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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soviet Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Independent Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Statistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_abortion_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_abortion_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical abortion statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_abortion_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abortions_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortions_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abortions by region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortions_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abortion in Kazakhstan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avortament_al_Kazakhstan" title="Avortament al Kazakhstan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avortament al Kazakhstan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Άμβλωση στο Καζακστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμβλωση στο Καζακστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Қазақстандағы аборттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазақстандағы аборттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozog%CA%BBistondagi_abortlar" title="Qozogʻistondagi abortlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozogʻistondagi abortlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Аборты в Казахстане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборты в Казахстане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakistan%27da_k%C3%BCrtaj" title="Kazakistan'da kürtaj – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kazakistan'da kürtaj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Abortion in Kazakhstan</b> is legal as an elective procedure up to 12 weeks, and special circumstances afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant legislation is based on the laws inherited from the country's <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> past, when abortion was legally permitted as a contraceptive.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws">Laws</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laws regulating abortion in Kazakhstan are the Reproductive Rights Law (2004),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazakhstan_Association_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health201244_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazakhstan_Association_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health201244-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Criminal Code (1997) and the Ministry of Health Medical and Social Indications for Abortion (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abortion is legal in the following cases:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>If the pregnant woman's health is at risk in one of the following ways, the approval of a committee of three health professionals (a gynecologist, the head of the institution, and an expert on her condition) is required,<sup id="cite_ref-page3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the illness be on an approved list. <ul><li>If the woman's life is at risk,<sup id="cite_ref-page5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no limit as to gestational age.</li> <li>If the woman's health could be significantly harmed,<sup id="cite_ref-page5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with no limit as to gestational age.</li> <li>If the woman's mental health is at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Upon request, for whatever reason,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including reasons such as pregnancy from an incestuous relationship.</li> <li>If the pregnant woman has a cognitive or intellectual disability.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pregnancy in a minor, requiring parental permission or that of another adult.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Legal abortions are provided in private centers, Women's Consulting Centers, Maternity Houses, Polyclinics with Women's Consulting Offices, many hospitals and Family Group Practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second-trimester abortions can only be performed in perinatal centers, maternity houses and multi-regional hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state provides measures to ensure that abortions are safe,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and obliges a pregnant woman considering an abortion to be assessed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vi<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providers of illegal abortions are sanctioned.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>vii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contraceptives are provided following an abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-page3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information on the prevalence of abortion in Kazakhstan comes primarily from two sources: the Ministry of Health and the Demographic and Health Survey of Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-quality surveys and other data are available, since the procedure has been legal for some time. However, reports are occasionally contradictory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>viii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Kazakhstan">Soviet Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For most of the 20th century, due to state support, the main method of contraception used in the Soviet Union was abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, the Soviet Union legalized abortion upon request as a temporary measure, because in the state of economic crisis, legal abortions would be a necessary measure to ensure sanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001307–308_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001307–308-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kazakhstan, the native Kazakhs were opposed. Over the following decade, anti-abortion would be an important current among Kazakhs, framed as a cultural bastion attacked by Soviet (generally Slavic) officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001310_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001310-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during the period of legalization, Russian authorities applauded Kazakh resistance to abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001313_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001313-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians warned that there were health risks associated with frequent resort to abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001310_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001310-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period when abortion was legal, it was not practiced as legislators had intended – clinics did not receive funding and patients were forced to pay. Abortions were mainly had by ethnic Russian women in the Kazakhstan region (a mere 0.002% of abortions were performed on ethnic Kazakh women, primarily in urban areas).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001312_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001312-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Kazakhs, abortion was taboo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001312_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001312-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there were traditional methods practiced involving herbal <a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">abortifacients</a>. The number of abortions performed increased in Kazakhstan as it did in Russia, with a particular increase between 1927 and 1928 provoked by the increase in available information about the surgical procedure and the change in morality. Illegal abortions began to decline and the increased abortion rate began to worry officials, such that officials began to distrust the practice of legal abortion, which led to it being banned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001313_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001313-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illegal abortions occurred when doctors refused to perform abortions for one of the following health reasons: pregnancies past the first trimester, first pregnancies, or for those with dangerous medical conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001314_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001314-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that legally available abortions did not totally eliminate illegal abortions contributed to the Soviet decision to criminalize. At the start of the 1930s, Soviet officials openly criticized abortion and its legalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001315_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001315-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In