CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Christopher A. Brown</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Christopher A. Brown"> <meta name="keywords" content="Christopher A. Brown"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Christopher A. Brown" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Christopher A. Brown"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 525</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Christopher A. Brown</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">525</span> Flavonoid Content and Antioxidant Potential of White and Brown Sesame Seed Oils</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Bello">Fatima Bello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Sani"> Ibrahim Sani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Medicinal plants are the most important sources of life saving drugs for the majority of world’s population. People of all continents have used hundreds to thousands of indigenous plants in curing and management of many diseases. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most widely cultivated species for its nutritious and medicinal seeds and oil. This research was carried out to determine the flavonoid content and antioxidant potential of two varieties of sesame seeds oil. Oil extraction was done using Soxhlet apparatus. The percentage oil yield for white and brown seeds were 47.85% and 20.72%, respectively. Flavonoid was present in both seeds with concentration of 480 mg/g and 360 mg/g in white and brown sesame seeds, respectively. The antioxidant potential was determined at different oil volume; 1.00, 0.75, 0.50 and 0.25ml. The results for the white and brown sesame seed oils were 96.8 and 70.7, 91.0 and 65.2, 83.1 and 55.4, 77.9 and 50.2, respectively. The white seed oil has higher oil yield than the brown seed oil. Likewise, the white seed oil has more flavonoid content than the brown seed oil and also better reducing power than the brown seed oil. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antioxidant%20potential" title="antioxidant potential">antioxidant potential</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20sesame%20seeds" title=" brown sesame seeds"> brown sesame seeds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavonoid%20content" title=" flavonoid content"> flavonoid content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sesame%20seed%20oil" title=" sesame seed oil"> sesame seed oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sesamum%20indicum%20L." title=" Sesamum indicum L."> Sesamum indicum L.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=white%20sesame%20seeds" title=" white sesame seeds "> white sesame seeds </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32097/flavonoid-content-and-antioxidant-potential-of-white-and-brown-sesame-seed-oils" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32097.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">458</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">524</span> Development of the Analysis and Pretreatment of Brown HT in Foods</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hee-Jae%20Suh">Hee-Jae Suh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mi-Na%20Hong"> Mi-Na Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Ji%20Kim"> Min-Ji Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeon-Seong%20Jeong"> Yeon-Seong Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ok-Hwan%20Lee"> Ok-Hwan Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jae-Wook%20Shin"> Jae-Wook Shin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyang-Sook%20Chun"> Hyang-Sook Chun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan%20Lee"> Chan Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brown HT is a bis-azo dye which is permitted in EU as a food colorant. So far, many studies have focused on HPLC using diode array detection (DAD) analysis for detection of this food colorant with different columns and mobile phases. Even though these methods make it possible to detect Brown HT, low recovery, reproducibility, and linearity are still the major limitations for the application in foods. The purpose of this study was to compare various methods for the analysis of Brown HT and to develop an improved analytical methods including pretreatment. Among tested analysis methods, best resolution of Brown HT was observed when the following solvent was applied as a eluent; solvent A of mobile phase was 0.575g NH4H2PO4, and 0.7g Na2HPO4 in 500mL water added with 500mL methanol. The pH was adjusted using phosphoric acid to pH 6.9 and solvent B was methanol. Major peak for Brown HT appeared at the end of separation, 13.4min after injection. This method exhibited relatively high recovery and reproducibility compared with other methods. LOD (0.284 ppm), LOQ (0.861 ppm), resolution (6.143), and selectivity (1.3) of this method were better than those of ammonium acetate solution method which was most frequently used. Precision and accuracy were verified through inter-day test and intra-day test. Various methods for sample pretreatments were developed for different foods and relatively high recovery over 80% was observed in all case. This method exhibited high resolution and reproducibility of Brown HT compared with other previously reported official methods from FSA and, EU regulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analytic%20method" title="analytic method">analytic method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brown%20HT" title=" Brown HT"> Brown HT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20colorants" title=" food colorants"> food colorants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pretreatment%20method" title=" pretreatment method"> pretreatment method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24564/development-of-the-analysis-and-pretreatment-of-brown-ht-in-foods" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24564.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">478</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">523</span> Global Historical Distribution Range of Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tariq%20Mahmood">Tariq Mahmood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiza%20Lehrasab"> Faiza Lehrasab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faraz%20Akrim"> Faraz Akrim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sajid%20nadeem"> Muhammad Sajid nadeem</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Mushtaq"> Muhammad Mushtaq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Unza%20waqar"> Unza waqar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayesha%20Sheraz"> Ayesha Sheraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaista%20Andleeb"> Shaista Andleeb</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Brown bear (Ursus arctos), a member of the family Ursidae, is distributed in a wide range of habitats in North America, Europe and Asia. Suspectedly, the global distribution range of brown bears is decreasing at the moment due to various factors. The carnivore species is categorized as ‘Least Concern’ globally by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, there are some fragmented, small populations that are on the verge of extinction, as is in Pakistan, where the species is listed as ‘Critically Endangered’, with a declining population trend. Importantly, the global historical distribution range of brown bears is undocumented. Therefore, in the current study, we reconstructed and estimated the historical distribution range of brown bears using QGIS software and also analyzed the network of protected areas in the past and current ranges of the species. Results showed that brown bear was more widely distributed in historic times, encompassing 52.6 million km² area as compared to their current distribution of 38.8 million km², resulting in a total range contraction of up to approximately 28 %. In the past, a total of N = 62,234 protected Areas, covering approximately 3.89 million km² were present in the distribution range of the species, while now a total of N= 33,313 Protected Areas, covering approximately 2.75 million km² area, are present in the current distribution range of the brown bear. The brown bear distribution range in the protected areas has also contracted by 1.15 million km² and the total percentage reduction of PAs is 29%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20bear" title="brown bear">brown bear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=historic%20distribution" title=" historic distribution"> historic distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=range%20contraction" title=" range contraction"> range contraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20areas" title=" protected areas"> protected areas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184575/global-historical-distribution-range-of-brown-bear-ursus-arctos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184575.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">522</span> Multivariate Analysis of Spectroscopic Data for Agriculture Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20M.%20Hussein">Asmaa M. Hussein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amr%20Wassal"> Amr Wassal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Farouk%20Al-Sadek"> Ahmed Farouk Al-Sadek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20F.%20Abd%20El-Rahman"> A. F. Abd El-Rahman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a multivariate analysis of potato spectroscopic data was presented to detect the presence of brown rot disease or not. Near-Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (1,350-2,500 nm) combined with multivariate analysis was used as a rapid, non-destructive technique for the detection of brown rot disease in potatoes. Spectral measurements were performed in 565 samples, which were chosen randomly at the infection place in the potato slice. In this study, 254 infected and 311 uninfected (brown rot-free) samples were analyzed using different advanced statistical analysis techniques. The discrimination performance of different multivariate analysis techniques, including classification, pre-processing, and dimension reduction, were compared. Applying a random forest algorithm classifier with different pre-processing techniques to raw spectra had the best performance as the total classification accuracy of 98.7% was achieved in discriminating infected potatoes from control. