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Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whistled_sibilants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistled_sibilants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Whistled sibilants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistled_sibilants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Special characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Letter_combinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_combinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Letter combinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_combinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Old alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text_in_Shona" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text_in_Shona"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample text in Shona</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text_in_Shona-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shona language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(taal)" title="Shona (taal) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shona (taal)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शोना भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शोना भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لغة الشونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة الشونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_shona" title="Idioma shona – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma shona" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3na_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chóna ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chóna ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eona_dili" title="Şona dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şona dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="শোনা ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শোনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Шона (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шона (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Шонская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шонская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Шона (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шона (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choneg" title="Choneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Choneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xona" title="Xona – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xona" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0on%C5%A1tina" title="Šonština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChiShona" title="ChiShona – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="ChiShona" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiyowoyelo_cha_ChiShona" title="Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chiyowoyelo cha ChiShona" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona" title="Shona – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Shona" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(Sprache)" title="Shona (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shona (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ona_keel" title="Šona keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šona keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Γλώσσα Σόνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Σόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_shona" title="Idioma shona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma shona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cona_lingvo" title="Ŝona lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝona lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shonera" title="Shonera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shonera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زبان شونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان شونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_bhasa" title="Shona bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shona bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(langue)" title="Shona (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shona (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_shona" title="Lingua shona – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua shona" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%BC%EB%82%98%EC%96%B4" title="쇼나어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇼나어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Shona" title="Yaren Shona – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Shona" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शोना भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शोना भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_jezik" title="Shona jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Shona jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_language" title="Shona language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Shona language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Shona" title="Bahasa Shona – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Shona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShona" title="IsiShona – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShona" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_shona" title="Lingua shona – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua shona" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonaa_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Sonaa kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sonaa kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishona" title="Kishona – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kishona" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Шона (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шона (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishona" title="Kishona – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kishona" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0onu_valoda" title="Šonu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šonu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0on%C5%B3_kalba" title="Šonų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sona_nyelv" title="Sona nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sona nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Шонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഷോണ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷോണ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शोना भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शोना भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="შონა (ნინა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შონა (ნინა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="لغه الشونا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه الشونا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="شونا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شونا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(taal)" title="Shona (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shona (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="शोना भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शोना भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E8%AA%9E" title="ショナ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ショナ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(Spriik)" title="Shona (Spriik) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Shona (Spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjona_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Sjona (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjona (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A5ket_sjona" title="Språket sjona – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Språket sjona" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_(lenga)" title="Shona (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Shona (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="شونا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شونا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Shona" title="Lenga Shona – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Shona" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_shona" title="Język shona – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język shona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_xona" title="Língua xona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua xona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona_simi" title="Shona simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Shona simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA)" title="Шона (язык) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шона (язык)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7" title="زمانی شۆنا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی شۆنا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Шона (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шона (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0onan_kieli" title="Šonan kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šonan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shona" title="Shona – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shona" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Shona" title="Wikang Shona – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Shona" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சோனா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோனா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Шона теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шона теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eona_dili" title="Şona dili – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şona dili" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Шона (мова) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шона (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شونا زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شونا زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="شونا تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شونا تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Shona" title="Tiếng Shona – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Shona" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E7%BA%B3%E8%AF%AD" title="修纳语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="修纳语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E7%B4%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="修納話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="修納話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E7%B4%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="紹納語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bantu language of Zimbabwe, Mozambique, parts of Malawi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Shona</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;"><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chiShona</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Southern Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">6.5 million, Shona proper (2000 to 2007)<sup id="cite_ref-NE100_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />5.50 million Zezuru, Karanga, Chimanyika, Korekore (2000)<br /> 5.8 million incl. Manyika, (2000–2006)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantoid_languages" title="Bantoid languages">Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Shona_languages" title="Shona languages">Shona languages</a> (S.10)<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Shona</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Korekore</li> <li>Zezuru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Manyika</a></li> <li>Karanga</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shona_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shona alphabet">Shona alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> (formerly)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shona_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Shona Braille">Shona Braille</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=sn">sn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=415">sna</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Variously:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sna" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sna">sna</a></code> – Zezuru, Karanga, Korekore<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/twl" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:twl">twl</a></code> – Tavara (Korekore)<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mxc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mxc">mxc</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Manyika</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/twx" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:twx">twx</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tewe (Manyika)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/core1255">core1255</a></code>  Core Shona<br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tawa1270">tawa1270</a></code>  Tawara</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie code</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>S.7–10</code><sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUT-a">99-AUT-a</a> = <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">99-AUT-aa (standardised Shona)+ 99-AUT-ab (chiKorekore incl. varieties -aba to <br />-abk)+ 99-AUT-ac (chiZezuru -aca..-ack)+ 99-AUT-ad (north chi<a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika</a> -ada..-adk)+ 99-AUT-ae (central chi<a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika</a> -aea..-aeg)+ 99-AUT-af (chiKaranga <br />-afa..-aff)+ 99-AUT-ag (chi<a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a> -aga..-age)+ 99-AUT-ah (chiShanga)+ 99-AUT-ai (chiKalanga)+ 99-AUT-aj (chiNambya <br />-aja..-ajc)+ 99-AUT-ak (chiLilima -aka..-akf)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">MuShona<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">VaShona</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">chiShona</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MaShona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MaShona (page does not exist)">MaShona</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shona</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shona</a>: <i lang="sn">chiShona</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu language">Bantu language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The term is variously used to collectively describe all the Central Shonic varieties (comprising Zezuru, Manyika, Korekore and Karanga or Ndau) or specifically Standard Shona, a variety codified in the mid-20th century. Using the broader term, the language is spoken by over 14,000,000 people. </p><p>and 20000 </p><p>The larger group of historically related languages—called <a href="/wiki/Shona_languages" title="Shona languages">Shona or Shonic languages</a> by linguists—also includes <a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a> (Eastern Shona) and <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a> (Western Shona). In <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Guthrie" title="Malcolm Guthrie">Guthrie's</a> classification of Bantu languages, zone S.10 designates the Shonic group. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_that_are_related_to_Shona">Languages that are related to Shona</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Languages that are related to Shona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shona is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a> and is related to <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a>. </p><p>Ndau and Kalanga are former dialects of Shona but became independent languages in 2013 because their grammar is very slightly less similar to those of Manyika, Korekore, and Zezuru. </p><p>Shona is also similar to <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tswana" title="Tswana">Tswana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruction">Instruction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-sn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-sn.