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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Den_moderna_uppfattningen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Den moderna uppfattningen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Den_moderna_uppfattningen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Den moderna uppfattningen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Den_moderna_uppfattningen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Livets_tre_domäner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livets_tre_domäner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Livets tre domäner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livets_tre_domäner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hur_många_riken_finns_det_i_Eukaryota?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hur_många_riken_finns_det_i_Eukaryota?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Hur många riken finns det i Eukaryota?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hur_många_riken_finns_det_i_Eukaryota?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historisk utveckling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historisk_utveckling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historisk utveckling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historisk_utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carl_Woeses_tre_domäner_och_sex_riken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carl_Woeses_tre_domäner_och_sex_riken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Carl Woeses tre domäner och sex riken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carl_Woeses_tre_domäner_och_sex_riken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cavalier-Smiths_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cavalier-Smiths_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cavalier-Smiths system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cavalier-Smiths_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Cavalier-Smiths system</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cavalier-Smiths_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Åtta_riken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Åtta_riken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Åtta riken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Åtta_riken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_riken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_riken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sex riken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_riken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Virus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sammanfattning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sammanfattning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sammanfattning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sammanfattning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rike (biologi)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 119 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_(biologie)" title="Koninkryk (biologie) – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81)" title="مملكة (تصنيف) – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة (تصنيف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(bioloch%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biolochía) – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino (biolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান) – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজ্য (জীৱবিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reinu (bioloxía) – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavet%C3%A3_(tekovekuaaty)" title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty) – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tavetã (tekovekuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="عالم (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عالم (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8E_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা) – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জগৎ (জীববিদ্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0i_(hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k) – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kài (hun-lūi-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Батшалыҡ (биология) – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Батшалыҡ (биология)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялогія) – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Царства (біялогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царства (біялёгія) – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Царства (біялёгія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जगत (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahadean_(biyolohiya)" title="Kahadean (biyolohiya) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kahadean (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(biologija)" title="Carstvo (biologija) – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Carstvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riezad" title="Riezad – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riezad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_(biologia)" title="Regne (biologia) – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Патшалăх (биологи) – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Патшалăх (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_(biologie)" title="Říše (biologie) – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teyrnas_(bioleg)" title="Teyrnas (bioleg) – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teyrnas (bioleg)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rige_(biologi)" title="Rige (biologi) – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rige (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="مملكة (بيولوجيا) – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مملكة (بيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reich_(Biologie)" title="Reich (Biologie) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riik_(bioloogia)" title="Riik (bioloogia) – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riik (bioloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία) – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology) – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kingdom (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolog%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (biología) – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino (biología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologio)" title="Regno (biologio) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Regno (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9inu_(biologia)" title="Réinu (biologia) – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Réinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreinu_(biologia)" title="Erreinu (biologia) – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreinu (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88" title="فرمانرو – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمانرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologie)" title="Règne (biologie) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règne (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(taksonomy)" title="Ryk (taksonomy) – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ryk (taksonomy)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADocht_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht) – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríocht (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeriaght_(bea-oaylleeaght)" title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght) – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reeriaght (bea-oaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Reino (bioloxía) – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reino (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%84_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="계 (생물학) – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="계 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6_(%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6)" title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն) – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թագավորություն (կենսաբանություն)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान) – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जगत (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sw%C4%9Bt_(biologija)" title="Swět (biologija) – högsorbiska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Swět (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="högsorbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagarian_(biolohia)" title="Pagarian (biolohia) – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(biologi)" title="Kerajaan (biologi) – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(rango_taxonomic)" title="Regno (rango taxonomic) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Regno (rango taxonomic)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Паддзахад (биологи) – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Паддзахад (биологи)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbuso_(kumchazampilo)" title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo) – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umbuso (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADki_(flokkunarfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði) – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríki (flokkunarfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologia)" title="Regno (biologia) – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94_(%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה) – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכה (טקסונומיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krajan_(biologi)" title="Krajan (biologi) – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Krajan (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarian_(biolohia)" title="Kaarian (biolohia) – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kaarian (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%84%D8%B1%D9%B2%D8%B2%D8%A0" title="سۄرٲزؠ – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سۄرٲزؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himaya_(biolojia)" title="Himaya (biolojia) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Himaya (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8y_(biyoloji)" title="Rèy (biyoloji) – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rèy (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(taxinomia)" title="Regnum (taxinomia) – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum (taxinomia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsts_(biolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Valsts (bioloģija) – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valsts (bioloģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ich_(Biologie)" title="Räich (Biologie) – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Räich (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karalyst%C4%97_(biologija)" title="Karalystė (biologija) – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karalystė (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(taxonomie)" title="Riek (taxonomie) – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Riek (taxonomie)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_(biolojia)" title="Rena (biolojia) – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rena (biolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orsz%C3%A1g_(rendszertan)" title="Ország (rendszertan) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ország (rendszertan)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="കിങ്ഡം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിങ്ഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renju_(bijolo%C4%A1ija)" title="Renju (bijoloġija) – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Renju (bijoloġija)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0)" title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र) – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्राज्य (जीवशास्त्र)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_(biologi)" title="Alam (biologi) – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alam (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijk_(biologie)" title="Rijk (biologie) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="界 (分類学) – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="界 (分類学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(biologgia)" title="Regno (biologgia) – napolitanska" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Regno (biologgia)" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rike_(biologi)" title="Rike (biologi) – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rike (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologisk_rike" title="Biologisk rike – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biologisk rike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gne_(biologia)" title="Règne (biologia) – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Règne (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Кугыжаныш (биологий) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кугыжаныш (биологий)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F_(%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8)" title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ) – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମ୍ରାଜ୍ୟ (ଜୀବବିଜ୍ଞାନ)" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunyo_(biologiya)" title="Dunyo (biologiya) – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dunyo (biologiya)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ) – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਗਤ (ਜੀਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D8%AA)" title="دیس (جیون پڑھت) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دیس (جیون پڑھت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80_(%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92)" title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ) – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လောက (ဇီဝဗေဒ)" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia) – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_(biologia)" title="Reino (biologia) – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikch%27aq_suyu" title="Rikch'aq suyu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rikch'aq suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царьство (біолоґія) – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Царьство (біолоґія)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Царство (биология) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царство (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Саарыстыба (биология) – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Саарыстыба (биология)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbret%C3%ABria_(biologji)" title="Mbretëria (biologji) – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mbretëria (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnu_(biolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Regnu (bioluggìa) – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Regnu (bioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රාජධානිය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AD%C5%A1a_(taxon%C3%B3mia)" title="Ríša (taxonómia) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ríša (taxonómia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljestvo_(biologija)" title="Kraljestvo (biologija) – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kraljestvo (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%8Dlestwo_(biologij%C5%8F)" title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ) – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Krōlestwo (biologijŏ)" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boqortooyo_(biyoloji)" title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji) – somaliska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boqortooyo (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Царство (биологија) – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Царство (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstvo_(taksonomija)" title="Carstvo (taksonomija) – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Carstvo (taksonomija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunta_(biologia)" title="Kunta (biologia) – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kunta (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharian_(biyolohiya)" title="Kaharian (biyolohiya) – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaharian (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="திணை (உயிரியல்) – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திணை (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnsartut_(Tasartut_tussnant)" title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant) – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnsartut (Tasartut tussnant)" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagelda_(tasnudert)" title="Tagelda (tasnudert) – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tagelda (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Патшалык (биология) – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Патшалык (биология)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3_(%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2)" title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา) – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาณาจักร (ชีววิทยา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3)" title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ) – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Силсила (зистшиносӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82lem_(biyoloji)" title="Âlem (biyoloji) – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Âlem (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ealyk_(biologi%C3%BDa)" title="Şalyk (biologiýa) – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şalyk (biologiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Царство (біологія) – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Царство (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="مملکت (حیاتیات) – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_(tasonomia)" title="Regno (tasonomia) – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Regno (tasonomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_(sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc)" title="Giới (sinh học) – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giới (sinh học)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringne_(biyolodjeye)" title="Ringne (biyolodjeye) – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ringne (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryk_(biologie)" title="Ryk (biologie) – västflamländska" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ryk (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="västflamländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_(biyolohiya)" title="Regnum (biyolohiya) – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Regnum (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%89" title="界（生物） – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="界（生物）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C" title="界 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="界" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riek_(biologie)" title="Riek (biologie) – zeeländska" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Riek (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物) – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="界 (生物)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_(%C3%A8lmu_hayat)" title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat) – betawiska" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kerajaan (èlmu hayat)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36732#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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> <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Omdirigerad från <a href="/w/index.php?title=Underrike&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Underrike">Underrike</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><dl class="noexcerpt dablink"><dd><i>För andra betydelser, se <a href="/wiki/Rike_(olika_betydelser)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rike (olika betydelser)">Rike (olika betydelser)</a>.