozemska">nizozemskem</a> pliocenu je razdelitev naslednja (star, da mladi): <i>Brunssumian C, Reuverian A, Reuverian B, Reuverian C, Praetiglian, Tiglian A, Tiglian B, Tiglian C1-4b, Tiglian C4c, Tiglian C5 , Tiglian C6 in Eburonian</i>. Natančne korelacije med temi lokalnimi dobami in ICS stopnjami, je še vedno stvar podrobnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuhlmann_2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuhlmann_2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klima">Klima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Klima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Klima"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png/220px-Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png/330px-Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png/440px-Pliocene_sst_anomaly.png 2x" data-file-width="2721" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Srednje-pliocenska rekonstruirana anomalija letne temperature morske površine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Povprečna globalna temperatura v srednjem pliocenu (3,3-3 Mya) je bila 2-3 °C višja kot je danes, <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raven globalnega morja 25 m višja in na severni polobli je bil ledeni pokrov kratkotrajen pred začetkom obsežnih poledenitev nad Grenlandiji, ki je nastal v poznem pliocenu okoli 3 Ma. Tvorba arktičnega ledu signalizira z nenadno spremembo v razmerju kisikovih izotopov in ledenih plošč v severnem Atlantiku in Severnem Tihem oceanu. Srednja <a href="/wiki/Zemljepisna_%C5%A1irina" title="Zemljepisna širina">zemljepisna širina</a> poledenitev je bila v teku verjetno pred koncem dobe. Globalno hlajenje, ki se je pojavilo v pliocenu je lahko spodbudilo izginjanje gozdov in širjenje travnikov in savan. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleogeografija">Paleogeografija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Paleogeografija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Paleogeografija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg/170px-Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg/255px-Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg/340px-Great_American_Biotic_Interchange_examples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Primeri selitve vrst v Ameriki po nastanku Panamske ožine. Olivno zelena silhueta označuje severnoameriške vrste z južnoameriškimi predniki; modre silhuete označujejo južnoameriške vrste severnoameriškega izvora.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Celina" title="Celina">Celine</a> še naprej plavajo, gibljejo se iz položajev okoli 250 km od njihovih prejšnjih lokacij na položaj samo 70 km od njihovih sedanjih lokacij. Južna Amerika je postala povezana s Severno Ameriko pri <a href="/wiki/Panamska_o%C5%BEina" title="Panamska ožina">Panamski ožini</a> v pliocenu, kar je omogočilo <i>Great American Interchange</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Velika_ameri%C5%A1ka_izmjenjava_%C5%BEivali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Velika ameriška izmjenjava živali (stran ne obstaja)">Velika ameriška izmjenjava živali</a>) in prineslo skoraj popoln konec južnoameriškemu značilnemu velikemu plenilcu <i>sparassodonta</i> in avtohtonih parkljarjev <i>meridiungulata</i>. Nastanek ožine je imel velike posledice na globalne temperature, saj je bil topel ekvatorialni oceanski tok odrezan in začel se je hladni atlantski cikel, s hladnimi arktičnimi in antarktičnimi vodami je pada temperatura v zdaj izoliranem Atlantskem oceanu. Trčenje Afrike z Evropo je oblikovalo <a href="/wiki/Sredozemsko_morje" title="Sredozemsko morje">Sredozemsko morje</a> in odrezalo ostanke <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Tetis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Tetis">Tetis oceana</a>. Meja med miocenom in pliocenom je tudi čas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesinska_kriza_salanitete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesinska kriza salanitete (stran ne obstaja)">Mesinske krize salanitete</a>. </p><p>Spremembe višine morske gladine je izpostavila kopenski most med <a href="/wiki/Aljaska" title="Aljaska">Aljasko</a> in Azijo. </p><p>Pliocenski morske kamnine so bile dobro izpostavljene v Sredozemlju, v Indiji in na Kitajskem. Drugod so bile izpostavljene predvsem v bližini obale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rastlinstvo">Rastlinstvo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Rastlinstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Rastlinstvo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sprememba na hladnejšo, suho, sezonsko klimo je imela precejšnje posledice na pliocensko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vegetacija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vegetacija (stran ne obstaja)">vegetacijo</a> in zmanjševaje tropskih vrst po svetu. Širili so se listnati gozdovi, iglasti gozdovi in <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> so pokrivali velik del na severu, travišča so se razširila na vseh celinah (razen Antarktiki). Tropski gozdovi so bili omejeni na ozek pas okoli <a href="/wiki/Ekvator" title="Ekvator">ekvatorja</a> in poleg suhih <a href="/wiki/Savana" title="Savana">savan</a>, so se v Aziji in Afriki pojavile <a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%A1%C4%8Dava" title="Puščava">puščave</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Živalstvo"><span id=".C5.BDivalstvo"></span>Živalstvo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Živalstvo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Živalstvo"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tako morska in kontinentalna favna je bila v bistvu sodobna, čeprav je bila kontinentalna favna malo bolj primitivna, kot je danes. Prvi prepoznavni hominini, ki so se pojavili v pliocenu, so bil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Australopitecini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australopitecini (stran ne obstaja)">australopitecini</a>. </p><p>Množični trki celin so pomenili veliko migracijo in mešanje prej izoliranih vrst. Rastlinojedci so dobili večji prostor, kot specializirani plenilci. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Oliva_sayana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polži Oliva sayana iz pliocena na Floridi."><img alt="Polži Oliva sayana iz pliocena na Floridi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oliva_sayana.jpg/115px-Oliva_sayana.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oliva_sayana.jpg/172px-Oliva_sayana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oliva_sayana.jpg/229px-Oliva_sayana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polži <i>Oliva sayana</i> iz pliocena na Floridi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Cladocora.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korala Cladocora iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Korala Cladocora iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/120px-Cladocora.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/180px-Cladocora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Cladocora.jpg/240px-Cladocora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korala <i>Cladocora</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polž in pritrjen črv iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Polž in pritrjen črv iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG/120px-CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG/180px-CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG/240px-CyprusPlioceneGastropod.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polž in pritrjen črv iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Turritellatricarinata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polž Turritella carinata iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Polž Turritella carinata iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/120px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/180px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Turritellatricarinata.jpg/240px-Turritellatricarinata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polž <i>Turritella carinata</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:SpondylusPliocene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trnate ostrige Spondylus desna in leva polovica iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Trnate ostrige Spondylus desna in leva polovica iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SpondylusPliocene.jpg/120px-SpondylusPliocene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SpondylusPliocene.jpg/180px-SpondylusPliocene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SpondylusPliocene.jpg/240px-SpondylusPliocene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trnate ostrige <i>Spondylus</i> desna in leva polovica iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:SpondylusArticulated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spondylus iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Spondylus iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SpondylusArticulated.jpg/120px-SpondylusArticulated.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SpondylusArticulated.jpg/180px-SpondylusArticulated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/SpondylusArticulated.jpg/240px-SpondylusArticulated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Spondylus</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Diodoraitalica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latvica Diodora italica iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Latvica Diodora italica iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Diodoraitalica.jpg/120px-Diodoraitalica.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Diodoraitalica.jpg/180px-Diodoraitalica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Diodoraitalica.jpg/240px-Diodoraitalica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1773" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Latvica <i>Diodora italica</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:DentaliumPliocene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Slonovi zobčki Dentalium iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Slonovi zobčki Dentalium iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DentaliumPliocene.jpg/120px-DentaliumPliocene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DentaliumPliocene.jpg/180px-DentaliumPliocene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DentaliumPliocene.jpg/240px-DentaliumPliocene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Slonovi zobčki <i>Dentalium</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polž Aporrhais iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Polž Aporrhais iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg/104px-Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg/156px-Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg/208px-Aporrhais_from_Pliocene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polž <i>Aporrhais</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:AnadaraPliocene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Školjka Anadara iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Školjka Anadara iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AnadaraPliocene.jpg/120px-AnadaraPliocene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AnadaraPliocene.jpg/180px-AnadaraPliocene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/AnadaraPliocene.jpg/240px-AnadaraPliocene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Školjka <i>Anadara</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Školjka Ammusium cristatum iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Školjka Ammusium cristatum iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg/116px-Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg/175px-Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg/233px-Amusium_cristatum_Cyprus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Školjka <i>Ammusium cristatum</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polž Petaloconchus intortus pritrjen na koralo Cladocora iz pliocena na Cipru."