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brown%20rot%20disease" title="Brown rot disease">Brown rot disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NIR%20spectroscopy" title=" NIR spectroscopy"> NIR spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potato" title=" potato"> potato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20forest" title=" random forest"> random forest</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127918/multivariate-analysis-of-spectroscopic-data-for-agriculture-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/127918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">521</span> The Intersection of Disability, Race and Gender in Keah Brown's 'The Pretty One'</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehena%20Fedoul">Mehena Fedoul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the intersection of race, gender, and disability through a Critical disability race theory and black feminist disability perspective in Keah Brown's memoir, "The Pretty One." The background of the study highlights the significance of intersectionality in understanding the multifaceted experiences of individuals who navigate multiple marginalized identities. The study contributes to the underrepresented field of disability studies from a Critical race and black feminist perspectives, shedding light on the unique challenges and resilience of black disabled women. The study employs a qualitative analysis of Keah Brown's memoir as a primary text. Drawing on intersectionality theory and black feminist disability scholarship, the analysis focuses on how Brown's memoir illuminates the ways in which her race, gender, and disability intersect and shape her lived experiences. The analysis reveals how Brown's memoir challenges traditional notions of disability, beauty, and empowerment through her unapologetic celebration of her blackness, femaleness, and disability. The major findings of the study indicate that Brown's memoir provides a powerful narrative of the complexity, uniqueness and richness of the lived experiences of black disabled women. It demonstrates how the intersectionality of race, gender, and disability shapes Brown's identity, body image, relationships, and societal interactions. The paper also highlights how Brown's memoir emphasizes the importance of inclusivity and intersectionality in understanding and addressing the challenges faced by black disabled women. In conclusion, this study offers a critical analysis of the intersection of race, gender, and disability in Keah Brown's memoir, "The Pretty One," from a black feminist disability perspective. It contributes to the growing body of literature that recognizes the significance of intersectionality in understanding the experiences of marginalized individuals in the disability community. The study underscores the need for more inclusive and intersectional perspectives in disability studies and advocates for greater recognition of the voices and experiences of black disabled women in academic and societal discourse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20feminism" title=" black feminism"> black feminism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability%20studies" title=" disability studies"> disability studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=keah%20brown" title=" keah brown"> keah brown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168610/the-intersection-of-disability-race-and-gender-in-keah-browns-the-pretty-one" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">520</span> Influence of κ-Casein Genotype on Milk Productivity of Latvia Local Dairy Breeds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Petrovska">S. Petrovska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Jonkus"> D. Jonkus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Smilti%C5%86a"> D. Smiltiņa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> κ-casein is one of milk proteins which are very important for milk processing. Genotypes of κ-casein affect milk yield, fat, and protein content. The main factors which affect local Latvian dairy breed milk yield and composition are analyzed in research. Data were collected from 88 Latvian brown and 82 Latvian blue cows in 2015. AA genotype was 0.557 in Latvian brown and 0.232 in Latvian blue breed. BB genotype was 0.034 in Latvian brown and 0.207 in Latvian blue breed. Highest milk yield was observed in Latvian brown (5131.2 ± 172.01 kg), significantly high fat content and fat yield also was in Latvian brown (p < 0.05). Significant differences between κ-casein genotypes were not found in Latvian brown, but highest milk yield (5057 ± 130.23 kg), protein content (3.42 ± 0.03%), and protein yield (171.9 ± 4.34 kg) were with AB genotype. Significantly high fat content was observed in Latvian blue breed with BB genotype (4.29 ± 0.17%) compared with AA genotypes (3.42 ± 0.19). Similar tendency was found in protein content – 3.27 ± 0.16% with BB genotype and 2.59 ± 0.16% with AA genotype (p < 0.05). Milk yield increases by increasing parity. We did not obtain major tendency of changes of milk fat and protein content according parity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20cows" title="dairy cows">dairy cows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%CE%BA-casein" title=" κ-casein"> κ-casein</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20productivity" title=" milk productivity"> milk productivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymorphism" title=" polymorphism"> polymorphism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61033/influence-of-k-casein-genotype-on-milk-productivity-of-latvia-local-dairy-breeds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/61033.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">270</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">519</span> The Intersection of Disability, Race and Gender in Keah Brown's 'The Pretty One: A Discrit and Black Feminist Disability Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehena%20Fedoul">Mehena Fedoul</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the intersection of race, gender, and disability through a Critical disability race theory and black feminist disability perspective in Keah Brown's memoir, "The Pretty One." The background of the study highlights the significance of intersectionality in understanding the multifaceted experiences of individuals who navigate multiple marginalized identities. The study contributes to the underrepresented field of disability studies from Critical race and black feminist perspectives, shedding light on the unique challenges and resilience of black disabled women. The study employs a qualitative analysis of Keah Brown's memoir as a primary text. Drawing on intersectionality theory and black feminist disability scholarship, the analysis focuses on how Brown's memoir illuminates the ways in which her race, gender, and disability intersect and shape her lived experiences. The analysis reveals how Brown's memoir challenges traditional notions of disability, beauty, and empowerment through the unapologetic celebration of her blackness, femaleness, and disability. The major findings of the study indicate that Brown's memoir provides a powerful narrative of the complexity, uniqueness and richness of the lived experiences of black disabled women. It demonstrates how the intersectionality of race, gender, and disability shapes Brown's identity, body image, relationships, and societal interactions. The paper also highlights how Brown's memoir emphasizes the importance of inclusivity and intersectionality in understanding and addressing the challenges faced by black disabled women. In conclusion, this study offers a critical analysis of the intersection of race, gender, and disability in Keah Brown's memoir, "The Pretty One," from a black feminist disability perspective. It contributes to the growing body of literature that recognizes the significance of intersectionality in understanding the experiences of marginalized individuals in the disability community. The study underscores the need for more inclusive and intersectional perspectives in disability studies and advocates for greater recognition of the voices and experiences of black disabled women in academic and societal discourse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=disability%20studies" title="disability studies">disability studies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intersectionality" title=" intersectionality"> intersectionality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black%20feminism" title=" black feminism"> black feminism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keah%20Brown" title=" Keah Brown"> Keah Brown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166562/the-intersection-of-disability-race-and-gender-in-keah-browns-the-pretty-one-a-discrit-and-black-feminist-disability-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">518</span> Numerical Study on the Performance of Upgraded Victorian Brown Coal in an Ironmaking Blast Furnace</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junhai%20Liao">Junhai Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yansong%20Shen"> Yansong Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aibing%20Yu"> Aibing Yu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A 3D numerical model is developed to simulate the complicated in-furnace combustion phenomena in the lower part of an ironmaking blast furnace (BF) while using pulverized coal injection (PCI) technology to reduce the consumption of relatively expensive coke. The computational domain covers blowpipe-tuyere-raceway-coke bed in the BF. The model is validated against experimental data in terms of gaseous compositions and coal burnout. Parameters, such as coal properties and some key operational variables, play an important role on the performance of coal combustion. Their diverse effects on different combustion characteristics are examined in the domain, in terms of gas compositions, temperature, and burnout. The heat generated by the combustion of upgraded Victorian brown coal is able to meet the heating requirement of a BF, hence making upgraded brown coal injected into BF possible. It is evidenced that the model is suitable to investigate the mechanism of the PCI operation in a BF. Prediction results provide scientific insights to optimize and control of the PCI operation. This model cuts the cost to investigate and understand the comprehensive combustion phenomena of upgraded Victorian brown coal in a full-scale BF. