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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contact_with_Uralic_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_Uralic_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Contact with Uralic languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_Uralic_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparative linguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_linguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative linguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_relatedness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_relatedness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic relatedness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_relatedness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thracian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thracian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Thracian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thracian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baltic languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiese_tale" title="Baltiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baltiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%89%BD" title="ባልታዊ ቋንቋዎች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባልታዊ ቋንቋዎች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات بلطيقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات بلطيقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luengas_balticas" title="Luengas balticas – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luengas balticas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_b%C3%A1ltiques" title="Llingües báltiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües báltiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بالتیک دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالتیک دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Балтыйскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балтыйскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Балтыйскія мовы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балтыйскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Балтийски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балтийски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_baltek" title="Yezhoù baltek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù baltek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_b%C3%A0ltiques" title="Llengües bàltiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües bàltiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Baltské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baltské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Baltig" title="Ieithoedd Baltig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Baltig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_sprog" title="Baltiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baltiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ltala%C5%A1_gielat" title="Báltalaš gielat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Báltalaš gielat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltische_Sprachen" title="Baltische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baltische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Baltiske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Baltiske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_keeled" title="Balti keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Balti keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Βαλτικές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλτικές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_b%C3%A1lticas" title="Lenguas bálticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas bálticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balta_lingvaro" title="Balta lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balta lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_baltikoak" title="Hizkuntza baltikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza baltikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="زبان‌های بالتیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های بالتیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltisk_m%C3%A1l" title="Baltisk mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Baltisk mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_baltes" title="Langues baltes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues baltes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Baltagh" title="Çhengaghyn Baltagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Baltagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_b%C3%A1lticas" title="Linguas bálticas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas bálticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="발트어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발트어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բալթյան լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալթյան լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Baltiske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Baltiske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti%C4%8Dki_jezici" title="Baltički jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baltički jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltika_lingui" title="Baltika lingui – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Baltika lingui" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Baltik" title="Rumpun bahasa Baltik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Baltik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltnesk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Baltnesk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baltnesk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_baltiche" title="Lingue baltiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue baltiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות בלטיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות בלטיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბალტიკური ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალტიკური ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kibalti" title="Lugha za Kibalti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kibalti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AAn_balt%C3%AE" title="Zimanên baltî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanên baltî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Балтика тилдери – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балтика тилдери" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Balticae" title="Linguae Balticae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Balticae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltu_valodas" title="Baltu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Baltų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baltų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltische_taole" title="Baltische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Baltische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_baltica" title="Linguas baltica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas baltica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_nyelvek" title="Balti nyelvek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balti nyelvek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Балтички јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балтички јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_balta" title="Fiteny balta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny balta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="बाल्टिक भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाल्टिक भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბალტიკური ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბალტიკური ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltische_talen" title="Baltische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baltische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_talen" title="Baltiske talen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Baltiske talen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="बाल्तेली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाल्तेली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E%E6%B4%BE" title="バルト語派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルト語派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltisk_spriaken" title="Baltisk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baltisk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Baltiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baltiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Baltiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baltiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_lingues" title="Balti lingues – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Balti lingues" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_balticas" title="Lengas balticas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas balticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltiq_tillari" title="Boltiq tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Boltiq tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_b%C3%A0ltiche" title="Lenghe bàltiche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe bàltiche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_ba%C5%82tyckie" title="Języki bałtyckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki bałtyckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_b%C3%A1lticas" title="Línguas bálticas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas bálticas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_baltice" title="Limbi baltice – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi baltice" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltikane_chhiba" title="Baltikane chhiba – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Baltikane chhiba" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paltiku_simikuna" title="Paltiku simikuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paltiku simikuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Балтийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балтийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbas_b%C3%A0lticas" title="Limbas bàlticas – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limbas bàlticas" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_baltike" title="Gjuhët baltike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët baltike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Baltic languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Baltské jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baltské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltski_jeziki" title="Baltski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baltski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Балтички језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балтички језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti%C4%8Dki_jezici" title="Baltički jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baltički jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balttilaiset_kielet" title="Balttilaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balttilaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Baltiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baltiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="กลุ่มภาษาบอลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาบอลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Забонҳои балтикӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забонҳои балтикӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%B1k_dilleri" title="Baltık dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baltık dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Балтійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балтійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="بالٹک زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالٹک زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_g%E1%BB%91c_Balt" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ gốc Balt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ gốc Balt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balti_keeleq" title="Balti keeleq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Balti keeleq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="波罗的语族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波罗的语族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="波羅的語族 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波羅的語族" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Baltiki" title="Zıwanê Baltiki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Baltiki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltische_taelen" title="Baltische taelen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Baltische taelen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltu_kalbas" title="Baltu kalbas – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Baltu kalbas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="波罗的语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波罗的语族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltik_zyvonon" title="Baltik zyvonon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Baltik zyvonon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of the Indo-European language family</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finnic languages">Baltic Finnic languages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c9ffd9;">Baltic</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, historically also <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:5px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Baltic</b></li></ul></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a> †</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bat" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bat">bat</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code>54= (phylozone)</code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i><br /><samp><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/east2280">east2280</a></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(East Baltic)</span><br /><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/prus1238">prus1238</a></code></samp>  <span class="nowrap">(Old Prussian)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/300px-Balts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/450px-Balts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Balts.svg/600px-Balts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="329" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5BD43; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Countries where an East Baltic language is the national language</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Baltic languages</b> are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Together with the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, they form the <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> branch of the Indo-European family. </p><p>Scholars usually regard them as a single <a href="/wiki/Subgrouping" title="Subgrouping">subgroup</a> divided into two branches: <a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> (containing only <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>) and <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a> (containing at least two <a href="/wiki/Modern_language" title="Modern language">living languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and by some counts including <a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a> as separate languages rather than dialects of those two). The range of the East Baltic linguistic influence once possibly reached as far as the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, but this hypothesis has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1963_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1963-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>, a Western Baltic language that became extinct in the 18th century, had possibly <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic conservatism">conserved</a> the greatest number of properties from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although related, Lithuanian, Latvian, and particularly Old Prussian have lexicons that differ substantially from one another and so the languages are not <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>. Relatively low mutual interaction for neighbouring languages historically led to gradual erosion of mutual intelligibility, and development of their respective linguistic innovations that did not exist in shared <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Baltic">Proto-Baltic</a>. The substantial number of <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friends</a> and various uses and sources of <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a> from their surrounding languages are considered to be the major reasons for poor mutual intelligibility today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within Indo-European, the Baltic languages are generally classified as forming a single family with two branches: Eastern and Western Baltic. But these two branches are sometimes classified as independent branches of <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Baltic languages by number of native speakers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1.5 million</span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>*</td> <td>150,000–200,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a></td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4 million</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>*</td> <td>500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since 16th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since 16th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Old Curonian</a></i>†</td> <td>Extinct since 16th century </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Western <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language#West_Galindian" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since 14th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since early 18th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Skalvians" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a></i>†</td> <td>Extinct since 16th century </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since 17th century </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language#East_Galindian" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a>†</td> <td>Extinct since 14th century </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small><i>Italics</i> indicate disputed classification.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small>* indicates languages sometimes considered to be <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>.</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><small>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baltic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Baltic languages">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baltic+languages%22">"Baltic languages"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baltic+languages%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baltic+languages%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baltic+languages%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baltic+languages%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baltic+languages%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>It is believed that the Baltic languages are among the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative (language)">most conservative</a> of the currently remaining Indo-European languages,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite their late <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attestation</a>. </p><p>Although the Baltic <a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a> tribe was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient historians">ancient historians</a> such as Tacitus as early as 98 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first attestation of a Baltic language was <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1369, in a Basel <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a> of two lines written in Old Prussian. Lithuanian was first attested in a printed book, which is a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a> published in 1547. Latvian appeared in a printed Catechism in 1585.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One reason for the late attestation is that the Baltic peoples <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">resisted Christianization</a> longer than any other Europeans, which delayed the introduction of writing and isolated their languages from outside influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> state in Prussia, and the mass influx of Germanic (and to a lesser degree Slavic-speaking) settlers, the Prussians began to be assimilated, and by the end of the 17th century, the Prussian language had become extinct. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a>, most of the Baltic lands were under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, where the native languages or alphabets were sometimes prohibited from being written down or used publicly in a <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> effort (see <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban" title="Lithuanian press ban">Lithuanian press ban</a> for the ban in force from 1864 to 1904).