peripheral areas of the USSR, including Kazakhstan, there was concern over the effects of sudden prohibition among those who defended a gradual prohibition and even education about other contraceptive methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001316_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001316-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period of legality ended on June 27, 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001316_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001316-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "The Decree in Defense of Mother and Child", a law under which abortions could only be performed for patients whose lives were in danger. Illegal abortions did not guarantee safe, sanitary conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001308_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001308-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional (<a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">oblast</a>) government established a system of controls to ensure the law was obeyed: physicians had to declare their practices, sending a request to end a pregnancy to be reviewed by a monthly committee. </p><p>Illegalization reinforced women's traditional roles in a patriarchal social situation, as it reinforced the idea of women as mothers and thus good patriots according to Soviet expectations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001318_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001318-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press was used as a propaganda tool against women who underwent illegal abortions, depicting them as capricious enemies of the motherland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001318–319_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001318–319-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kazakh women rarely chose to have abortions, they were not targeted by legal persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001319_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001319-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women who went to hospitals with symptoms suggesting abortion were investigated. Doctors who practiced illegal abortions could be imprisoned for up to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ix<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no reliable sources as to this clandestine activity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001317_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001317-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but evidence from the archives, contrary to the cased treated in the press, shows that women found undergoing illegal abortions were generally unmarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001319–320_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001319–320-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one case in 1940, eleven women with symptoms typical of attempted abortion were detained and separated from their families, underwent state scrutiny and faced public humiliation. They were later cleared of all charges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001320_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001320-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to a lack of presence on the ground, anti-abortion propaganda struggled to reach the people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001323–324_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001323–324-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign's impact is difficult to measure as there is little evidence of effect to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001324–325_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001324–325-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the post-war period, it became evident that the propaganda effort had failed to reduce abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001326_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001326-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953, the state stopped chasing illegal abortions and physicians practiced abortions in the first trimester upon request. In 1968, the Soviet Union once again legalized abortion upon request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001326–327_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichaels2001326–327-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Kazakhstan">Independent Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Legal abortion rate <p>(out of 1000 women aged 15–44) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>53<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>43.9,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or between 57 and 55 according to official sources<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>35<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>32.3<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>27.4<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>24.5<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Beginning with its independence from the USSR in 1991, Kazakhstan began to replace abortion with other methods of contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20001-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relevant legislation in Kazakhstan has been influenced by the country's Soviet past.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the decline in abortions in favor of other contraceptive methods,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200429_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200429-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff200027_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff200027-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> abortion remained the most widely used contraceptive method in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the country's independence, abortions are increasingly performed in the private sector, leading the official rate of abortions to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study based on the data between 1995 and 1999 found that abortions are mostly performed in urban areas, the then capital <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Kazakhstan_Region" title="North Kazakhstan Region">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Kazakhstan_Region" title="East Kazakhstan Region">East</a> regions of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20008_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20008-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most women having abortions were ethnic Russians. Areas with a higher rate of education saw a greater fall in the use of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff20009_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff20009-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Married women make up almost the entirety of women who have abortions since premarital sex is much less common in predominantly Muslim countries. The reason for having an abortion is primarily to limit births as well as to increase the time between births.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff200018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff200018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First pregnancies are rarely aborted in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff200027_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff200027-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probability that a pregnancy would be aborted was 36.8%. The percentage of pregnancies resulting from contraceptive failure leading to abortion was 67%. The Demographic and Health Survey of Kazakhstan asked 3,771 women if they would have an abortion in case of accidental pregnancy and 35.6% responded in the affirmative, 20.6% were not sure and the rest replied in the negative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestoff200016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestoff200016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 1994, a family planning program was approved which established a family planning service in medical institutions to try to reduce abortions and maternal mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1993 and 1997, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> funded reproductive health in the country, with one of its primary aims being reducing the abortion rate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200432_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200432-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1995 and 1999 abortions were officially free, but in practice, people were obliged to pay, with prices between 8 and US$20.