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast%20furnace" title="blast furnace">blast furnace</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20study" title=" numerical study"> numerical study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulverized%20coal%20injection" title=" pulverized coal injection"> pulverized coal injection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victorian%20brown%20coal" title=" Victorian brown coal"> Victorian brown coal</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804/numerical-study-on-the-performance-of-upgraded-victorian-brown-coal-in-an-ironmaking-blast-furnace" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72804.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">243</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">517</span> Spatial Practice Towards Urban Identity: The Shift, Limitation and Contemporary Value of Christopher</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Botao%20Zhao">Botao Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Jiang"> Hong Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Christopher Alexander's urban design theory challenges the technical rationality of the empiricism that prevailsin the first half of the 20th century. Alexander emphasizes the wholeness of the city through progressive design, conceptual-based participation, shaping of centrality, and other principles. Based on Christopher Alexander’s comprehensive book “a new theory of urban design” and by combining with other major works, this paper puts Alexander into the history of the post-modern shift of architecture and urban planning in the middle and late 20th century and analyzes the uniqueness of Alexander’s systematization of spatial context. Despite the overemphasis on the initiative of design, Alexander's attempt to discover the “objectivity” of good space -the ability to generate people's urban identity-through an expanded concept of space, and a systematic approach to design restructures the visceral connection between urban space and human. The concept of urban identity is then decomposed into the identity of the physical setting, identity of process, and identity of meaning. Professionals need to learn from the reality and history of urban space to construct spatial“vocabulary libraries” and create the wholeness of the city, and in which process strengthen the subjectivity of the discipline simultaneously, to generate living structures in which urban identity could be ultimately cultivated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=christopher%20alexander" title="christopher alexander">christopher alexander</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=a%20new%20theory%20of%20urban%20design" title=" a new theory of urban design"> a new theory of urban design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Urban%20identity" title=" Urban identity"> Urban identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20language" title=" pattern language"> pattern language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20design" title=" urban design"> urban design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152655/spatial-practice-towards-urban-identity-the-shift-limitation-and-contemporary-value-of-christopher" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152655.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">516</span> Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of Paddy Husker by Medium Brown Rice Peeling Machine 6 Rubber Type</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bangphan">S. Bangphan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Bangphan"> P. Bangphan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Ketsombun"> C. Ketsombun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Sammana"> T. Sammana </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optimization of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of three factor (rubber of clearance, spindle of speed, and rice of moisture) in brown rice peeling machine of the optimal good rice yield (99.67, average of three repeats). The optimized composition derived from RSM regression was analyzed using Regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). At a significant level α=0.05, the values of Regression coefficient, R2 adjust were 96.55% and standard deviation were 1.05056. The independent variables are initial rubber of clearance, spindle of speed and rice of moisture parameters namely. The investigating responses are final rubber clearance, spindle of speed and moisture of rice. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20rice" title="brown rice">brown rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=response%20surface%20methodology%20%28RSM%29" title=" response surface methodology (RSM)"> response surface methodology (RSM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=peeling%20machine" title=" peeling machine"> peeling machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization" title=" optimization"> optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=paddy%20husker" title=" paddy husker"> paddy husker</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17663/response-surface-methodology-for-the-optimization-of-paddy-husker-by-medium-brown-rice-peeling-machine-6-rubber-type" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17663.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">515</span> Use of Green Coconut Pulp as Cream, Milk, Stabilizer and Emulsifier Replacer in Germinated Brown Rice Ice Cream</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naruemon%20Prapasuwannakul">Naruemon Prapasuwannakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Supitcha%20Boonchai"> Supitcha Boonchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nawapat%20Pengpengpit"> Nawapat Pengpengpit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to determine physicochemical and sensory properties of germinated brown rice ice cream as affected by replacement of cream, milk, stabilizer, and emulsifier with green coconut pulp. Five different formulations of ice cream were performed. Regular formulation of ice cream consisted of GBR juice, milk cream, milk powder, stabilizer, emulsifier, sucrose and salt. Replacing of cream, milk, stabilizer, and emulsifier with coconut pulp resulted in an increase in viscosity and overrun, but a decrease in hardness, melting rate, lightness (l*) and redness (a*). However, there was no significant difference among all formulations on any sensory attributes. The results also showed that the ice cream with replacement of coconut pulp contained less fat and protein than those of the regular ice cream. The findings suggested that green coconut pulp can be used as alternative ingredient to replace fat, milk stabilizer and emulsifier even in a high carbohydrate ice cream formulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ice%20cream" title="ice cream">ice cream</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germinated%20brown%20rice" title=" germinated brown rice"> germinated brown rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coconut%20pulp" title=" coconut pulp"> coconut pulp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk" title=" milk"> milk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cream" title=" cream"> cream</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8201/use-of-green-coconut-pulp-as-cream-milk-stabilizer-and-emulsifier-replacer-in-germinated-brown-rice-ice-cream" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8201.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">514</span> Experimental Pain Study Investigating the Distinction between Pain and Relief Reports</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abeer%20F.%20Almarzouki">Abeer F. Almarzouki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown"> Christopher A. Brown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Richard%20J.%20Brown"> Richard J. Brown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anthony%20K.%20P.%20Jones"> Anthony K. P. Jones</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Although relief is commonly assumed to be a direct reflection of pain reduction, it seems to be driven by complex emotional interactions in which pain reduction is only one component. For example, termination of a painful/aversive event may be relieving and rewarding. Accordingly, in this study, whether terminating an aversive negative prediction of pain would be reflected in a greater relief experience was investigated, with a view to separating apart the effects of the manipulation on pain and relief. We use aversive conditioning paradigm to investigate the perception of relief in an aversive (threat) vs. positive context. Participants received positive predictors of a non-painful outcome which were presented within either a congruent positive (non-painful) context or an incongruent threat (painful) context that had been previously conditioned; trials followed by identical laser stimuli on both conditions. Participants were asked to rate the perceived intensity of pain as well as their perception of relief in response to the cue predicting the outcome. Results demonstrated that participants reported more pain in the aversive context compared to the positive context. Conversely, participants reported more relief in the aversive context compares to the neutral context. The rating of relief in the threat context was not correlated with pain reports. The results suggest that relief is not dependant on pain intensity. Consistent with this, relief in the threat context was greater than that in the positive expectancy condition, while the opposite pattern was obtained for the pain ratings. The value of relief in this study is better appreciated in the context of an impending negative threat, which is apparent in the higher pain ratings in the prior negative expectancy compared to the positive expectancy condition. Moreover, the more threatening the context (as manifested by higher unpleasantness/higher state anxiety scores), the more the relief is appreciated. The importance of the study highlights the importance of exploring relief and pain intensity in monitoring separately or evaluating pain-related suffering. The results also illustrate that the perception of painful input may largely be shaped by the context and not necessarily stimulus-related. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aversive%20context" title="aversive context">aversive context</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pain" title=" pain"> pain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictions" title=" predictions"> predictions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relief" title=" relief"> relief</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111725/experimental-pain-study-investigating-the-distinction-between-pain-and-relief-reports" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111725.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">513</span> Water Intake and Influence of Ambient Temperature on Carcass Characteristics of Savannah Brown Goats Fed Graded Levels of Maize Cob Diets Supplemented with Cowpea Husk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20H.%20Dikko">A. H. Dikko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20N.%20Tsado"> D. N. Tsado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Z.%20Adama"> T. Z. Adama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20M.%20Ishiaku"> Y. M. Ishiaku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20U.%20Oyibo"> S. U. Oyibo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated water intake and influence of ambient temperature on carcass characteristics of Savannah Brown goats fed graded levels of maize cob diets. A total of sixteen (16) Savannah Brown goats aged between 8-12 weeks with an average body weight of 10.19+0.19 kg were used. The goats were randomly allotted to four (4) dietary treatments, T1 (0 % maize cob diet), T2 (10% maize cob diet), T3 (20% maize cob diet) and T4 (30% maize cob diet) respectively. The goats were also fed cowpea husk as supplement. A complete randomized design was used. Each treatment was allotted four (4) goats and replicated twice with two (2) goats per replicate. The goats were kept under feedlot management and were allowed 7 days adjustment period during which the animals were dewormed using albendzole and treated with antibiotics against any sign of disease(s). The goats were each offered 500 g of experimental diet between 7.00 am-8.00 am daily and the supplement was given to them between 4.00 pm-5.00 pm daily. The goats were offered three (3) litters of water daily without restriction. The experiment lasted for nine (9) weeks. Two (2) goats were randomly selected from each treatment and slaughtered for carcass characteristic and sensory evaluation. The result showed that ambient temperature had significant (P<0.05) correlations with water intake and feed intake among the treatment groups. There was a strongly positive significant (P<0.01) correlations between feed intake, water intake and ambient temperatures. The result on carcass characteristics showed significant (P<0.05) differences among all the treatment groups. The goats fed 20% maize cob performed significantly (P<0.05) better in most carcass cuts than those fed 0% inclusion level. Also, the result on sensory evaluation showed that colour, tenderness, juiciness and flavor for both cooked and fried meat were significantly (P<0.05) different among all the treatment groups. It can be concluded that 20 % inclusion of maize cob in the diet of Savanna Brown goats will improve meat yield and water intake. Therefore, inclusion of maize cob into the diet of Savanna Brown goats up to 20% is here by recommended. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20intake" title="water intake">water intake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambient%20temperature" title=" ambient temperature"> ambient temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=savannah%20brown%20goats" title=" savannah brown goats"> savannah brown goats</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carcass" title=" carcass"> carcass</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15519/water-intake-and-influence-of-ambient-temperature-on-carcass-characteristics-of-savannah-brown-goats-fed-graded-levels-of-maize-cob-diets-supplemented-with-cowpea-husk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15519.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">438</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">512</span> Collection and Phenotypic Characterization of Some Nigerian Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) Germplasm Using Seed Morphology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abejide%20Dorcas%20Ropo">Abejide Dorcas Ropo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falusi%20Olamide%20Ahmed"> Falusi Olamide Ahmed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daudu%20Oladipupo%20Abdulazeez%20Yusuf"> Daudu Oladipupo Abdulazeez Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Liman%20Muhammad"> Muhammad Liman Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gado%20Aishatu%20Adamu"> Gado Aishatu Adamu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bambara groundnut is an indigenous African legume with great potential to tackle the problem of food insecurity in Nigeria. A germplasm collection mission was carried out in collaboration with the Agricultural Developments Project (ADP) Extension officers of Nigeria between October and December 2014. Bambara groundnut seeds were collected from farmers in different States in Nigeria, such as Kaduna, Niger, Kogi, Benue, Plateau, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Jigawa, Enugu, and Federal Capital Territoy (FCT) Abuja. Some seeds were also collected from National Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB). The seeds were phenotyped using the descriptor list of Vigna subterranea produced by the International Plant Genetic Resource Institute. A total of 45 original seed lots were collected, which comprised of mixed seeds having different seed coat colours (15) and pure seeded accessions having the same seed coat and eye colour (30). After sorting, a total of 83 accessions were derived from the 45 original seed lots collected, and a total of 24 distinct seed morphotypes with varying seed coat colours and eye colours were identified from the collections. They include cream ( cream ash eye, cream plain eye, and cream black eye), cream purplish spots, cream brown spots/stripe, cream black stripe, cream dark brown patches, cream light grey spots, cream black patches, black, red, light red, dark red, brownish red, brown speckled with black, red speckled with black, brown, brown with brown pattern below hilum, brown with black pattern below hilum, cream black, grey brown, grey black and variegated red. The highest number of accessions were collected from NACGRAB (11), followed by Niger State (10), and the lowest from Benue, Jigawa, and Adamawa States (2). Niger State also had the highest number of mixed seeds. The different seed phenotypes observed in the study are important for the field production of true-to-type lines and can be exploited for the genetic improvement of the Bambara groundnut. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bambara%20groundnut" title="Bambara groundnut">Bambara groundnut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collection" title=" collection"> collection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=germplasm" title=" germplasm"> germplasm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenotypic" title=" phenotypic"> phenotypic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151562/collection-and-phenotypic-characterization-of-some-nigerian-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-germplasm-using-seed-morphology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151562.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">511</span> Colour Characteristics of Dried Cocoa Using Shallow Box Fermentation Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khairul%20Bariah%20Sulaiman">Khairul Bariah Sulaiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tajul%20Aris%20Yang"> Tajul Aris Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fermentation is well known as an essential process in cocoa beans. Besides to develop the precursor of cocoa flavour, it also induce the colour changes in the beans.The fermentation process is reported to be influenced by duration of pod storage and fermentation. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate colour of Malaysian cocoa beans and how the pods storage and fermentation duration using shallow box technique will effect on it characteristics. There are two factors being studied ie duration of cocoa pod storage (0, 2, 4, and 6 days) and duration of cocoa fermentation (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days). The experiment is arranged in 4 x 6 factorial design with 24 treatments and arrangement is in a Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The produced beans is inspected for colour changes under artificial light during cut test and divided into four groups of colour namely fully brown, purple brown, fully purple and slaty. Cut tests indicated that cocoa beans which are directly dried without undergone fermentation has the highest slaty percentage. However, application of pods storage before fermentation process is found to decrease the slaty percentage. In contrast, the percentages of fully brown beans start to dominate after two days of fermentation, especially from four and six days of pods storage batch. Whereas, almost all batch have percentage of fully purple less than 20%. Interestingly, the percentage of purple brown beans are scattered in the entire beans batch regardless any specific trend. Meanwhile, statistical analysis using General Linear Model showed that the pods storage has a significant effect on the colour characteristic of the Malaysian dried beans compared to fermentation duration. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cocoa%20beans" title="cocoa beans">cocoa beans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=colour" title=" colour"> colour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fermentation" title=" fermentation"> fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shallow%20box" title=" shallow box"> shallow box</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34006/colour-characteristics-of-dried-cocoa-using-shallow-box-fermentation-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34006.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">491</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">510</span> Barriers to Yoga and Yoga-Based Therapy for Black and Brown Individuals in the United States: Implications for Social Work Practice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jessica%20Gladden">Jessica Gladden</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Yoga has been accepted in the majority of communities in the United States as a method of assisting individuals with improving their physical health. Both community yoga classes and yoga-based therapy have been shown to be highly useful for individual’s mental health. Yoga-based therapy has been supported by research to be an evidence-based practice for individuals experiencing anxiety, depression, and disordered eating and for those experiencing post traumatic stress disorder in the wake of trauma. Many individuals who have experienced trauma, as well as other mental health diagnoses, are either very disconnected from their physical bodies or feel unsafe in their bodies. Yoga can be a method of creating safety and control in the body. This is recommended by some of the leading researchers in trauma therapy as a beginning step towards finding safety in the body in order to begin to work on the additional mental health challenges before addressing other long-term challenges. Unfortunately, yoga for physical and mental health is underutilized in black and brown communities despite the research regarding the benefits. Very few studies have examined the barriers to access to yoga for black, brown, and indigenous individuals. This study interviewed 15 yoga practitioners who identified as black or brown and explored the barriers they see in their communities related to accessing yoga and yoga-based services. Several of the themes reported include not feeling welcome, cost of services, time, and cultural/ religious components. Methods for reducing barriers will also be discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=yoga" title="yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sport" title=" sport"> sport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=barrier" title=" barrier"> barrier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=black" title=" black"> black</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166611/barriers-to-yoga-and-yoga-based-therapy-for-black-and-brown-individuals-in-the-united-states-implications-for-social-work-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166611.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">93</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">509</span> Black-Brown and Yellow-Brown-Red Skin Pigmentation Elements are Shared in Common: Using Art and Science for Multicultural Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mary%20Kay%20Bacallao">Mary Kay Bacallao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> New research on the human genome has revealed secrets to the variation in skin pigmentation found in all human populations. Application of this research to multicultural education has a profound effect on students from all backgrounds. This paper identifies the four locations in the human genome that code for variation in skin pigmentation worldwide. The research makes this new knowledge accessible to students of all ages as they participate in an art project that brings these scientific multicultural concepts to life. Students participate in the application of breakthrough scientific principles through hands-on art activities where they simulate the work of the DNA coding to create their own skin tone using the colors expressed to varying degrees in every people group. As students create their own artwork handprint from the pallet of colors, they realize that each color on the pallet is essential to creating every tone of skin. This research project serves to bring people together and appreciate the variety and diversity in skin tones. As students explore the variations, they create pigmentation with the use of the eumelanins, which are the black-brown sources of pigmentation, and the pheomelanins, which are the yellow-reddish-brown sources of pigmentation. The research project dispels myths about skin tones that have divided people in the past. As a group project, this research leads to greater appreciation and understanding of the diverse family groups. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diversity" title="diversity">diversity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multicultural" title=" multicultural"> multicultural</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=skin%20pigmentation" title=" skin pigmentation"> skin pigmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eumelanins" title=" eumelanins"> eumelanins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pheomelanins" title=" pheomelanins"> pheomelanins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handprint" title=" handprint"> handprint</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artwork" title=" artwork"> artwork</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science" title=" science"> science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genome" title=" genome"> genome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human" title=" human"> human</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171441/black-brown-and-yellow-brown-red-skin-pigmentation-elements-are-shared-in-common-using-art-and-science-for-multicultural-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">508</span> Esthetic Rehabilitation of White and Brown Spot Lesions with Ceramic Veneers: A Clinical Report</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rania%20E.%20Ramadan">Rania E. Ramadan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dental esthetics is subjective, can be reported by the dentist and not noticed by the patient. However, if there is any imperfection seen by both the dentist and the patient, it is considered as an unesthetic like white and/or brown spot lesions. Many patients nowadays have been concerned about dental esthetics. Esthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth and even maxillary premolars aid a lot in patients’ satisfaction of their smile consequently, gaining positive psychological impact for the patients. Many cases need esthetic rehabilitation such as diastema closure, spaced teeth and masking discolored teeth. Dental fluorosis and enamel hypo calcification can be presented as white and/or brown spot lesions. There are many treatment options for the management of these spotted teeth. Treatment options range from bleaching, microabrasion, direct composite restorations, porcelain veneers, and complete coverage crowns. The selection of certain options depends on many factors: the patient’s age, socioeconomic status and the severity of the lesion. In this clinical report, a 22-year-old male patient has been presented to the Department of Prosthodontics in Alexandria University, Egypt. His chief complaint was, “I was unpleased by white and brown spots in my teeth and I want to close the space between the two maxillary central.” Upon medical history, clinical examination, diagnostic photographs, and digital smile design by Exocad software, lithium disilicate veneers were chosen as the treatment of choice in maxillary anterior and first premolars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flourosis" title="flourosis">flourosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ceramic%20veneers" title=" ceramic veneers"> ceramic veneers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20report" title=" case report"> case report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diastema%20closure" title=" diastema closure"> diastema closure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147146/esthetic-rehabilitation-of-white-and-brown-spot-lesions-with-ceramic-veneers-a-clinical-report" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/147146.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">507</span> The Effects of Phenolic Compounds in Brown Iranian Propolis Extracts on Ruminal Nitrogen Ammonia Concentration in in Vitro</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Vakili">Alireza Vakili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahab%20Ehtesham"> Shahab Ehtesham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Danesh%20Mesgaran"> Mohsen Danesh Mesgaran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahdi%20Paktinat"> Mahdi Paktinat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The goal of this study is to determine the chemical compounds of brown Iranian propolis(BIP) extracts and to show flavonoids and phenol effects on nitrogen ammonia (NH3-N) in in vitro. Experimental samples were including two diets with different concentrate: forage ratio (80:20 and 60:40) with eight treatments (1:Control diet 60:40 without BIP,2: 60:40 diet with 25% BIP, 3:60:40 diet with 50% BIP, 4: 60:40 diet with 75% BIP,5: Control diet 80:20 without BIP,6: 80:20 diet with 25% BIP,7: 80:20 diet with 50% BIP and 8: 80:20 diet with 75% BIP) and eight repeats. The trial was analyzed considering a completely randomized design by the GLM procedure of SAS 9.1. Means among treatment were compared by Tukey test. The results of this study showed that in food with 80:20 (concentrate: forage), adding BIP 25% did not statistically change NH3-N (p > 0.05) compared to the control treatment but there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the effect of BIP 50% on NH3-N compared to the BIP 25% and the control. In diet with 60:40 (concentrate: forage), there was no significant difference between the effect of BIP 25% on NH3-N and the control, nor was there a significant difference between the effect of BIP 50% and 75%, while a significant difference (p < 0.05) between BIP 50% and 75% and the rest was observed. The propolis extract makes nitrogen ammonia decrease. This may help the nitrogen retain longer in ruminants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20Iranian%20propolis" title="brown Iranian propolis">brown Iranian propolis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro" title=" in vitro"> in vitro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nitrogen%20ammonia" title=" nitrogen ammonia"> nitrogen ammonia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ruminant" title=" ruminant"> ruminant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50895/the-effects-of-phenolic-compounds-in-brown-iranian-propolis-extracts-on-ruminal-nitrogen-ammonia-concentration-in-in-vitro" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50895.