><img alt="Polž Petaloconchus intortus pritrjen na koralo Cladocora iz pliocena na Cipru." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG/106px-Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG/158px-Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG/211px-Petaloconchus_Cyprus_Pliocene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polž <i>Petaloconchus intortus</i> pritrjen na koralo <i>Cladocora</i> iz pliocena na Cipru.</div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sesalci">Sesalci</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Sesalci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sesalci"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V Severni Ameriki so uspešno nadaljevali razvoj <a href="/wiki/Glodavci" title="Glodavci">glodavci</a>, velike <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodoni</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gomphotherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gomphotherium (stran ne obstaja)">gomphotheriumi</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oposum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oposum (stran ne obstaja)">oposumi</a>, medtem ko so se parkljarji (kopitarji) zmanjšali, populacije <a href="/wiki/Velblod" title="Velblod">kamel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeleni" title="Jeleni">jelenov</a> in konj skoraj izginile. <a href="/wiki/Nosorogi" title="Nosorogi">Nosorogi</a>, triprsti konji (<i>Nannippus</i>), oreodonti (<i>Merycoidodontoidea</i>), <i>protoceratidae</i> in <i>chalicothere</i> so izumrli. Izumrli so psi <i>borophagine</i> in <i>agriotherium</i>, druge <a href="/wiki/Zoofag" title="Zoofag">zveri</a>, vključno družina podlasic, psi in medvedi so obstali. Talni <a href="/wiki/Lenivci" title="Lenivci">lenivci</a>, ogromni <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gliptodont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gliptodont (stran ne obstaja)">gliptodonti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pasavci" title="Pasavci">pasavci</a> so prišli na sever preko Panamske ožine. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Evrazija" title="Evrazija">Evraziji</a> so se dobro razvili <a href="/wiki/Glodavci" title="Glodavci">glodavci</a>, medtem ko se je distribucija primatov zmanjšala. <a href="/wiki/Sloni" title="Sloni">Sloni</a>, <i>gomphotheriumi</i> in <i>stegodonti</i> so bili v Aziji uspešni, rovke so se selili severno od Afrike. Raznolikost konj se je zmanjšala, medtem ko so dokaj dobro uspevali tapirji in nosorogi. Krave in antilope so bile uspešne, nekatere vrste kamel so prestopile v Azijo iz Severne Amerike. Pojavile so se hijene in zgodnje sabljezobe mačke in se pridružile drugim plenilcem, vključno psom, medvedom in podlasicam. </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="0" width="350" align="right" style="font-size:smaller;"> <caption style="font-size:larger;"><b><a href="/wiki/Evolucija_%C4%8Dloveka" title="Evolucija človeka">Evolucija človeka</a> skozi pliocen</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_k6lzjv7xpcmf3yjcld1qnc4vmcfckd7"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_(genus)" coords="79,169,170,190" title="Homo (genus)" alt="Homo (genus)" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus" coords="-92,152,67,172" title="Australopithecus" alt="Australopithecus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ardipithecus" coords="-26,39,111,59" title="Ardipithecus" alt="Ardipithecus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus" coords="10,39,146,59" title="Paranthropus" alt="Paranthropus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus_robustus" coords="27,53,124,73" title="Paranthropus robustus" alt="Paranthropus robustus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus_boisei" coords="79,67,165,87" title="Paranthropus boisei" alt="Paranthropus boisei" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Paranthropus_aethiopicus" coords="88,80,202,101" title="Paranthropus aethiopicus" alt="Paranthropus aethiopicus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" coords="18,163,109,184" title="Homo erectus" alt="Homo erectus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Homo_habilis" coords="71,150,162,170" title="Homo habilis" alt="Homo habilis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus_garhi" coords="114,136,195,156" title="Australopithecus garhi" alt="Australopithecus garhi" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus_africanus" coords="141,122,244,142" title="Australopithecus africanus" alt="Australopithecus africanus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus_bahrelghazali" coords="158,108,283,129" title="Australopithecus bahrelghazali" alt="Australopithecus bahrelghazali" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis" coords="194,94,296,115" title="Australopithecus afarensis" alt="Australopithecus afarensis" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Australopithecus_anamensis" coords="238,80,340,101" title="Australopithecus anamensis" alt="Australopithecus anamensis" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_k6lzjv7xpcmf3yjcld1qnc4vmcfckd7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sl/timeline/k6lzjv7xpcmf3yjcld1qnc4vmcfckd7.