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/220px-Baltic_languages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/330px-Baltic_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Baltic_languages.png/440px-Baltic_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Baltic languages in the Baltic (simplified)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg/275px-Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg/413px-Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg/550px-Balti%C5%A1kos_kilm%C4%97s_vandenvard%C5%BEi%C5%B3_paplitimas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>Map of the area of distribution of Baltic <a href="/wiki/Hydronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronyms">hydronyms</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Speakers of modern Baltic languages are generally concentrated within the borders of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and in emigrant communities in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and the countries within the former borders of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>Historically the languages were spoken over a larger area: west to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river in present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, at least as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a> river in present-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, perhaps even to <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, and perhaps as far south as <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. Key evidence of Baltic language presence in these regions is found in <a href="/wiki/Hydronym" title="Hydronym">hydronyms</a> (names of bodies of water) that are characteristically Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of hydronyms is generally accepted to determine the extent of a culture's influence, but <i>not</i> the date of such influence.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eventual expansion of the use of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a> in the south and east, and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> in the west, reduced the geographic distribution of Baltic languages to a fraction of the area that they formerly covered.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian geneticist Oleg Balanovsky speculated that there is a predominance of the assimilated pre-Slavic substrate in the genetics of East and West Slavic populations, according to him the common genetic structure which contrasts East Slavs and Balts from other populations may suggest that the pre-Slavic substrate of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> consists most significantly of Baltic-speakers, which predated the Slavs in the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> according to archaeological references he cites.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_with_Uralic_languages">Contact with Uralic languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Contact with Uralic languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> is geopolitically included among the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> due to its location, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Finnic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnic language">Finnic language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic language family</a> and is not related to the Baltic languages, which are <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic languages</a>, spoken mainly along western tributaries of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, show several dozen loanwords from one or more Baltic languages. These may have been mediated by contacts with the Eastern Balts along the river <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to the same geographical location, <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>, in a 2013 article, suggested that the Baltic presence in this area, dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span>–600 CE, is due to an "elite superstratum".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petri_Kallio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petri Kallio (page does not exist)">Petri Kallio</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petri_Kallio" class="extiw" title="nn:Petri Kallio">nn</a>]</span> argued that the Volga-Oka is a <i>secondary</i> Baltic-speaking area, expanding from East Baltic, due to a large number of Baltic loanwords in Finnic and <a href="/wiki/Saami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Saami languages">Saami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnish scholars also indicate that Latvian had extensive contacts with <a href="/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, to a lesser extent, to <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, this contact accounts for the number of Finnic hydronyms in Lithuania and Latvia that increase in a northwards direction.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parpola, in the same article, supposed the existence of a Baltic substratum for Finnic, in Estonia and coastal Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same vein, Kallio argues for the existence of a lost "North Baltic language" that would account for loanwords during the evolution of the Finnic branch.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_linguistics">Comparative linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparative linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_relatedness">Genetic relatedness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetic relatedness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/450px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/675px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg/900px-Balto-Slavic_theories_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Various schematic sketches of possible Balto-Slavic language relationships.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general,_middle_of_14th_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg/170px-The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg/255px-The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg/340px-The_epigram_of_Basel_-_oldest_known_inscription_in_Prussian_language_and_Baltic_language_in_general%2C_middle_of_14th_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="2792" /></a><figcaption>The epigram of Basel – oldest known inscription in <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Prussian language</a> and Baltic language in general, middle of 14th c</figcaption></figure> <p>The Baltic languages are of particular interest to linguists because they retain many archaic features, which are thought to have been present in the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gimbutas1963_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gimbutas1963-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, linguists have had a hard time establishing the precise relationship of the Baltic languages to other languages in the Indo-European family.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient_Indo-European_Dialects-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the extinct Baltic languages have a limited or nonexistent written record, their existence being known only from the records of ancient historians and personal or place names. All of the languages in the Baltic group (including the living ones) were first written down relatively late in their probable existence as distinct languages. These two factors combined with others have obscured the history of the Baltic languages, leading to a number of theories regarding their position in the Indo-European family. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Baltic_languages#Do_Baltic_and_Slavic_languages_actually_belong_in_the_same_branch,_given_the_closer_ties_of_Baltic_languages_to_Sanskrit_than_to_Slavic_languages?_The_assertion_that_"most"_linguists_support_this_view_is_not_correct--or_needs_to_be_proven." title="Talk:Baltic languages">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Baltic languages show a close relationship with the Slavic languages, and are grouped with them in a <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> family by most scholars.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="This claim has reliable sources with contradicting facts (October 2024)">disputed</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Baltic_languages#Whether_Baltic_and_Slavic_languages_belong_in_the_same_branch_is_a_matter_of_quite_a_bit_of_controversy._Extensive_citations_needed_to_make_the_case_for_accuracy_in_Wikipedia." title="Talk:Baltic languages">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attribution_needed" title="Wikipedia:Attribution needed"><span title="Unsupported attribution (October 2022)">attribution needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This family is considered to have developed from a common ancestor, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a>. Later on, several lexical, phonological and morphological dialectisms developed, separating the various Balto-Slavic languages from each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallory1991_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory1991-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallory1997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallory1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is generally agreed that the Slavic languages developed from a single more-or-less unified dialect (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>) that split off from common Balto-Slavic, there is more disagreement about the relationship between the Baltic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional view is that the Balto-Slavic languages split into two branches, Baltic and Slavic, with each branch developing as a single common language (Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic) for some time afterwards. Proto-Baltic is then thought to have split into East Baltic and West Baltic branches. However, more recent scholarship has suggested that there was no unified Proto-Baltic stage, but that Proto-Balto-Slavic split directly into three groups: Slavic, East Baltic and West Baltic.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this view, the Baltic family is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>, and consists of all Balto-Slavic languages that are not Slavic. In the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Toporov" title="Vladimir Toporov">Vladimir Toporov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> made the following conclusions about the relationship between the Baltic and Slavic languages:<sup id="cite_ref-Dini143_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dini143-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the Proto-Slavic language formed out of peripheral-type Baltic dialects;</li> <li>the Slavic linguistic type formed later from the structural model of the Baltic languages;</li> <li>the Slavic structural model is a result of the transformation from the Baltic languages structural model.