</i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg/190px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="487" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg/285px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg/380px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo-sv.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Det <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">hierarkiska systemet</a> i <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Inom <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologin</a> används <b>riken</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: <i>regnum</i>, pl. <i>regna</i>, engelska: <i>kingdom</i>) som näst högsta, tidigare högsta, nivån för <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">systematisk</a> indelning av <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organismer</a>. Riken indelas i antingen <a href="/wiki/Stam_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stam (biologi)">stammar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djur" title="Djur">djur</a>) eller <a href="/wiki/Division_(biologi)" title="Division (biologi)">divisioner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svampar</a> och <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xter" class="mw-redirect" title="Växter">växter</a>). Stammar och divisioner indelas i sin tur i <a href="/wiki/Klass_(biologi)" title="Klass (biologi)">klasser</a> och vidare i bland annat <a href="/wiki/Ordning_(biologi)" title="Ordning (biologi)">ordningar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familj_(biologi)" title="Familj (biologi)">familjer</a> och <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a>. </p><p>Tidigare hade man bara två riken för biologiska organismer: <a href="/wiki/Djurriket" class="mw-redirect" title="Djurriket">djurriket</a> och <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xtriket" title="Växtriket">växtriket</a>. För att indelningen bättre ska spegla organismernas utveckling har man föreslagit tre, fyra, fem och slutligen till och med sex riken. Vid indelning i sex riken har rikena varit <a href="/wiki/Arkebakterier" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkebakterier">arkebakterier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eubakterier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubakterier">eubakterier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protister" title="Protister">protister</a>, svampar, växter och djur. </p><p>Numera använder man en indelning i tre <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">domäner</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ark%C3%A9er" title="Arkéer">arkéer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eubakterier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubakterier">eubakterier</a> och <a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryoter</a>. Eukaryoterna indelas i sin tur i rikena <a href="/wiki/Djur" title="Djur">djur</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xter" class="mw-redirect" title="Växter">växter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svampar</a> och varierande indelningar av främst de tidigare <a href="/wiki/Protister" title="Protister">protisterna</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_och_tillhörande_terminologi"><span id="Definition_och_tillh.C3.B6rande_terminologi"></span>Definition och tillhörande terminologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Definition och tillhörande terminologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Definition och tillhörande terminologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>När <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> införde en rangordnad <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatur" title="Nomenklatur">nomenklatur</a> i biologin i första upplagan av <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" class="mw-redirect" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> 1735 gav han den högsta nivån namnet ”rike”, vilket följdes av ”klass”, ”ordning” (vilket närmast motsvarade det vi idag benämner ”familj”), ”släkte” och ”art”.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senare infördes två ytterligare nivåer så att rangordningen blev rike, <a href="/wiki/Fylum" title="Fylum">fylum</a> (stam eller division), <a href="/wiki/Klass_(biologi)" title="Klass (biologi)">klass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordning_(biologi)" title="Ordning (biologi)">ordning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Familj_(biologi)" title="Familj (biologi)">familj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Släkte (biologi)">släkte</a> och <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På 1960-talet infördes ytterligare en nivå ovanför rike, nämligen <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">domän</a>, så att rike inte längre är den högsta nivån. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Svenska </th> <th>Latin </th> <th>Engelska </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domän </td> <td>Regio </td> <td>Domain (empire) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rike </td> <td>Regnum </td> <td>Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fylum (stam/division) </td> <td>Phylum </td> <td>Phylum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Klass </td> <td>Classis </td> <td>Class </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ordning </td> <td>Ordo </td> <td>Order </td></tr> <tr> <td>Familj </td> <td>Familia </td> <td>Family </td></tr> <tr> <td>Släkte </td> <td>Genus </td> <td>Genus </td></tr> <tr> <td>Art </td> <td>Species </td> <td>Species </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prefix kan läggas till så att <b><a href="/wiki/Underrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Underrike">underrike</a></b> och <b><a href="/wiki/Infrarike" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrarike">infrarike</a></b> är de två nivåerna omedelbart under rike. Även <b>parvrike</b> har använts för att beteckna ytterligare en lägre nivå.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Överrike kan betraktas som en synonym till domän, eller som en mellanliggande nivå. I vissa system sätts också en nivå <b>gren</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>: <i>ramus</i>) in mellan underrike och infrarike, till exempel <a href="/wiki/Protostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protostomia">Protostomia</a> och <a href="/wiki/Deuterostomia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterostomia">Deuterostomia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smiths</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Den_moderna_uppfattningen">Den moderna uppfattningen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Den moderna uppfattningen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Den moderna uppfattningen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livets_tre_domäner"><span id="Livets_tre_dom.C3.A4ner"></span>Livets tre domäner</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Livets tre domäner" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Livets tre domäner"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Phylogenetic_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/250px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/375px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Phylogenetic_tree.svg/500px-Phylogenetic_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Ett <a href="/wiki/Fylogenetiskt_tr%C3%A4d" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylogenetiskt träd">fylogenetiskt träd</a> baserat på <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNAsom</a> visar Woeses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tredom%C3%A4nsystem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tredomänsystem [inte skriven än]">tredomänsystem</a>. Alla mindre grenar kan betraktas som riken.