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Wikipedia in the Shona language.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg/220px-Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg/330px-Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg/440px-Iggy_teaching_Shona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Teacher Ignatio Chiyaka teaching the Shona language to U.S. Peace Corps volunteers in <a href="/wiki/Zhombe" title="Zhombe">Zhombe</a>, Zimbabwe. The words on the <a href="/wiki/Blackboard" title="Blackboard">blackboard</a> are <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">pfeka</i></span> ("dress self") and <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">hembe</i></span> ("shirt").</figcaption></figure> <p>Shona is a written standard language with an <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> that was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s. In the 1920s, the Rhodesian administration was faced with the challenge of preparing schoolbooks and other materials in the various languages and dialects and requested the recommendation of South African linguist <a href="/wiki/Clement_Doke" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement Doke">Clement Doke</a>. The language is now described through monolingual and bilingual <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a> (chiefly Shona – English). </p><p>The first novel in Shona, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Mutswairo" title="Solomon Mutswairo">Solomon Mutswairo</a>'s <i>Feso</i>, was published in 1957. Subsequently, hundreds of novels, short story collections and poetry volumes in Shona have appeared. Shona is taught in the schools, but after the first few grades it is not the general medium of instruction for subjects other than Shona grammar and literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Varieties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The last systematic study of varieties and sub-varieties of the Central Shona dialect continuum was that done by Clement Doke in 1930, so many sub-varieties are no longer functional and should be treated with caution. </p><p>According to information from Ethnologue: </p> <ul><li>S14 <b>Karanga</b> (Chikaranga). Spoken in southern Zimbabwe, near <a href="/wiki/Masvingo" title="Masvingo">Masvingo</a>. It is also mostly spoken in the Midlands province, most notably in Gutu, Masvingo, Mberengwa and Zvishavane districts. Some people refer it as Vhitori.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Subdialects: Duma, Jena, Mhari (Mari), Ngova, Venda (not the <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda language</a>), Govera.</dd></dl> <ul><li>S12 <b>Zezuru</b> (Chizezuru, Bazezuru, Bazuzura, Mazizuru, Vazezuru, Wazezuru). Spoken in <a href="/wiki/Mashonaland" title="Mashonaland">Mashonaland</a> east and central Zimbabwe, near <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a>. The standard language.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Subdialects: Shawasha, Gova, Mbire, Tsunga, Kachikwakwa, Harava, Nohwe, Njanja, Nobvu, Kwazvimba (Zvimba).</dd></dl> <ul><li>S11 <b>Korekore</b> (Northern Shona, Goba, Gova, Shangwe). Spoken in northern Zimbabwe, <a href="/wiki/Mvurwi" title="Mvurwi">Mvurwi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bindura" title="Bindura">Bindura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Darwin,_Zimbabwe" title="Mount Darwin, Zimbabwe">Mt Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guruve" title="Guruve">Guruve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiweshe" title="Chiweshe">Chiweshe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centenary,_Zimbabwe" title="Centenary, Zimbabwe">Centenary</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Subdialects: Gova, Tande, Tavara, Nyongwe, Pfunde, Shangwe.</dd></dl> <p>Languages with partial intelligibility with Central Shona, of which the speakers are considered to be ethnically Shona, are the S15 <a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau language</a>, spoken in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and the S13 <a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika language</a>, spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, near Mutare specifically Chipinge. Ndau literacy material has been introduced into primary schools. Maho (2009) recognizes Korekore, Zezuru, Manyika, Karanga, and Ndau as distinct languages within the Shona cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-Guthrie_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guthrie-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shona allows only <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a>. Consonants belong to the next syllable. For example, <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mangwanani</i></span> ("morning") is syllabified as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ma.ᵑɡwa.na.ni]</span>; <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Zimbabwe</i></span> is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zi.ᵐba.ɓwe]</span>. Shona is written with a phonemic orthography, with only slightly different pronunciation or grammatical differences according to variety. Shona has two tones, a high and a low tone, but these tones are not indicated in the standard writing system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shona has a simple 5-<a href="/wiki/Vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowels">vowels</a> system: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[a,<span class="wrap"> </span>e,<span class="wrap"> </span>i,<span class="wrap"> </span>o,<span class="wrap"> </span>u]</a></span>. This inventory is quite common cross-linguistically, with similar systems occurring in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. Each vowel is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Hiatus_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus (linguistics)">separately</a> even if they fall in succession. For example, <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Unoenda kupi</i></span>? ("Where do you go?") is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u.no.e.nda.ku.pi]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consonant sounds of Shona are: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labio-<br />dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small>whistled</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>breathy</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">b̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡ̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>implosive</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasalized</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p͡f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡sᶲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>breathy</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">b͡v̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡z̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡z̤ᵝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡ʒ̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasalized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd͡ʒ̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sᶲ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>breathy</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">v̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">z̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">z̤ᵝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ʒ̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasalized</small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿz̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿz̤ᵝ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>breathy</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">m̤</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mʋ̤</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">n̤</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistled_sibilants">Whistled sibilants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Whistled sibilants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs attention from an expert in Languages or Africa</b>. The specific problem is: <b>we need a better explanation & preferably some sound files.