</li></ul> <p>These scholars' theses do not contradict the close relationship between Baltic and Slavic languages and, from a historical perspective, specify the Baltic-Slavic languages' evolution – the terms 'Baltic' and 'Slavic' are relevant only from the point of view of the present time, meaning <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic changes</a>, and the oldest stage of the language development could be called both Baltic and Slavic;<sup id="cite_ref-Dini143_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dini143-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this concept does not contradict the traditional thesis that the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a> languages coexisted for a long time after their formation – between the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> and circa the <a href="/wiki/5th_century_BC" title="5th century BC">5th century BC</a> – the Proto-Slavic language was a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a> of the Proto-Baltic dialects, more rather, the Proto-Slavic language should have been localized in the peripheral circle of Proto-Baltic dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, a minority of scholars argue that Baltic descended directly from Proto-Indo-European, without an intermediate common Balto-Slavic stage. They argue that the many similarities and shared innovations between Baltic and Slavic are caused by several millennia of contact between the groups, rather than a shared heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-HockJoseph1996_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HockJoseph1996-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indoeuropean_languages_according_to_Wolfgang_P._Schmid.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Indoeuropean_languages_according_to_Wolfgang_P._Schmid.gif/260px-Indoeuropean_languages_according_to_Wolfgang_P._Schmid.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Indoeuropean_languages_according_to_Wolfgang_P._Schmid.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Place of Baltic languages according to Wolfgang P. Schmid, 1977.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thracian_hypothesis">Thracian hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thracian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Thracian#Balto-Slavic" title="Classification of Thracian">Classification of Thracian § Balto-Slavic</a></div> <p>The Baltic-speaking peoples likely encompassed an area in eastern Europe much larger than their modern range. As in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> of Western Europe, they were reduced by invasion, extermination and assimilation<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Studies in <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a> point to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> between the languages of the Baltic family and the following extinct languages: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosales_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosales-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schall_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schall-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radulescu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radulescu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosales_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosales-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Radulescu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radulescu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Baltic classification of Dacian and Thracian has been proposed by the Lithuanian scientist <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Basanavi%C4%8Dius" title="Jonas Basanavičius">Jonas Basanavičius</a>, who insisted this is the most important work of his life and listed 600 identical words of Balts and <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theory included <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> in the related group, but this did not find support and was disapproved among other authors, such as <a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="bg:Иван Дуриданов">Ivan Duridanov</a>, whose own analysis found Phrygian completely lacking parallels in either Thracian or Baltic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Bulgarian linguist Ivan Duridanov, who improved the most extensive list of toponyms, in his first publication claimed that Thracian is genetically linked to the Baltic languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the next one he made the following classification: </p><blockquote><p>"The Thracian language formed a close group with the Baltic, the Dacian and the "<a href="/wiki/Pelasgian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelasgian">Pelasgian</a>" languages. More distant were its relations with the other Indo-European languages, and especially with Greek, the Italic and Celtic languages, which exhibit only isolated phonetic similarities with Thracian; the Tokharian and the Hittite were also distant. "<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Of about 200 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexicons.ru/old/f/thracian/index.html">reconstructed Thracian words</a> by Duridanov most cognates (138) appear in the Baltic languages, mostly in Lithuanian, followed by Germanic (61), Indo-Aryan (41), Greek (36), Bulgarian (23), Latin (10) and Albanian (8). The cognates of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_reconstructed_Dacian_words" title="List of reconstructed Dacian words">reconstructed Dacian words</a> in his publication are found mostly in the Baltic languages, followed by Albanian. Parallels have enabled linguists, using the techniques of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>, to decipher the meanings of several Dacian and Thracian placenames with, they claim, a high degree of probability. Of 74 <a href="/wiki/Dacian%E2%80%93Baltic_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian–Baltic connection">Dacian placenames</a> attested in primary sources and considered by Duridanov, a total of 62 have Baltic cognates, most of which were rated "certain" by Duridanov.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov196995–96_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov196995–96-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a big number of 300 <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language#Classification" title="Thracian language">Thracian geographic names</a> most parallels were found between Thracian and Baltic geographic names in the study of Duridanov.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to him the most important impression make the geographic cognates of Baltic and Thracian </p><blockquote><p>"the similarity of these parallels stretching frequently on the main element and the suffix simultaneously, which makes a strong impression".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Romanian linguist <a href="/wiki/Sorin_Paliga" title="Sorin Paliga">Sorin Paliga</a>, analysing and criticizing Harvey Mayer's study, did admit "great likeness" between Thracian, the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_in_Romanian" title="Substrate in Romanian">substrate of Romanian</a>, and "some Baltic forms".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Historical linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian%E2%80%93Baltic_connection" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian–Baltic connection">Dacian–Baltic connection</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osp.stat.gov.lt/documents/10180/1704467/15_Lietuviai_pasaulyje.pdf"><i>"Lietuviai Pasaulyje"</i></a> (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latvian at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Standard Latvian language at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Latgalian language at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimbutas1963-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1963_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gimbutas1963_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Gimbutas, Marija</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QdHNYgEACAAJ"><i>The Balts</i></a>. Ancient peoples and places 33. London: Thames and Hudson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balts&rft.place=London&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places+33&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQdHNYgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mallory, J. P., ed. (1997). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/41857">Baltic horizon in Eastern Bohemian hydronymy?</a>". In: <i>Tiltai. Priedas</i>. 2003, Nr. 14, p. 14. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1648-3979">1648-3979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkevičiusLuchtanasČesnys2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zinkevičius, Zigmas</a>; Luchtanas, Aleksiejus; Česnys, Gintautas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MkiAQAAIAAJ&q=%22+show+very+uneven+traces+of+a+Baltic+presence%22"><i>Where We Come from: The Origin of the Lithuanian People</i></a>. Science & Encyclopedia Publishing Institute. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-420-01572-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-420-01572-8"><bdi>978-5-420-01572-8</bdi></a>. <q>...the hydronyms in this region [Central Forest Zone] show very uneven traces of a Baltic presence: in some places (mainly in the middle of this area) the stratum of Baltic hydronyms is thick, but elsewhere (especially along the edges of this area) only individual Baltic hydronyms can be found...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+We+Come+from%3A+The+Origin+of+the+Lithuanian+People&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Science+%26+Encyclopedia+Publishing+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-5-420-01572-8&rft.aulast=Zinkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Zigmas&rft.au=Luchtanas%2C+Aleksiejus&rft.au=%C4%8Cesnys%2C+Gintautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7MkiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2Bshow%2Bvery%2Buneven%2Btraces%2Bof%2Ba%2BBaltic%2Bpresence%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2013" class="citation book cs1">Parpola, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_parpola.pdf">"Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language families in the light of archaeology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Grünthal, R.; Kallio, P. (eds.). <i>A linguistic map of prehistoric northern Europe</i>. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. p. 133. <q>Ancient Baltic hydronyms cover an area that includes the Upper Dnieper area and extends approximately from Kiev and the Dvina to Moscow</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Formation+of+the+Indo-European+and+Uralic+%28Finno-Ugric%29+language+families+in+the+light+of+archaeology&rft.btitle=A+linguistic+map+of+prehistoric+northern+Europe&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Fsust%2Fsust266%2Fsust266_parpola.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2017" class="citation book cs1">Young, Steven (2017). "Baltic". In <a href="/wiki/Mate_Kapovi%C4%87" title="Mate Kapović">Mate Kapović</a> (ed.). <i>The Indo-European Languages</i> (Second ed.). Routledge. p. 486. <q>The original Baltic-speaking territory was once much larger, extending eastward into the upper Dniepr river basin and beyond.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baltic&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pages=486&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGelumbeckaitė2018">Gelumbeckaitė 2018</a>:"The study of hydronyms has shown that the Proto-Baltic area was about six times larger than the ethnic territory of the present-day Balts ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgiev1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Georgiev, Vladimir I.