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">506</span> Effects of Plumage Colour on Measurable Attributes of Indigenous Chickens in North Central Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joseph%20J.%20Okoh">Joseph J. Okoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20T.%20Mbap"> Samuel T. Mbap</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahir%20Ibrahim"> Tahir Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yusuf%20P.%20Mancha"> Yusuf P. Mancha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The influence of plumage colour on measurable attributes of 6176 adult indigenous chickens of mixed-sex from four states of the North Central Zone of Nigeria namely; Nasarawa, Niger, Benue, Kogi and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja were assessed. The overall average body weight of the chickens was 1.95 ± 0.03kg. The body weights of black, white, black/white, brown, black/brown, grey and mottled chicken however were 1.87 ± 0.04, 1.94 ± 0.04, 1.95 ± 0.03, 1.93 ± 0.03, 2.01 ± 0.04, 1.96 ± 0.04 and 1.94±0.14kg respectively. Only body length did not vary by plumage colour. The others; body weight and width, shank, comb and breast length, breast height (p < 0.001), beak and wing lengths (p < 0.001) varied significantly. Generally, no colour was outrightly superior to others in all body measurements. However, body weight and breast height were both highest in black/brown chickens which also had the second highest breast length. Body width, shank, beak, comb and wing lengths were highest in grey chickens but lowest in those with white colour and combinations. Egg quality was on the other hand mostly lowest in grey chickens. In selection for genetic improvement in body measurements, black/brown and grey chickens should be favoured. However, in view of the known negative relationship between body weight and egg attributes, selection in favour of grey plumage may result in chickens of poor egg attributes. Therefore, grey chickens should be selected against egg quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20weight" title="body weight">body weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20chicken" title=" indigenous chicken"> indigenous chicken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=measurements" title=" measurements"> measurements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plumage%20colour" title=" plumage colour"> plumage colour</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101953/effects-of-plumage-colour-on-measurable-attributes-of-indigenous-chickens-in-north-central-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101953.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">505</span> Axiomatic Design and Organization Design: Opportunities and Challenges in Transferring Axiomatic Design to the Social Sciences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicolay%20Worren">Nicolay Worren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown"> Christopher A. Brown</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Axiomatic design (AD) has mainly been applied to support the design of physical products and software solutions. However, it was intended as a general design approach that would also be applicable to the design of social systems, including organizations (i.e., organization design). In this article, we consider how AD may be successfully transferred to the field of organizational design. On the one hand, it provides a much-needed pragmatic approach that can help leaders clarify the link between the purpose and structure of their organizations, identify ineffective organizational structures, and increase the chance of achieving strategic goals. On the other hand, there are four conceptual challenges that may create uncertainty and resistance among scholars and practitioners educated in the social sciences: 1) The exclusive focus in AD on negative interdependencies ('coupling'); 2) No obvious way of representing the need for integration across design parameters (DPs); 3) A lack of principles for handling control processes that seem to require 'deliberate coupling' of FRs; and 4) A lack of principles for handling situations where conflicting FRs (i.e., coupling) might require integration rather than separation. We discuss alternative options for handling these challenges so that scholars and practitioners can make use of AD for organization design. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axiomatic%20design" title="axiomatic design">axiomatic design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organization%20design" title=" organization design"> organization design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20systems" title=" social systems"> social systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concept%20definitions" title=" concept definitions"> concept definitions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134157/axiomatic-design-and-organization-design-opportunities-and-challenges-in-transferring-axiomatic-design-to-the-social-sciences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134157.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">504</span> Effect of Gamma Radiation, Age of Paddy, Rice Variety and Packaging Materials on the Surface Free Fatty Acid Content of Brown Rice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zenaida%20M.%20De%20Guzman">Zenaida M. De Guzman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davison%20T.%20Baldos"> Davison T. Baldos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilberto%20T.%20Diano"> Gilberto T. Diano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeff%20Darren%20G.%20Valdez"> Jeff Darren G. Valdez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Levelyn%20Mitos%20Tolentino"> Levelyn Mitos Tolentino</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gina%20B.%20Abrera"> Gina B. Abrera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ma.%20Lucia%20Cobar"> Ma. Lucia Cobar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristina%20Gragasin"> Cristina Gragasin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the factors affecting the quality of brown rice is the free fatty acid produced from surface lipids. It is the purpose of the study to determine the effect of gamma radiation, packaging materials and age and variety of paddy on the surface free fatty acid content using two different brown rice variety, namely, RC-160 and SL-7, packed in two different packaging materials, namely, regular polyethylene bag and Super bag irradiated at 0.5 and 1.0 kGy. Brown rice was produced from 2-week old (Lot 1) and two months old paddy (Lot 2) and irradiated at the Co-60 Multipurpose Irradiation Facility, PNRI. The surface Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content was obtained following the AOCS Official Method (1982) with some modifications. The experiment was laid out using Split-Plot Randomized Control Block Design. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the effects of variety, age of paddy and interactions of both were both significant. The surface FFA of SL-7 variety was found to be significantly higher than the RC-160 variety for all radiation doses. Likewise, Lot 2 was observed to have higher surface FFA than Lot 1 regardless of packaging material and radiation dose. It was observed that the surface FFA of both varieties packed in both packaging materials increased significantly up to the 2nd or 3rd month of storage and remains the same until the 5th month. On the other hand, radiation dose did not significantly affect the surface free fatty acid content for all storage/sampling time while the packaging material significantly interacts with the type of variety and radiation dose. Gamma radiation was proven to have no significant effect on the surface free fatty acid at 0.5 and 1.0 kGy and further analyses are needed to determine the action of gamma radiation to the activity of enzyme (lipase-induced and microbial) responsible for the production of other lipolytic products and the effect of gamma radiation on the integrity of the packaging materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20rice" title="brown rice">brown rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20fatty%20acid" title=" free fatty acid"> free fatty acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20radiation" title=" gamma radiation"> gamma radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyethylene%20bag" title=" polyethylene bag "> polyethylene bag </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58253/effect-of-gamma-radiation-age-of-paddy-rice-variety-and-packaging-materials-on-the-surface-free-fatty-acid-content-of-brown-rice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">503</span> Dyeing with Natural Dye from Pterocarpus indicus Extract Using Eco-Friendly Mordants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ploysai%20Ohama">Ploysai Ohama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nuttawadee%20Hanchengchai"> Nuttawadee Hanchengchai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thiva%20Saksri"> Thiva Saksri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Natural dye extracted from Pterocarpus indicus was applied to a cotton fabric and silk yarn by dyeing processing different eco-friendly mordants. Analytical studies such as UV–VIS spectrophotometry and gravimetric analysis were performed on the extracts. The color of each dyed material was investigated in terms of the CIELAB (L*, a* and b*) and K/S values. Cotton fabric dyed without mordants had a shade of greenish-brown, while those post-mordanted with selected eco-friendly mordants such as alum, lemon juice and limewater result in a variety of brown and darker color shade of fabric. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20dyes" title="natural dyes">natural dyes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plant%20materials" title=" plant materials"> plant materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dyeing" title=" dyeing"> dyeing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mordant" title=" mordant"> mordant</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9840/dyeing-with-natural-dye-from-pterocarpus-indicus-extract-using-eco-friendly-mordants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9840.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">502</span> Study of Palung Granite in Central Nepal with Special Reference to Field Occurrence, Petrography and Mineralization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narayan%20Bhattarai">Narayan Bhattarai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arjun%20Bhattarai"> Arjun Bhattarai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kabi%20Raj%20Paudyal"> Kabi Raj Paudyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lalu%20Paudel"> Lalu Paudel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Palung granite is leucocratic, alkali feldspar granite, which is one of the six major granite bodies of the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal. The Cambro-Ordovician granite body has intruded on the Palaeozoic metasedimentary rock of the Kathmandu Complex in Central Nepal. The granite crystallized from magma that was mainly generated by anatexis of the Precambrian continental crust. The magma is heterogeneous with respect to the primary ages and/or metamorphic histories of the magma source rocks. This indicates either a derivation from (meta-) sediments or an intense mixing of different crustally derived magmas. The genesis of the Palung granite is possibly related to an orogeny which affected the Indian shield in lower Paleozoic times. The granite body has been mapped into different zones with visual inspection and petrographical study: i. Quartz rich granite: Quartz is smokey to grayish, euhedral to subherdal, 0.2 to 0.7 cm, and constitutes 30 to 40%. Feldspar is white to brownish, subhedral to euhedral, more than 3 cm, and constitutes 20–30%. Tourmaline is black, 0.1 to 0.2 cm in size, and consists of 10 to 20%. Biotite is black flakes up to o.2 cm, representing 5-8%. ii. Feldspar rich granite: white to grayish, medium to coarse-grained, containing feldspar, quartz, biotite, muscovite and tourmaline. Feldspar porphyritic crystals up to 2.5 cm subherdral represent 50–60%, quartz is smokey transparent and represents 30–40%, biotite is dark brown to black, crystals are irregular, 0.5 cm and represent 8–20%, tourmaline is black fractured, small needles represent 5–10%, and muscovite is white to brown and represents 1-4%. iii. Biotite granite: grey to white, medium to coarse-grained, containing quartz, feldspar, biotite and tourmaline. Feldspar crystals up to 2.5 cm represent 40–50%, quartz is smokey, representing 30–40%, biotite is dark brown to black, crystal size 0.5cm, representing 10–20%, tourmaline is black, small needle, 5–10%, and muscovite is white to brown, representing 3-5%. and iv. Muscovite granite: medium-coarse-grained, brown and gray, containing quartz, feldspar, muscovite and tourmaline. Feldspar is white to brown; crystal sizes 0.2–0.4 cm represents 40–50%; quartz is brown and white, transparent, crystals up to 1 cm represent 35–50%; tourmaline is black, opaque, needle shaped; size up to 7–20%; and muscovite is brownish to white, with flakes up to 0.3 cm representing 5–10%. The xenoliths are very common and are not genetically related. Xenoliths are composed mostly of fine-grained, grayish quartz biotite (muscovite) schist and garnetiferous quartz mica schist. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leucocratic%20granite" title="leucocratic granite">leucocratic granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cambro-ordovician%20granite" title=" cambro-ordovician granite"> cambro-ordovician granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lesser%20himalayan%20granite" title=" lesser himalayan granite"> lesser himalayan granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pegmatite" title=" pegmatite"> pegmatite</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172349/study-of-palung-granite-in-central-nepal-with-special-reference-to-field-occurrence-petrography-and-mineralization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172349.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">501</span> Effect of Roasting Treatment on Milling Quality, Physicochemical, and Bioactive Compounds of Dough Stage Rice Grains</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chularat%20Leewuttanakul">Chularat Leewuttanakul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khanitta%20Ruttarattanamongkol"> Khanitta Ruttarattanamongkol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sasivimon%20Chittrakorn"> Sasivimon Chittrakorn</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rice during grain development stage is a rich source of many bioactive compounds. Dough stage rice contains high amounts of photochemical and can be used for rice milling industries. However, rice grain at dough stage had low milling quality due to high moisture content. Thermal processing can be applied to rice grain for improving milled rice yield. This experiment was conducted to study the chemical and physic properties of dough stage rice grain after roasting treatment. Rice were roasted with two different methods including traditional pan roasting at 140 °C for 60 minutes and using the electrical roasting machine at 140 °C for 30, 40, and 50 minutes. The chemical, physical properties, and bioactive compounds of brown rice and milled rice were evaluated. The result of this experiment showed that moisture content of brown and milled rice was less than 10 % and amylose contents were in the range of 26-28 %. Rice grains roasting for 30 min using electrical roasting machine had high head rice yield and length and breadth of grain after milling were close to traditional pan roasting (p > 0.05). The lightness (L*) of rice did not affect by roasting treatment (p > 0.05) and the a* indicated the yellowness of milled rice was lower than brown rice. The bioactive compounds of brown and milled rice significantly decreased with increasing of drying time. Brown rice roasted for 30 minutes had the highest of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, α-tocopherol, and ɤ-oryzanol content. Volume expansion and elongation of cooked rice decreased as roasting time increased and quality of cooked rice roasted for 30 min was comparable to traditional pan roasting. Hardness of cooked rice as measured by texture analyzer increased with increasing roasting time. The results indicated that rice grains at dough stage, containing a high amount of bioactive compounds, have a great potential for rice milling industries and the electrical roasting machine can be used as an alternative to pan roasting which decreases processing time and labor costs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bioactive%20compounds" title="bioactive compounds">bioactive compounds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooked%20rice" title=" cooked rice"> cooked rice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dough%20stage%20rice%20grain" title=" dough stage rice grain"> dough stage rice grain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grain%20development" title=" grain development"> grain development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=roasting" title=" roasting"> roasting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91670/effect-of-roasting-treatment-on-milling-quality-physicochemical-and-bioactive-compounds-of-dough-stage-rice-grains" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91670.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">163</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">500</span> Rice Bran Material Enrichment of Granulated Cane Brown Sugar to Increase Policosanol Contents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monthana%20Weerawatanakorn">Monthana Weerawatanakorn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hajime%20Tamaki"> Hajime Tamaki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonathan%20Asikin"> Yonathan Asikin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koji%20Wada"> Koji Wada</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makoto%20Takahashi"> Makoto Takahashi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chi-Tang%20Ho"> Chi-Tang Ho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Hsiung%20Pan"> Min-Hsiung Pan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rice bran and sugarcane are significant sources of wax containing policosanol (PC), the cholesterol-lowering nutraceutical available in the market. The processing of rice bran oil causes the loss of PC content into various waste products. Therefore, we hypothesise that defatted rice bran (DRB) as agricultural waste product and rice bran oil (RBO) retain a varying but significant amount of PC wax. Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) or cane brown sugar has been consumed worldwide and possesses various health benefits. Since PC wax is mainly in the outer layer rinds of cane, PC contents of the granulated sugar are reduced due to the peeling step. The study aimed to increase PC contents of the granular brown sugar by adding wax extracted from DRB and RBO and to investigate the toxicity of the developed products. The results showed that the total PC contents including long chain aldehyde of products were increased to the maximum level of 147.97 mg/100 g and 40.14 mg/100 g for extracted wax and rice bran oil addition, respectively. PC content of RBO was found to be 96.93 mg/100 g. DRB is promising source of policosanol (6,044.7 mg/100 g). The 28-day toxicity evaluations of the developed sugar revealed no adverse effects on the liver, spleen or kidney. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enrichment" title="enrichment">enrichment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugarcane" title=" sugarcane"> sugarcane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=policosanol" title=" policosanol"> policosanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defatted%20rice%20bran" title=" defatted rice bran"> defatted rice bran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wax" title=" wax"> wax</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54229/rice-bran-material-enrichment-of-granulated-cane-brown-sugar-to-increase-policosanol-contents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">499</span> Hunting Ban, Unfortunate Decisions for the Bear Population in Romania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexandru%20Gridan">Alexandru Gridan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgeta%20Ionescu"> Georgeta Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ovidiu%20%20Ionescu"> Ovidiu Ionescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramon%20Jurj"> Ramon Jurj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=George%20Sirbu"> George Sirbu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mihai%20Fedorca"> Mihai Fedorca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Brown Bear population size in Romania is approximately 7300-7600 individuals, which is projected to be 3000 individuals over the ecological carrying capacity. The Habitats Directive imposed certain protection rules on European Union (EU) Member States with Brown Bear populations. These however allow countries like Sweden, Croatia, Slovakia, Estonia to hunting as management tool, harvesting up to 10% of the surplus bear population annually. From the point Romania joined the EU to 2016, active conservation management has contributed to maintaining the highest and most genetically diverse Brown Bear population in Europe. Importantly, there has been good coexistence between people and bears and low levels of human-bear conflict. After social pressure and campaigning by some non-governmental organisations citing issues over monitoring, the environment minister decided in September 2016 to stop the use of hunting as a management tool for bears. Against this background, this paper provides a set of recommendations to resolve the current conflict in Romania. These include the need for collaborative decision-making to reduce conflicts between stakeholders and mechanisms to reduce current human-bear conflicts, which have increased by 50 percent in the past year. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bear" title="bear">bear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bear%20population" title=" bear population"> bear population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bear%20management" title=" bear management"> bear management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wildlife%20conflict" title=" wildlife conflict"> wildlife conflict</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80782/hunting-ban-unfortunate-decisions-for-the-bear-population-in-romania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80782.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">498</span> Brown-Spot Needle Blight: An Emerging Threat Causing Loblolly Pine Needle Defoliation in Alabama, USA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debit%20Datta">Debit Datta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffrey%20J.%20Coleman"> Jeffrey J. Coleman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Scott%20A.%20Enebak"> Scott A. Enebak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lori%20G.%20Eckhardt"> Lori G. Eckhardt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) is a leading productive timber species in the southeastern USA. Over the past three years, an emerging threat is expressed by successive needle defoliation followed by stunted growth and tree mortality in loblolly pine plantations. Considering economic significance, it has now become a rising concern among landowners, forest managers, and forest health state cooperators. However, the symptoms of the disease were perplexed somewhat with root disease(s) and recurrently attributed to invasive Phytophthora species due to the similarity of disease nature and devastation. Therefore, the study investigated the potential causal agent of this disease and characterized the fungi associated with loblolly pine needle defoliation in the southeastern USA. Besides, 70 trees were selected at seven long-term monitoring plots at Chatom, Alabama, to monitor and record the annual disease incidence and severity. Based on colony morphology and ITS-rDNA sequence data, a total of 28 species of fungi representing 17 families have been recovered from diseased loblolly pine needles. The native brown-spot pathogen, Lecanosticta acicola, was the species most frequently recovered from unhealthy loblolly pine needles in combination with some other common needle cast and rust pathogen(s). Identification was confirmed using morphological similarity and amplification of translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene region of interest. Tagged trees were consistently found chlorotic and defoliated from 2019 to 2020. The current emergence of the brown-spot pathogen causing loblolly pine mortality necessitates the investigation of the role of changing climatic conditions, which might be associated with increased pathogen pressure to loblolly pines in the southeastern USA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown-spot%20needle%20blight" title="brown-spot needle blight">brown-spot needle blight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loblolly%20pine" title=" loblolly pine"> loblolly pine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=needle%20defoliation" title=" needle defoliation"> needle defoliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plantation%20forestry" title=" plantation forestry"> plantation forestry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134448/brown-spot-needle-blight-an-emerging-threat-causing-loblolly-pine-needle-defoliation-in-alabama-usa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134448.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">152</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">497</span> Compositional and Morphological Characteristics of Three Common Dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Grown in Algeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Amellal">H. Amellal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Noui"> Y. Noui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Djouab"> A. Djouab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Benamara"> S. Benamara</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mech-Degla, Degla-Beida, and Frezza are the date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) common varieties with a more or less good availability and feeble trade value. Some morphologic and physicochemical factors were determined. Results show that the whole date weight is significantly different (P= 95%) concerning Mech-Degla and Degla-Beida which are more commercialised than Frezza whereas the pulp/kernel ratio for this last is highest (above 7) since it represents almost the double of that found for the two other varieties. The water content for all fruits is below 15g/100g (wet basis) what confers a dried consistence for common date. Some other morphologic and chemical proprieties of the whole pulps and their two constitutive parts (brown or pigmented and white) are also investigated. The predominance of phenolics in Mech-Degla (4.01g/100g, w.b) and Frezza (4.96 g/100g, w.b) pulps brown part is the main result revealed in this study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=common%20dates" title="common dates">common dates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolics" title=" phenolics"> phenolics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sugars" title=" sugars"> sugars</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tissues" title=" tissues"> tissues</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16455/compositional-and-morphological-characteristics-of-three-common-dates-phoenix-dactylifera-l-grown-in-algeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/16455.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">496</span> Investigation on the stability of rock slopes subjected to tension cracks via limit analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Weigao.%20Wu">Weigao. Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stefano.%20Utili"> Stefano. Utili</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis, a full set of upper bound solutions for the stability of homogeneous rock slopes subjected to tension cracks are obtained. The generalized Hoek-Brown failure criterion is employed to describe the non-linear strength envelope of rocks. In this paper, critical failure mechanisms are determined for cracks of known depth but unspecified location, cracks of known location but unknown depth, and cracks of unspecified location and depth. It is shown that there is a nearly up to 50% drop in terms of the stability factors for the rock slopes intersected by a tension crack compared with intact ones. Tables and charts of solutions in dimensionless forms are presented for ease of use by practitioners. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoek-Brown%20failure%20criterion" title="Hoek-Brown failure criterion">Hoek-Brown failure criterion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20analysis" title=" limit analysis"> limit analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20slope" title=" rock slope"> rock slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tension%20cracks" title=" tension cracks"> tension cracks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9352/investigation-on-the-stability-of-rock-slopes-subjected-to-tension-cracks-via-limit-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9352.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=17">17</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=18">18</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20A.%20Brown&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>