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ungefär från mitten av 1970-talet och framåt har det varit en ökande betoning på genetiska jämförelser på molekylnivå (i början <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">ribosom-RNA</a> gener) som den viktigaste faktorn vid klassificering – genetisk likhet fick företräde framför utseende och beteende. Taxonomiska nivåer, inklusive riken, skulle vara grupper av organismer med gemensamt ursprung, antingen <a href="/wiki/Monofyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofyletisk">monofyletiska</a> (<i>alla</i> med en gemensam förfader) eller <a href="/wiki/Parafyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafyletisk">parafyletiska</a> (<i>bara vissa</i> av de med en gemensam förfader). Grundat på sådana RNA-studier ansåg <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a> att allt liv kunde föras till en av tre stora grupper och refererade till dessa som modellen med tre primärriken (”three primary kingdoms”) eller urrikesmodellen (”urkingdom”).<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namnet ”domän” för den högsta nivån föreslogs 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1990_4576–9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese_1990_4576–9-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woese delade <a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryoterna</a> (tidigare klassificerade som riket <a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a>) i två grupper som han kallade <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> och <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> eller Archea och betonade härigenom att det var lika stor skillnad mellan dessa två grupper som mellan dem och alla <a href="/wiki/Eukaryot" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryot">eukaryoter</a>. </p><p>Enligt genetiska data, trots att eukaryotgrupper som djur, växter och svampar kan tyckas se väldigt olika ut, är de närmare släkt med varandra än med Eubacteria eller Archaea. Man fann också att eukaryoterna var närmare släkt med Archaea än med Eubacteria och även om det har ifrågasatts, så har det upprätthållits av senare forskning.<sup id="cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det råder ingen konsensus vad beträffar hur många riken som ingår i Woeses schema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hur_många_riken_finns_det_i_Eukaryota?"><span id="Hur_m.C3.A5nga_riken_finns_det_i_Eukaryota.3F"></span>Hur många riken finns det i Eukaryota?</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hur många riken finns det i Eukaryota?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hur många riken finns det i Eukaryota?"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Eukaryota_tree.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eukaryota_tree.svg/250px-Eukaryota_tree.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eukaryota_tree.svg/375px-Eukaryota_tree.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Eukaryota_tree.svg/500px-Eukaryota_tree.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>En hypotes över eukaryoternas släktskap, omarbetad från Simpson och Roger (2004).</figcaption></figure> <p>I en översiktsartikel av Alastair Simpson och Andrew Roger 2004 konstaterades det att Protista var en ”uppsamlingspåse” (”grab bag”) som innehöll alla eukaryoter som inte var djur, växter eller svampar. De var av meningen att bara <a href="/wiki/Monofyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofyletisk">monofyletiska</a> grupper skulle accepteras formellt inom klassifikationen och att det nu, medan det hade varit opraktiskt tidigare (och varit nödvändigt med ”bokstavligen dussintals av eukaryotriken”), blivit möjligt att dela eukaryoterna i ”bara några få större grupper som alla sannolikt är monofyletiska”. På denna grund visade diagrammet till höger (omritat från deras artikel) eukaryoternas riktiga ”riken”.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En klassificering som följde samma tillvägagångssätt upprättades 2005 åt International Society of Protistologists av en kommitté som ”samarbetade med specialister från många områden”. Denna klassificering delade eukaryoterna i sex ”supergrupper”.<sup id="cite_ref-Adl2005_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2005-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I den publicerade klassificeringen undveks medvetet användandet av formella taxonomiska nivåer, så även ”rike”. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liv" title="Liv">Liv</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Bacteria</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Archaea</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän <a href="/wiki/Eukarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukarya">Eukarya</a></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> — Diverse <a href="/wiki/Flagell" title="Flagell">flagellförsedda</a> protozoer </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a> — huvudsakligen lobartade <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B6bor" title="Amöbor">amöbor</a> och <a href="/wiki/Slemsvampar" title="Slemsvampar">slemsvampar</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a> — <a href="/wiki/Djur" title="Djur">djur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svampar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellater" title="Choanoflagellater">choanoflagellater</a>, etc. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> — <a href="/wiki/Foraminiferer" title="Foraminiferer">Foraminiferer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiolarier" title="Radiolarier">Radiolarier</a>, och olika andra <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%B6ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Amöba">amöboida</a> protozoer </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Chromalveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromalveolata">Chromalveolata</a> — <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokonta">Stramenopiles</a> (eller Heterokonta), <a href="/wiki/Haptofyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptofyter">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekylalger" title="Rekylalger">Cryptophyta</a> (eller kryptomonader) och <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (eller <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primoplantae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primoplantae [inte skriven än]">Primoplantae</a>) — <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">landväxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6nalger" title="Grönalger">grönalger</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6dalger" title="Rödalger">rödalger</a>, och <a href="/wiki/Glaukofyter" title="Glaukofyter">glaukofyter</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I det här systemet har de flercelliga djuren <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">Metazoa</a> samma ursprung som de encelliga <a href="/wiki/Choanoflagellater" title="Choanoflagellater">choanoflagellaterna</a> och svamparna som bildar <a href="/wiki/Opisthokonta" title="Opisthokonta">Opisthokonta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adl2005_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl2005-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Växterna anses vara mera avlägset besläktade med djur och svampar. </p><p>Men, samma år som protologistsällskapets klassifikation publicerades (2005), uttrycktes tvivel på huruvida några av supergrupperna var monofyletiska, speciellt gällde detta Chromoalveolata,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och en genomgång 2006 påpekade bristen på bevis för flera av de sex grupperna..<sup id="cite_ref-parfrey_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parfrey-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Senare har Rhizaria betraktats som hörande samman med Stramenopila och Alveolata i en <a href="/wiki/Klad" title="Klad">klad</a> kallad <a href="/w/index.php?title=SAR-supergruppen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAR-supergruppen [inte skriven än]">SAR-supergruppen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007p4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007p4-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> så att Rhizaria inte längre anses vara en av eukaryoternas huvudgrupper.<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2008_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2008-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2009-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hackett2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hackett2007-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bortsett från detta förefaller det inte finnas konsensus. I.B. Rogozin <i>et al.</i> noterade 2009 att ”eukaryoternas inre fylogeni är ett extremt svårt och kontroversiellt problem”.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vid slutet av 2010 föreföll det som om det rådde konsensus att modellen från 2005 med sex supergrupper inte återgav eukaryoternas sanna släktskap eller hur de skulle indelas; det finns dock ingen enighet om vad som skall ersätta systemet.<sup id="cite_ref-Burki2007_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2007-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burki2008_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burki2008-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KimGraham2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimGraham2008-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/y68H57./ </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historisk_utveckling">Historisk utveckling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historisk utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historisk utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klassificerandet av de levande organismerna är gammal. <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a> (384–322 f.Kr.) klassificerade djurarter i sin <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peri_zoon_historias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peri zoon historias [inte skriven än]">Peri zoon historias</a></i> (Περί ζώων ιστορίας), medan hans elev <a href="/wiki/Theofrastos" title="Theofrastos">Theofrastos</a> (c.371–c.287 f.Kr.) skrev ett parallellt arbete <i><a href="/wiki/Peri_fyton_historia" title="Peri fyton historia">Peri fyton historia</a></i> (Περί φυτών ιστορία) om växterna.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> (1707–1778) lade 1735 grunden till den moderna <a href="/wiki/Taxonomi" title="Taxonomi">biologiska nomenklaturen</a>, som nu regleras av de internationella nomenklaturreglerna. Han särskilde två riken av levande organismer: <i>Regnum Animale</i> (djurriket) och <i>Regnum Vegetabile</i> (växtriket). Linné inkluderade också bergarter och mineral i sitt klassifikationssystem och placerade dem i ett eget rike <i><a href="/wiki/Mineralriket" title="Mineralriket">Regnum Lapideum</a></i>. </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">liv</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Regnum Vegetabile </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Regnum Animale </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a>, ofta kallad ”mikroskopins fader”, sände 1674 en kopia av sina första observationer av encelliga organismer till <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> i London. Till dess hade existensen av sådana organismer varit helt okänd. Trots detta medtog inte Linné några mikroorganismer i sitt ursprungliga system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/190px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/285px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Haeckel_arbol_bn.png/380px-Haeckel_arbol_bn.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="3307" /></a><figcaption>Haeckels originaluppfattning (1866) om livets tre riken med det nya riket Protista. Observera att cyanobakterierna <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nostoc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nostoc [inte skriven än]">Nostoc</a></i> räknades som växter.</figcaption></figure> <p>Till en början klassificerades mikroorganismer som växter eller djur, men mot mitten av 1800-talet hade det blivit klart för många att den föreliggande tvådelningen i ett växtrike och ett djurrike snabbt hade blivit suddigt i kanterna och omodernt.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> föreslog 1866 ett tredje organismrike, <a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a>, för ”neutrala organismer” som var varken djur eller växter. Han reviderade det nya rikets definition ett antal gånger innan han valde en indelning grundad på om organismerna var encelliga (Protista) eller flercelliga (växter och djur).