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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prior_jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prior_jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prior jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prior_jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lozman_and_Riviera_Beach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lozman_and_Riviera_Beach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lozman and Riviera Beach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lozman_and_Riviera_Beach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proceedings_in_lower_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proceedings_in_lower_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Proceedings in lower courts</span> </div> </a> <ul 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For the 2013 admiralty case, see <a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2013)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2013)"><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i> (2013)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2018 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued February 27, 2017<br />Decided June 18, 2018</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Fane Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, Florida</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/17-21.html">17-21</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">585 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_585" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 585">more</a></i>)<div>138 S.Ct. 1945; 201 <a href="/wiki/L.Ed.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L.Ed.2d">L.Ed.2d</a> 342</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-21">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opinion announcement</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-21">Opinion announcement</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Jury verdict for defendant, <i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4232176/lozman-v-city-of-riviera-beach/">No. 9:08-cv-80134</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/4232176/728/lozman-v-city-of-riviera-beach/">728</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.D._Fla." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Fla.">S.D. Fla.</a> Dec 17, 2014); affirmed, 681 <a href="/wiki/F._App%27x" class="mw-redirect" title="F. App'x">F. App'x</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/unpub/files/201514981.pdf">746</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th Cir.</a> 2017); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, 138 S.Ct. 447 (2017).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Existence of probable cause to arrest the plaintiff in the present case does not bar the plaintiff's First Amendment retaliation claim.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Kennedy, joined by Roberts, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, Sotomayor, Kagan, Gorsuch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Const._amend._I" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Const. amend. I">U.S. Const. amend. I</a>, <a href="/wiki/42_U.S.C._%C2%A7_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="42 U.S.C. § 1983">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(585_U.S._)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (585 U.S. )">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (585 U.S. ___)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p><i><b>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</b></i>, 585 U.S. ___ (2018), is a case in which the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> decided that the mere existence of <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> for an arrest did not bar the plaintiff's First Amendment <a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliatory arrest">retaliatory arrest</a> claim, but deferred consideration of the broader question of when it might. The case concerned a <a href="/wiki/42_U.S.C._%C2%A7_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="42 U.S.C. § 1983">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a> lawsuit filed against <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Beach,_Florida" title="Riviera Beach, Florida">Riviera Beach</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fane_Lozman" title="Fane Lozman">Fane Lozman</a>, who had been arrested while criticizing local politicians during the public comments section of a <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Beach_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Riviera Beach City Council">City Council</a> meeting. The city argued that under <i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> he could not sue for retaliation, as they had probable cause to arrest him for the offense of <a href="/wiki/Disturbing_a_lawful_assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Disturbing a lawful assembly">disturbing a lawful assembly</a>. Lozman conceded that they had probable cause, but argued that <i>Hartman</i>, a case about retaliatory prosecutions, did not extend to retaliatory arrests, and that instead <i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> allowed his suit. </p><p>At oral arguments, justices expressed both sympathy for Lozman and hesitance to issue a ruling that might hinder law enforcement. Their eventual ruling in Lozman's favor was very narrow, holding that the <i>Mt. Healthy</i> test was appropriate "on facts like these",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the alleged "official municipal policy"<sup id="cite_ref-138-sct-1945-1951_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138-sct-1945-1951-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of retaliation and the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">right to petition</a>. A year later, the court considered the matter again in <i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i>, that time finding that probable cause generally bars a claim of retaliatory arrest. </p><p>Lozman had already won once at the Supreme Court against Riviera Beach, in the 2013 <a href="/wiki/United_States_admiralty_law" title="United States admiralty law">admiralty</a> case <a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach,_568_U.S._115" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, 568 U.S. 115"><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i>, 568 U.S. 115</a>. The second case was noted for the very rare occurrence of two parties returning to the court over a dispute separate from the first. They <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settled</a> after the case was <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanded</a>, with the city reimbursing Lozman for $874,999 in legal fees and paying a nominal $1 in damages. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_jurisprudence">Prior jurisprudence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior jurisprudence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1977 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-healthy_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthy-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court established a standard of <a href="/wiki/But-for" class="mw-redirect" title="But-for">but-for</a> causation for claims of official retaliation against speech. However, in the 2006 case of <i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-hartman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court established an exception for claims of <a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliatory prosecution">retaliatory prosecution</a>, requiring that a plaintiff show a lack of <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> for their prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-koerner-756_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koerner-756-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to <i>Hartman</i> there was already a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_split" title="Circuit split">circuit split</a> as to whether the same principle applied to retaliatory arrests. <i>Hartman</i> further complicated the matter, with some circuits accepting the <i>Hartman</i> rule as controlling for retaliatory arrest suits and others accepting the <i>Mt. Healthy</i> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-koerner-773-775_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koerner-773-775-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court considered <i>Hartman</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> applicability to retaliatory arrest first in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i> (2012), but decided the case on grounds of <a href="/wiki/Qualified_immunity" title="Qualified immunity">qualified immunity</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-74_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-74-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lozman_and_Riviera_Beach">Lozman and Riviera Beach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lozman and Riviera Beach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/220px--Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="Fane_Lozman_arrest_(trimmed).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Fane_Lozman_arrest_(trimmed).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/aa/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm/Fane_Lozman_arrest_%28trimmed%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of Lozman's arrest.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fane_Lozman" title="Fane Lozman">Fane Lozman</a> sued the city of <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Beach,_Florida" title="Riviera Beach, Florida">Riviera Beach, Florida</a>, in June 2006 over a planned use of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>, arguing that the city had violated open-meeting laws in approving a private development plan.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder-439_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-439-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Beach_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Riviera Beach City Council">The City Council</a> then held a closed-door session, the transcript of which was later made public.<sup id="cite_ref-norman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Council members discussed strategies to silence Lozman,<sup id="cite_ref-liptak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liptak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including sending a <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">private investigator</a> after him, which Chairperson Elizabeth Wade said she thought "would help to intimidate" him and make him feel "feel the same kind of unwarranted heat" that council members felt.<sup id="cite_ref-totenberg_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totenberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2006, the city sued in state court to evict Lozman from his <a href="/wiki/Floating_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating home">floating home</a> in the city marina. Lozman argued that this was retaliation for constitutionally protected speech, and the court ruled in his favor.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder-439-2015-fsupp3d-39-1392-1401_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-439-2015-fsupp3d-39-1392-1401-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lozman often spoke during the public comments portion of City Council meetings, often to criticize government corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting in November 2006, he began his remarks by noting the arrests of two officials of <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach County</a>, which Riviera Beach is a part of.<sup id="cite_ref-totenberg_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-totenberg-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presiding council member ordered him to stop talking about the matter. When he refused, she ordered a police officer to arrest him. The officer removed Lozman from the room in handcuffs.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the police station, Lozman was charged with <a href="/wiki/Disorderly_conduct" title="Disorderly conduct">disorderly conduct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resisting_arrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Resisting arrest">resisting arrest</a> without violence.<sup id="cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musgrave-faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/State%27s_attorney" class="mw-redirect" title="State's attorney">state's attorney</a> found that there was probable cause for the charges but dismissed them as there was "no reasonable likelihood of successful prosecution."<sup id="cite_ref-liptak_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liptak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city later said that Lozman had been ordered to stop speaking because the topics he was discussing were unrelated to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes-sympathetic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-sympathetic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proceedings_in_lower_courts">Proceedings in lower courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proceedings in lower courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lozman, <a href="/wiki/Pro_se_legal_representation_in_the_United_States" title="Pro se legal representation in the United States">acting as his own attorney</a>, then sued Riviera Beach under <a href="/wiki/42_U.S.C._%C2%A7_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="42 U.S.C. § 1983">42 U.S.C. § 1983</a>, alleging several instances of deprivation of civil rights, including the arrest. Judge <a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._K._Hurley" title="Daniel T. K. Hurley">Daniel T. K. Hurley</a> instructed the jury that, for Lozman to prevail on the claim of retaliatory arrest, he had to prove that the officer acted with impermissible <a href="/wiki/Animus_(law)" title="Animus (law)">animus</a> toward his speech and that there was no probable cause for the arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-681-fedappx-746-749-750_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-681-fedappx-746-749-750-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurley allowed the city to argue that there had been probable cause to arrest Lozman for the offense of disturbing a lawful assembly,<sup id="cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musgrave-faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and instructed the jury to consider that question. The jury found for the city on every count of the complaint. Lozman appealed the judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-681-fedappx-746-749-750_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-681-fedappx-746-749-750-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the jury instruction about probable cause, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh Circuit</a> held that, even were they to accept Lozman's "compelling" argument that the jury instruction should have concerned animus by the city itself and not just by the arresting officer, the error was harmless, as "The jury's determination that the arrest was supported by probable cause defeats Lozman's First Amendment retaliatory arrest claim as a matter of law."<sup id="cite_ref-kitrosser-consider_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitrosser-consider-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lozman subsequently learned of the circuit split regarding probable cause in retaliatory arrest cases.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder-442_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-442-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having already successfully taken the city to the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach,_568_U.S._115" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach, 568 U.S. 115"><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i>, 568 U.S. 115</a> (2013),<sup id="cite_ref-568-us-115_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-568-us-115-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> represented by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_L._Fisher" title="Jeffrey L. Fisher">Jeffrey L. Fisher</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> Supreme Court Litigation Clinic, Lozman again obtained representation from Fisher and the clinic, this time with <a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Karlan" title="Pamela S. Karlan">Pamela S. Karlan</a> as lead counsel.<sup id="cite_ref-snyder-441&445_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-441&445-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138-us-1945-pet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138-us-1945-pet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court granted <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> in November 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-howe_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="At_the_Supreme_Court">At the Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At the Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_arguments">Oral arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oral arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_(49565892516)_crop3.