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>V Afriki so prevladovali parkljarji, primati so nadaljevali svoj razvoj, australopitecini (nekateri med prvimi hominini) so se pojavili v poznem pliocenu. Glodalci so bili uspešni, sloni so se povečali. Krave in antilope so nadaljevale diverzifikacijo in prehitevale prašiče v številu vrst. Pojavile so se zgodnje žirafe, kamele so se selili preko Azije iz Severne Amerike. Konji in sodobni nosorogi so prišli na sceno. Medvedom, psom in podlasicam (prvotno iz Severne Amerike) so se pridružile mačke, hijene in cibetovke kot afriški plenilci, zaradi česar so se hijene prilagodile kot specializiran lovec. V Južno Ameriko so se selile severnoameriške vrste, prvič od <a href="/wiki/Kreda" title="Kreda">krede</a>, glodavci in primati so se mešali z južnimi oblikami. <i>Litopterna</i> in <i>notoungulata</i>, južnoameriški vrsti, sta bili večinoma uničeni, razen <i>macraucheniidae</i> in <i>toxodontidae</i>, ki so uspele preživeti. Mala podlasica kot mesojeda kuna, <a href="/wiki/Koati" title="Koati">koati</a> in medved <i>Arctotherium</i> so se naselili iz severa. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vre%C4%8Darji" title="Vrečarji">Vrečarji</a> so ostali prevladujoči avstralski sesalci, rastlinojedih oblik, vključno <a href="/wiki/Vombati" title="Vombati">vombati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kenguru" title="Kenguru">kenguruji</a> in velik <i>Diprotodon</i>. Mesojedi vrečarji so nadaljevali lov v pliocenu, vključno <i>Dasyuromorphia</i>, psu podoben tasmanski tiger in mački podoben <i>Thylacoleo</i>. V Avstralijo so prišli prvi glodavci. Pojavili so se sodobni kljunaši in <a href="/wiki/Stokovci" title="Stokovci">stokovci</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ptiči"><span id="Pti.C4.8Di"></span>Ptiči</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Ptiči" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Ptiči"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg/100px-Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg/150px-Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg/200px-Life_reconstruction_of_the_terror_bird_Titanis_walleri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><i>Titanis</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Plenilski južnoameriški <i>Phorusrhacidae</i> so bili redki v tem času; med zadnjimi se je <i>Titanis</i> preselil v Severno Ameriko in tekmoval s sesalci kot boljši plenilec. Verjetno so se razvile tudi druge ptice, nekatere sodobne, nekatere so zdaj izumrle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plazilci_in_dvoživke"><span id="Plazilci_in_dvo.C5.BEivke"></span>Plazilci in dvoživke</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Plazilci in dvoživke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Plazilci in dvoživke"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aligatorji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aligatorji (stran ne obstaja)">Aligatorji</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krokodili" title="Krokodili">krokodili</a> so v Evropi izumrli, ko se je podnebje ohladilo. Rodovi strupenjač so se povečali, saj se je razvilo več glodavcev in ptic. Klopotače so se prvič pojavile v pliocenu. Sodobne vrste <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i>, ki so se razvili v miocenu, so nadaljevali razvoj tudi v pliocenu, razen z bolj severnem območju; osebke iz zelo poznih miocenskih usedlin so našli v Tennesseeju. Velikanske želve ao vedno uspevale v Severni Ameriki, z rodovi kot je <i>Hesperotestudo</i>. Primitivne kače so bile še vedno prisotne v Avstraliji. Dvoživka rodu <i>Allocaudata</i> je izumrla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceani">Oceani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Oceani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Oceani"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oceani so bili v pliocenu še vedno razmeroma topli, čeprav se je hlajenje nadaljevalo. Arktični ledeni pokrov se je oblikoval, podnebje se je sušilo in povečali so se mrzli plitvi tokovi v severnem Atlantiku. Globoki hladni tokovi so tekli od Antarktike. </p><p>Nastanek Panamske ožine pred približno 3,5 milijoni leti je odrezal končni ostanek tistega, kar je bilo nekoč v bistvu ekvatorialni tok, ki je obstajal od krede in zgodnjega kenozoika. To je morda prispevalo k nadaljnjemu hlajenju oceanov po vsem svetu. </p><p>V pliocenskih morjih so živele morske krave, morski levi in tjulnji. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supernove">Supernove</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Supernove" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Supernove"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leta 2002 je Narciso Benítez in ostali izračunal, da je pred približno 2 milijonoma let, po koncu pliocenske epohe, skupina svetlih <a href="/wiki/Spektralna_razvrstitev_zvezd" title="Spektralna razvrstitev zvezd">O in B zvezd</a>, imenovanih skupina Škorpijon-Kentaver OB, opravila v 130 svetlobnih letih od Zemlje in da je bila ena ali več eksplozij <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernov</a> povod za funkcijo znano kot <i>Local Bubble</i>. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taka bližnja eksplozija bi lahko škodovala Zemljinemu ozonskemu plašču in povzročila izumrtje nekaterih oceanskih živali (na vrhuncu, bi lahko supernova te velikosti imela enako absolutno magnitudo kot celotna galaksija 200 milijard zvezd). <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comins2005_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comins2005-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glej_tudi">Glej tudi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Glej tudi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Glej tudi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geolo%C5%A1ke_dobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Geološke dobe">geološke dobe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sklici">Sklici</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Sklici" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Sklici"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5980307">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"»""«""›""‹"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-430/of99-430_sec38.pdf">»Geologic Age Symbol Font (StratagemAge)«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USGS. 99-430<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 22. junija 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Geologic+Age+Symbol+Font+%28StratagemAge%29&rft.pub=USGS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fof%2F1999%2Fof99-430%2Fof99-430_sec38.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICS2014-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ICS2014_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2014-02.jpg">See the 2014 version of the ICS geologic time scale</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOggOggGradstein_F._M.2008" class="citation book cs1">Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi; Gradstein F. M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisegeologict0000oggj"><i>The Concise Geologic Time Scale</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisegeologict0000oggj/page/150">150</a>–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780521898492" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/9780521898492"><bdi>9780521898492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Geologic+Time+Scale&rft.pages=150-1&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521898492&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=James+G.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+Gabi&rft.au=Gradstein+F.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisegeologict0000oggj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnlineEtDict-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OnlineEtDict_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Pliocene&allowed_in_frame=0">»Pliocene«</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (stran ne obstaja)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Pliocene&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DPliocene%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2009" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, H.W. (2009). David Crystal (ur.). <i>A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition</i> (Reissue izd.). USA: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-953534-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-19-953534-5"><bdi>0-19-953534-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage%3A+The+Classic+First+Edition&rft.place=USA&rft.edition=Reissue&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-19-953534-5&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhlmann_2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhlmann_2006_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKuhlmann_G.Langereis_C.G.Munsterman_D.van_Leeuwen_R.-J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuhlmann G.; Langereis C.G.; Munsterman D.; van Leeuwen R.-J.; Verreussel R.; Meulenkamp J.E.; Wong Th.E. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000288/article.pdf">»Integrated chronostratigraphy of the Pliocene-Pleistocene interval and its relation to the regional stratigraphical stages in the southern North Sea region«</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Netherlands Journal of Geosciences</i>. <b>85</b>: 19–35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 12. novembra 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Netherlands+Journal+of+Geosciences&rft.atitle=Integrated+chronostratigraphy+of+the+Pliocene-Pleistocene+interval+and+its+relation+to+the+regional+stratigraphical+stages+in+the+southern+North+Sea+region&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=19-35&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Kuhlmann+G.&rft.au=Langereis+C.G.&rft.au=Munsterman+D.&rft.au=van+Leeuwen+R.-J.&rft.au=Verreussel+R.&rft.au=Meulenkamp+J.E.&rft.au=Wong+Th.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.njgonline.nl%2Fpublish%2Farticles%2F000288%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, M., H.J. Dowsett, and M.A. Chandler, 2008: Pliocene role in assessing future climate impacts. Eos Trans. Amer. Geophys. U., 89, 501–502.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2008/2008_Robinson_etal.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111022061405/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/2008/2008_Robinson_etal.pdf">Arhivirano</a> 2011-10-22 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/pli.html">»The Pliocene epoch«</a>. <i>University of California Museum of Paleontology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 25. marca 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=neznano&rft.jtitle=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+Pliocene+epoch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Ftertiary%2Fpli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFBenitez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Benitez, Narciso; in sod. (2002). »Evidence for Nearby Supernova Explosions«. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_Letters" title="Physical Review Letters">Phys. Rev. Lett.</a></i> <b>88</b> (8): 081101. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifikator)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvL..88h1101B">2002PhRvL..88h1101B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifikator)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.88.081101">10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.081101</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+Lett.