<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">liv</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Riket Plantae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Riket Protista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Riket Animalia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Utvecklandet av <a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop">elektronmikroskopet</a> avslöjade viktiga skillnader mellan de organismer som inte har en tydlig <a href="/wiki/Cellk%C3%A4rna" title="Cellkärna">cellkärna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokaryoter" title="Prokaryoter">prokaryoter</a>) och de encelliga och flercelliga organismer vars celler har en tydlig cellkärna (<a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">eukaryoter</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Copeland [inte skriven än]">Herbert F. Copeland</a> föreslog 1938 en uppdelning på fyra riken genom att upphöja protistklasserna bakterier (Monera) och <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">blågröna alger</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Phycochromacea) till fyla i det nya riket Monera.<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Betydelsen av skillnaden mellan prokaryoter och eukaryoter blev gradvis uppenbar. På 1960-talet populariserade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Stanier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Stanier [inte skriven än]">Roger Stanier</a> och <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_van_Niel" title="Cornelius van Niel">Cornelius van Niel</a> ett mycket tidigare förslag från <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Chatton [inte skriven än]">Édouard Chatton</a> att erkänna denna delning genom en formell klassifikation. Detta krävde för första gången en nivå över rike, ett <i>överrike</i> eller <i>imperium</i> (”empire”), senare kallat <i><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">domän</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanier_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanier-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">  liv </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Prokaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Monera </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Eukaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Protista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Plantae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Animalia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Skillnaden mellan <a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svampar</a> och andra organismer som betraktades som växter hade länge erkänts av vissa: Haeckel hade flyttat ut svamparna ur Plantae och fört över dem till Protista efter sin första klassificering,<sup id="cite_ref-Scamardella1999_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scamardella1999-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men ignorerades i stort av sina samtida. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker" title="Robert Whittaker">Robert Whittaker</a> erkände ett ytterligare rike för <a href="/wiki/Svampar" title="Svampar">svamparna</a> och det av honom 1969 föresklagna femrikessystemet har blivit en populär standard och med en viss förfining används det fortfarande i många verk, liksom det bildar grund för nya flerrikessystem. Det baserar sig huvudsakligen på skillnader i <a href="/wiki/%C3%84mnesoms%C3%A4ttning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ämnesomsättning">ämnesomsättning</a>: hans Plantae var huvudsakligen flercelliga <a href="/wiki/Autotrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Autotrof">autotrofer</a>, hans djur flercelliga <a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrof">heterotrofer</a> och hans svampar flercelliga <a href="/wiki/Saprotrof" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprotrof">saprotrofer</a>. De två kvarvarande rikena, Protista och Monera, inbegrep encelliga organismer och enkla cellkolonier.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Femrikessystemet kan kombineras med tvådomänssystemet: </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">  liv </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Prokaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Monera </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Eukaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Fungi </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Protista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Plantae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Animalia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>I Whittakers system inkluderades en del alger i Plantae. I andra system (till exempel <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Margulis</a> system) innefattade Plantae bara landväxter (Embryophyta). </p><p>Trots utvecklingen från två riken till fem hos de flesta forskare, fortsatte många författare att så sent som 1975 att upprätthålla en traditionell tvårikesindelning i växter och djur och delade växtriket i underrikena Prokaryota (bakterier och blågröna alger), Mycota (svampar och förmodade släktingar) och Chlorota (alger och landväxter).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carl_Woeses_tre_domäner_och_sex_riken"><span id="Carl_Woeses_tre_dom.C3.A4ner_och_sex_riken"></span>Carl Woeses tre domäner och sex riken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Carl Woeses tre domäner och sex riken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Carl Woeses tre domäner och sex riken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Detta är från <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woeses</a> upptäckter:<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese_1990_4576–9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese_1990_4576–9-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">  liv </td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Bacteria</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Eubacteria </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Archaea</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Archaeabacteria </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Eukarya</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Protoctista </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Fungi </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Plantae </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Animalia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cavalier-Smiths_system">Cavalier-Smiths system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Cavalier-Smiths system" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Cavalier-Smiths system"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Åtta_riken"><span id=".C3.85tta_riken"></span>Åtta riken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Åtta riken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Åtta riken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="font-style:italic; ;"> <dl><dd>Se även: <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> och <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a></dd></dl></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Thomas