</a> (31 December 1972). "The Earliest Ethnological Situation of the Balkan Peninsula as Evidenced by Linguistic and Onomastic Data". <i>Aspects of the Balkans: Continuity and Change</i>. De Gruyter. pp. 50–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110885934-003">10.1515/9783110885934-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088593-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-088593-4"><bdi>978-3-11-088593-4</bdi></a>. <q>Information about the ethnic identity of the older tribes that had lived in a given territory can be obtained only from toponymy and particularly from hydronymy. Hydronyms, especially the names of large rivers, are very resistant to changes of the population and they may supply us with information about the older population of a particular region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earliest+Ethnological+Situation+of+the+Balkan+Peninsula+as+Evidenced+by+Linguistic+and+Onomastic+Data&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+the+Balkans%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.pages=50-65&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1972-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110885934-003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-088593-4&rft.aulast=Georgiev&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Fortson_IV" title="Benjamin W. Fortson IV">Fortson, Benjamin W.</a> (2004). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture</i>. Blackwell Publishing. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0316-7"><bdi>1-4051-0316-7</bdi></a>. <q>Baltic river names are found across a large swath of now Slavic-speaking territory in eastern Europe and present-day Russia, as far east as Moscow and as far south as Kiev.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-0316-7&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen1996" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Henning (31 December 1996). <i>Reconstructing Prehistorical Dialects: Initial Vowels in Slavic and Baltic</i>. DE GRUYTER MOUTON. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110819717">10.1515/9783110819717</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014705-6"><bdi>978-3-11-014705-6</bdi></a>. <q>[... the southeast, in present-day Belarus] is territory which was formerly Baltic speaking, but in which Baltic yielded to Slavic in the period from the 400s to the 1000s — in part through a displacement of Lithuanian speakers towards the northwest [...] This gradual process of language replacement is documented by the more than 2000 Baltic place names (mostly hydronyms) taken over from the Balts by the Slavs in Belarus, for not only does a continuity in toponyms in general attest to a gradual process of ethno-cultural reorientation ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Prehistorical+Dialects%3A+Initial+Vowels+in+Slavic+and+Baltic&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=DE+GRUYTER+MOUTON&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110819717&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014705-6&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimberlake2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Timberlake, Alan (2014). "The Simple Sentence / Der einfache Satz". In Karl Gutschmidt; Tilman Berger; Sebastian Kempgen; Peter Kosta (eds.). <i>Die slavischen Sprachen</i> [<i>The Slavic Languages</i>]. Vol. Halbband 2. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110215472.1675">10.1515/9783110215472.1675</a>. <q>Baltic hydronyms are attested from the <a href="/wiki/Pripyat_(river)" title="Pripyat (river)">Pripjať basin</a> northwards, so that it is clear that there were Balts inbetween the homeland of the Slavs in the Ukrainian mesopotamia (between the Dnepr and the Dnester) and the Finnic areas of the north.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Simple+Sentence+%2F+Der+einfache+Satz&rft.btitle=Die+slavischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Berlin%2C+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Boston&rft.pages=1665&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110215472.1675&rft.aulast=Timberlake&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFП2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">П, Балановский О. (30 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNYPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA208"><i>Генофонд Европы</i></a> [<i>Gene pool of Europe</i>] (in Russian). KMK Scientific Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785990715707" title="Special:BookSources/9785990715707"><bdi>9785990715707</bdi></a>. <q>Прежде всего, это преобладание в славянских популяциях дославянского субстрата – двух ассимилированных ими генетических компонентов – восточноевропейского для западных и восточных славян и южноевропейского для южных славян... Можно с осторожностью предположить, что ассимилированный субстрат мог быть представлен по преимуществу балтоязычными популяциями. Действительно, археологические данные указывают на очень широкое распространение балтских групп перед началом расселения славян. Балтский субстрату славян (правда, наряду с финно-угорским) выявляли и антропологи. Полученные нами генетические данные – и на графиках генетических взаимоотношений, и по доле общих фрагментов генома – указывают, что современные балтские народы являются ближайшими генетически ми соседями восточных славян. При этом балты являются и лингвистически ближайшими родственниками славян. И можно полагать, что к моменту ассимиляции их генофонд не так сильно отличался от генофонда начавших свое широкое расселение славян. Поэтому если предположить, что расселяющиеся на восток славяне ассимилировали по преимуществу балтов, это может объяснить и сходство современных славянских и балтских народов друг с другом, и их отличия от окружающих их не балто-славянских групп Европы... В работе высказывается осторожное предположение, что ассимилированный субстрат мог быть представлен по преимуществу балтоязычными популяциями. Действительно, археологические данные указывают на очень широкое распространение балтских групп перед началом расселения славян. Балтский субстрат у славян (правда, наряду с финно-угорским) выявляли и антропологи. Полученные в этой работе генетические данные – и на графиках генетических взаимоотношений, и по доле общих фрагментов генома – указывают, что современные балтские народы являются ближайшими генетическими соседями восточных славян.</q> [First of all, this is the predominance of the pre-Slavic substrate in the Slavic populations – the two genetic components assimilated by them – the Eastern European for the Western and Eastern Slavs and the South European for the Southern Slavs ... It can be assumed with caution that the assimilated substrate could be represented mainly by the Baltic-speaking populations. Indeed, archaeological data indicate a very wide distribution of the Baltic groups before the beginning of the settlement of the Slavs. The Baltic substratum of the Slavs (true, along with the Finno-Ugric) was also identified by anthropologists. The genetic data we obtained – both on the graphs of genetic relationships and on the share of common genome fragments – indicate that the modern Baltic peoples are the closest genetic neighbors of the Eastern Slavs. Moreover, the Balts are also linguistically the closest relatives of the Slavs. And it can be assumed that by the time of assimilation, their gene pool was not so different from the gene pool of the Slavs who began their widespread settlement. Therefore, if we assume that the Slavs settling in the east assimilated mainly the Balts, this can explain the similarity of the modern Slavic and Baltic peoples with each other, and their differences from the surrounding non-Balto-Slavic groups of Europe ... the assimilated substrate could be represented mainly by the Baltic-speaking populations. Indeed, archaeological data indicate a very wide distribution of the Baltic groups before the beginning of the settlement of the Slavs. Anthropologists have also identified the Baltic substrate among the Slavs (although, along with the Finno-Ugric). The genetic data obtained in this work – both on the graphs of genetic relationships and on the share of common fragments of the genome – indicate that the modern Baltic peoples are the closest genetic neighbors of the Eastern Slavs.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B&rft.pub=KMK+Scientific+Press&rft.date=2015-11-30&rft.isbn=9785990715707&rft.aulast=%D0%9F&rft.aufirst=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNYPCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünthal2012" class="citation book cs1">Grünthal, Riho (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_grunthal.pdf">"Baltic loanwords in Mordvin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>A Linguistic Map of Prehistoric Northern Europe</i>. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia 266. pp. 297–343. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_grunthal.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baltic+loanwords+in+Mordvin&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+Map+of+Prehistoric+Northern+Europe&rft.series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen+Seuran+Toimituksia+266&rft.pages=297-343&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sgr.fi%2Fsust%2Fsust266%2Fsust266_grunthal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parpola, A. (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sgr.fi/sust/sust266/sust266_parpola.pdf">Formation of the Indo-European and Uralic (Finno-Ugric) language families in the light of archaeology</a>". In: Grünthal, R. & Kallio, P. (Eds.). <i>A linguistic map of prehistoric northern Europe</i>. Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, 2013. p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kallio, Petri. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/20252178/The_Language_Contact_Situation_in_Prehistoric_Northeastern_Europe">The Language Contact Situation in Prehistoric Northeastern Europe</a>". In: Robert Mailhammer, Theo Vennemann gen. Nierfeld, and Birgit Anette Olsen (eds.). <i>The Linguistic Roots of Europe: Origin and Development of European Languages</i>. Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 6. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, 2015. p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünthal2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riho_Gr%C3%BCnthal" class="extiw" title="fi:Riho Grünthal">Grünthal, Riho</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Finnish]</span> (2015). "Livonian at the crossroads of language contacts". In Santeri Junttila (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/uralicahelsingiensia/issue/view/uh7"><i>Contacts between the Baltic and Finnic languages</i></a>. Vol. 7. Helsinki: Uralica Helsingiensia. pp. 97–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-67-7"><bdi>978-952-5667-67-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-3945">1797-3945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Livonian+at+the+crossroads+of+language+contacts&rft.btitle=Contacts+between+the+Baltic+and+Finnic+languages&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=97-102&rft.pub=Uralica+Helsingiensia&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1797-3945&rft.isbn=978-952-5667-67-7&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCnthal&rft.aufirst=Riho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Furalicahelsingiensia%2Fissue%2Fview%2Fuh7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunttila2015" class="citation book cs1">Junttila, Santeri (2015). 