CINXE.COM

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Internal correspondence and memoranda make up the bulk of these files; they consist of communications within the National Desk, between the National Desk and senior editors in other departments, and with the bureaus, reporters, and stringers around the country. Each city bureau has a file that contains memoranda on staff assignments, staff management, editorial feedback, and the system for transmitting news to New York. Stringers files include story assignments and contract negotiations. Records from 1949 to the mid-1970s primarily document news coverage (assignments and story content), editorial matters (fact checking, tone, and style), and managing and communicating with reporters. Items from the 1970s and 1980s relate to administrative issues, such as personnel and hiring, promotions, leasing office space, and the management of office finances. In this time period, exchanges about news coverage between editors and correspondents in the field are less frequent.</p> <p>Files are arranged alphabetically by file title. Entries without box and folder numbers cross-reference related material in other files.</p>"}],"date_start":"1949","date_end":"1984","total_children":61,"total_components":61}]}; var collection_component_count = 185; var collection_response = {"id":8518,"title":"New York Times Company records. National Desk records","origination":[{"value":"New York Times Company","type":"corpname"}],"org_unit_id":1,"date_statement":"1949-1984","extent_statement":"2.94 linear feet (7 boxes)","linear_feet":2.94,"keydate":"1949","identifier_value":"17793","identifier_type":"local_mss","bnumber":"b19836441","call_number":"MssCol 17793","pdf_finding_aid":"mss17793.pdf","max_depth":2,"series_count":2,"active":true,"created_at":"2013-07-09T18:07:10Z","updated_at":"2018-06-05T04:26:46Z","date_processed":2013,"has_digital":0,"fully_digitized":0,"show_generated_pdf":false,"extended_marc":0,"extended_nav":false,"type":"Collection","org_unit_name":"Manuscripts and Archives Division","org_unit_name_short":"Manuscripts and Archives Division","org_unit_code":"MSS","unitid":[{"value":"17793","type":"local_mss"}],"unitdate":[{"value":"1949-1984","type":"inclusive","normal":"1949/1984"}],"date_inclusive_start":1949,"date_inclusive_end":1984,"dates_index":[1949,1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984],"unittitle":[{"value":"New York Times Company records. National Desk records"}],"physdesc":[{"format":"structured","physdesc_components":[{"name":"extent","value":"2.94 linear feet","unit":"linear feet"},{"name":"extent","value":"7 boxes","unit":"containers"}],"supress_display":true}],"repository":[{"value":"<span class=\"corpname\">The New York Public Library. <span class=\"subarea\">Manuscripts and Archives Division</span></span> <div class=\"address\"><span class=\"addressline\">New York, New York</span></div>"}],"abstract":[{"value":"This collection contains correspondence and memoranda among the staff of <span class=\"title\">The New York Times</span> National Desk between 1950 and 1984. This department is responsible for the development and presentation of <span class=\"title\">The Times'</span> reporting on the United States. The bulk of these records involve National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991)."}],"prefercite":[{"value":"<p>New York Times Company records. National Desk records, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library.</p>"}],"bioghist":[{"value":"<p>The National Desk, also referred to as the National News Desk or the Telegraph Desk, is the department responsible for the development and presentation of <span class=\"title\">The New York Times'</span> reporting on the United States. At the time of these records' creation, it was one of three main news desks at <span class=\"title\">The Times</span>, along with the Metropolitan Desk and the Foreign Desk. Staff members include the national-news editor who headed the department, news editors in New York City, and editors and correspondents in the various city bureaus and regional outposts around the country. Washington, D.C. has the largest and most independent bureau, while Albany, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, and other cities have smaller staffs under the supervision of the National Desk. Also vital to the department's operations are regional staff reporters and the stringers (freelance contributors networked around the country that often worked for local newspapers). In the 1960s, <span class=\"title\">The Times</span> created the role of director of news direction (later titled National News Director), who took over most of the duties of the national news editor, including assigning stories, making final editorial decisions, and managing personnel across the country. By the 1970s, the title of national news editor was back in use. The staff members best represented in this collection are the National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991).</p>"}],"custodhist":[{"value":"<p>This collection was originally re-housed and organized in 1989 by The Times archives staff.</p>"}],"scopecontent":[{"value":"<p>This collection contains correspondence and memoranda among the staff of <span class=\"title\">The New York Times</span> National Desk, particularly between the national news editor, his editorial staff in New York, and the bureau editors, reporters, and stringers (freelance reporters) around the country. While the National Desk has been in existence for most of the history of <span class=\"title\">The Times</span>, this collection only documents the years 1950 to 1984. The contents of the early part of the collection focus on news coverage by the bureaus, background reports for ongoing news stories, the <span class=\"title\">Times'</span> editorial approach to certain stories, and the transmission of news from the bureaus to New York. The files from the 1970s and 1980s increasingly relate to only administrative matters, such as staffing and office space issues.