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Languages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Languages">WikiProject Languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Africa" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Africa">WikiProject Africa</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Shona and other languages of Southern and Eastern Africa include <a href="/wiki/Whistled_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled sibilant">whistling sounds</a>, (this should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Whistled_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistled speech">whistled speech</a>). </p><p>Shona's whistled sibilants are the <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricatives</a> "sv" and "zv" and the <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a> "tsv" and "dzv". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sound</th> <th>example</th> <th>translation</th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">sv </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">masvosvobwa</i></span></td> <td>"shooting stars" </td> <td rowspan="2">"sv" can be represented by <a href="/wiki/S%CD%8E" title="S͎">S</a>͎, from the <a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">masvosve</i></span></td> <td>"ants" </td></tr> <tr> <th>tsv </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">tsvaira</i></span></td> <td>"sweep"</td> <td>(Standard Shona) </td></tr> <tr> <th>svw </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">masvavembasvwi</i></span></td> <td>"schemer"</td> <td>(Shangwe, Korekore dialect) </td></tr> <tr> <th>zv </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvizvuvhutswa'</i></span></td> <td>"gold nuggets"</td> <td>(Tsunga, Zezuru dialect) </td></tr> <tr> <th>dzv </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">akadzva</i></span></td> <td>"he/she was unsuccessful"</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>zvw </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">huzvweverere</i></span></td> <td>"emotions"</td> <td>(Gova, Korekore dialect) </td></tr> <tr> <th>nzv </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">nzvenga</i></span></td> <td>"to dodge"</td> <td>(Standard Shona) </td></tr> <tr> <th>zvc </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">muzvcazi</i></span></td> <td>"the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>"</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">Dental clicks</a>. Only found in Ngova, Karanga dialect. </td></tr> <tr> <th>svc </th> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chisvcamba</i></span></td> <td>"tortoise" </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Whistled sibilants stirred interest among the Western public and media in 2006, due to questions about how to pronounce the name of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Tsvangirai" title="Morgan Tsvangirai">Morgan Tsvangirai</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Democratic_Change_%E2%80%93_Tsvangirai" title="Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai">Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai</a> in Zimbabwe. The BBC Pronunciation Unit recommended the pronunciation "chang-girr-ayi" <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_characters">Special characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>' - the apostrophe can be used after the character "n" to create a sound similar to the "-ng" from the English word "ping". An example word is <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">n'anga</i></span>, which is the word for a traditional healer.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">a</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span></li> <li>B - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ba</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɓ]</span></li> <li>Bh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">bha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b̤]</span></li> <li>Ch - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">cha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span></li> <li>D - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">da</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɗ]</span></li> <li>Dh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̤]</span></li> <li>E - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">e</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span></li> <li>F - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">fa</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span></li> <li>G - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ga</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ̤]</span></li> <li>H - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɦ]</span></li> <li>I - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">i</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span></li> <li>J - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ja</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒ̤]</span></li> <li>K - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ka</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span></li> <li>M - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ma</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span></li> <li>N - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">na</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n]</span></li> <li>Nh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">nha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[n̤]</span></li> <li>O - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">o</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span></li> <li>P - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">pa</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span></li> <li>R - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ra</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span></li> <li>S - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">sa</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span></li> <li>Sh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">sha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span></li> <li>T - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ta</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span></li> <li>U - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">u</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[u]</span></li> <li>V - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">va</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span></li> <li>Vh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v̤]</span></li> <li>W - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">wa</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span></li> <li>Y - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ya</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span></li> <li>Z - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">za</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z̤]</span></li> <li>Zh - <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zha</i></span> - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ̤]</span><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The letters "L", "Q", and "X" are not used in Shona and are used only in loanwords. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_combinations">Letter combinations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Letter combinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg/220px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg/330px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg/440px-Book_of_Mormon_-_Shona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="2512" /></a><figcaption>Shona version of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>bv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b͡v̤]</span></li> <li>dz - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z̤]</span></li> <li>dzv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡z̤ᵝ]</span></li> <li>dy - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̤ʲg]</span></li> <li>mb - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb]</span></li> <li>mbw - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐb]</span></li> <li>mh - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m̤]</span></li> <li>mv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mʋ̤]</span></li> <li>nd - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd]</span></li> <li>ng - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span></li> <li>nj - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿd͡ʒ̤]</span></li> <li>ny - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span></li> <li>nz - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿz̤]</span></li> <li>nzv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ⁿz̤ᵝ]</span></li> <li>pf - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p͡f]</span></li> <li>sv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sᶲ]</span></li> <li>sw - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[skw]</span></li> <li>ts - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡s]</span></li> <li>tsv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡sᶲ]</span></li> <li>ty - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʲk]</span></li> <li>zv - <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z̤ᵝ]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_alphabet">Old alphabet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Old alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1931 to 1955, Unified Shona was written with an alphabet developed by linguist <a href="/wiki/Clement_Martyn_Doke" title="Clement Martyn Doke">Clement Martyn Doke</a>. This included these letters: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%C6%81" title="Ɓ">ɓ</a> (b with hook),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C6%8A" title="Ɗ">ɗ</a> (d with hook),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C5%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŋ">ŋ</a> (n with leg),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ȿ">ȿ</a> (s with swash tail),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">ʋ</a> (v with hook),</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Ɀ">ɀ</a> (z with swash tail).</dd></dl> <p>In 1955, these were replaced by letters or digraphs from the basic Latin alphabet. For example, today <span class="nowrap">⟨sv⟩</span> is used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ȿ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨zv⟩</span> is used for <span class="nowrap">⟨ɀ⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Noun classes (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mupanda</i></span>)</b> </p><p>Shona nouns are grouped by noun class (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mupanda</i></span>) based on: </p> <ol><li>Meanings (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Zvaanoreva</i></span>) e.g. words found in class 1 and 2 describe a person: <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">munhu</i></span> ("person") is in <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mupanda</i></span> 1 and <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">musikana</i></span> ("girl") is in <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mupanda</i></span> 2.</li> <li>Prefix (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Chivakashure</i></span>) e.g. words in class 1 have prefix <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu</i></span>-, class 8 <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvi</i></span>-, class 10 <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dzi</i></span>-, class 11 <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ru</i></span>-, etc. Empty prefix units refer to words that do not require a prefix</li> <li>Singular and plural forms (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Uwandu neushoma</i></span>) e.g. words found in class 8 are plurals of class 7: <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvikoro</i></span> ("schools") in class 8 is the plural form of <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chikoro</i></span> ("school") in class 7.</li> <li>Agreement (<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Sungawirirano</i></span>) e.g. words in class 5 have accordance of the marker -<span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ri</i></span>- with pronouns and modifiers: <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">garwe</i></span> <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">iri</i></span> ("this crocodile"), <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dombo</i></span> <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">iri</i></span> ("this stone"), <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">gudo</i></span> <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">iri</i></span> ("this baboon"); <span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">iri</i></span> means 'this'.</li></ol> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Noun class </th> <th rowspan="2"><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Muenzaniso weIzwi</i></span><br />("word example") </th> <th colspan="2">Word construction<br />Prefix+body=word </th> <th rowspan="2">English translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Prefix </th> <th>Body </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mukomana</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-komana</i></span> </td> <td>"boy" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1a </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">baba</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-baba</i></span> </td> <td>"father" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">va</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vakomana</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">va-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-komana</i></span> </td> <td>"boys" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2a </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">va</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vasahwira</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">va-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-sahwira</i></span> </td> <td>"best friend" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2a </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vana</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vanatezvara</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">vana-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-tezvara</i></span> </td> <td>"father-in-law" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2b </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">a</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">atete</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">a-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-tete</i></span> </td> <td>"aunt" </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">muti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ti</i></span> </td> <td>"tree" </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">miti</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ti</i></span> </td> <td>"trees" </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ri</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">rize</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ri-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ze</i></span> </td> <td>"scorpion" </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ma</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">marize</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ma-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ze</i></span> </td> <td>"scorpions" </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chingwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">chi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ngwa</i></span> </td> <td>"bread" </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvingwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zvi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-ngwa</i></span> </td> <td>"bread" </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">i</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">imba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">i-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mba</i></span> </td> <td>"house" </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dzi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dzimba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">dzi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mba</i></span> </td> <td>"houses" </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ru</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">rwizi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ru-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-izi</i></span> </td> <td>"river" </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ka</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">kambwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ka-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mbwa</i></span> </td> <td>"that little dog" </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">tu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">tumbwa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">tu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mbwa</i></span> </td> <td>"those little dogs" </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">u</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">upfu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">u-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-pfu</i></span> </td> <td>"mealie meal" </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">kuenda</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ku-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-enda</i></span> </td> <td>"going" </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">pa</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">pamba</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">pa-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mba</i></span> </td> <td>"home" </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ku</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">kumusha</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">ku-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-musha</i></span> </td> <td>"rural home" </td></tr> <tr> <td>17a </td> <td>– </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zasi</i></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-zasi</i></span> </td> <td>"below" </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mumunda</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">mu-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-munda</i></span> </td> <td>"in the farm" </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">svi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">svimbudzi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">svi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-mbudzi</i></span> </td> <td>"goat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zi</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zigomana</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">zi-</i></span> </td> <td><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">-gomana</i></span> </td> <td>"big boy" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text_in_Shona">Sample text in Shona</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sample text in Shona"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Shona-language text"><i lang="sn">Vanhu vese vanoberekwa vakasununguka uyewo vakaenzana pahunhu nekodzero dzavo. Vanhu vese vanechipo chokufunga nekuziva chakaipa nechakanaka saka vanofanira kubatana nomweya wohusahwira.</i></span> </p><p><b>Translation</b> </p><p>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </p><p><i>(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona calendar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NE100-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE100_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150219211917/http://archive.ethnologue.com/16/show_family.asp?subid=1934-16">"Ethnologue report for Shona (S.10)"</a>. 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"Report on the unification of Shona dialects". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London</i>. <b>6</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>: 1097–1099. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606944">606944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+unification+of+Shona+dialects&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1097-1099&rft.date=1932&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F606944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Clement+M.+Doke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShona+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNdambakuwa" class="citation web cs1">Ndambakuwa, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/n%60anga">"Shona word n'anga in the Shona Dictionary"</a>. <i>VaShona Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VaShona+Project&rft.atitle=Shona+word+n%27anga+in+the+Shona+Dictionary&rft.aulast=Ndambakuwa&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvashona.com%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Fsn%2Fn%2560anga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShona+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africa.upenn.edu/afl/materials/shona/shonanew/sh-alpha.html">"Dzidzai Shona pa Kombiyuta - The Shona Alphabet"</a>. <i>African Studies Center - African Languages at Penn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Center+-+African+Languages+at+Penn&rft.atitle=Dzidzai+Shona+pa+Kombiyuta+-+The+Shona+Alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2Fafl%2Fmaterials%2Fshona%2Fshonanew%2Fsh-alpha.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShona+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biehler, E. (1950) <i>A Shona dictionary with an outline Shona grammar</i> (revised edition). The Jesuit Fathers.</li> <li>Brauner, Sigmund (1995) <i>A grammatical sketch of Shona : including historical notes</i>. Köln: Rüdiger Koppe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter,_Hazel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carter, Hazel">Carter, Hazel</a> (1986) <i>Kuverenga Chishóna: an introductory Shona reader with grammatical sketch</i> (2nd edition). London: <a href="/wiki/SOAS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS">SOAS</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Doke" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement Doke">Doke, Clement M.</a> (1931) <i>Report on the unification of the Shona dialects</i>. Stephen Austin Sons.</li> <li>Fortune, George (1985). <i>Shona Grammatical Constructions Vol 1</i>. Mercury Press.</li> <li>Mutasa, David (1996) <i>The problems of standardizing spoken dialects: the Shona experience</i>, <i>Language Matters</i>, 27, 79</li> <li>Lafon, Michel (1995), <i>Le shona et les shonas du Zimbabwe</i>, Harmattan éd., Paris <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>D. Dale: <ul><li><i>Basic English – Shona dictionary</i>, Afro Asiatic Languages Edition, Sept 5, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0869220146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0869220146">978-0869220146</a></li> <li><i>Duramazwi: A Shona - English Dictionary</i>, Afro Asiatic Languages Edition, Sept 5, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0869220146" title="Special:BookSources/978-0869220146">978-0869220146</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shona_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sn:"> Shona edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bulawayo1872.com/history/shona.htm">"The History of the Shona People"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Shona+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bulawayo1872.com%2Fhistory%2Fshona.