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pamela S. Karlan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg/220px-Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg/330px-Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg/440px-Kissel_Lecture_in_Ethics_with_Pamela_Karlan_%2849565892516%29_crop3.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pamela_S._Karlan" title="Pamela S. Karlan">Pamela S. Karlan</a> argued on behalf of Lozman.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oral arguments were held on February 27, 2018, with Karlan representing Lozman and Shay Dvoretzky representing Riviera Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitrosser-weigh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">United States Solicitor General</a>, which had sided with Lozman in the 2013 Supreme Court case,<sup id="cite_ref-denniston_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denniston-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> appeared as <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></i> on the city's side, represented by Deputy Solicitor General <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall_(lawyer)" title="Jeff Wall (lawyer)">Jeffrey Wall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitrosser-weigh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karlan argued for applying the <i>Mt. Healthy</i> test to cases of retaliatory arrest like Lozman's. Rather than seriously question which way to rule, the justices were primarily concerned with how to rule in Lozman's favor without setting an unwanted precedent.<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-83-84_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-83-84-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The justices expressed significant concerns to Karlan about what that might mean for law enforcement, giving examples of criminals who insult the police.<sup id="cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kitrosser-weigh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a> expressed a desire to "cordon off or box off what happened here from the ordinary conduct of police officers", while Roberts and Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> drew distinctions from environments like a city council meeting and those like a bar or "the streets".<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-83-84_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-83-84-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karlan was questioned extensively on how to avoid setting a bad precedent, and was seen as struggling.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes-sympathetic_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-sympathetic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it was Dvoretsky's turn to speak, Justice <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> interrupted to warn him that "Ms. Karlan was having some difficulty with hypotheticals. But you might have some difficulty with the facts of your case," which elicited laughter from the gallery.<sup id="cite_ref-barnes-tr-27:33_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-tr-27:33-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dvoretsky argued for extending the <i>Hartman</i> test from retaliatory prosecutions to retaliatory arrests, or else risk deterring a police officer from making a valid arrest of, for example, someone wearing a <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> t-shirt.<sup id="cite_ref-weigh-tr-33:55_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigh-tr-33:55-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Speaking for the federal government, Wall argued that Lozman's case was "troubling" but that "the court, as in <i>Hartman</i>, should not make a general rule for the facts of this case."<sup id="cite_ref-weigh-tr-30:44_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigh-tr-30:44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> replied:<sup id="cite_ref-weigh-tr-30:51_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weigh-tr-30:51-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote> <p>I found the video pretty chilling. </p><p>I mean, the fellow is up there for about 15 seconds, and the next thing he knows, he's being led off in handcuffs, speaking in a very calm voice the whole time. Now the Council may not have liked what he was talking about, but that doesn't mean they get to cuff him and lead him out. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_court">Opinion of the court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opinion of the court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anthony M. Kennedy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/220px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/330px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg/440px-Anthony_Kennedy_official_SCOTUS_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony M. Kennedy">Anthony M. Kennedy</a> wrote the opinion of the court.</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony M. Kennedy">Anthony M. Kennedy</a> wrote for an eight-member majority. The majority held that the existence of probable cause did not categorically bar a claim of retaliatory arrest, but limited the decision's holding to Lozman's case and to others with "facts like these".<sup id="cite_ref-facts_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-75-78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court observed the difficulty of proving <a href="/wiki/Causation_(law)" title="Causation (law)">causation</a> in a case of alleged retaliatory arrest, as with retaliatory prosecution, but found there was no "presumption of regularity" with arrests as with prosecutions.<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-75-78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While applying the <i>Mt. Healthy</i> standard to cases like Lozman's, the court declined to reach a decision as to which standard should apply in retaliatory arrest cases generally.<sup id="cite_ref-facts_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It identified five factors that set Lozman's case apart from most others:<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-75-78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>An allegation of an "official municipal policy" (assumed <a href="/wiki/Arguendo" title="Arguendo">for the sake of argument</a> to exist)<sup id="cite_ref-138-sct-1945-1951_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138-sct-1945-1951-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Objective evidence of such a policy in the form of the video of the arrest and the transcript of the preceding closed-door meeting</li> <li>Evidence of retaliation occurring prior to the arrest as well</li> <li>The lack of a close relationship between the speech Lozman was allegedly targeted for and the circumstances of his arrest</li> <li>The high importance of the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a> within <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> jurisprudence<sup id="cite_ref-lozman-138-sct-1945-1954-1955_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lozman-138-sct-1945-1954-1955-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In light of these, the court held that Lozman's case fell into a "unique class of retaliatory arrest claims," which "will require objective evidence of a policy motivated by retaliation to survive <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-75-78-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court <a href="/wiki/Vacatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacatur">vacated</a> the judgment below and <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanded</a> the case back to the Eleventh Circuit, but concluded by noting three arguments under which Lozman might be denied relief.<sup id="cite_ref-epps_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epps-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas's_dissent"><span id="Thomas.27s_dissent"></span>Thomas's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thomas's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarence_Thomas,_official_SCOTUS_portrait,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Clarence Thomas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg/220px-Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg/330px-Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg/440px-Clarence_Thomas%2C_official_SCOTUS_portrait%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> wrote a solo dissent.</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, in a solo dissent, wrote that plaintiffs should categorically have to "plead and prove a lack of probable cause as an element of a First Amendment retaliatory-arrest claim".<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-78-79_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-78-79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He criticized the majority for "leaving in place the decades-long disagreement among the federal courts".<sup id="cite_ref-facts-138-sct-1945-1955_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-138-sct-1945-1955-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He advocated an approach based on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> rules that existed prior to the enactment of § 1983 in 1871, analogizing Lozman's claim to the common law torts of false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, and malicious arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-facts-138-sct-1945-1957-1958_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-138-sct-1945-1957-1958-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He further argued that "the presence of probable cause will tend to disprove that the arrest was done out of retaliation for the plaintiff’s speech, and the absence of probable cause will tend to prove the opposite" and raised concerns about plaintiffs using the courts to harass police officers under the majority's holding, as "police officers almost always exchange words with suspects before arresting them".<sup id="cite_ref-snyder-446_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snyder-446-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas's dissent interprets the majority's opinion as requiring a plaintiff to prevail on all five factors identified as relevant; in the <i><a href="/wiki/Charleston_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston Law Review">Charleston Law Review</a></i>, Arielle W. Tolman and David M. Shapiro write that this interpretation "appears incorrect" and that the majority "nowhere implies that each factor is required."<sup id="cite_ref-tolman-78-79_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tolman-78-79-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_and_subsequent_developments">Impact and subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Impact and subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The court's opinion in <i>Lozman</i> was unusual in that it was largely limited to Lozman's specific case, without setting a broader standard for anything beyond "facts like these".<sup id="cite_ref-facts_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heidi Kitrosser of <i><a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a></i> compared its limited scope to the <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion"><i>Onion</i></a> headline "Supreme Court Issues Landmark 'It Depends' Ruling".<sup id="cite_ref-facts-onion_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-onion-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Epps" title="Garrett Epps">Garrett Epps</a> characterized the "narrow, and perhaps temporary, win for Fane Lozman" as part of a trend of the Supreme Court "keeping its head down", referencing also its decisions <a href="/wiki/2018_term_opinions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="2018 term opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States">that term</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i> <sup id="cite_ref-gill_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benisek_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benisek-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-epps_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epps-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lozman's narrow victory was noted for the extreme rarity of someone taking the same opponent to the Supreme Court in two different cases and winning both times.<sup id="cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musgrave-faces-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-daugherty_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-daugherty-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anderson_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case returned to the Eleventh Circuit, which in turn <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanded</a> it to the District Court to determine whether Lozman was entitled to a new trial, invoking the Supreme Court opinion's closing remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-15-10550_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15-10550-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lozman and the city subsequently <a href="/wiki/Settlement_(litigation)" title="Settlement (litigation)">settled</a> for $875,000: $1 for the arrest, the rest to offset his legal fees.<sup id="cite_ref-anderson_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-musgrave-ends_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musgrave-ends-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2018, the Supreme Court heard oral arguments in <i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-nieves_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nieves-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which again posed the question of whether a plaintiff in a retaliatory arrest suit must show a lack of probable cause.<sup id="cite_ref-wasserman_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasserman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lozman and the First Amendment Foundation filed a brief <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-nieves-amicus_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nieves-amicus-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supporting Russell Bartlett, who alleged that his arrest by an Alaska state trooper had been retaliatory.<sup id="cite_ref-wasserman_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasserman-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Nieves</i>, the court decided that probable cause does generally defeat a claim of retaliatory arrest,<sup id="cite_ref-hor-888-889_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hor-888-889-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> citing Thomas's dissent in <i>Lozman</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nieves-1726_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nieves-1726-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinion referred to Lozman's circumstances as "unusual" and Nieves's case as more "representative".<sup id="cite_ref-barnes-nieves_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-nieves-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Nieves</i> decision nonetheless allowed that retaliatory arrest claims may be brought despite the presence of probable cause if the law in question was inconsistently enforced on the basis of protected speech.<sup id="cite_ref-mills-2076_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-2076-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Lozman</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> legacy, while nonzero, is limited. Viewed together, <i>Lozman</i> and <i>Nieves</i> have been taken to create two narrow exceptions to the application of the <i>Hartman</i> standard to retaliatory arrests.<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz-4-14.4-14.5_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz-4-14.4-14.5-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing before <i>Nieves</i> was decided, Tolman and Shapiro assess <i>Lozman</i> as "a victory—but not an unqualified one—for protesters who criticize the police and face a danger of retaliatory arrest", considering in particular protests by Black Lives Matter. Where retaliatory arrests occur as a result of "an individual officer's anger or vindictiveness" but probable cause did exist, Tolman and Shapiro see "an uncertain future"; but, in their analysis, <i>Lozman</i> leaves room for suits by protesters of law enforcement who are targeted by "official municipal policies" of retaliatory arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_Review" title="Cornell Law Review">Cornell Law Review</a></i>, Michael G. Mills highlights the case of <i>Henneberry v. City of Newark</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-henneberry_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-henneberry-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein the defendant did not attempt to argue that <i>Lozman</i> applied, even though he too had been arrested at the prompting of a city council member. Mills concludes that this is because "<i>Lozman</i> is incredibly fact-specific and therefore has little applicability".<sup id="cite_ref-mills-2095-n227_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mills-2095-n227-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Novak_v._City_of_Parma" title="Novak v. City of Parma">Novak v. City of Parma</a></i></cite>,  No. 21-3290 (6th. Cir. 2022), considering and rejecting the applicability of <i>Lozman</i> to an arrest over a Facebook page parodying the police</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-21">138 S.Ct. 1945, 585 U.S. ___</a>, at 1955 (2018).