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200430_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200430-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These payments were generally not made in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200433-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, a wide-reaching campaign warned of the health risk of illegal abortions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200432_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200432-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The laws remained essentially the same between 1996 and 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">vacuum aspiration</a> technique was used in nearly half of all abortions in Kazakhstan. </p><p>In 2000, a country-wide government program was approved to reduce abortions. The program trained medical professionals and informed the population about other contraceptive methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200429_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200429-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A UN report published in 2002 explained that abortions were available on request during the first trimester, with no particular motivation required; between 12 and 28 weeks, the service is available if certain social or medical circumstances are present.<sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Population_Division,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, a Health Ministry order was approved on the medical reasons and regulations of abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the ministry approved Order 626,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was modified in 2012 regarding the following aspects: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Conditions for abortion in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Conditions for abortion in 2012<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Up to 12 weeks: <ul><li>Upon request</li></ul> <p>Between 12 and 22 weeks, on social grounds, including: </p> <ul><li>Death of the husband during pregnancy</li> <li>Incarceration of the woman or her husband</li> <li>Unemployment of the woman or her husband</li> <li>If the woman is unmarried</li> <li>Deprivation or limitation of parental rights</li> <li>When the pregnancy is a result of rape</li> <li>If the woman has refugee or forced migrant status</li> <li>If there is a disabled child in the family</li> <li>Divorce during the pregnancy</li> <li>If there are 4 or more children in the family</li> <li>In case of fetal malformation</li></ul> <p>With no gestational limit: </p> <ul><li>If there are medical indications threatening the life of the pregnant woman, with her consent</li></ul> <p>For minors under 16, parental consent is required. </p><p>The state subsidizes abortions performed for social or medical reasons. </p> </td> <td>Up to 12 weeks: <ul><li>Upon request</li></ul> <p>Between 12 and 22 weeks, on social grounds, including: </p> <ul><li>Death of the husband during pregnancy</li> <li>Incarceration of the woman or her husband</li> <li>Unemployment of the woman or her husband</li> <li>If the woman is unmarried</li> <li>Deprivation or limitation of parental rights</li> <li>When the pregnancy is a result of rape</li> <li>If the woman has refugee or forced migrant status</li> <li>If there is a disabled child in the family</li> <li>Divorce during the pregnancy</li> <li>If there are 4 or more children in the family</li> <li>The patient is under 18 years of age</li></ul> <p>With no gestational limit: </p> <ul><li>If there are medical indications threatening the life of the pregnant woman, with her consent</li> <li>In case of fetal malformation</li></ul> <p>For minors under 18, parental consent is required. </p><p>The state subsidizes abortions performed for social or medical reasons. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Legal abortions are practiced in private centers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200431_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200431-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women's Consulting Centers, Maternity Houses, Polyclinics with Women's Consulting Offices, many hospitals and Family Group Practices. The successful reduction of the abortion rate was due to the efforts in education, information and communication (like the Red Apple campaign on social media) which encouraged the population to use modern contraceptive methods. However, the abortion rate among Russians went down 33% while among Kazakhs, the decrease was much smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200434_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldsWestoff200434-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medications used to induce abortion are <a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a high rate of abortion among teenagers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kazakh Association on Sexual and Reproductive Health stated in 2009 and 2012 that medical abortions were only practiced in Almaty in private centers and that the establishment of services in state medical centers was being considered the latter year. It also declared that in 2007, there were 11,666 abortions in the city of Almaty, of which 74.3% were performed using <a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">dilation and curettage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average price among private practitioners was 5000 <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">KZT</a> ($41) in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and $200 in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 investigation concluded that the high abortion rate could be caused by limited access to health services, especially in rural regions. Intrauterine devices are commonly used as a contraceptive in Kazakhstan without professional help, as there are few available methods. This may be why the primary contraceptive method used in the country is abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 report found that the state provided no information on sexual and reproductive health, including abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 report found that the rates of teenage pregnancy and back-alley abortions were leading to deaths, primarily caused by a lack of specific preventative programs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_abortion_statistics">Historical abortion statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical abortion statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definition of table data:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Live births</i>.</li> <li><i>Abortions, reported</i> includes legal reported induced abortions.</li> <li><i>Abortions (AWR)</i> are combined reported and estimated abortion occurrences from the Abortion Worldwide Report and working papers.</li> <li><i>Abortions, residents, in country only</i> includes reported abortions obtained within the country by residents only.</li> <li><i>Abortions, residents, obtained abroad</i> includes reported abortions by country residents obtained in other countries.</li> <li><i>Abortions, residents, total</i> includes reported abortions by residents, obtained both within the country and abroad.</li> <li><i>Fetal deaths</i> generally includes fetal deaths or stillbirths of at least 20 weeks` gestation.</li> <li><i>Miscarriages</i> generally includes spontaneous fetal losses/ abortions, fetal deaths, or stillbirths, regardless of gestation period.</li> <li><i>Abortion ratio</i> is abortions per 1000 live births.</li> <li><i>Abortion %</i> is abortions as percentage of pregnancies (excluding fetal deaths/miscarriages).</li> <li><i>Abortion rate, residents</i> is abortions by residency per 1000 women ages 15–49.</li> <li><i>Abortion rate, occurrences (AWR)</i> is abortion occurrences from Abortion Worldwide Report figures per 1000 women ages 15–39.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">year* </th> <th rowspan="2">live births </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions, reported </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions (AWR) </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions, residents, in country only </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions, residents, obtained abroad </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions, residents, total </th> <th rowspan="2">abortions, illegal </th> <th rowspan="2">miscarriages </th> <th rowspan="2">fetal deaths </th> <th colspan="2">abortion ratio </th> <th colspan="2">abortion % </th> <th rowspan="2">abortion <p>rate, residents </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">abortion <p>rate, occurrences (AWR) </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th>residents, in/out of country </th> <th>all in country </th> <th>residents, in/out of country </th> <th>all in country </th></tr> <tr> <td>1925 </td> <td> </td> <td>582 </td> <td>582 </td> <td>(582) </td> <td> </td> <td>582 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td>(2,360) </td> <td> </td> <td>2,360 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,127 </td> <td>6,127 </td> <td>(6,127) </td> <td> </td> <td>6,127 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,950 </td> <td>1,950 </td> <td>(1,950) </td> <td> </td> <td>1,950 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1930 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,660 </td> <td>2,660 </td> <td>(2,660) </td> <td> </td> <td>2,660 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,190 </td> <td>2,190 </td> <td>(2,190) </td> <td> </td> <td>2,190 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td> </td> <td>840 </td> <td>840 </td> <td>(840) </td> <td> </td> <td>840 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td>(254,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td> </td> <td>11,214 </td> <td>11,214 </td> <td>(11,214) </td> <td> </td> <td>11,214 </td> <td>1,675 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td>(1,600) </td> <td> </td> <td>1,600 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td> </td> <td>7,811 </td> <td>7,811 </td> <td>(7,811) </td> <td> </td> <td>7,811 </td> <td>1,278 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,303 </td> <td>10,303 </td> <td>(10,303) </td> <td> </td> <td>10,303 </td> <td>1,684 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,901 </td> <td>15,901 </td> <td>(15,901) </td> <td> </td> <td>15,901 </td> <td>3,866 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,263 </td> <td>16,263 </td> <td>(16,263) </td> <td> </td> <td>16,263 </td> <td>3,096 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td>(4,079) </td> <td> </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td>4,079 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>(251,900) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>(270,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>(262,600) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>(260,300) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>(275,700) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>(299,300) </td> <td> </td> <td>(25,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>(304,800) </td> <td> </td> <td>(58,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>(326,100) </td> <td> </td> <td>(101,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>(355,300) </td> <td> </td> <td>(164,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>(349,100) </td> <td> </td> <td>(228,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>371,828 </td> <td> </td> <td>(335,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>377,002 </td> <td> </td> <td>(363,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>368,298 </td> <td> </td> <td>(379,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td>352,400 </td> <td> </td> <td>(388,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>330,511 </td> <td> </td> <td>(389,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>320,585 </td> <td> </td> <td>(404,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>313,465 </td> <td> </td> <td>(392,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>307,197 </td> <td> </td> <td>(381,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>302,022 </td> <td> </td> <td>(372,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>302,179 </td> <td> </td> <td>(370,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>306,652 </td> <td> </td> <td>(372,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>317,423 </td> <td>382,702 </td> <td>382,702 </td> <td>(382,702) </td> <td> </td> <td>382,702 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,205.7 </td> <td>1,205.7 </td> <td>54.66 </td> <td>54.66 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>318,551 </td> <td>383,764 </td> <td>383,764 </td> <td>(383,764) </td> <td> </td> <td>383,764 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,204.7 </td> <td>1,204.7 </td> <td>54.64 </td> <td>54.64 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>321,075 </td> <td>387,626 </td> <td>387,626 </td> <td>(387,626) </td> <td> </td> <td>387,626 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,207.3 </td> <td>1,207.3 </td> <td>54.70 </td> <td>54.70 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>338,291 </td> <td>377,070 </td> <td>377,070 </td> <td>(377,070) </td> <td> </td> <td>377,070 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,114.6 </td> <td>1,114.6 </td> <td>52.71 </td> <td>52.71 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>343,668 </td> <td>390,809 </td> <td>390,809 </td> <td>(390,809) </td> <td> </td> <td>390,809 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,137.2 </td> <td>1,137.2 </td> <td>53.21 </td> <td>53.21 </td> <td>124.0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>350,362 </td> <td>395,712 </td> <td>395,712 </td> <td>(395,712) </td> <td> </td> <td>395,712 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,129.4 </td> <td>1,129.4 </td> <td>53.04 </td> <td>53.04 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>349,379 </td> <td>406,247 </td> <td>406,247 </td> <td>(406,247) </td> <td> </td> <td>406,247 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,162.8 </td> <td>1,162.8 </td> <td>53.76 </td> <td>53.76 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>355,337 </td> <td>392,734 </td> <td>392,734 </td> <td>(392,734) </td> <td> </td> <td>392,734 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,105.2 </td> <td>1,105.2 </td> <td>52.50 </td> <td>52.50 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>354,320 </td> <td>380,692 </td> <td>380,692 </td> <td>(380,692) </td> <td> </td> <td>380,692 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,074.4 </td> <td>1,074.4 </td> <td>51.79 </td> <td>51.79 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>356,013 </td> <td>378,125 </td> <td>378,125 </td> <td>(378,125) </td> <td> </td> <td>378,125 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,062.1 </td> <td>1,062.1 </td> <td>51.51 </td> <td>51.51 </td> <td>108.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>367,950 </td> <td>359,824 </td> <td>359,824 </td> <td>(359,824) </td> <td> </td> <td>359,824 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>977.9 </td> <td>977.9 </td> <td>49.44 </td> <td>49.44 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>373,416 </td> <td>364,087 </td> <td>364,087 </td> <td>(364,087) </td> <td> </td> <td>364,087 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>975.0 </td> <td>975.0 </td> <td>49.37 </td> <td>49.37 </td> <td>103.3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>378,577 </td> <td>362,371 </td> <td>362,371 </td> <td>(362,371) </td> <td> </td> <td>362,371 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>957.2 </td> <td>957.2 </td> <td>48.91 </td> <td>48.91 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>389,091 </td> <td>349,366 </td> <td>349,366 </td> <td>(349,366) </td> <td> </td> <td>349,366 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>897.9 </td> <td>897.9 </td> <td>47.31 </td> <td>47.31 </td> <td>98.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>396,929 </td> <td>367,334 </td> <td>367,334 </td> <td>(367,334) </td> <td> </td> <td>367,334 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>925.4 </td> <td>925.4 </td> <td>48.06 </td> <td>48.06 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>410,846 </td> <td>332,055 </td> <td>332,055 </td> <td>(332,055) </td> <td> </td> <td>332,055 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>808.2 </td> <td>808.2 </td> <td>44.70 </td> <td>44.70 </td> <td>91.5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>417,139 </td> <td>329,819 </td> <td>329,819 </td> <td>(329,819) </td> <td> </td> <td>329,819 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>790.7 </td> <td>790.7 </td> <td>44.15 </td> <td>44.15 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>407,116 </td> <td>362,596 </td> <td>362,596 </td> <td>(362,596) </td> <td> </td> <td>362,596 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>890.6 </td> <td>890.6 </td> <td>47.11 </td> <td>47.11 </td> <td>97.1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>380,849 </td> <td>358,124 </td> <td>358,124 </td> <td>(358,124) </td> <td> </td> <td>358,124 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,916 </td> <td>940.3 </td> <td>940.3 </td> <td>48.46 </td> <td>48.46 </td> <td>72.4 </td> <td>101.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>362,081 </td> <td>355,173 </td> <td>355,173 </td> <td>(355,173) </td> <td> </td> <td>355,173 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,692 </td> <td>980.9 </td> <td>980.9 </td> <td>49.52 </td> <td>49.52 </td> <td>92.4 </td> <td>100.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>353,174 </td> <td>358,484 </td> <td>358,484 </td> <td>(358,484) </td> <td> </td> <td>358,484 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,474 </td> <td>1,015.0 </td> <td>1,015.0 </td> <td>50.37 </td> <td>50.37 </td> <td>87.7 </td> <td>100.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td>337,612 </td> <td>346,405 </td> <td>346,405 </td> <td>(346,405) </td> <td> </td> <td>346,405 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,184 </td> <td>1,026.0 </td> <td>1,026.0 </td> <td>50.64 </td> <td>50.64 </td> <td>84.1 </td> <td>96.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>315,482 </td> <td>290,703 </td> <td>290,703 </td> <td>(290,703) </td> <td> </td> <td>290,703 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,710 </td> <td>921.5 </td> <td>921.5 </td> <td>47.96 </td> <td>47.96 </td> <td>70.1 </td> <td>81.