&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Nearby+Supernova+Explosions&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=081101&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.88.081101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvL..88h1101B&rft.aulast=Benitez&rft.aufirst=Narciso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFKatie_Pennicott2002" class="citation news cs1">Katie Pennicott (13. februar 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2002/feb/13/supernova-link-to-ancient-extinction">»Supernova link to ancient extinction«</a>. <i>physicsworld.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 16. julija 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=%C4%8Dlanek&rft.jtitle=physicsworld.com&rft.atitle=Supernova+link+to+ancient+extinction&rft.date=2002-02-13&rft.au=Katie+Pennicott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F2002%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fsupernova-link-to-ancient-extinction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comins2005-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Comins2005_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comins & Kaufmann (2005), p. 359.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Literatura"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFCominsKaufmann_III2005" class="citation book cs1">Comins, Niel F.; Kaufmann III, William J. (2005). <i>Discovering the Universe</i> (7 izd.). New York, NY: Susan Finnemore Brennan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7167-7584-0" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-7167-7584-0"><bdi>0-7167-7584-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=Discovering+the+Universe&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Susan+Finnemore+Brennan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7167-7584-0&rft.aulast=Comins&rft.aufirst=Niel+F.&rft.au=Kaufmann+III%2C+William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFGradstein,_F.M.Ogg,_J.G.Smith,_A.G.2004" class="citation book cs1">Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G.; Smith, A.G. (2004). <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=A+Geologic+Time+Scale+2004&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Gradstein%2C+F.M.&rft.au=Ogg%2C+J.G.&rft.au=Smith%2C+A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFOgg2004" class="citation web cs1">Ogg, Jim (Junij 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/gssp.htm">»Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)«</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Pridobljeno 30. aprila 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=neznano&rft.btitle=Overview+of+Global+Boundary+Stratotype+Sections+and+Points+%28GSSP%27s%29&rft.date=2004-06&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stratigraphy.org%2Fgssp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5980307"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Andel1994" class="citation book cs1">Van Andel, Tjeerd H. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newviewsonoldpla00vana_0"><i>New Views on an Old Planet: a History of Global Change</i></a> (2 izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifikator)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifikator)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-521-44243-5" title="Posebno:ViriKnjig/0-521-44243-5"><bdi>0-521-44243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=knjiga&rft.btitle=New+Views+on+an+Old+Planet%3A+a+History+of+Global+Change&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-44243-5&rft.aulast=Van+Andel&rft.aufirst=Tjeerd+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewviewsonoldpla00vana_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%3APliocen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pliocen&action=edit&section=15" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5916282">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5911185">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedijina zbirka ponuja več predstavnostnega gradiva o temi: <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pliocene" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pliocene">Pliocen</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/deeptime/pliocene.html">PBS Change: Deep Time: Pliocene</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2007AM/finalprogram/abstract_129643.htm">Possible Pliocene supernova</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020202/fob5.asp">"Supernova dealt deaths on Earth? Stellar blasts may have killed ancient marine life" <i>Science News Online</i></a>retrieved February 2, 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060221061156/http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020202/fob5.asp">Arhivirano</a> 2006-02-21 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/tertiary/pli.html">UCMP Berkeley Pliocene Epoch Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foraminifera.eu/querydb.php?age=Pliocene&aktion=suche">Pliocene Microfossils: 100+ images of Pliocene Foraminifera</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola: Narodne knjižnice</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76259#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119582789">Francija</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119582789">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4174919-4">Nemčija</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560759705171">Izrael</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097142">ZDA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117612&CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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