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138-sct-1945-1951-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-138-sct-1945-1951_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-138-sct-1945-1951_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1951 (quoting <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Monell_v._Dept._of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Monell v. Dept. of Social Services of the City of New York">Monell v. Dept. of Social Services of the City of New York</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/394/853/1415269/">394 F.Supp. 853</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.D.N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D.N.Y.">S.D.N.Y.</a> 1976)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-healthy-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-healthy_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_Bd._of_Ed._v._Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Healthy City Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1976/75-1278">429 U.S. 274</a> (1977) (concerning Doyle's firing partly due to publicly criticizing school district policy).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hartman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hartman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2011/11-262">547 U.S. 250</a> (2006) (concerning a prosecution Moore alleged to be in retaliation for his criticism of government policy).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koerner-756-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koerner-756_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1176897979">.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-title i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .bluebook-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFKoerner2009">John Koerner, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40380390">Between <i>Healthy</i> and <i>Hartman</i>: Probable Cause in Retaliatory Arrest Cases</a></span>, 109 <a href="/wiki/Colum._L._Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Colum. L. Rev.">Colum. L. Rev.</a> 755, 756 (2009).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koerner-773-775-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koerner-773-775_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koerner, <i>supra</i>, at 773–775.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolman-74-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tolman-74_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFTolmanShapiro2018">Arielle W. Tolman & David M. Shapiro, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/charlwrev13&div=6&id=&page=">From City Council to the Streets: Protesting Police Misconduct after <i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i></a></span>, 13 <a href="/wiki/Charleston_L._Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston L. Rev.">Charleston L. Rev.</a> 49, 74 (2018)</cite> (citing <cite><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2011/11-262">566 U.S. 658</a> (2012) (concerning Howards's arrest after confronting the vice president in public)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-439-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder-439_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2019">Jesse D. H. Snyder, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=wlr">What Fane Lozman Can Teach Us About Free Speech</a></span>, 19 <a href="/wiki/Wyo._L._Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Wyo. L. Rev.">Wyo. L. Rev.</a> 419, 439 (2019; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111205852/https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1412&context=wlr">archived copy</a>)</cite> (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1949).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-norman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-norman_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFNorman2007">Bob Norman, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/targeting-citizen-lozman-6311023">Targeting Citizen Lozman</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/New_Times_Broward-Palm_Beach" title="New Times Broward-Palm Beach">New Times Broward-Palm Beach</a> (Dec. 13, 2007; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614195426/http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/targeting-citizen-lozman-6311023">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liptak-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-liptak_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-liptak_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2017">Adam Liptak, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/supreme-court-first-amendment-freedom-of-speech-arrest.html">This 'Tenacious Underdog' Won His First Supreme Court Case. Now He's Back.</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/N.Y._Times" class="mw-redirect" title="N.Y. Times">N.Y. Times</a> (Dec. 4, 2017; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021193843/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/04/us/politics/supreme-court-first-amendment-freedom-of-speech-arrest.html">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-totenberg-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-totenberg_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-totenberg_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFTotenberg2018">Nina Totenberg, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/586564094/the-curious-case-of-a-florida-man-who-called-politicians-corrupt-got-thrown-in-j">The Curious Case Of A Florida Man Who Called Politicians Corrupt, Got Thrown In Jail</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> (Feb. 27, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019014553/https://www.npr.org/2018/02/27/586564094/the-curious-case-of-a-florida-man-who-called-politicians-corrupt-got-thrown-in-j">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-439-2015-fsupp3d-39-1392-1401-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder-439-2015-fsupp3d-39-1392-1401_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, <i>supra</i>, at 439 (citing <cite><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/lozman-v-city-of-riviera-beach-8">39 F.Supp.3d 1392</a>, 1401 (<a href="/wiki/S.D._Fla." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Fla.">S.D. Fla.</a> 2014).).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2018">Robert Barnes, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-allows-retaliatory-arrest-lawsuit-to-move-forward/2018/06/18/c78fbc1e-7307-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html">Supreme Court allows retaliatory arrest lawsuit to move forward</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wash._Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash. Post">Wash. Post</a> (June 18, 2018).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musgrave-faces-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-musgrave-faces_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2018">Jane Musgrave, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/crime/2018/02/24/lozman-faces-riviera-beach-in/6770172007/">Lozman faces Riviera Beach in U.S. Supreme Court for rare second time</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a> (Feb. 24 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99521577/continued-at/">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-sympathetic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barnes-sympathetic_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barnes-sympathetic_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2018">Robert Barnes, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-sympathetic-to-florida-man-arrested-by-city-officials-he-criticized/2018/02/27/2e56769a-1bf6-11e8-ae5a-16e60e4605f3_story.html">Supreme Court sympathetic to Florida man arrested by city officials he criticized</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wash._Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash. Post">Wash. Post</a> (Feb. 27, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111213140/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-allows-retaliatory-arrest-lawsuit-to-move-forward/2018/06/18/c78fbc1e-7307-11e8-805c-4b67019fcfe4_story.html">archived copy</a>).</cite> [Hereinafter <i>Supreme Court sympathetic</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-681-fedappx-746-749-750-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-681-fedappx-746-749-750_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-681-fedappx-746-749-750_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/f-appx/681/746/">681 Fed.Appx. 746</a>, 749–750 (<a href="/wiki/11th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="11th Cir.">11th Cir.</a> 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kitrosser-consider-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kitrosser-consider_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFKitrosser2018">Heidi Kitrosser, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/02/argument-preview-justices-consider-whether-probable-cause-defeats-claims-retaliatory-arrest-first-amendment-protected-expression/">Argument preview: Justices to consider whether probable cause defeats claims of retaliatory arrest for First-Amendment-protected expression</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (Feb. 21, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607180658/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/02/argument-preview-justices-consider-whether-probable-cause-defeats-claims-retaliatory-arrest-first-amendment-protected-expression/">archived copy</a>)</cite> (quoting <i>Lozman</i>, 681 Fed.Appx. 746, 752 (citing <cite><i>Dahl v. Holley</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cite.case.law/f3d/312/1228/">312 F.3d 1228</a>, 1236 (2002))).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-442-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder-442_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, <i>supra</i>, at 442. "After losing on the merits at trial and on appeal, Lozman discovered—through his own research—a circuit split on the issue of whether the existence of probable cause is sufficient to negate a free-speech retaliatory-arrest claim."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-568-us-115-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-568-us-115_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2013)" title="Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach (2013)">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2012/11-626">568 U.S. 115</a> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-441&445-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder-441&445_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, <i>supra</i>, at 441, 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138-us-1945-pet-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138-us-1945-pet_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/17-21-petition.pdf">Pet. for a Writ of Cert.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022034725/https://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/17-21-petition.pdf">archived copy</a>), <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howe-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howe_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFHowe2017">Amy Howe, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2017/11/court-grants-review-three-new-cases/">Court grants review in three new cases</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (Nov. 13, 2017; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220430022923/https://www.scotusblog.com/2017/11/court-grants-review-three-new-cases/">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kitrosser-weigh-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kitrosser-weigh_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFKitrosser2018">Heidi Kitrosser, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2018/02/argument-analysis-justices-weigh-threats-free-speech-constraints-local-policing/">Argument analysis: Justices weigh threats to free speech against constraints on local policing</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (Feb. 28, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407084938/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/02/argument-analysis-justices-weigh-threats-free-speech-constraints-local-policing/">archived copy</a>).</cite> [Hereinafter <i>Justices weigh threats</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denniston-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-denniston_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFDenniston2012">Lyle Denniston, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2012/08/all-sides-keep-houseboat-case-alive/">All sides: Keep houseboat case alive</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (Aug. 28, 2012; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918041826/https://www.scotusblog.com/2012/08/all-sides-keep-houseboat-case-alive/">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolman-83-84-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-83-84_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-83-84_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolman & Shapiro, <i>supra</i>, at 83–84 (quoting <i>Lozman</i> Arg. Tr., at 3:21, 5:47, 51:27).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-tr-27:33-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barnes-tr-27:33_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Supreme court sympathetic</i>, <i>supra</i> (quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts8/oral_argument_audio/24560">Tr. of Oral Arg.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223093936/https://apps.oyez.org/player/#/roberts8/oral_argument_audio/24560">archived copy</a>), <i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, at 27:33 [Hereinafter <i>Lozman</i> Arg. Tr.]).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weigh-tr-33:55-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weigh-tr-33:55_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Justices weigh threats</i>, <i>supra</i> (quoting <i>Lozman</i> Arg. Tr., at 33:55).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weigh-tr-30:44-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weigh-tr-30:44_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Justices weigh threats</i>, <i>supra</i> (quoting <i>Lozman</i> Arg Tr., at 30:44).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weigh-tr-30:51-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weigh-tr-30:51_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Justices weigh threats</i>, <i>supra</i> (quoting <i>Lozman</i> Arg. Tr., at 30:51).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facts-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFKitrosser2018">Heidi Kitrosser, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/opinion-analysis-with-facts-like-these/">Opinion analysis: With facts like these ...</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (June 19, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520093714/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/06/opinion-analysis-with-facts-like-these/">archived copy</a>).</cite> [Hereinafter <i>With facts like these</i>.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolman-75-78-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-75-78_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolman & Shapiro, <i>supra</i>, at 75–78 (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1954–1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lozman-138-sct-1945-1954-1955-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lozman-138-sct-1945-1954-1955_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1954–1955 (quoting <cite><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE%26K_Construction_Co._v._NLRB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE&K Construction Co. v. NLRB (page does not exist)">BE&K Construction Co. v. NLRB</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2001/01-518">536 U.S. 516</a> (2002)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epps-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-epps_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-epps_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFEpps2018">Garrett Epps, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/supreme-court-gill-v-whitford/563075/">The Supreme Court Would Prefer Not To</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> (June 18, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220411081614/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/06/supreme-court-gill-v-whitford/563075/">archived copy</a>)</cite> (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1955. "Among other matters, the Court of Appeals may wish to consider (1) whether any reasonable juror could find that the City actually formed a retaliatory policy to intimidate Lozman during its June 2006 closed-door session; (2) whether any reasonable juror could find that the November 2006 arrest constituted an official act by the City; and (3) whether, under <i>Mt. Healthy</i>, the City has proved that it would have arrested Lozman regardless of any retaliatory animus—for example, if Lozman's conduct during prior city council meetings had also violated valid rules as to proper subjects of discussion, thus explaining his arrest here.