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>305,624 </td> <td>261,834 </td> <td>261,834 </td> <td>(261,834) </td> <td> </td> <td>261,834 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,705 </td> <td>856.7 </td> <td>856.7 </td> <td>46.14 </td> <td>46.14 </td> <td>63.1 </td> <td>75.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td>276,125 </td> <td>224,100 </td> <td>224,100 </td> <td>(224,100) </td> <td> </td> <td>224,100 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,455 </td> <td>811.6 </td> <td>811.6 </td> <td>44.80 </td> <td>44.80 </td> <td>54.3 </td> <td>66.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td>253,175 </td> <td>194,187 </td> <td>194,187 </td> <td>(194,187) </td> <td> </td> <td>194,187 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,365 </td> <td>767.0 </td> <td>767.0 </td> <td>43.41 </td> <td>43.41 </td> <td>47.2 </td> <td>58.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>232,356 </td> <td>156,751 </td> <td>156,751 </td> <td>(156,751) </td> <td> </td> <td>156,751 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,206 </td> <td>674.6 </td> <td>674.6 </td> <td>40.28 </td> <td>40.28 </td> <td>38.3 </td> <td>47.61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>222,380 </td> <td>149,248 </td> <td>149,248 </td> <td>(149,248) </td> <td> </td> <td>149,248 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,055 </td> <td>671.1 </td> <td>671.1 </td> <td>40.16 </td> <td>40.16 </td> <td>36.7 </td> <td>46.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>211,815 </td> <td>138,197 </td> <td>138,197 </td> <td>(138,197) </td> <td> </td> <td>138,197 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,899 </td> <td>652.4 </td> <td>652.4 </td> <td>39.48 </td> <td>39.48 </td> <td>34.0 </td> <td>42.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td>217,379 </td> <td>134,111 </td> <td>134,111 </td> <td>(134,111) </td> <td> </td> <td>134,111 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,812 </td> <td>616.9 </td> <td>616.9 </td> <td>38.15 </td> <td>38.15 </td> <td>32.8 </td> <td>41.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>220,748 </td> <td>136,787 </td> <td>136,787 </td> <td>(136,787) </td> <td> </td> <td>136,787 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,719 </td> <td>619.7 </td> <td>619.7 </td> <td>38.26 </td> <td>38.26 </td> <td>33.2 </td> <td>42.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td>227,169 </td> <td>124,523 </td> <td>124,523 </td> <td>(124,523) </td> <td> </td> <td>124,523 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,788 </td> <td>1,748 </td> <td>548.2 </td> <td>548.2 </td> <td>35.41 </td> <td>35.41 </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td>38.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003 </td> <td>246,933 </td> <td>127,180 </td> <td>127,180 </td> <td>(127,180) </td> <td> </td> <td>127,180 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,751 </td> <td>1,768 </td> <td>515.0 </td> <td>515.0 </td> <td>34.00 </td> <td>34.00 </td> <td>35.0 </td> <td>38.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004 </td> <td>270,737 </td> <td>129,495 </td> <td>129,495 </td> <td>(129,495) </td> <td> </td> <td>129,495 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,873 </td> <td>1,729 </td> <td>478.3 </td> <td>478.3 </td> <td>32.35 </td> <td>32.35 </td> <td>30.4 </td> <td>38.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005 </td> <td>278,977 </td> <td>125,654 </td> <td>125,654 </td> <td>(125,654) </td> <td> </td> <td>125,654 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,138 </td> <td>1,899 </td> <td>450.4 </td> <td>450.4 </td> <td>31.05 </td> <td>31.05 </td> <td>29.1 </td> <td>37.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006 </td> <td>278,977 </td> <td>130,599 </td> <td>130,599 </td> <td>(130,599) </td> <td> </td> <td>130,599 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,066 </td> <td>468.1 </td> <td>468.1 </td> <td>31.89 </td> <td>31.89 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td>37.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td>321,963 </td> <td>133,097 </td> <td>133,097 </td> <td>(133,097) </td> <td> </td> <td>133,097 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,171 </td> <td>413.4 </td> <td>413.4 </td> <td>29.25 </td> <td>29.25 </td> <td>31.1 </td> <td>38.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008 </td> <td>339,269 </td> <td>123,992 </td> <td>123,992 </td> <td>(123,992) </td> <td> </td> <td>123,992 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4,021 </td> <td>365.5 </td> <td>365.5 </td> <td>26.77 </td> <td>26.77 </td> <td>28.1 </td> <td>34.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009 </td> <td>357,552 </td> <td>113,320 </td> <td>113,320 </td> <td>(113,320) </td> <td> </td> <td>113,320 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,713 </td> <td>316.9 </td> <td>316.9 </td> <td>24.07 </td> <td>24.07 </td> <td>24.7 </td> <td>31.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <td>367,752 </td> <td>106,074 </td> <td>106,074 </td> <td>(106,074) </td> <td> </td> <td>106,074 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,488 </td> <td>288.4 </td> <td>288.4 </td> <td>22.39 </td> <td>22.39 </td> <td>23.0 </td> <td>29.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>372,801 </td> <td>95,288 </td> <td>95,288 </td> <td>(95,288) </td> <td> </td> <td>95,288 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,285 </td> <td>255.6 </td> <td>255.6 </td> <td>20.36 </td> <td>20.36 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>26.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td>381,005 </td> <td>95,654 </td> <td>95,654 </td> <td>(95,654) </td> <td> </td> <td>95,654 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,453 </td> <td>251.1 </td> <td>251.1 </td> <td>20.07 </td> <td>20.07 </td> <td>24.2 </td> <td>26.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 </td> <td>387,227 </td> <td>84,265 </td> <td>106,000 </td> <td>(84,265) </td> <td> </td> <td>84,265 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,206 </td> <td>217.6 </td> <td>217.6 </td> <td>17.87 </td> <td>17.87 </td> <td>18.4 </td> <td>29.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014 </td> <td>399,951 </td> <td>83,709 </td> <td>83,709 </td> <td>(83,709) </td> <td> </td> <td>83,709 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,371 </td> <td>209.3 </td> <td>209.3 </td> <td>17.31 </td> <td>17.31 </td> <td> </td> <td>23.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>398,073 </td> <td>81,440 </td> <td>81,440 </td> <td>(81,440) </td> <td> </td> <td>81,440 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,344 </td> <td>204.6 </td> <td>204.6 </td> <td>16.98 </td> <td>16.98 </td> <td> </td> <td>22.82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016 </td> <td>400,694 </td> <td>78,857 </td> <td>78,857 </td> <td>78,857 </td> <td> </td> <td>78,857 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,382 </td> <td>196.8 </td> <td>196.8 </td> <td>16.44 </td> <td>16.44 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017 </td> <td>390,262 </td> <td>80,328 </td> <td>80,328 </td> <td>80,328 </td> <td> </td> <td>80,328 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,321 </td> <td>205.8 </td> <td>205.8 </td> <td>17.07 </td> <td>17.07 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018 </td> <td>397,799 </td> <td> </td> <td>(80,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>2,257 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>(80,000) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*last updated 14 January 2020 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortions_by_region">Abortions by region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Abortions by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Region<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="10">Year* </th></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2001 </th> <th>2002 </th> <th>2003 </th> <th>2004 </th> <th>2005 </th> <th>2006 </th> <th>2007 </th> <th>2008 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Almaty (city) </td> <td>14,421 </td> <td>10,013 </td> <td>11,037 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>17,487 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,000 </td> <td>16,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Astana (city) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8,113 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CENTRAL/EAST KAZAKHSTAN </td> <td> </td> <td>34,400 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>33,126 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>29,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Kazakhstan </td> <td> </td> <td>18,039 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Karagnandinskaya </td> <td> </td> <td>16,400 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>16,700 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10,300 </td> <td> </td> <td>13,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>NORTH KAZAKHSTAN </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>32,898 