</p> <p>The collection is divided into two series: I: People and II: Subjects. The People files consist of records pertaining to individuals, while the Subjects files contain items on specific topics. Items germane to two or more people or subjects are often cross-referenced in the finding aid; documents related to specific issues are generally located in subject files rather than the people folders of those involved. <span class=\"title\">The Times</span> archivists imposed this arrangement and drastically weeded records of this collection.</p> <p>The bulk of the letters and memoranda involve the following <span class=\"title\">Times</span> staff members: National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Assistant National News Editors Clifford J. Laube (1950s), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991). Eugene Roberts, Jr., who was national news editor from 1968 to 1972, is not represented in the collection. See the series scope notes in the container list for additional description of the collection's contents.</p>"},{"value":"<p class='list-head'>The New York Times Company records. National Desk records are arranged in two series:</p>\n<ul class='arrangement series-descriptions'>\n<li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/17793#c668303'>Series I: People</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1949-1984</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>1.5 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>This series is made up of files that contain items to, from, or concerning various individuals, primarily <span class=\"title\">New York Times</span> staff members and freelance reporters, with some files on politicians, and other newsmakers. Staff member files typically include letters and memoranda between the staff and National Desk editors. These items typically contain assignments and feedback on and assessments of their work. Many of these files also contain photographic portraits of the staff. Records regarding stringers are typically located in the Subject Series under the bureau or home geographic location. These contain correspondence regarding contracts, fee negotiations, and story assignments. While this series contains a small amount of external correspondence, most files on prominent figures are made up of items discussing <span class=\"title\">The Times'</span> reporting on these individuals. Files do not necessarily collect every letter, memorandum, or document related to the individual; subject files should also be consulted.</p> <p>Files are arranged alphabetically by name. Entries without box and folder numbers cross-reference related material in other files.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/17793#c668426'>Series II: Subjects</a></div>\n<div class='series-date'>1949-1984</div>\n<div class='series-extent'>5.5 boxes</div>\n<div class='series-description'><p>This series is made up of alphabetical subject files that are organized (and titled) by topical keywords, city bureaus, geographical locations, or organizations. Internal correspondence and memoranda make up the bulk of these files; they consist of communications within the National Desk, between the National Desk and senior editors in other departments, and with the bureaus, reporters, and stringers around the country. Each city bureau has a file that contains memoranda on staff assignments, staff management, editorial feedback, and the system for transmitting news to New York. Stringers files include story assignments and contract negotiations. Records from 1949 to the mid-1970s primarily document news coverage (assignments and story content), editorial matters (fact checking, tone, and style), and managing and communicating with reporters. Items from the 1970s and 1980s relate to administrative issues, such as personnel and hiring, promotions, leasing office space, and the management of office finances. In this time period, exchanges about news coverage between editors and correspondents in the field are less frequent.</p> <p>Files are arranged alphabetically by file title. Entries without box and folder numbers cross-reference related material in other files.</p></div></li></ul>\n","type":"arrangement"}],"arrangement":[{"value":"<p>The New York Times Company records. National Desk records are organized in the following series:</p> <ul class=\"list\"> <li>Series I: People, 1949-1984</li> <li>Series II: Subjects, 1949-1984</li></ul>","supress_display":true}],"acqinfo":[{"value":"<p>New York Times Company, donated 2007.</p>"}],"processinfo":[{"value":"<p>Compiled by Philip Heslip.</p>"},{"value":"<p>The order and folder titles, which were imposed by The Times archives staff, have been maintained.</p>"}],"userestrict":[{"value":"<p>Copyright for documents created by New York Times Company principals and staff has been transferred to The New York Public Library.