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tolman-78-79-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-78-79_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tolman-78-79_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolman & Shapiro, <i>supra</i>, at 78–79 (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1955. Thomas, J., dissenting.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facts-138-sct-1945-1955-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facts-138-sct-1945-1955_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>With facts like these</i>, <i>supra</i> (quoting <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1955. Thomas, J., dissenting.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facts-138-sct-1945-1957-1958-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facts-138-sct-1945-1957-1958_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>With facts like these</i>, <i>supra</i> (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1957–1958. Thomas, J., dissenting.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-snyder-446-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-snyder-446_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, <i>supra</i>, at 446 (quoting <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1958. Thomas, J., dissenting.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facts-onion-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facts-onion_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>With facts like these</i>, <i>supra</i> (citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREF"><span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theonion.com/supreme-court-reaches-landmark-it-depends-ruling-1819569141">Supreme Court Reaches Landmark 'It Depends' Ruling</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a> (May 28, 2007; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126220226/https://www.theonion.com/supreme-court-reaches-landmark-it-depends-ruling-1819569141">archived copy</a>)</cite>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gill_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/16-1161">585 U.S. ___</a> (2018) (holding that plaintiffs lacked standing to sue over partisan gerrymandering).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benisek-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benisek_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-333">585 U.S. ___</a> (2018) (holding that the district court had not abused its discretion, without ruling on the merits of the partisan gerrymandering claim).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-daugherty-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-daugherty_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2018">Alex Daugherty, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article213374049.html">South Florida activist is 2–0 at the Supreme Court after First Amendment victory</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald" title="Miami Herald">Miami Herald</a> (June 18, 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206071951/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics-government/article213374049.html">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-anderson_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020">Curt Anderson, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/supreme-court-wins-florida-man-875k-city-68786471">After 2 Supreme Court wins, Florida man gets $875K from city</a></span>, ABC News (Feb. 5, 2020; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005062122/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/supreme-court-wins-florida-man-875k-city-68786471">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15-10550-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15-10550_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca11/15-10550/15-10550-2019-12-03.html"> No. 15-10550</a>, unpub. op. at 4 (11th Cir. 2019) (citing <i>Lozman</i>, 138 S.Ct. 1945, 1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-musgrave-ends-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-musgrave-ends_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2020">Jane Musgrave, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/courts/2020/01/14/fane-lozman-ends-long-battle-with-riviera-for-875000/112146474/">Fane Lozman ends long battle with Riviera for $875,000</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a> (14 Jan. 2020; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100916/https://www.palmbeachpost.com/story/news/courts/2020/01/14/fane-lozman-ends-long-battle-with-riviera-for-875000/112146474/">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nieves-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nieves_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2018/17-1174">139 S.Ct. 1715, 587 U.S. ___</a> (2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wasserman-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wasserman_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wasserman_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2018">Howard Wasserman, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/11/argument-preview-probable-cause-retaliatory-arrests-and-the-first-amendment/">Argument preview: Probable cause, retaliatory arrests, and the First Amendment</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/SCOTUSblog" title="SCOTUSblog">SCOTUSblog</a> (19 Nov. 2018; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202113101/https://www.scotusblog.com/2018/11/argument-preview-probable-cause-retaliatory-arrests-and-the-first-amendment/">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nieves-amicus-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nieves-amicus_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/17/17-1174/66130/20181009113553355_17-1174%20Amicus%20Brief.pdf"><i>Amicus</i> Br. of the First Amend. Found. & Fane Lozman in Supp. of Resp't</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706215806/https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/17/17-1174/66130/20181009113553355_17-1174%20Amicus%20Brief.pdf">archived copy</a>), <i>Nieves</i>, 139 S.Ct. 1715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hor-888-889-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hor-888-889_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFHor2021">Ryan Hor, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fordhamlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Hor_November.pdf">Choose Your Words Carefully: Reimagining Retaliatory Arrest After <i>Nieves v. Bartlett</i></a></span>, 874 <a href="/wiki/Fordham_L._Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Fordham L. Rev.">Fordham L. Rev.</a> 874, 888–889 (2021; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019075402/http://fordhamlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Hor_November.pdf">archived copy</a>).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nieves-1726-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nieves-1726_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nieves</i>, 139 S.Ct. 1715, 1726.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-nieves-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barnes-nieves_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2019">Robert Barnes, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-rules-against-alaska-man-who-argued-police-retaliated-against-him-for-exercising-free-speech/2019/05/28/9b2e8a0c-816a-11e9-95a9-e2c830afe24f_story.html">Supreme Court rules against Alaska man who argued police retaliated against him for exercising free speech</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wash._Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Wash. Post">Wash. Post</a> (May 28, 2019; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223249/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-rules-against-alaska-man-who-argued-police-retaliated-against-him-for-exercising-free-speech/2019/05/28/9b2e8a0c-816a-11e9-95a9-e2c830afe24f_story.html">archived copy</a>)</cite> (citing <i>Nieves</i>, 139 S.Ct. 1715, 1722).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mills-2076-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mills-2076_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1176897979"><cite id="CITEREFMills2020">Michael G. Mills, <span class="bluebook-title bluebook-lock-none" title=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Mills-note-final.pdf">The Death of Retaliatory Arrest Claims: The Supreme Court's Attempt to Kill Retaliatory Arrest Claims in <i>Nieves v. Bartlett</i></a></span>, 105 <a href="/wiki/Cornell_L._Rev." class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell L. Rev.">Cornell L. Rev.</a> 2059, 2076 (2020; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019075402/https://live-cornell-law-review.pantheonsite.io/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Mills-note-final.pdf">archived copy</a>)</cite> (citing <i>Nieves</i>, 139 S.Ct. 1715, 1727. "For example, at many intersections, jaywalking is endemic but rarely results in arrest. If an individual who has been vocally complaining about police conduct is arrested for jaywalking at such an intersection, it would seem insufficiently protective of First Amendment rights to dismiss the individual's retaliatory arrest claim on the ground that there was undoubted probable cause for the arrest.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz-4-14.4-14.5-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schwartz-4-14.4-14.5_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzPratt2021">4Martin A. Schwartz & George C. Pratt, <i>Section 1983 Litigation: Jury Instructions</i> 4-14.4 – 4-14.5 (2 2021).</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolman & Shapiro, <i>supra</i>, at 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-henneberry-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-henneberry_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Henneberry v. City of Newark</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/henneberry-v-city-of-newark-9"> No. 13-cv-05238-TSH</a> (<a href="/wiki/N.D._Cal." class="mw-redirect" title="N.D. Cal.">N.D. Cal.</a> Sept. 4, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mills-2095-n227-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mills-2095-n227_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, <i>supra</i>, at 2095 n.227.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lozman_v._City_of_Riviera_Beach_(2018)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</i>, No. 17-21, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_585" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 585">585</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2018) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/585/17-21/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2017/17-21">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/17-21_p8k0.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><div id="Establishment_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public displays<br />and ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Chambers" title="Marsh v. Chambers">Marsh v. Chambers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lynch_v._Donnelly" title="Lynch v. Donnelly">Lynch v. Donnelly</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_Scarsdale_v._McCreary" title="Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary">Board of Trustees of Scarsdale v. McCreary</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Allegheny_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union">County of Allegheny v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Van_Orden_v._Perry" title="Van Orden v. Perry">Van Orden v. Perry</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCreary_County_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union">McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salazar_v._Buono" title="Salazar v. Buono">Salazar v. Buono</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Town_of_Greece_v._Galloway" title="Town of Greece v. Galloway">Town of Greece v. Galloway</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association" title="American Legion v. American Humanist Association">American Legion v. American Humanist Association</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious<br />exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Walz_v._Tax_Commission_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York">Walz v. Tax Comm'n of the City of New York</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Grace_Brethren_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Grace Brethren Church (page does not exist)">California v. Grace Brethren Church</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_of_Presiding_Bishop_of_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_v._Amos" title="Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. Amos">Corp. of Presiding Bishop v. Amos</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Monthly,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock">Texas Monthly, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cutter_v._Wilkinson" title="Cutter v. Wilkinson">Cutter v. Wilkinson</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cochran_v._Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cochran v. Board of Education (page does not exist)">Cochran v. Board of Education</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Ed._of_Central_School_Dist._No._1_v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen (page does not exist)">Board of Ed. of Central School Dist. No. 1 v. Allen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lemon_v._Kurtzman" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman">Lemon v. Kurtzman</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilton_v._Richardson" title="Tilton v. Richardson">Tilton v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemon_v._Kurtzman_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemon v. Kurtzman II (page does not exist)">Lemon v. Kurtzman II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levitt_v._Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty (page does not exist)">Levitt v. Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunt_v._McNair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunt v. McNair (page does not exist)">Hunt v. McNair</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Public_Education_v._Nyquist" title="Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist">Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sloan_v._Lemon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sloan v. Lemon (page does not exist)">Sloan v. Lemon</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_v._Barrera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wheeler v. Barrera (page does not exist)">Wheeler v. Barrera</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Funds_for_Public_Schools_v._Marburger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger (page does not exist)">Public Funds for Public Schools v. Marburger</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meek_v._Pittenger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meek v. Pittenger (page does not exist)">Meek v. Pittenger</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roemer_v._Board_of_Public_Works_of_Maryland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland (page does not exist)">Roemer v. Board of Public Works of Maryland</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolman_v._Walter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolman v. Walter (page does not exist)">Wolman v. Walter</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_v._Cathedral_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York v. Cathedral Academy (page does not exist)">New York v. Cathedral Academy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Committee_for_Public_Education_and_Religious_Liberty_v._Regan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan (page does not exist)">Committee for Public Education and Religious Liberty v. Regan</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mueller_v._Allen" title="Mueller v. Allen">Mueller v. Allen</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_Dist._of_Grand_Rapids_v._Ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball (page does not exist)">School Dist. of Grand Rapids v. Ball</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aguilar_v._Felton" title="Aguilar v. Felton">Aguilar v. Felton</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Witters_v._Washington_Department_of_Services_for_the_Blind" title="Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind">Witters v. Washington Department of Services for the Blind</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zobrest_v._Catalina_Foothills_School_District" title="Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District">Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agostini_v._Felton" title="Agostini v. Felton">Agostini v. Felton</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._Helms" title="Mitchell v. Helms">Mitchell v. Helms</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zelman_v._Simmons-Harris" title="Zelman v. Simmons-Harris">Zelman v. Simmons-Harris</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion in<br />public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCollum_v._Board_of_Education" title="McCollum v. Board of Education">McCollum v. Board of Education</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zorach_v._Clauson" title="Zorach v. Clauson">Zorach v. Clauson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abington_School_District_v._Schempp" title="Abington School District v. Schempp">Abington School District