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>29,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akmolinskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>11,700 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>10,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kostanayskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Kazakhstan </td> <td> </td> <td>7,608 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>7,660 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>6,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pavlodarskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SOUTH KAZAKHSTAN </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20,294 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>20,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Almatinskaya </td> <td> </td> <td>13,249 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td>4,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kyzylordinskaya </td> <td> </td> <td>2,801 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Kazakhstan </td> <td> </td> <td>7,758 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>9,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhambylskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>WEST KAZAKHSTAN </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>17,549 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>17,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aktyubinskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atyrauskaya </td> <td> </td> <td>1,957 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mangistauskaya </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>3,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Kazakhstan </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>7,000 </td> <td>15,700 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>KAZAKHSTAN TOTAL</b> </td> <td><b>138,197</b> </td> <td><b>134,111</b> </td> <td><b>136,787</b> </td> <td><b>124,523</b> </td> <td><b>127,180</b> </td> <td><b>129,495</b> </td> <td><b>125,654</b> </td> <td><b>130,599</b> </td> <td><b>133,097</b> </td> <td><b>124,000</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*last updated 11 April 201 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405233912/http://srhr.org/abortion-policies/country/kazakhstan/">"Country profile: Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>Global Abortion Policies Database</i>. 2018-04-05. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Consideration+of+reports+submitted+by+States+parties+under+article+40+of+the+Covenant+-+Kazakhstan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbinternet.ohchr.org%2F_layouts%2Ftreatybodyexternal%2FDownload.aspx%3Fsymbolno%3DCCPRCKAZCO1%26Lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ab-kazakhstan.html">"Historical abortion statistics, Kazakhstan"</a>. <i>www.johnstonsarchive.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johnstonsarchive.net&rft.atitle=Historical+abortion+statistics%2C+Kazakhstan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fpolicy%2Fabortion%2Fab-kazakhstan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/kazakhstan/ab-kazakhstanr.html">"Kazakhstan abortions and live births by region, 1999-2008"</a>. <i>www.johnstonsarchive.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johnstonsarchive.net&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+abortions+and+live+births+by+region%2C+1999-2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnstonsarchive.net%2Fpolicy%2Fabortion%2Fkazakhstan%2Fab-kazakhstanr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other sources refer to Order 626 of the Ministry of Health (October 2009), “On approving realisation rules in relation to artificial termination of pregnancy”, and RK “Populations Health and Healthcare System” Code, Article 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 3 of the Indications of the Ministry of Health.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page5_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page5_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 5 of the Indications of the Ministry of Health.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 6 of the Indications of the Ministry of Health.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 9 of the Reproductive Rights Law; page 2 of the Indications of the Ministry of Health.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 9 of the Reproductive Rights Law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 117 of the Penal Code.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some reports refer to abortions being available in a variety of locations, while the Kazakh Association on Sexual and Reproductive Health mentions only Almaty and the private sector.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 140 of the Penal Code.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazakhstan_Association_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health2009" class="citation book cs1">Kazakhstan Association on Sexual and Reproductive Health (2009). "Kazakhstan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spdc.pt/files/publicacoes/Pub_AbortionlegislationinEuropeIPPFEN_Feb2009.pdf"><i>Abortion legislation in Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.). Brussels: IPPF European Network. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan&rft.btitle=Abortion+legislation+in+Europe&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=IPPF+European+Network&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Kazakhstan+Association+on+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spdc.pt%2Ffiles%2Fpublicacoes%2FPub_AbortionlegislationinEuropeIPPFEN_Feb2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazakhstan_Association_on_Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health2012" class="citation book cs1">Kazakhstan Association on Sexual and Reproductive Health (2012). "Kazakhstan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505124816/https://www.ippfen.org/sites/ippfen/files/2016-12/Final_Abortion%20legislation_September2012.pdf"><i>Abortion legislation in Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (9th ed.). Brussels: IPPF European Network. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ippfen.org/sites/ippfen/files/2016-12/Final_Abortion%20legislation_September2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan&rft.btitle=Abortion+legislation+in+Europe&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=IPPF+European+Network&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Kazakhstan+Association+on+Sexual+and+Reproductive+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ippfen.org%2Fsites%2Fippfen%2Ffiles%2F2016-12%2FFinal_Abortion%2520legislation_September2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels2001" class="citation journal cs1">Michaels, Paula A. (2001). "Motherhood, Patriotism, and Ethnicity: Soviet Kazakhstan and the 1936 Abortion Ban". <i>Feminist Studies</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">307–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3178760">10.2307/3178760</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fspo.0499697.0027.205">2027/spo.0499697.0027.205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178760">3178760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17985490">17985490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Studies&rft.atitle=Motherhood%2C+Patriotism%2C+and+Ethnicity%3A+Soviet+Kazakhstan+and+the+1936+Abortion+Ban&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fspo.0499697.0027.205&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17985490&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3178760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3178760&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Paula+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOldsWestoff2004" class="citation book cs1">Olds, Suzanne; Westoff, Charles F. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/reports/abortion-and-contraception-georgia-and-kazakhstan"><i>Abortion and Contraception in Georgia and Kazakhstan</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+and+Contraception+in+Georgia+and+Kazakhstan&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Olds&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Westoff%2C+Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.opensocietyfoundations.org%2Freports%2Fabortion-and-contraception-georgia-and-kazakhstan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestoff2000" class="citation book cs1">Westoff, Charles F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/AS1/AS1.PDF"><i>The substitution of contraception for abortion in Kazakhstan in the 1990s</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Calverton, Maryland: ORC Macro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+substitution+of+contraception+for+abortion+in+Kazakhstan+in+the+1990s&rft.place=Calverton%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=ORC+Macro&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Westoff&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdhsprogram.com%2Fpubs%2Fpdf%2FAS1%2FAS1.