</p>"}],"physloc":[{"value":"MssCol 17793","type":"local_call","supress_display":true}],"date_start":"1949","date_end":"1984","standard_access_note":"Advance notice required.","total_children":2,"total_components":185}; var user_account = false; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'UA-1420324-109']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); </script> </head> <body class='collections-show' data-spy="scroll" data-target=".sidenav"> <div id="wrap" typeof="schema:CreativeWork bibo:Collection dcmitype:Collection"> <div class="navbar navbar-fixed-top"> <div class="navbar-inner"> <div class="container nav-top"> <a href="http://www.nypl.org/" title="NYPL Homepage" alt="NYPL Homepage" class="nypl-logo"><span class="logo-text">NYPL Homepage</span></a> <a href="/" class="site-name" title="The New York Public Library Archives and Manuscripts Homepage"> <h4>The New York Public Library</h4> <h2>Archives & Manuscripts</h2> </a> <div class="nav-home"> <a href="/about" alt="About and Divisions" title="About and Divisions"> <div class="nav-item"> <span class="nav-icon">_<br></span> About </div> </a> <a href="/contacts/compose?collection_id=8518&layout=true&org_unit_id=1" class="contact-popup" data-colorbox="true"> <div class="nav-item"> <span class="nav-icon">E<br></span> Contact </div> </a> <a href="/collection/digital" title="View collections with digitized content" alt="View collections with digitized content"> <div class="nav-item" style="border:none"> <span class="nav-icon">D<br></span> Digitized </div> </a> </div> <form class="search navbar-search" action="/search/results" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /> <div class="controls search-input no-print"> <input type="text" name="q" id="q" value="" placeholder="Search names, titles, keywords..." class="navbar-search-input" aria-label="Search" /> <button type="search" class="button">Search</button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="container collection-head"> <div class="row"> <div class="span9 offset3 content-col"> <h1> <div property="schema:name" class="collection-head-title"> New York Times Company records. National Desk records </div> <span class="subtitle" property="schema:dateCreated">1949-1984</span> </h1> <div class="collection-view-select no-print"> <a href="#overview" class="btn primary disabled">Overview</a> <a href="#detailed" class="btn">Detailed description</a> <a href="/mss/17793/pdf" rel="nofollow" class="btn pdf-button">Printable (PDF) version</a> <a class="btn contact-popup" href="/contacts/compose?collection_id=8518&layout=true&mode=question&org_unit_id=1">Contact the division</a> <div class="btn-group tools-dropdown-group hidden-phone" title="Experimental Tools"> <a class="btn dropdown-toggle tools-dropdown" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#"> : <span class="caret"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown-menu">  <li><a href="#" id="tools-dropdown-minimap">Toggle Mini Map</a></li> <li><a href="#" id="tools-dropdown-network">View as Network</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="nav-title-holder" class='visible-desktop'> <div id="fixed-nav-title"></div> <div id="fixed-nav-title-tooltip" class="title-tooltip"><i class="icon-info-sign"></i></div> <div id="fixed-nav-subtitle" class="fixed-nav-subtitle"></div> <div id="fixed-nav-subtitle-tooltip" class="title-tooltip"><i class="icon-info-sign"></i></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container content main-content collections-show"> <div id="viz-nav-control" class="hidden-phone hidden-tablet visible-desktop"><i class="icon-chevron-left"></i><i class="icon-chevron-left"></i></div> <div class="hidden-phone hidden-tablet visible-desktop" id="viz-nav-loading-placeholder"> <div>Loading...</div> </div> <div class="row collection-info" id="collection-overview"> <div class="span3 sidebar"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked sidenav collection-info-sidenav affix" id="navTab"> <li class="active"> <a href="#descriptive_identity" data-toggle="scrollto">Collection Overview</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#bioghist" data-toggle="scrollto">Biographical/historical information</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#content_structure" data-toggle="scrollto">Scope and arrangement</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#acquisition_processing" data-toggle="scrollto">Administrative information</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="#access_use" data-toggle="scrollto">Using the collection</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="span9 collection-info-content content-col"> <div id="navTabContent" class="tab-content"> <div class="scrollto-section active" id="descriptive_identity"> <div class='description-section description-section-descriptive_identity'><div class='collection-summary'><dl class='dl-horizontal'> <dt>Creator</dt> <dd property='schema:creator dcterms:creator'>New York Times Company</dd> <dt>Call number</dt> <dd><a class="catalog-link" title="View catalog record" href="http://catalog.nypl.org/record=b19836441">MssCol 17793</a></dd> <dt>Physical description</dt> <dd property='dcterms:extent'>2.94 linear feet (7 boxes)</dd> <dt>Preferred Citation</dt> <dd property='dcterms:provenance'><p>New York Times Company records. National Desk records, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library.</p></dd> <dt>Repository</dt> <dd property='arch:heldBy'>Manuscripts and Archives Division</dd> <dt>Access to materials</dt> <dd> <a target="_blank" href="https://specialcollections.nypl.org/aeon/aeon.dll?Action=10&Form=31&Value=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/17793.xml">Request an in-person research appointment.</a></dd></dl> </div><p class='abstract' property='schema:description dcterms:abstract'>This collection contains correspondence and memoranda among the staff of <span class="title">The New York Times</span> National Desk between 1950 and 1984. This department is responsible for the development and presentation of <span class="title">The Times'</span> reporting on the United States. The bulk of these records involve National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991).