v. Schempp</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stone_v._Graham" title="Stone v. Graham">Stone v. Graham</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._Jaffree" title="Wallace v. Jaffree">Wallace v. Jaffree</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. Weisman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Independent_School_District_v._Doe" title="Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe">Santa Fe Ind. School Dist. v. Doe</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unif. School Dist. v. Newdow</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private religious speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb%27s_Chapel_v._Center_Moriches_Union_Free_School_District" title="Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School District">Lamb's Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Square_Review_%26_Advisory_Board_v._Pinette" title="Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette">Capitol Square Review & Advisory Board v. Pinette</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_News_Club_v._Milford_Central_School" title="Good News Club v. Milford Central School">Good News Club v. Milford Central School</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal church affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watson_v._Jones" title="Watson v. Jones">Watson v. Jones</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gonzalez_v._Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Manila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila (page does not exist)">Gonzalez v. Roman Catholic Archbishop of Manila</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedroff_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral_of_Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral of Russian Orthodox Church in North America (page does not exist)">Kedroff v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreshik_v._St._Nicholas_Cathedral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral (page does not exist)">Kreshik v. St. Nicholas Cathedral</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_v._Hull_Church" title="Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church">Presbyterian Church v. Hull Church</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Eastern_Orthodox_Diocese_for_the_United_States_of_America_%26_Canada_v._Milivojevich" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese for the United States of America & Canada v. Milivojevich">Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v. Milivojevich</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._Wolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. Wolf (page does not exist)">Jones v. Wolf</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_San_Juan_v._Acevedo_Feliciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan v. Acevedo Feliciano</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxpayer standing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian Sch. Tuition Org. v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blue laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McGowan_v._Maryland" title="McGowan v. Maryland">McGowan v. Maryland</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Guys_from_Harrison-Allentown,_Inc._v._McGinley" title="Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley">Two Guys from Harrison-Allentown, Inc. v. McGinley</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estate_of_Thornton_v._Caldor,_Inc." title="Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.">Estate of Thornton v. Caldor, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._McRae" title="Harris v. McRae">Harris v. McRae</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Larkin_v._Grendel%27s_Den,_Inc." title="Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.">Larkin v. Grendel's Den, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Larson_v._Valente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larson v. Valente (page does not exist)">Larson v. Valente</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Kendrick" title="Bowen v. Kendrick">Bowen v. Kendrick</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Kiryas_Joel_Village_School_District_v._Grumet" title="Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet">Board of Ed. of Kiryas Joel Village School Dist. v. Grumet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Hawaii" title="Trump v. Hawaii">Trump v. Hawaii</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Free_Exercise_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a></i> (1890)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamison_v._Texas" title="Jamison v. Texas">Jamison v. Texas</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Ballard" title="United States v. Ballard">United States v. Ballard</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fowler_v._Rhode_Island" title="Fowler v. Rhode Island">Fowler v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Braunfeld_v._Brown" title="Braunfeld v. Brown">Braunfeld v. Brown</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_v._Crown_Kosher_Super_Market_of_Massachusetts,_Inc." title="Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.">Gallagher v. Crown Kosher Super Market of Massachusetts, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torcaso_v._Watkins" title="Torcaso v. Watkins">Torcaso v. Watkins</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherbert_v._Verner" title="Sherbert v. Verner">Sherbert v. Verner</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruz_v._Beto" title="Cruz v. Beto">Cruz v. Beto</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDaniel_v._Paty" title="McDaniel v. Paty">McDaniel v. Paty</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_v._Review_Board_of_the_Indiana_Employment_Security_Division" title="Thomas v. Review Board of the Indiana Employment Security Division">Thomas v. Review Board</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1982)" title="United States v. Lee (1982)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jones_University_v._United_States" title="Bob Jones University v. United States">Bob Jones University v. United States</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowen_v._Roy" title="Bowen v. Roy">Bowen v. Roy</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldman_v._Weinberger" title="Goldman v. Weinberger">Goldman v. Weinberger</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Lone_v._Estate_of_Shabazz" title="O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz">O'Lone v. Estate of Shabazz</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frazee_v._Illinois_Department_of_Employment_Security&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security (page does not exist)">Frazee v. Illinois Department of Employment Security</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swaggart_Ministries_v._Board_of_Equalization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization (page does not exist)">Swaggart Ministries v. Board of Equalization</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Employment_Division_v._Smith" title="Employment Division v. Smith">Employment Division v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Lukumi_Babalu_Aye_v._City_of_Hialeah" title="Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah">Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_%26_Tract_Society_of_New_York,_Inc._v._Village_of_Stratton" title="Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc. v. Village of Stratton">Watchtower Society v. Village of Stratton</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_Cakeshop_v._Colorado_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission">Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Brooklyn_v._Cuomo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo">Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tandon_v._Newsom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandon v. Newsom">Tandon v. Newsom</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulton_v._City_of_Philadelphia" title="Fulton v. City of Philadelphia">Fulton v. City of Philadelphia</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exclusion of religion<br />from public benefits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Davey" title="Locke v. Davey">Locke v. Davey</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lutheran_Church_of_Columbia,_Inc._v._Comer" title="Trinity Lutheran Church of Columbia, Inc. v. Comer">Trinity Lutheran Church v. Comer</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Montana_Department_of_Revenue" title="Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue">Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carson_v._Makin" title="Carson v. Makin">Carson v. Makin</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_exception" title="Ministerial exception">Ministerial exception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Catholic_Bishop_of_Chicago" title="NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago">NLRB v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hosanna-Tabor_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_%26_School_v._Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Hosanna-Tabor v. EEOC</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_School_v._Morrissey-Berru" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru">Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Morrissey-Berru</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutory religious exemptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Freedom_Restoration_Act" title="Religious Freedom Restoration Act">RFRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Esp%C3%ADrita_Beneficente_Uni%C3%A3o_do_Vegetal" title="Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burwell_v._Hobby_Lobby_Stores,_Inc." title="Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.">Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zubik_v._Burwell" title="Zubik v. Burwell">Zubik v. Burwell</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor_Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Home_v._Pennsylvania" title="Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania">Little Sisters of the Poor Saints Peter and Paul Home v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanzin_v._Tanvir" title="Tanzin v. Tanvir">Tanzin v. Tanvir</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_Land_Use_and_Institutionalized_Persons_Act" title="Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act">RLUIPA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sossamon_v._Texas" title="Sossamon v. Texas">Sossamon v. Texas</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holt_v._Hobbs" title="Holt v. Hobbs">Holt v. Hobbs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramirez_v._Collier" title="Ramirez v. Collier">Ramirez v. Collier</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_speech_(portal)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of speech</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Portal:Freedom_of_speech" title="Portal:Freedom of speech">portal</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions" title="United States free speech exceptions">Unprotected<br />speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incitement" title="Incitement">Incitement</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masses_Publishing_Co._v._Patten" title="Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten">Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._United_States" title="Schenck v. United States">Schenck v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Debs_v._United_States" title="Debs v. United States">Debs v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abrams_v._United_States" title="Abrams v. United States">Abrams v. United States</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whitney_v._California" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fiske_v._Kansas" title="Fiske v. Kansas">Fiske v. Kansas</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_v._Subversive_Activities_Control_Board" title="Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board">Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Bd.</a></i> (1955; 1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yates_v._United_States" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a></i> (1957, <a href="/wiki/Clear_and_present_danger" title="Clear and present danger">clear and present danger</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hess_v._Indiana" title="Hess v. Indiana">Hess v. Indiana</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_defamation_law" title="United States defamation law">Defamation</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/False_statements_of_fact" title="False statements of fact">false speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Alvarez" title="United States v. Alvarez">United States v. Alvarez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_List_v._Driehaus" title="Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus">Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fighting_words" title="Fighting words">Fighting words</a> and<br />the <a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">heckler's veto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantwell_v._Connecticut" title="Cantwell v. Connecticut">Cantwell v. Connecticut</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaplinsky_v._New_Hampshire" title="Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire">Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminiello_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Terminiello v. City of Chicago">Terminiello v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feiner_v._New_York" title="Feiner v. New York">Feiner v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._City_of_Chicago" title="Gregory v. City of Chicago">Gregory v. City of Chicago</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America_v._Village_of_Skokie" title="National Socialist Party of America v. Village of Skokie">Nat'l Socialist Party v. Village of Skokie</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snyder_v._Phelps" title="Snyder v. Phelps">Snyder v. Phelps</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/True_threat" title="True threat">True threats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Watts_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Watts v. United States">Watts v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elonis_v._United_States" title="Elonis v. United States">Elonis v. United States</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Counterman_v._Colorado" title="Counterman v. Colorado">Counterman v. Colorado</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosen_v._United_States" title="Rosen v. United States">Rosen v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One,_Inc._v._Olesen" title="One, Inc. v. Olesen">One, Inc. v. Olesen</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._California" title="Smith v. California">Smith v. California</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_v._Search_Warrant" title="Marcus v. Search Warrant">Marcus v. Search Warrant</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MANual_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Day" class="mw-redirect" title="MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day">MANual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quantity_of_Books_v._Kansas" title="Quantity of Books v. Kansas">Quantity of Books v. Kansas</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginzburg_v._United_States" title="Ginzburg v. United States">Ginzburg v. United States</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Memoirs v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Redrup_v._New_York" title="Redrup v. New York">Redrup v. New York</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginsberg_v._New_York" title="Ginsberg v. New York">Ginsberg v. New York</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Thirty-seven_Photographs" title="United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs">United States v. Thirty-seven Photographs</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kois_v._Wisconsin" title="Kois v. Wisconsin">Kois v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Adult_Theatre_I_v._Slaton" title="Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton">Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._12_200-ft._Reels_of_Film" title="United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film">United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Film</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jenkins_v._Georgia" title="Jenkins v. Georgia">Jenkins v. Georgia</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Promotions,_Ltd._v._Conrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad (page does not exist)">Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erznoznik_v._City_of_Jacksonville" title="Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville">Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_v._American_Mini_Theatres,_Inc." title="Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.">Young v. American Mini Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vance_v._Universal_Amusement_Co.,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc. (page does not exist)">Vance v. Universal Amusement Co., Inc.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut</a></i> (7th Cir. 1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">People v. Freeman</a></i> (Cal. 1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Alameda_Books,_Inc." title="City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.">City of Los Angeles v. Alameda Books, Inc.