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division2002" class="citation book cs1">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/"><i>Abortion Policies : A Global Review</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+Policies+%3A+A+Global+Review&rft.date=2002&rft.au=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fabortion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations,_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs,_Population_Division2014" class="citation book cs1">United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/policy/abortionPoliciesAndReproductiveHealth.shtml"><i>Abortion policies and reproductive health around the world</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-056837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-056837-1"><bdi>978-92-1-056837-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abortion+policies+and+reproductive+health+around+the+world&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-92-1-056837-1&rft.au=United+Nations%2C+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fpolicy%2FabortionPoliciesAndReproductiveHealth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbortion+in+Kazakhstan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iraq" title="Abortion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Jordan" title="Abortion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Abortion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mongolia" title="Abortion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Abortion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Thailand" title="Abortion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Timor-Leste" title="Abortion in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Abortion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abortion_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abortion in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion" title="Template:Abortion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion" title="Template talk:Abortion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_abortion" title="Definitions of abortion">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Methods_of_abortion" title="Category:Methods of abortion">Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_debate" title="Abortion debate">Abortion debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_aspects_of_the_abortion_debate" title="Philosophical aspects of the abortion debate">Philosophical aspects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">Abortion-rights movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">Anti-abortion movements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_and_mental_health" title="Abortion and mental health">Abortion and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_human_personhood" title="Beginning of human personhood">Beginning of human personhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy" title="Beginning of pregnancy controversy">Beginning of pregnancy controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion%E2%80%93breast_cancer_hypothesis" title="Abortion–breast cancer hypothesis">Abortion-breast cancer hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_under_communism" title="Abortion under communism">Abortion under communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_pregnancy_center" title="Crisis pregnancy center">Crisis pregnancy center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_aspects_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical aspects of abortion">Ethical aspects of abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_abortion" title="Forced abortion">Forced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_and_abortion" title="Genetics and abortion">Genetics and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalized_abortion_and_crime_effect" title="Legalized abortion and crime effect">Legalized abortion and crime effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limit_of_viability" class="mw-redirect" title="Limit of viability">Limit of viability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's rights">Men's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Paternal rights and abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-abortion_care" title="Post-abortion care">Post-abortion care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_counseling" title="Sidewalk counseling">Sidewalk counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_attitudes_towards_abortion" title="Societal attitudes towards abortion">Societal attitudes towards abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Socialist perspectives on abortion">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termination_for_medical_reasons" title="Termination for medical reasons">Termination for medical reasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_abortion" title="Toxic abortion">Toxic abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Africa" title="Abortion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Algeria" title="Abortion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Angola" title="Abortion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Benin" title="Abortion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Botswana" title="Abortion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cameroon" title="Abortion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Abortion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Abortion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chad" title="Abortion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Comoros" title="Abortion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Egypt" title="Abortion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Abortion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Eswatini" title="Abortion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Gabon" title="Abortion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Gambia" title="Abortion in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ghana" title="Abortion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guinea" title="Abortion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kenya" title="Abortion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lesotho" title="Abortion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liberia" title="Abortion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Madagascar" title="Abortion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malawi" title="Abortion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mauritius" title="Abortion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Namibia" title="Abortion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nigeria" title="Abortion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Senegal" title="Abortion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Seychelles" title="Abortion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Abortion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Africa" title="Abortion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tanzania" title="Abortion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Togo" title="Abortion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uganda" title="Abortion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zambia" title="Abortion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Abortion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Afghanistan" title="Abortion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Armenia" title="Abortion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Abortion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bahrain" title="Abortion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bangladesh" title="Abortion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bhutan" title="Abortion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brunei" title="Abortion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cambodia" title="Abortion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Abortion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_India" title="Abortion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iran" title="Abortion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Israel" title="Abortion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Japan" title="Abortion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Korea" title="Abortion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_South_Korea" title="Abortion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Laos" title="Abortion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lebanon" title="Abortion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malaysia" title="Abortion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Abortion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Qatar" title="Abortion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Abortion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Singapore" title="Abortion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Taiwan" title="Abortion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Timor-Leste" title="Abortion