</p><p class='sponsor-note'></p></div> </div> <div class="scrollto-section" id="bioghist"> <div class='description-section description-section-bioghist'> <h2>Biographical/historical information</h2> <div class='element bioghist' id='bioghist'><p>The National Desk, also referred to as the National News Desk or the Telegraph Desk, is the department responsible for the development and presentation of <span class="title">The New York Times'</span> reporting on the United States. At the time of these records' creation, it was one of three main news desks at <span class="title">The Times</span>, along with the Metropolitan Desk and the Foreign Desk. Staff members include the national-news editor who headed the department, news editors in New York City, and editors and correspondents in the various city bureaus and regional outposts around the country. Washington, D.C. has the largest and most independent bureau, while Albany, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, and other cities have smaller staffs under the supervision of the National Desk. Also vital to the department's operations are regional staff reporters and the stringers (freelance contributors networked around the country that often worked for local newspapers). In the 1960s, <span class="title">The Times</span> created the role of director of news direction (later titled National News Director), who took over most of the duties of the national news editor, including assigning stories, making final editorial decisions, and managing personnel across the country. By the 1970s, the title of national news editor was back in use. The staff members best represented in this collection are the National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991).</p></div></div> </div> <div class="scrollto-section" id="content_structure"> <div class='description-section description-section-content-structure'> <h2>Scope and arrangement</h2> <div class='element scopecontent' id='scopecontent'><p>This collection contains correspondence and memoranda among the staff of <span class="title">The New York Times</span> National Desk, particularly between the national news editor, his editorial staff in New York, and the bureau editors, reporters, and stringers (freelance reporters) around the country. While the National Desk has been in existence for most of the history of <span class="title">The Times</span>, this collection only documents the years 1950 to 1984. The contents of the early part of the collection focus on news coverage by the bureaus, background reports for ongoing news stories, the <span class="title">Times'</span> editorial approach to certain stories, and the transmission of news from the bureaus to New York. The files from the 1970s and 1980s increasingly relate to only administrative matters, such as staffing and office space issues.</p> <p>The collection is divided into two series: I: People and II: Subjects. The People files consist of records pertaining to individuals, while the Subjects files contain items on specific topics. Items germane to two or more people or subjects are often cross-referenced in the finding aid; documents related to specific issues are generally located in subject files rather than the people folders of those involved. <span class="title">The Times</span> archivists imposed this arrangement and drastically weeded records of this collection.</p> <p>The bulk of the letters and memoranda involve the following <span class="title">Times</span> staff members: National News Editor Raymond B. O'Neill (1951-1968), Daily Assignments Editor Harold R. Faber (1951-1971), Assistant National News Editors Clifford J. Laube (1950s), Director of National Correspondent Harrison E. Salisbury (1962-1964), National News Director Claude Sitton (1964-1968), National News Editor David R. Jones (1972-1987), and Assistant Managing Editor James Greenfield (1977-1991). Eugene Roberts, Jr., who was national news editor from 1968 to 1972, is not represented in the collection. See the series scope notes in the container list for additional description of the collection's contents.</p> <p class='list-head'>The New York Times Company records. National Desk records are arranged in two series:</p> <ul class='arrangement series-descriptions'> <li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/17793#c668303'>Series I: People</a></div> <div class='series-date'>1949-1984</div> <div class='series-extent'>1.5 boxes</div> <div class='series-description'><p>This series is made up of files that contain items to, from, or concerning various individuals, primarily <span class="title">New York Times</span> staff members and freelance reporters, with some files on politicians, and other newsmakers. Staff member files typically include letters and memoranda between the staff and National Desk editors. These items typically contain assignments and feedback on and assessments of their work. Many of these files also contain photographic portraits of the staff. Records regarding stringers are typically located in the Subject Series under the bureau or home geographic location. These contain correspondence regarding contracts, fee negotiations, and story assignments. While this series contains a small amount of external correspondence, most files on prominent figures are made up of items discussing <span class="title">The Times'</span> reporting on these individuals. Files do not necessarily collect every letter, memorandum, or document related to the individual; subject files should also be consulted.</p> <p>Files are arranged alphabetically by name. Entries without box and folder numbers cross-reference related material in other files.