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU I</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._American_Library_Ass%27n" title="United States v. American Library Ass'n">United States v. American Library Ass'n</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union#Second_Opinion_of_the_Court" title="Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union">Ashcroft v. ACLU II</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitke_v._Gonzales" title="Nitke v. Gonzales">Nitke v. Gonzales</a></i> (S.D.N.Y. 2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)">United States v. Williams</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Foundation_for_Free_Expression_v._Strickland" title="American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland">American Booksellers Foundation for Free Expression v. Strickland</a></i> (6th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kilbride" title="United States v. Kilbride">United States v. Kilbride</a></i> (9th Cir. 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stevens" title="United States v. Stevens">United States v. Stevens</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Entertainment_Merchants_Association" title="Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association">Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Fox_Television_Stations,_Inc._(2012)" title="FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)">FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Coalition_v._Paxton" title="Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton">Free Speech Coalition v. Paxton</a></i> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speech integral<br />to criminal conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Free_Speech_Coalition" title="Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition">Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hansen" title="United States v. Hansen">United States v. Hansen</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">Strict scrutiny</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holder_v._Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project">Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overbreadth_doctrine" title="Overbreadth doctrine">Overbreadth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">Vagueness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Goguen" title="Smith v. Goguen">Smith v. Goguen</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Airport_Commissioners_of_Los_Angeles_v._Jews_for_Jesus,_Inc." title="Board of Airport Commissioners of Los Angeles v. Jews for Jesus, Inc.">Board of Airport Commissioners v. Jews for Jesus</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">Symbolic speech</a><br />versus conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stromberg_v._California" title="Stromberg v. California">Stromberg v. California</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._California" title="Cohen v. California">Cohen v. California</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spence_v._Washington" title="Spence v. Washington">Spence v. Washington</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">United States v. Eichman</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barnes_v._Glen_Theatre,_Inc." title="Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc.">Barnes v. Glen Theatre</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Erie_v._Pap%27s_A._M." title="City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.">City of Erie v. Pap's A. M.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Black" title="Virginia v. Black">Virginia v. Black</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-based<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boos_v._Barry" title="Boos v. Barry">Boos v. Barry</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butterworth_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butterworth v. Smith (page does not exist)">Butterworth v. Smith</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster,_Inc._v._Crime_Victims_Board" title="Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board">Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Crime Victims Board</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R.A.V._v._City_of_St._Paul" title="R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul">R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Town_of_Gilbert" title="Reed v. Town of Gilbert">Reed v. Town of Gilbert</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Austin_v._Reagan_National_Advertising_of_Austin,_LLC" title="City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC">City of Austin v. Reagan National Advertising of Austin, LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content-neutral<br />restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Schneider_v._New_Jersey" title="Schneider v. New Jersey">Schneider v. New Jersey</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Ladue_v._Gilleo" title="City of Ladue v. Gilleo">City of Ladue v. Gilleo</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Packingham_v._North_Carolina" title="Packingham v. North Carolina">Packingham v. North Carolina</a></i> (2017)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the<br /><a href="/wiki/Public_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Public forum">public forum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Massachusetts" title="Davis v. Massachusetts">Davis v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hague_v._Committee_for_Industrial_Organization" title="Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization">Hague v. CIO</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornhill_v._Alabama" title="Thornhill v. Alabama">Thornhill v. Alabama</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._City_of_Struthers" title="Martin v. City of Struthers">Martin v. City of Struthers</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niemotko_v._Maryland" title="Niemotko v. Maryland">Niemotko v. Maryland</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Louisiana" title="Brown v. Louisiana">Brown v. Louisiana</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adderley_v._Florida" title="Adderley v. Florida">Adderley v. Florida</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carroll_v._Town_of_Princess_Anne" title="Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne">Carroll v. Town of Princess Anne</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coates_v._City_of_Cincinnati" title="Coates v. City of Cincinnati">Coates v. City of Cincinnati</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_a_Better_Austin_v._Keefe" title="Organization for a Better Austin v. Keefe">Org. for a Better Austin v. Keefe</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=USPS_v._Council_of_Greenburgh_Civic_Assns.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns. (page does not exist)">USPS v. Council of Greenburgh Civic Assns.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Grace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Grace (page does not exist)">United States v. Grace</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clark_v._Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence" title="Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence">Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frisby_v._Schultz" title="Frisby v. Schultz">Frisby v. Schultz</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ward_v._Rock_Against_Racism" title="Ward v. Rock Against Racism">Ward v. Rock Against Racism</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burson_v._Freeman" title="Burson v. Freeman">Burson v. Freeman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madsen_v._Women%27s_Health_Center,_Inc." title="Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.">Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schenck_v._Pro-Choice_Network_of_Western_New_York" title="Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York">Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New York</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v._Colorado" title="Hill v. Colorado">Hill v. Colorado</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCullen_v._Coakley" title="McCullen v. Coakley">McCullen v. Coakley</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designated<br />public forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Widmar_v._Vincent" title="Widmar v. Vincent">Widmar v. Vincent</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonpublic<br />forum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Glines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Glines (page does not exist)">Brown v. Glines</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Education_Association_v._Perry_Local_Educators%27_Association" title="Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association">Perry Education Association v. Perry Local Educators' Association</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornelius_v._NAACP_Legal_Defense_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund (page does not exist)">Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Defense Fund</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc._v._Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee (page does not exist)">International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. v. Lee</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Educational_Television_Commission_v._Forbes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes (page does not exist)">Arkansas Educational Television Commission v. Forbes</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Voters_Alliance_v._Mansky" title="Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky">Minnesota Voters Alliance v. Mansky</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compelled_speech" title="Compelled speech">Compelled speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Ed. v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miami_Herald_Publishing_Co._v._Tornillo" title="Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo">Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooley_v._Maynard" title="Wooley v. Maynard">Wooley v. Maynard</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pruneyard_Shopping_Center_v._Robins" title="Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins">Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_v._Forum_for_Academic_%26_Institutional_Rights,_Inc." title="Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.">Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic & Institutional Rights, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Family_and_Life_Advocates_v._Becerra" title="National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra">National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/303_Creative_LLC_v._Elenis" title="303 Creative LLC v. Elenis">303 Creative LLC v. Elenis</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moody_v._NetChoice,_LLC" title="Moody v. NetChoice, LLC">Moody v. NetChoice, LLC</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled subsidy<br />of others' speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry._Emps._Department_v._Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson (page does not exist)">Ry. Emps. Department v. Hanson</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machinists_v._Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinists v. Street">Machinists v. Street</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abood_v._Detroit_Board_of_Education" title="Abood v. Detroit Board of Education">Abood v. Detroit Board of Education</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ellis_v._Railway_Clerks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ellis v. Railway Clerks (page does not exist)">Ellis v. Railway Clerks</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Local_Teachers_Union_v._Hudson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson (page does not exist)">Chicago Local Teachers Union v. Hudson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communications_Workers_of_America_v._Beck" title="Communications Workers of America v. Beck">Communications Workers of America v. Beck</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keller_v._State_Bar_of_California" title="Keller v. State Bar of California">Keller v. State Bar of California</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehnert_v._Ferris_Faculty_Ass%27n" title="Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n">Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Wisconsin_System_v._Southworth" title="Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System v. Southworth">Board of Regents of the Univ. of Wisconsin System v. Southworth</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davenport_v._Washington_Education_Ass%27n" title="Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n">Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locke_v._Karass" title="Locke v. Karass">Locke v. Karass</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ysursa_v._Pocatello_Education_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association (page does not exist)">Ysursa v. Pocatello Education Association</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Service_Employees_International_Union,_Local_1000" title="Knox v. Service Employees International Union, Local 1000">Knox v. SEIU, Local 1000</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Quinn" title="Harris v. Quinn">Harris v. Quinn</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedrichs_v._California_Teachers_Association" title="Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association">Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janus_v._AFSCME" title="Janus v. AFSCME">Janus v. AFSCME</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Compelled_representation" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compelled representation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steele_v._Louisville_%26_N.R._Co&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co (page does not exist)">Steele v. Louisville & N.R. Co</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Board_for_Community_Colleges_v._Knight" title="Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight">Minnesota Board for Community Colleges v. Knight</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government grants<br />and subsidies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Regan_v._Taxation_with_Representation_of_Washington" title="Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington">Regan v. Taxation with Representation of Washington</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rust_v._Sullivan" title="Rust v. Sullivan">Rust v. Sullivan</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts_v._Finley" title="National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley">National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corp._v._Velazquez" title="Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez">Legal Services Corp. v. Velazquez</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2013)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2013)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_International_(2020)" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International (2020)">USAID v. Alliance for Open Society International II</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_speech" title="Government speech">Government<br />as speaker</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Grove_City_v._Summum" title="Pleasant Grove City v. Summum">Pleasant Grove City v. Summum</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_v._Texas_Division,_Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Walker v. Texas Division, Sons of Confederate Veterans">Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Community_College_System_v._Wilson" title="Houston Community College System v. Wilson">Houston Community College System v. Wilson</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shurtleff_v._City_of_Boston" title="Shurtleff v. City of Boston">Shurtleff v. City of Boston</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">Loyalty oaths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Communications_Association_v._Douds" class="mw-redirect" title="American Communications Association v. Douds">American Communications Ass'n v. Douds</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speiser_v._Randall" title="Speiser v. Randall">Speiser v. Randall</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyishian_v._Board_of_Regents" title="Keyishian v. Board of Regents">Keyishian v. Board of Regents</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indiana_v._Whitcomb" title="Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb">Communist Party of Indiana v. Whitcomb</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in schools in the United States">School speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minersville_School_District_v._Gobitis" title="Minersville School District v. Gobitis">Minersville School District v. Gobitis</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_State_Board_of_Education_v._Barnette" title="West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette">West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Ind. Community School Dist.