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Helsinki: Uralica Helsingiensia. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-67-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-67-7"><bdi>978-952-5667-67-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1797-3945">1797-3945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Contacts+between+the+Baltic+and+Finnic+languages&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Uralica+Helsingiensia&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1797-3945&rft.isbn=978-952-5667-67-7&rft.aulast=Junttila&rft.aufirst=Santeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Furalicahelsingiensia%2Fissue%2Fview%2Fuh7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkevičiusLuchtanasČesnys2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zinkevičius, Zigmas</a>; Luchtanas, Aleksiejus; Česnys, Gintautas (2005). <i>Where We Come from: The Origin of the Lithuanian People</i>. 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Senn">Senn, Alfred</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pCBRsfJMv8C&pg=PA139">"The Relationships of Baltic and Slavic"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Birnbaum" title="Henrik Birnbaum">Birnbaum, Henrik</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jaan_Puhvel" title="Jaan Puhvel">Puhvel, Jaan</a> (eds.). <i>Ancient Indo-European Dialects</i>. University of California Press. pp. 139–151. GGKEY:JUG4225Y4H2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Relationships+of+Baltic+and+Slavic&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indo-European+Dialects&rft.pages=139-151&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5pCBRsfJMv8C%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory1991-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory1991_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+language%2C+archaeology+and+myth&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfChQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory1997-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory1997_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC&pg=PA46"><i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Eugen (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34288492">"Phonological evidence for a Proto-Baltic stage in the evolution of East and West Baltic"</a>. <i>International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction</i>. <b>13</b>: 205–232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Diachronic+Linguistics+and+Linguistic+Reconstruction&rft.atitle=Phonological+evidence+for+a+Proto-Baltic+stage+in+the+evolution+of+East+and+West+Baltic&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=205-232&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34288492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKortlandt2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt" title="Frederik Kortlandt">Kortlandt, Frederik</a> (2009), <i>Baltica & Balto-Slavica</i>, p. 5, <q>Though Prussian is undoubtedly closer to the East Baltic languages than to Slavic, the characteristic features of the Baltic languages seem to be either retentions or results of parallel development and cultural interaction. Thus I assume that Balto-Slavic split into three identifiable branches, each of which followed its own course of development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltica+%26+Balto-Slavica&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kortlandt&rft.aufirst=Frederik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerksen2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Derksen" title="Rick Derksen">Derksen, Rick</a> (2008), <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon</i>, p. 20, <q>I am not convinced that it is justified to reconstruct a Proto-Baltic stage. 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(1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGH-RCW1fzsC&pg=PA53"><i>Language history, language change, and language relationship: an introduction to historical and comparative linguistics</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014784-1"><bdi>978-3-11-014784-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+history%2C+language+change%2C+and+language+relationship%3A+an+introduction+to+historical+and+comparative+linguistics&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014784-1&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGH-RCW1fzsC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1996[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer1996">Mayer 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1969">Duridanov 1969</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosales-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosales_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosales_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rosales2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Rosales, Jurate (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://on.lt/europos-saknys"><i>Europos šaknys</i></a> [<i>European Roots</i>] (in Lithuanian). Versmė. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786098148169" title="Special:BookSources/9786098148169"><bdi>9786098148169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europos+%C5%A1aknys&rft.pub=Versm%C4%97&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786098148169&rft.aulast=de+Rosales&rft.aufirst=Jurate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fon.lt%2Feuropos-saknys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rosales2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Rosales, Jurate (2020). <i>Las raíces de Europa</i> [<i>The races of Europe</i>] (in Spanish). Kalathos Ediciones. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788412186147" title="Special:BookSources/9788412186147"><bdi>9788412186147</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+ra%C3%ADces+de+Europa&rft.pub=Kalathos+Ediciones&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788412186147&rft.aulast=de+Rosales&rft.aufirst=Jurate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schall-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schall_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schall H. "Sudbalten und Daker. Vater der Lettoslawen". In: <i>Primus congressus studiorum thracicorum. Thracia II</i>. Serdicae, 1974, pp. 304, 308, 310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radulescu-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radulescu_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radulescu_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Radulescu M. <i>The Indo-European position of lllirian, Daco-Mysian and Thracian: a historic Methodological Approach</i>. 1987. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dras. J. Basanavičius. <i>Apie trakų prygų tautystę ir jų atsikėlimą Lietuvon</i>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0XLxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Balts and Goths: the missing link in European history</i></a>. Vydūnas Youth Fund. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balts+and+Goths%3A+the+missing+link+in+European+history&rft.pub=Vyd%C5%ABnas+Youth+Fund&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0XLxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaskalovVezenkov2015" class="citation book cs1">Daskalov, Roumen; Vezenkov, Alexander (13 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WDRzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004290365" title="Special:BookSources/9789004290365"><bdi>9789004290365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans+%E2%80%93+Volume+Three%3A+Shared+Pasts%2C+Disputed+Legacies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.isbn=9789004290365&rft.aulast=Daskalov&rft.aufirst=Roumen&rft.au=Vezenkov%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWDRzBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1976_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1976">Duridanov 1976</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1969_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1969">Duridanov 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov196995–96-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov196995–96_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1969">Duridanov 1969</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuridanov1985_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuridanov1985">Duridanov 1985</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paliga, Sorin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceeol-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/search/article-detail?id=1051762">Tracii şi dacii erau nişte „baltoizi”?</a>" [Were Thracians and Dacians ‘Baltoidic’?]. In: <i>Romanoslavica</i> XLVIII, nr. 3 (2012): 149–150.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161212163750/http://www.lituanus.org/1996/96_3_03.htm">"Lithuania 1863–1893: Tsarist Russification and the Beginnings of the Modern Lithuanian National Movement – Strazas"</a>. <i>www.lituanus.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1996/96_3_03.htm">the original</a> on 12 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lituanus.org&rft.atitle=Lithuania+1863%E2%80%931893%3A+Tsarist+Russification+and+the+Beginnings+of+the+Modern+Lithuanian+National+Movement+%E2%80%93+Strazas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1996%2F96_3_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121062255/http://www.lituanus.org/main.php?id=search-articles-linguistics">"Lituanus Linguistics Index (1955–2004)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/main.php?id=search-articles-linguistics">the original</a> on 21 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lituanus+Linguistics+Index+%281955%E2%80%932004%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2Fmain.php%3Fid%3Dsearch-articles-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span> provides a number of articles on modern and archaic Baltic languages</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuridanov1969" class="citation book cs1">Duridanov, I. (1969). <i>Die Thrakisch- und Dakisch-Baltischen Sprachbeziehungen</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Thrakisch-+und+Dakisch-Baltischen+Sprachbeziehungen&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Duridanov&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuridanov1976" class="citation book cs1">Duridanov, I. (1976). <i>Ezikyt na Trakite</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ezikyt+na+Trakite&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Duridanov&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuridanov1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Duridanov, Ivan (1985). <i>Die Sprache der Thraker</i>. Bulgarische Sammlung (in German). Vol. 5. Hieronymus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88893-031-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-88893-031-6"><bdi>3-88893-031-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sprache+der+Thraker&rft.series=Bulgarische+Sammlung&rft.pub=Hieronymus+Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-88893-031-6&rft.aulast=Duridanov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraenkel1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fraenkel_(linguist)" title="Ernst Fraenkel (linguist)">Fraenkel, Ernst</a> (1950). <i>Die baltischen Sprachen</i>. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+baltischen+Sprachen&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Carl+Winter&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Fraenkel&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirininkas1994" class="citation journal cs1">Girininkas, Algirdas (1994). "The monuments of the Stone Age in the historical Baltic region". <i>Baltų archeologija</i> (1). English summary, p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1392-0189">1392-0189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balt%C5%B3+archeologija&rft.atitle=The+monuments+of+the+Stone+Age+in+the+historical+Baltic+region&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=English+summary%2C+p.-22&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=1392-0189&rft.aulast=Girininkas&rft.aufirst=Algirdas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirininkas1994" class="citation book cs1">Girininkas, Algirdas (1994). "Origin of the Baltic culture. Summary". <i>Baltų kultūros ištakos</i>. Vilnius: Savastis. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9986-420-00-8" title="Special:BookSources/9986-420-00-8"><bdi>9986-420-00-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+Baltic+culture.+Summary&rft.btitle=Balt%C5%B3+kult%C5%ABros+i%C5%A1takos&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Savastis&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9986-420-00-8&rft.aulast=Girininkas&rft.aufirst=Algirdas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelumbeckaitė2018" class="citation book cs1">Gelumbeckaitė, Jolanta (2018). "The evolution of Baltic". In Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 1712-15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110542431-014">10.1515/9783110542431-014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+Baltic&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=1712-15&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-014&rft.aulast=Gelumbeckait%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarssonBukelskytė-Čepelė2018" class="citation book cs1">Larsson, Jenny Helena; Bukelskytė-Čepelė, Kristina (2018). "The documentation of Baltic". In Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. Vol. 3. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1622–1639. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110542431-008">10.1515/9783110542431-008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+documentation+of+Baltic&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=1622-1639&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110542431-008&rft.aulast=Larsson&rft.aufirst=Jenny+Helena&rft.au=Bukelskyt%C4%97-%C4%8Cepel%C4%97%2C+Kristina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1991). <i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: language, archaeology and myth</i>. New York: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27616-1"><bdi>0-500-27616-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+language%2C+archaeology+and+myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-500-27616-1&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, H.E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171216135638/http://www.lituanus.org/1992_2/92_2_02.htm">"Dacian and Thracian as southern Baltoidic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lituanus" title="Lituanus">Lituanus</a></i>. <b>38</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Defense_Language_Institute" title="Defense Language Institute">Defense Language Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">United States Department of Defense</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-5089">0024-5089</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1992_2/92_2_02.htm">the original</a> on 16 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lituanus&rft.atitle=Dacian+and+Thracian+as+southern+Baltoidic&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0024-5089&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1992_2%2F92_2_02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1996" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, H.E. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513224814/http://www.lituanus.org/1996/96_2_06.htm">"SOUTH BALTIC"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lituanus" title="Lituanus">Lituanus</a></i>. <b>42</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1996/96_2_06.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lituanus&rft.atitle=SOUTH+BALTIC&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1996%2F96_2_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1997" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, H.E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513220005/http://www.lituanus.org/1997/97_2_03.htm">"BALTS AND CARPATHIANS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lituanus" title="Lituanus">Lituanus</a></i>. <b>43</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lituanus.org/1997/97_2_03.htm">the original</a> on 13 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lituanus&rft.atitle=BALTS+AND+CARPATHIANS&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lituanus.org%2F1997%2F97_2_03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashka1950" class="citation book cs1">Pashka, Joseph (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suduva.com/virdainas/proto.htm"><i>Proto Baltic and Baltic languages</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto+Baltic+and+Baltic+languages&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Pashka&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suduva.com%2Fvirdainas%2Fproto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemys2007" class="citation journal cs1">Remys, Edmund (17 December 2007). "General distinguishing features of various lndo-European languages and their relationship to Lithuanian". <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>. <b>112</b> (2007): 244–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110192858.1.244">10.1515/9783110192858.1.244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0405">1613-0405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=General+distinguishing+features+of+various+lndo-European+languages+and+their+relationship+to+Lithuanian&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=2007&rft.pages=244-276&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110192858.1.244&rft.issn=1613-0405&rft.aulast=Remys&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1999" class="citation web cs1">Mayer, H.E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kroraina.com/thrac_lang/h_mayer.html">"Dr. Harvey E. Mayer, February 1999"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Harvey+E.+Mayer%2C+February+1999&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kroraina.com%2Fthrac_lang%2Fh_mayer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafeckaMikulėnienė2009" class="citation book cs1">Stafecka, Anna; Mikulėnienė, Danguolė (2009). <i>Atlas of the Baltic languages</i>. Rīga : Vilnius: Latvijas Universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts ; Lietuvių kalbos institutas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9984-742-49-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9984-742-49-6"><bdi>978-9984-742-49-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Baltic+languages&rft.place=R%C4%ABga+%3A+Vilnius&rft.pub=Latvijas+Universit%C4%81tes+Latvie%C5%A1u+valodas+instit%C5%ABts+%3B+Lietuvi%C5%B3+kalbos+institutas&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9984-742-49-6&rft.aulast=Stafecka&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Mikul%C4%97nien%C4%97%2C+Danguol%C4%97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDini2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dini, Pietro U. (2000). <i>Baltų kalbos: lyginamoji istorija</i> [<i>Baltic languages: A Comparative History</i>] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-420-01444-0" title="Special:BookSources/5-420-01444-0"><bdi>5-420-01444-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balt%C5%B3+kalbos%3A+lyginamoji+istorija&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=540&rft.pub=Mokslo+ir+enciklopedij%C5%B3+leidybos+institutas&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=5-420-01444-0&rft.aulast=Dini&rft.aufirst=Pietro+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmaitis1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letas_Palmaitis" class="extiw" title="lt:Letas Palmaitis">Palmaitis, Letas</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Lithuanian]</span> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/BR.pdf"><i>Baltų kalbų gramatinės sistemos raida</i></a> [<i>Development of the grammatical system of the Baltic Languages: Lithuanian, Latvian, Prussian</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Lithuanian). Kaunas: Šviesa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-430-02651-4" title="Special:BookSources/5-430-02651-4"><bdi>5-430-02651-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balt%C5%B3+kalb%C5%B3+gramatin%C4%97s+sistemos+raida&rft.place=Kaunas&rft.pub=%C5%A0viesa&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=5-430-02651-4&rft.aulast=Palmaitis&rft.aufirst=Letas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonelaitis.vdu.lt%2Fprussian%2FBR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>On Baltic hydronymy</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedchenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fedchenko, Oleg D. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lingua.amursu.ru/en/about-journal/volumes/2020/4/2020-4-10/">"Baltic Hydronymy of Central Russia"</a>. <i>Theoretical and Applied Linguistics</i> (4): 104–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22250%2F2410-7190_2020_6_4_104_127">10.22250/2410-7190_2020_6_4_104_127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Baltic+Hydronymy+of+Central+Russia&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=104-127&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22250%2F2410-7190_2020_6_4_104_127&rft.aulast=Fedchenko&rft.aufirst=Oleg+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flingua.amursu.ru%2Fen%2Fabout-journal%2Fvolumes%2F2020%2F4%2F2020-4-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology_(National_Research_University)Gusenkov2021" class="citation journal cs1">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University); Gusenkov, Pavel A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15826%2Fvopr_onom.2021.18.2.019">"Revisiting the "West-Baltic" Type Hydronymy in Central Russia"</a>. <i>Вопросы Ономастики</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 67–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15826%2Fvopr_onom.2021.18.2.019">10.15826/vopr_onom.2021.18.2.019</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+%22West-Baltic%22+Type+Hydronymy+in+Central+Russia&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-87&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15826%2Fvopr_onom.2021.18.2.019&rft.au=Moscow+Institute+of+Physics+and+Technology+%28National+Research+University%29&rft.au=Gusenkov%2C+Pavel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15826%252Fvopr_onom.2021.18.2.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_P._Schmid" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang P. Schmid">Schmid, Wolfgang P.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1 January 1973). "Baltische Gewässernamen und das vorgeschichtliche Europa". <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>. <b>77</b> (1): 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fif-1972-0102">10.1515/if-1972-0102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1613-0405">1613-0405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Baltische+Gew%C3%A4ssernamen+und+das+vorgeschichtliche+Europa&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-18&rft.date=1973-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fif-1972-0102&rft.issn=1613-0405&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToporovTrubachov1993" class="citation journal cs1">Toporov, V. 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(31 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Flinguistica.55.1.173-186">"ПРОБЛЕМАТИКА ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ГИДРОНИМИИ БАЛТИЙСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ РОССИИ"</a> [The Problems of Studying the Baltic Origins of Hydronyms on the Territory of Russia]. <i>Linguistica</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 173–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4312%2Flinguistica.55.1.173-186">10.4312/linguistica.55.1.173-186</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2350-420X">2350-420X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%90+%D0%98%D0%97%D0%A3%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%93%D0%98%D0%94%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%96%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%98&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-186&rft.date=2015-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4312%2Flinguistica.55.1.173-186&rft.issn=2350-420X&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4312%252Flinguistica.55.1.173-186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitczak2015" class="citation journal cs1">Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onomastica.ijp.pan.pl/index.php/ONOM/article/view/259">"Węgra — dawny hydronim jaćwięski"</a> [Węgra — a Former Yatvingian Hydronym]. <i>Onomastica</i>. <b>59</b>: 271–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17651%2FONOMAST.59.17">10.17651/ONOMAST.59.17</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Onomastica&rft.atitle=W%C4%99gra+%E2%80%94+dawny+hydronim+ja%C4%87wi%C4%99ski&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=271-279&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17651%2FONOMAST.59.17&rft.aulast=Witczak&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof+Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonomastica.ijp.pan.pl%2Findex.php%2FONOM%2Farticle%2Fview%2F259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuyukin2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yuyukin, Maxim A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=530307">"Из балтийской гидронимии Верхнего Подонья"</a> [From the Baltic hydronymy of the basin of the upper Don]. <i>Žmogus ir žodis</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 50–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15823%2Fzz.2016.16">10.15823/zz.2016.16</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%BDmogus+ir+%C5%BEodis&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=50-56&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15823%2Fzz.2016.16&rft.aulast=Yuyukin&rft.aufirst=Maxim+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D530307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>On Baltic-Uralic contacts</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakob2023" class="citation book cs1">Jakob, Anthony (2023). "Baltic → Finnic Loans". <i>A History of East Baltic through Language Contact</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. pp. 45–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004686472_005">10.1163/9789004686472_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68647-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68647-2"><bdi>978-90-04-68647-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baltic+%E2%86%92+Finnic+Loans&rft.btitle=A+History+of+East+Baltic+through+Language+Contact&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=45-118&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004686472_005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-68647-2&rft.aulast=Jakob&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunttila2012" class="citation book cs1">Junttila, Santeri (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24411561">"The prehistoric context of the oldest contacts between Baltic and Finnic languages"</a>. In R. Grünthal; P. Kallio (eds.). <i>A Linguistic map of Prehistoric Northern Europe</i>. Vol. 266. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura. pp. 261–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-5667-42-4"><bdi>978-952-5667-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+prehistoric+context+of+the+oldest+contacts+between+Baltic+and+Finnic+languages&rft.btitle=A+Linguistic+map+of+Prehistoric+Northern+Europe&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pages=261-296&rft.pub=Suomalais-Ugrilainen+Seura&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-952-5667-42-4&rft.aulast=Junttila&rft.aufirst=Santeri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24411561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanovaMetsärantaHonkola2024" class="citation journal cs1">Milanova, Veronika; Metsäranta, Niklas; Honkola, Terhi (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-bja10079">"Kinship Terminologies of the Circum-Baltic Area: Convergences and Structural Properties"</a>. <i>Journal of Language Contact</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 315–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19552629-bja10079">10.1163/19552629-bja10079</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Contact&rft.atitle=Kinship+Terminologies+of+the+Circum-Baltic+Area%3A+Convergences+and+Structural+Properties&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-358&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19552629-bja10079&rft.aulast=Milanova&rft.aufirst=Veronika&rft.au=Mets%C3%A4ranta%2C+Niklas&rft.au=Honkola%2C+Terhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F19552629-bja10079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaba2019" class="citation journal cs1">Vaba, L (2019). "Welche Sprache sprechen Ortsnamen? Über ostseefinnisch-baltische Kontakte in Abhandlungen über Toponymie von Ojārs Bušs" [The Revealing Language of Place Names: Finnic-Baltic Contacts According to the Toponymic Studies by Ojārs Bušs]. <i>Linguistica Uralica</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3176%2Flu.2019.1.05">10.3176/lu.2019.1.05</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0868-4731">0868-4731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Linguistica+Uralica&rft.atitle=Welche+Sprache+sprechen+Ortsnamen%3F+%C3%9Cber+ostseefinnisch-baltische+Kontakte+in+Abhandlungen+%C3%BCber+Toponymie+von+Oj%C4%81rs+Bu%C5%A1s&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3176%2Flu.2019.1.05&rft.issn=0868-4731&rft.aulast=Vaba&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/litol">Baltic Online</a> by Virginija Vasiliauskiene, Lilita Zalkalns, and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc">Linguistics Research Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>West <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomor-Baltic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomor-Baltic language (page does not exist)">Pomor-Baltic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Поморско-балтийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skalvians#Language" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a></i> (possibly separate West Baltic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samogitian_language" title="Samogitian language">Samogitian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dnieper-Oka_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dnieper-Oka language (page does not exist)">Dnieper-Oka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Днепровско-окский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>East <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <b>·</b> Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left <b>·</b> Asterisk (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> occasionally classified as languages <b>·</b> Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-European_languages_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaic_language" title="Palaic language">Palaic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carian_language" title="Carian language">Carian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milyan_language" title="Milyan language">Milyan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dnieper_Balts" title="Dnieper Balts">Dnieper Baltic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tocharian A</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuchean_language" title="Kuchean language">Kuchean</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getaean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Hellenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33136#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120149-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baltic languages"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011364">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues baltes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124100935">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Langues baltes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124100935">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baltské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118744&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000048552&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282430105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033211752">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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