</p></div></li><li><div class='series-title'><a href='/mss/17793#c668426'>Series II: Subjects</a></div> <div class='series-date'>1949-1984</div> <div class='series-extent'>5.5 boxes</div> <div class='series-description'><p>This series is made up of alphabetical subject files that are organized (and titled) by topical keywords, city bureaus, geographical locations, or organizations. Internal correspondence and memoranda make up the bulk of these files; they consist of communications within the National Desk, between the National Desk and senior editors in other departments, and with the bureaus, reporters, and stringers around the country. Each city bureau has a file that contains memoranda on staff assignments, staff management, editorial feedback, and the system for transmitting news to New York. Stringers files include story assignments and contract negotiations. Records from 1949 to the mid-1970s primarily document news coverage (assignments and story content), editorial matters (fact checking, tone, and style), and managing and communicating with reporters. Items from the 1970s and 1980s relate to administrative issues, such as personnel and hiring, promotions, leasing office space, and the management of office finances. In this time period, exchanges about news coverage between editors and correspondents in the field are less frequent.</p> <p>Files are arranged alphabetically by file title. Entries without box and folder numbers cross-reference related material in other files.</p></div></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="scrollto-section" id="acquisition_processing"> <div class='description-section description-section-acquisition-processing'> <h2>Administrative information</h2> <div class='element custodhist' id='custodhist'><h3>Custodial history</h3><p>This collection was originally re-housed and organized in 1989 by The Times archives staff.</p></div> <div class='element acqinfo' id='acqinfo'><h3>Source of acquisition</h3><p>New York Times Company, donated 2007.</p></div> <div class='element processinfo' id='processinfo'><h3>Processing information</h3><p>Compiled by Philip Heslip.</p> <p>The order and folder titles, which were imposed by The Times archives staff, have been maintained.</p></div></div> </div> <div class="scrollto-section" id="access_use"> <div class='description-section description-section-access-use'> <h2>Using the collection</h2> <div class='element physical_location' id='physical_location'><h3>Location</h3>Manuscripts and Archives Division<br/>Stephen A. Schwarzman Building<br/>Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street, New York, NY 10018-2788<br/>Brooke Russell Astor Reading Room, Third Floor, Room 328</div> <div class='element standard_access_note' id='standard_access_note'><h3>Access to materials</h3> <a target="_blank" href="https://specialcollections.nypl.org/aeon/aeon.dll?Action=10&Form=31&Value=https://archives.nypl.org/mss/17793.xml">Request an in-person research appointment.</a></div> <div class='element userestrict' id='userestrict'><h3>Conditions Governing Use</h3><p>Copyright for documents created by New York Times Company principals and staff has been transferred to The New York Public Library.</p></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="collection-content-viz"> <span class="status"></span> <button class="btn">Close</button> </div> <div class="row collection-info" id="collection-detailed"> <div class="span3 sidebar collection-info-sidenav"> <div id="nav-detailed-container"> <div id="nav-detailed-list"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked sidenav collection-info-sidenav"></ul> </div> <div id="nav-filter"> <div class="input-append"> <form action="#" id="nav-filter-form"> <label for="nav-filter-form-input">Filter</label> <input id="nav-filter-form-input" placeholder="Filter by keyword or year" type="text"> <button class="btn primary" type="submit"><i class="icon-refresh" aria-label="Filter">Submit</i></button> </form> </div> <div id="nav-filter-clear"><a href="#" class="btn">Clear Filter (ESC Key)</a></div> <div id="nav-filter-no-results">No Results</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="span9 collection-info-content content-col" id="collection-content-detailed"> </div> <div class="span9 collection-info-content content-col" id="collection-content-searchresults"> </div> <div id="status-pie"></div> <div class="footer-spacer"></div> <div id="lightbox" class="lightbox hide fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class='lightbox-content' id = "lightbox-content"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer"> <span title="Copyright" class="copyright">© <a href="http://www.nypl.org/">The New York Public Library</a>, 2025</span>   —   <a href="http://labs.nypl.org">Built by NYPL Labs</a> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/legal-notices/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/legal-notices/rules-and-regulations">Rules and Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nypl.org/help/computers-internet-and-wireless-access/a-safety-net-for-the-internet">Using the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/legal-notices/website-terms-and-conditions">Website Terms and Conditions</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/legal-notices/policy-gifts-materials">Gifts of Materials to NYPL</a></li> </ul> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function() { $("#cboxPrevious").remove(); $("#cboxNext").remove(); $("#cboxSlideshow").remove(); $("#cboxClose").remove(); }); </script>  <script>(function(d,u,ac){var s=d.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.src='https://a.omappapi.com/app/js/api.min.js';s.async=true;s.dataset.user=u;s.dataset.account=ac;d.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(s);})(document,12468,1044);</script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=1&cb=679881984" async></script></body> </html>