in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Turkey" title="Abortion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Abortion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vietnam" title="Abortion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Yemen" title="Abortion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Europe" title="Abortion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Andorra" title="Abortion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Austria" title="Abortion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belarus" title="Abortion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belgium" title="Abortion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Abortion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bulgaria" title="Abortion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Croatia" title="Abortion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Denmark" title="Abortion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Estonia" title="Abortion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Finland" title="Abortion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Germany" title="Abortion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Greece" title="Abortion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hungary" title="Abortion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Iceland" title="Abortion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Latvia" title="Abortion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Abortion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Lithuania" title="Abortion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Luxembourg" title="Abortion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Malta" title="Abortion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Moldova" title="Abortion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Monaco" title="Abortion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Montenegro" title="Abortion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Abortion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Abortion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Norway" title="Abortion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Poland" title="Abortion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Portugal" title="Abortion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Romania" title="Abortion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Russia" title="Abortion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_San_Marino" title="Abortion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Serbia" title="Abortion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovakia" title="Abortion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Slovenia" title="Abortion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Spain" title="Abortion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Sweden" title="Abortion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Switzerland" title="Abortion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ukraine" title="Abortion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Abortion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Belize" title="Abortion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Abortion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Cuba" title="Abortion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Abortion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_El_Salvador" title="Abortion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guatemala" title="Abortion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Honduras" title="Abortion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nicaragua" title="Abortion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Panama" title="Abortion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Abortion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Abortion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Fiji" title="Abortion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Kiribati" title="Abortion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Abortion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_Zealand" title="Abortion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Abortion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Samoa" title="Abortion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Abortion in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tonga" title="Abortion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Tuvalu" title="Abortion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Vanuatu" title="Abortion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Argentina" title="Abortion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Bolivia" title="Abortion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Chile" title="Abortion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Colombia" title="Abortion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Ecuador" title="Abortion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Guyana" title="Abortion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Paraguay" title="Abortion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Peru" title="Abortion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Suriname" title="Abortion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Uruguay" title="Abortion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Venezuela" title="Abortion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_case_law" title="Category:Abortion case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abortion_constitutional_law" title="Category:Abortion constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion#Legal:_History_of_abortion_law" title="History of abortion">History of abortion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law#National_laws" title="Abortion law">Laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_protection_of_access_to_abortion" title="Legal protection of access to abortion">Buffer zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_abortion" title="Conscientious objection to abortion">Conscientious objection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_rights" title="Fetal rights">Fetal protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-week_abortion_ban" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-week abortion ban">Six-week bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consent#Abortion" title="Informed consent">Informed consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-term_abortion#Legal_restrictions_on_later_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-term abortion">Late-term restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Parental involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_rights_and_abortion#Men_and_abortion_in_law" title="Paternal rights and abortion">Spousal consent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_aspiration" title="Vacuum aspiration">Vacuum aspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_evacuation" title="Dilation and evacuation">Dilation and evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilation_and_curettage" title="Dilation and curettage">Dilation and curettage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intact_dilation_and_extraction" title="Intact dilation and extraction">Intact D&X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysterotomy_abortion" title="Hysterotomy abortion">Hysterotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instillation_abortion" title="Instillation abortion">Instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_extraction" title="Menstrual extraction">Menstrual extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_abortion" title="Medical abortion">Medical abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortifacient" title="Abortifacient">Abortifacient drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methotrexate" title="Methotrexate">Methotrexate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misoprostol" title="Misoprostol">Misoprostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-induced_abortion" title="Self-induced abortion">Self-induced abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsafe_abortion" title="Unsafe abortion">Unsafe abortion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_abortion" title="Religion and abortion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_abortion" title="Buddhism and abortion">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_abortion" title="Catholic Church and abortion">Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_abortion" title="Hinduism and abortion">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_abortion" title="Islam and abortion">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_abortion" title="Judaism and abortion">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_abortion" title="Scientology and 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