</a></i> (1969, <a href="/wiki/Substantial_disruption" title="Substantial disruption">substantial disruption</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Healy_v._James" title="Healy v. James">Healy v. James</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Island_Trees_School_District_v._Pico" title="Island Trees School District v. Pico">Island Trees School District v. Pico</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethel_School_District_v._Fraser" title="Bethel School District v. Fraser">Bethel School District v. Fraser</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hazelwood_School_District_v._Kuhlmeier" title="Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier">Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westside_Community_Board_of_Education_v._Mergens" title="Westside Community Board of Education v. Mergens">Westside Community Board of Ed. v. Mergens</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosenberger_v._University_of_Virginia" title="Rosenberger v. University of Virginia">Rosenberger v. Univ. of Virginia</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morse_v._Frederick" title="Morse v. Frederick">Morse v. Frederick</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanoy_Area_School_District_v._B.L." title="Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.">Mahanoy Area School District v. B.L.</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pickering_v._Board_of_Education" title="Pickering v. Board of Education">Pickering v. Board of Education</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Sindermann" title="Perry v. Sindermann">Perry v. Sindermann</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrod_v._Burns" title="Elrod v. Burns">Elrod v. Burns</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School Dist. Board of Ed. v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Givhan_v._Western_Line_Consolidated_School_District" title="Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District">Givhan v. Western Line Consol. School Dist.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Hwy._Employees_Local&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Hwy. Employees Local</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Myers" title="Connick v. Myers">Connick v. Myers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rankin_v._McPherson" title="Rankin v. McPherson">Rankin v. McPherson</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rutan_v._Republican_Party_of_Illinois" title="Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois">Rutan v. Republican Party of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waters_v._Churchill" title="Waters v. Churchill">Waters v. Churchill</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._National_Treasury_Employees_Union" title="United States v. National Treasury Employees Union">United States v. National Treasury Employees Union</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Board_of_Comm%27rs,_Wabaunsee_Cty._v._Umbehr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr (page does not exist)">Board of Comm'rs, Wabaunsee Cty. v. Umbehr</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Academy_v._Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn." class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.">Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lane_v._Franks" title="Lane v. Franks">Lane v. Franks</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heffernan_v._City_of_Paterson" title="Heffernan v. City of Paterson">Heffernan v. City of Paterson</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_v._Bremerton_School_District" title="Kennedy v. Bremerton School District">Kennedy v. Bremerton School Dist.</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act</a> and<br />similar laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Curtis" title="Ex parte Curtis">Ex parte Curtis</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Public_Workers_v._Mitchell" title="United Public Workers v. Mitchell">United Public Workers v. Mitchell</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission_v._National_Ass%27n_of_Letter_Carriers" title="United States Civil Service Commission v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers">U.S. Civil Service Comm'n v. National Ass'n of Letter Carriers</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadrick_v._Oklahoma" title="Broadrick v. Oklahoma">Broadrick v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licensing and<br />restriction of speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutual_Film_Corp._v._Industrial_Commission_of_Ohio" title="Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Commission of Ohio">Mutual Film Corp. v. Industrial Comm'n of Ohio</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._New_Hampshire" title="Cox v. New Hampshire">Cox v. New Hampshire</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._Pennsylvania" title="Murdock v. Pennsylvania">Murdock v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunz_v._New_York" title="Kunz v. New York">Kunz v. New York</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Burstyn,_Inc._v._Wilson" title="Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson">Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Books,_Inc._v._Brown" title="Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown">Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Trainmen_v._Virginia_Bar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar (page does not exist)">Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia Bar</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedman_v._Maryland" title="Freedman v. Maryland">Freedman v. Maryland</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mine_Workers_v._Illinois_Bar_Assn.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn. (page does not exist)">Mine Workers v. Illinois Bar Assn.</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heffron_v._International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc. (page does not exist)">Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forsyth_County_v._Nationalist_Movement" title="Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement">Forsyth County v. Nationalist Movement</a></i> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Valentine_v._Chrestensen" title="Valentine v. Chrestensen">Valentine v. Chrestensen</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowan_v._United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="Rowan v. United States Post Office Department">Rowan v. U.S. Post Office Dept.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Press_Co._v._Pittsburgh_Commission_on_Human_Relations" title="Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations">Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Comm'n on Human Relations</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehman_v._Shaker_Heights" title="Lehman v. Shaker Heights">Lehman v. Shaker Heights</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldfarb_v._Virginia_State_Bar" title="Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar">Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bigelow_v._Virginia" title="Bigelow v. Virginia">Bigelow v. Virginia</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Pharmacy_Board_v._Virginia_Citizens_Consumer_Council" title="Virginia State Pharmacy Board v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council">Virginia State Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linmark_Associates,_Inc._v._Township_of_Willingboro" title="Linmark Associates, Inc. v. Township of Willingboro">Linmark Assoc., Inc. v. Township of Willingboro</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carey_v._Population_Services_International" title="Carey v. Population Services International">Carey v. Population Services International</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._State_Bar_of_Arizona" title="Bates v. State Bar of Arizona">Bates v. State Bar of Arizona</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohralik_v._Ohio_State_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association (page does not exist)">Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Association</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friedman_v._Rogers" title="Friedman v. Rogers">Friedman v. Rogers</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Edison_Co._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Consolidated Edison Co. v. Public Service Commission">Consol. Edison Co. v. Public Serv. Comm'n</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Hudson_Gas_%26_Electric_Corp._v._Public_Service_Commission" title="Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission">Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metromedia,_Inc._v._San_Diego" title="Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego">Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_R.M.J.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re R.M.J. (page does not exist)">In re R.M.J.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Estates_v._The_Flipside,_Hoffman_Estates,_Inc." title="Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.">Hoffman Estates v. The Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zauderer_v._Office_of_Disciplinary_Counsel_of_Supreme_Court_of_Ohio" title="Zauderer v. Office of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio">Zauderer v. Off. of Disciplinary Counsel of Supreme Court of Ohio</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric_Co._v._Public_Utilities_Commission" title="Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Commission">Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Public Utilities Comm'n of California</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Posadas_de_Puerto_Rico_Associates_v._Tourism_Co._of_Puerto_Rico" title="Posadas de Puerto Rico Associates v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico">Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. of Puerto Rico</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. U.S. Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shapero_v._Kentucky_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association (page does not exist)">Shapero v. Kentucky Bar Association</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_v._Nat%27l_Fed%27n_of_the_Blind&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind (page does not exist)">Riley v. Nat'l Fed'n of the Blind</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=State_University_of_New_York_v._Fox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State University of New York v. Fox (page does not exist)">State University of New York v. Fox</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peel_v._Attorney_Registration_and_Disciplinary_Commission_of_Illinois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois (page does not exist)">Peel v. Attorney Registration and Disciplinary Commission of Illinois</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cincinnati_v._Discovery_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network">City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edenfield_v._Fane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edenfield v. Fane (page does not exist)">Edenfield v. Fane</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Edge_Broadcasting_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co. (page does not exist)">United States v. Edge Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibanez_v._Florida_Dept._of_Business_and_Professional_Regulation,_Bd._of_Accountancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy (page does not exist)">Ibanez v. Florida Dept. of Business and Professional Regulation, Bd. of Accountancy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebron_v._National_Railroad_Passenger_Corp." title="Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.">Lebron v. National Railroad Passenger Corp.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin_v._Coors_Brewing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co. (page does not exist)">Rubin v. Coors Brewing Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Bar_v._Went_For_It,_Inc." title="Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.">Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/44_Liquormart,_Inc._v._Rhode_Island" title="44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island">44 Liquormart, Inc. v. Rhode Island</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glickman_v._Wileman_Brothers_%26_Elliot,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc. (page does not exist)">Glickman v. Wileman Brothers & Elliot, Inc.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_New_Orleans_Broadcasting_Assn.,_Inc._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States (page does not exist)">Greater New Orleans Broadcasting Assn., Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_Police_Department_v._United_Reporting_Publishing_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co. (page does not exist)">Los Angeles Police Department v. United Reporting Publishing Co.</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._United_Foods_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. United Foods Inc. (page does not exist)">United States v. United Foods Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lorillard_Tobacco_Co._v._Reilly" title="Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly">Lorillard Tobacco Co. v. Reilly</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thompson_v._Western_States_Medical_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thompson v. Western States Medical Center (page does not exist)">Thompson v. Western States Medical Center</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc._v._Kasky" class="mw-redirect" title="Nike, Inc. v. Kasky">Nike, Inc. v. Kasky</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johanns_v._Livestock_Marketing_Association" title="Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Association">Johanns v. Livestock Marketing Ass'n</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Secondary_School_Athletic_Assn._v._Brentwood_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy">Tennessee Secondary School Athletic Assn. v. Brentwood Academy</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milavetz,_Gallop_%26_Milavetz,_P.A._v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States (page does not exist)">Milavetz, Gallop & Milavetz, P.A. v. United States</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerman_v._Carlisle,_McNellie,_Rini,_Kramer_%26_Ulrich_LPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA (page does not exist)">Jerman v. Carlisle, McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sorrell_v._IMS_Health_Inc." title="Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.">Sorrell v. IMS Health Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Expressions_Hair_Design_v._Schneiderman" title="Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman">Expressions Hair Design v. Schneiderman</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._American_Assn._of_Political_Consultants,_Inc." title="Barr v. American Assn. of Political Consultants, Inc.">Barr v. American Association of Political Consultants</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vidal_v._Elster" title="Vidal v. Elster">Vidal v. Elster</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Campaign finance in the United States">Campaign finance</a><br />and political speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Boston_v._Bellotti" title="First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti">First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_Medical_Association_v._FEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California Medical Association v. FEC (page does not exist)">California Medical Association v. FEC</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Against_Rent_Control_v._City_of_Berkeley" title="Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley">Citizens Against Rent Control v. City of Berkeley</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._National_Right_to_Work_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. National Right to Work Committee (page does not exist)">FEC v. National Right to Work Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._National_Conservative_PAC" title="FEC v. National Conservative PAC">FEC v. National Conservative PAC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Massachusetts_Citizens_for_Life" title="FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life">FEC v. Massachusetts Citizens for Life</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eu_v._S.F._Cty._Democratic_Cent._Comm.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm. (page does not exist)">Eu v. S.F. Cty. Democratic Cent. Comm.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austin_v._Michigan_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce">Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee_v._FEC" title="Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC">Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Shrink_Missouri_Government_PAC" title="Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC">Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Colorado_Republican_Federal_Campaign_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee">FEC v. Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota_v._White" title="Republican Party of Minnesota v. White">Republican Party of Minnesota v. White</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FEC_v._Beaumont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FEC v. Beaumont (page does not exist)">FEC v. Beaumont</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McConnell_v._FEC" title="McConnell v. FEC">McConnell v. FEC</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc._v._FEC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC">Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. v. FEC</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Randall_v._Sorrell" title="Randall v. Sorrell">Randall v. Sorrell</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Wisconsin_Right_to_Life,_Inc." title="FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.">FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._FEC" title="Davis v. FEC">Davis v. FEC</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citizens_United_v._FEC" title="Citizens United v. FEC">Citizens United v. FEC</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Commission_on_Ethics_v._Carrigan" title="Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan">Nevada Commission on Ethics v. Carrigan</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Free_Enterprise_Club%27s_Freedom_Club_PAC_v._Bennett" title="Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett">Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tradition_Partnership,_Inc._v._Bullock" title="American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock">American Tradition Partnership, Inc. v. Bullock</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McCutcheon_v._FEC" title="McCutcheon v. FEC">McCutcheon v. FEC</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams-Yulee_v._Florida_Bar" title="Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar">Williams-Yulee v. Florida Bar</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hebdon" title="Thompson v. Hebdon">Thompson v. Hebdon</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Ted_Cruz_for_Senate" title="FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate">FEC v. Ted Cruz for Senate</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anonymous speech</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._Valeo" title="Buckley v. Valeo">Buckley v. Valeo</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Socialist_Workers_%2774_Campaign_Committee" title="Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee">Brown v. Socialist Workers '74 Campaign Committee</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McIntyre_v._Ohio_Elections_Commission" title="McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission">McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Comm'n</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_v._Alabama" title="Marsh v. Alabama">Marsh v. Alabama</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Corp._v._Tanner" title="Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner">Lloyd Corp. v. Tanner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Access_Corp._v._Halleck" title="Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck">Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lindke_v._Freed" title="Lindke v. Freed">Lindke v. Freed</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retaliatory_arrest_and_prosecution" title="Retaliatory arrest and prosecution">Official retaliation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartman_v._Moore" title="Hartman v. Moore">Hartman v. Moore</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichle_v._Howards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichle v. Howards (page does not exist)">Reichle v. Howards</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wood_v._Moss" title="Wood v. Moss">Wood v. Moss</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lozman v. City of Riviera Beach</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nieves_v._Bartlett" title="Nieves v. Bartlett">Nieves v. Bartlett</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Boule" title="Egbert v. Boule">Egbert v. Boule</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Trevino" title="Gonzalez v. Trevino">Gonzalez v. Trevino</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America_v._Vullo" title="National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo">National Rifle Association of America v. Vullo</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boycotts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Claiborne_Hardware_Co." title="NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.">NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTC_v._Superior_Ct._TLA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA (page does not exist)">FTC v. Superior Ct. TLA</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Procunier_v._Martinez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Procunier v. Martinez (page does not exist)">Procunier v. Martinez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._North_Carolina_Prisoners%27_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union">Jones v. North Carolina Prisoners' Union</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Murphy" title="Shaw v. Murphy">Shaw v. Murphy</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overton_v._Bazzetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overton v. Bazzetta (page does not exist)">Overton v. Bazzetta</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beard_v._Banks" title="Beard v. Banks">Beard v. Banks</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_the_press" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the press</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraints</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._Colorado" title="Patterson v. Colorado">Patterson v. Colorado</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_v._Minnesota" title="Near v. Minnesota">Near v. Minnesota</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lovell_v._City_of_Griffin" title="Lovell v. City of Griffin">Lovell v. City of Griffin</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tucker_v._Texas" title="Tucker v. Texas">Tucker v. Texas</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hannegan_v._Esquire,_Inc." title="Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.">Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc.</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamont_v._Postmaster_General" title="Lamont v. Postmaster General">Lamont v. Postmaster General</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._United_States" title="New York Times Co. v. United States">New York Times Co. v. United States</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pell_v._Procunier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pell v. Procunier (page does not exist)">Pell v. Procunier</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Press_Ass%27n_v._Stuart" title="Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart">Nebraska Press Ass'n v. Stuart</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Communications,_Inc._v._Virginia" title="Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia">Landmark Communications, Inc. v. Virginia</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lowe_v._SEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lowe v. SEC (page does not exist)">Lowe v. SEC</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tory_v._Cochran" title="Tory v. Cochran">Tory v. Cochran</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Hill" title="Time, Inc. v. Hill">Time, Inc. v. Hill</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_Broadcasting_Corp._v._Cohn" title="Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn">Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Star_v._B._J._F." title="Florida Star v. B. J. F.">Florida Star v. B. J. F.</a></i> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxation and<br />privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Grosjean_v._American_Press_Co." title="Grosjean v. American Press Co.">Grosjean v. American Press Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Branzburg_v._Hayes" title="Branzburg v. Hayes">Branzburg v. Hayes</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houchins_v._KQED,_Inc." title="Houchins v. KQED, Inc.">Houchins v. KQED, Inc.</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Star_Tribune_Co._v._Commissioner" title="Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner">Minneapolis Star Tribune Co. v. Commissioner</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_Writers%27_Project_v._Ragland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland (page does not exist)">Arkansas Writers' Project v. Ragland</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_v._Cowles_Media_Co." title="Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.">Cohen v. Cowles Media Co.</a></i> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beauharnais_v._Illinois" title="Beauharnais v. Illinois">Beauharnais v. Illinois</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Publishing_Co._v._Butts" title="Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts">Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Cooperative_Publishing_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Bresler" title="Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler">Greenbelt Cooperative Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gertz_v._Robert_Welch,_Inc." title="Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.">Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc.</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time,_Inc._v._Firestone" title="Time, Inc. v. Firestone">Time, Inc. v. Firestone</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bose_Corp._v._Consumers_Union_of_United_States,_Inc." title="Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.">Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_%26_Bradstreet,_Inc._v._Greenmoss_Builders,_Inc." title="Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.">Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss Builders, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hustler_Magazine_v._Falwell" title="Hustler Magazine v. Falwell">Hustler Magazine v. Falwell</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harte-Hanks_Communications,_Inc._v._Connaughton" title="Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton">Harte-Hanks Communications, Inc. v. Connaughton</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milkovich_v._Lorain_Journal_Co." title="Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.">Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Finance_Group,_LLC_v._Cox" title="Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox">Obsidian Finance Group, LLC v. Cox</a></i> (9th Cir. 2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcast media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Broadcasting_Co._v._FCC" title="Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC">Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_v._WNCN_Listeners_Guild&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild (page does not exist)">FCC v. WNCN Listeners Guild</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denver_Area_Ed._Telecommunications_Consortium,_Inc._v._FCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC (page does not exist)">Denver Area Ed. Telecommunications Consortium, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc._v._FCC" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartnicki_v._Vopper" title="Bartnicki v. Vopper">Bartnicki v. Vopper</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Copyrighted materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presser_v._Illinois" title="Presser v. Illinois">Presser v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protection from prosecution <br />and state restrictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Jonge_v._Oregon" title="De Jonge v. Oregon">De Jonge v. Oregon</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_of_association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association#United_States_Constitution" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watkins_v._United_States" title="Watkins v. United States">Watkins v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bates_v._City_of_Little_Rock" title="Bates v. City of Little Rock">Bates v. City of Little Rock</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity_Foundation_v._Bonta" title="Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta">Americans for Prosperity Foundation v. Bonta</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future Conduct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baggett_v._Bullitt" title="Baggett v. Bullitt">Baggett v. Bullitt</a></i> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Solicitation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Primus" title="In re Primus">In re Primus</a></i> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership restriction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hishon_v._King_%26_Spalding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hishon v. King & Spalding (page does not exist)">Hishon v. King & Spalding</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roberts_v._United_States_Jaycees" title="Roberts v. United States Jaycees">Roberts v. United States Jaycees</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Int%27l_v._Rotary_Club_of_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte (page does not exist)">Rotary Int'l v. Rotary Club of Duarte</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_Club_Ass%27n_v._City_of_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York (page does not exist)">New York Club Ass'n v. City of New York</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_v._Stanglin" title="Dallas v. Stanglin">Dallas v. Stanglin</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurley_v._Irish-American_Gay,_Lesbian,_and_Bisexual_Group_of_Boston" title="Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston">Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America_v._Dale" title="Boy Scouts of America v. Dale">Boy Scouts of America v. Dale</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christian_Legal_Society_v._Martinez" title="Christian Legal Society v. Martinez">Christian Legal Society v. Martinez</a></i> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primaries and elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousins_v._Wigoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousins v. Wigoda (page does not exist)">Cousins v. Wigoda</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Party_v._Wisconsin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democratic Party v. Wisconsin (page does not exist)">Democratic Party v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tashjian_v._Republican_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tashjian v. Republican Party (page does not exist)">Tashjian v. Republican Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timmons_v._Twin_Cities_Area_New_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party (page does not exist)">Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party_v._Jones" title="California Democratic Party v. Jones">California Democratic Party v. Jones</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clingman_v._Beaver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clingman v. Beaver (page does not exist)">Clingman v. Beaver</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Board_of_Elections_v._Lopez_Torres" title="New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres">New York State Board of Elections v. Lopez Torres</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Grange_v._Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party">Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Freedom_to_petition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Freedom to petition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Collins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Collins (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Collins</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Railroad_Presidents_Conference_v._Noerr_Motor_Freight,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.">Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._South_Carolina" title="Edwards v. South Carolina">Edwards v. South Carolina</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_v._Pennington" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers v. Pennington">United Mine Workers v. Pennington</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cox_v._Louisiana" title="Cox v. Louisiana">Cox v. Louisiana</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/California_Motor_Transport_Co._v._Trucking_Unlimited" title="California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited">California Motor Transport Co. v. Trucking Unlimited</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Arkansas_State_Highway_Employees&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees (page does not exist)">Smith v. Arkansas State Highway Employees</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonald_v._Smith" title="McDonald v. Smith">McDonald v. Smith</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Grant" title="Meyer v. Grant">Meyer v. Grant</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buckley_v._American_Constitutional_Law_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation">Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=BE_and_K_Construction_Co._v._National_Labor_Relations_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board (page does not exist)">BE and K Construction Co. v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Reed" title="Doe v. Reed">Doe v. Reed</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Duryea_v._Guarnieri" title="Borough of Duryea v. Guarnieri">Borough of Duryea v. 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