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShona+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Shona">Pan African Localization</a> report on Shona</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyrikline.org/index.php?id=60&L=1&author=cc00&cHash=efa2be756d">Example of Shona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyrikline.org" title="Lyrikline.org">Lyrikline.org</a> page on poet <a href="/wiki/Chirikure_Chirikure" title="Chirikure Chirikure">Chirikure Chirikure</a>, with audio and translations into English.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831071656/http://fsi-dli.yojik.eu/FSI/FSI%20Shona%20Basic%20Course/">Basic Shona language course (book + audio files)</a> USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/sn/">Biblical study material in Shona language</a> (publications, video and audio files, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jw.org/sn/Raibhurari/bhaibheri/nwt/mabhuku/">online bible</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vashona.com/dictionary/">Shona Dictionary</a> Shona Dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dokpro.uio.no/allex/gsd/fm/10-mazita.htm">Mipanda Yemazita</a> Table of Noun Classes</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Mozambique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Mozambique" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mozambique" title="Languages of Mozambique">Languages of Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Portuguese" title="Mozambican Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Barwe language">Barwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Chewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Chichopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Chitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuwabu_language" title="Chuwabu language">Chuwabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dema_language" title="Dema language">Dema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)" title="Tonga language (Mozambique)">Gitonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwani_language" title="Mwani language">Kimwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koti_language" title="Koti language">Koti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Lomwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maindo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maindo language">Maindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makhuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Makonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makwe_language" title="Makwe language">Makwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyika language">Manyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathembo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathembo language">Nathembo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_language" title="Nyungwe language">Nyungwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phimbi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Phimbi language">Phimbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawara language">Tawara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Zambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Zambia" title="Template:Languages of Zambia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Zambia" title="Template talk:Languages of Zambia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Zambia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Zambia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Zambia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Zambia" title="Languages of Zambia">Languages of Zambia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_language" title="Bemba language">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaonde_language" title="Kaonde language">Kaonde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_language" title="Lunda language">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvale_language" title="Luvale language">Luvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Nyanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia_and_Zimbabwe)" title="Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_language" title="Bwile language">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_language" title="Chokwe language">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_language" title="Ila language">Ila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangwa_language" title="Kwangwa language">Kwangwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala-Bisa_language" title="Lala-Bisa language">Lala-Bisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamba_language" title="Lamba language">Lamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenje_language" title="Lenje language">Lenje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luyana_language" title="Luyana language">Luyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambwe-Lungu_language" title="Mambwe-Lungu language">Mambwe-Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbamba_Bay_language" title="Mbamba Bay language">Mbamba Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbowe_language" title="Mbowe language">Mbowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_language" title="Mbunda language">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwanga_language" title="Mwanga language">Mwanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkangala_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkangala dialect">Nkangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoya_language" title="Nkoya language">Nkoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanjo_language" title="Shanjo language">Shanjo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_language" title="Soli language">Soli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabwa language">Tabwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_language" title="Wanda language">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N–S)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template talk:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N–S)_(by_Guthrie_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Narrow <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> (Zones N–S) (by <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N11 <a href="/wiki/Manda-Matumba_language" title="Manda-Matumba language">Manda</a></li> <li>N12 <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni</a></li> <li>N13 <a href="/wiki/Matengo_language" title="Matengo language">Matengo</a></li> <li>N14 <a href="/wiki/Mpoto_language" title="Mpoto language">Mpoto</a></li> <li>N15 <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Malawi)" title="Tonga language (Malawi)">Tonga</a></li> <li>[N101 <a href="/wiki/Ndendeule_language" title="Ndendeule language">Ndendeule</a></li> <li>N102 <a href="/wiki/Nindi_language" title="Nindi language">Nindi</a></li> <li>N121 <a href="/wiki/Ngoni_language" title="Ngoni language">Ngoni of Malawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N21 <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a></li> <li>[N201 <a href="/wiki/Mbamba_Bay_language" title="Mbamba Bay language">Mwera of Mbamba Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N31a <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Nyanja</a></li> <li>N31b <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Cewa</a></li> <li>N31c <a href="/wiki/Chewa_language" title="Chewa language">Manganja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>N41 <a href="/wiki/Nsenga_language" title="Nsenga language">Nsenga</a></li> <li>N42 <a href="/wiki/Kunda_language" title="Kunda language">Kunda</a></li> <li>N43 <a href="/wiki/Nyungwe_language" title="Nyungwe language">Nyungwe</a></li> <li>N44 <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena</a></li> <li>N45[44] <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Rue</a></li> <li>N46[44] <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Podzo</a></li> <li>[N441 <a href="/wiki/Sena_language" title="Sena language">Sena-Malawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P11 <a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ndengereko</a></li> <li>P12 <a href="/wiki/Ndengereko_language" title="Ndengereko language">Ruihi</a></li> <li>P13 <a href="/wiki/Matumbi_language" title="Matumbi language">Matumbi</a></li> <li>P14 <a href="/wiki/Ngindo_language" title="Ngindo language">Ngindo</a></li> <li>P15 <a href="/wiki/Mbunga_language" title="Mbunga language">Mbunga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P21 <a href="/wiki/Yao_language" title="Yao language">Yao</a></li> <li>P22 <a href="/wiki/Mwera_language" title="Mwera language">Mwera</a></li> <li>P23 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Makonde</a></li> <li>P24 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Ndonde</a></li> <li>P25 <a href="/wiki/Makonde_language" title="Makonde language">Mabiha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>P31 <a href="/wiki/Makhuwa_language" title="Makhuwa language">Makua</a></li> <li>P32 <a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Lomwe</a></li> <li>P33 <a href="/wiki/Lomwe_language" title="Lomwe language">Ngulu</a></li> <li>P34 <a href="/wiki/Chuwabu_language" title="Chuwabu language">Cuabo</a></li> <li>[P311 <a href="/wiki/Koti_language" title="Koti language">Koti</a></li> <li>P312 <a href="/wiki/Nathembo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathembo language">Sakati</a></li> <li>P331 <a href="/wiki/Malawi_Lomwe_language" title="Malawi Lomwe language">Lomwe of Malawi</a></li> <li>P341 <a href="/wiki/Moniga_language" title="Moniga language">Moniga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R11 <a href="/wiki/Umbundu" title="Umbundu">Umbundu</a></li> <li>R12 <a href="/wiki/Ndombe_language" title="Ndombe language">Ndombe</a></li> <li>R13 <a href="/wiki/Nyaneka_language" title="Nyaneka language">Nyaneka</a></li> <li>R14 <a href="/wiki/Nkumbi_language" title="Nkumbi language">Khumbi</a></li> <li>[R101 <a href="/wiki/Kuvale_language" title="Kuvale language">Kuvale</a></li> <li>R102 <a href="/wiki/Kwisi_people" title="Kwisi people">Kwisi</a></li> <li>R103 <a href="/wiki/Mbali_language" title="Mbali language">Mbali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R21 <a href="/wiki/Kwanyama_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanyama dialect">Kwanyama</a></li> <li>R22 <a href="/wiki/Ndonga_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndonga dialect">Ndonga</a></li> <li>R23 <a href="/wiki/Kwambi_dialect" title="Kwambi dialect">Kwambi</a></li> <li>R24 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ngandyera</a></li> <li>[R211 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kafima</a></li> <li>R212 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Evale</a></li> <li>R213 <a href="/wiki/Mbandja_language" title="Mbandja language">Mbandja</a></li> <li>R214 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Mbalanhu</a></li> <li>R215 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Ndongwena</a></li> <li>R216 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kwankwa</a></li> <li>R217 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Dombondola</a></li> <li>R218 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Esinga</a></li> <li>R241 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kwaluudhi</a></li> <li>R242 <a href="/wiki/Ovambo_language" title="Ovambo language">Kolonkadhi-Eunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R31 <a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Herero</a></li> <li>[R311 <a href="/wiki/Zemba_language" title="Zemba language">North-West Herero</a></li> <li>R312 <a href="/wiki/Herero_language" title="Herero language">Botswana Herero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">R40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>R41 <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S11 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korekore</a></li> <li>S12 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zezuru</a></li> <li>S13a <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Manyika</a></li> <li>S13b <a href="/wiki/Manyika_dialect" title="Manyika dialect">Tebe</a></li> <li>S14 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karanga</a></li> <li>S15 <a href="/wiki/Ndau_dialect" title="Ndau dialect">Ndau</a></li> <li>S16 <a href="/wiki/Kalanga_language" title="Kalanga language">Kalanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S21 <a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S31a <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana</a></li> <li>S31b <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Kgatla</a></li> <li>S31c <a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Ngwatu</a></li> <li>S31d[311] <a href="/wiki/Kgalagadi_language" title="Kgalagadi language">Khalaxadi</a></li> <li>S32a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pedi</a></li> <li>S32b <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Lobedu</a></li> <li>S33 <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a></li> <li>[S301 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Phalaborwa</a></li> <li>S302 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Kutswe</a></li> <li>S303 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pai</a></li> <li>S304 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho#Other_varieties_of_Northern_Sotho" title="Northern Sotho">Pulana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S41 <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a></li> <li>S42 <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></li> <li>S43 <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swati</a></li> <li>S44 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">(Northern) Ndebele</a></li> <li>[S401 <a href="/wiki/Fengu_people" title="Fengu people">Old Mfengu</a></li> <li>S402 <a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li>S403 <a href="/wiki/Hlubi_language" title="Hlubi language">Hlubi</a></li> <li>S404 <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li>S405 <a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li>S406 <a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li>S407 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">South Ndebele</a></li> <li>S408 <a href="/wiki/Sumayela_Ndebele_language" title="Sumayela Ndebele language">Sumayela Ndebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S50</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S51 <a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Tswa</a></li> <li>S52[53] <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Gwamba</a></li> <li>S53 <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a></li> <li>S54 <a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a></li> <li>[S511 <a href="/wiki/Tswa_language" title="Tswa language">Hlengwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S60</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>S61 <a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Copi</a></li> <li>S62 <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Mozambique)" title="Tonga language (Mozambique)">Tonga</a></li> <li>[S611 <a href="/wiki/Chopi_language" title="Chopi language">Lenge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Guthrie classification</a> is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Narrow Bantu languages by Guthrie classification zone templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_A%E2%80%93B)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones A–B)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_C%E2%80%93D)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones C–D)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_E%E2%80%93H)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones E–H)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_J%E2%80%93M)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones J–M)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Narrow_Bantu_languages_(Zones_N%E2%80%93S)" title="Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)">Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones N–S)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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