Cavalier-Smith</a> ansåg först, eftersom det nästan rådde konsensus på den tiden, att skillnaden mellan <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> och <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> var så stor (speciellt i beaktande av det genetiska avståndet för ribosomgener) att de behövde separeras i två skilda riken, och sålunda dela domänen <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> i två riken. <a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> delades i två underriken: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negibacteria [inte skriven än]">Negibacteria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gramnegativa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gramnegativa [inte skriven än]">gramnegativa</a> bakterier) och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Posibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posibacteria [inte skriven än]">Posibacteria</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Grampositiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grampositiva [inte skriven än]">grampositiva</a> bakterier). </p><p>Tekniska framsteg inom <a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskop" title="Elektronmikroskop">elektronmikroskopin</a> möjliggjorde separationen av <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> från riket <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a>. Faktum är att chromisternas <a href="/wiki/Kloroplast" title="Kloroplast">kloroplaster</a> är belägen i det <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmatiska_n%C3%A4tverket" title="Endoplasmatiska nätverket">endoplasmatiska nätverkets</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(biologi)" title="Lumen (biologi)">lumen</a> i stället för i <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosolen</a>. Vidare innehåller bara chromister <a href="/wiki/Klorofyll" title="Klorofyll">klorofyll</a> c. Efter detta har många ickefotosyntetiserande protiststammar som ansetts att ha förlorat sina kloroplaster sekundärt blivit överförda till Chromista. </p><p>Vidare upptäcktes några protister som saknar <a href="/wiki/Mitokondrie" title="Mitokondrie">mitokondrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eftersom mitokondrier var kända som resultatet av <a href="/wiki/Endosymbios" title="Endosymbios">endosymbios</a> av en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Protobakterie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protobakterie [inte skriven än]">protobakterie</a>, antog man att dessa amitokondriata eukaryoter var sådana av primitiva skäl och utgjorde ett viktigt steg i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eukaryogenes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eukaryogenes [inte skriven än]">eukaryogenesen</a>. Som resultat av detta separerades dessa amitokondriata protister från Protista i överriket (och riket) <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a>. Detta blev känt som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archezoa-hypotesen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archezoa-hypotesen [inte skriven än]">Archezoa-hypotesen</a>. Detta överrike stod i motsättning mot överriket <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metakaryota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metakaryota [inte skriven än]">Metakaryota</a> som samlade de fem övriga eukaryota rikena (<a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> och <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_riken">Sex riken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Sex riken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Sex riken"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cavalier-Smith publicerade 1998 en sexrikesmodell<sup id="cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som har reviderats i därpå följande arbeten. Den version som publicerades 2009 visas nedan.<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2009_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2009-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Jämfört med den version som han publicerade 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> har <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a> och <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> flyttats från riket <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> till riket <a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a>.) Cavalier-Smith accepterar inte längre betydelsen hos den fundamentala Eubacteria/Archaebacteria-splittringen som framlagts av Woese och andra och som stöds av sentida forskning.<sup id="cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans rike Bacteria inkluderar Archaebacteria som ett fylum i underriket <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unibacteria [inte skriven än]">Unibacteria</a> som endast innehåller ett fylum till: Posibacteria. De två underrikena Unibacteria och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negibacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negibacteria [inte skriven än]">Negibacteria</a> i riket <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> (och det enda riket i domänen <a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a>) åtskils genom sina membrantopolgier. Övergången mellan ett och två membran tros vara mer fundamental än det långa genetiska avståndet till <a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a>, som inte anses ha någon speciell biologisk signifikans. Cavalier-Smith accepterar inte kravet på att taxa skall vara <a href="/wiki/Monofyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofyletisk">monofyletiska</a> (”holofyletiska” enligt hans terminologi) för att vara giltiga. Han definierar Prokaryota, Bacteria, Negibacteria, Unibacteria och Posibacteria som giltigt <a href="/wiki/Parafyletisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Parafyletisk">parafyletiska</a> (och därför ”monofyletiska” enligt hans bruk av ordet) taxa, som markerar viktiga framsteg av biologisk signifikans (betraktat från det biologiska <a href="/wiki/Ekologisk_nisch" title="Ekologisk nisch">nischbegreppet</a>). </p><p>På samma sätt inkluderar hans parafyletiska rike Protozoa föregångarna till Animalia, Fungi, Plantae och Chromista. Framgångarna inom fylogenin tillät Cavalier-Smith att inse att alla fyla som troddes vara <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">archezoer</a> (det vill säga primitivt amitokondriata eukaryoter) faktiskt hade förlorat sina mitokondrier sekundärt och för det mesta omvandlat dem till andra <a href="/wiki/Organell" title="Organell">organeller</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogenosom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogenosom [inte skriven än]">hydrogenosomer</a>. Detta betyder att alla nu levande eukaryoter de facto är <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metakaryot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metakaryot [inte skriven än]">metakaryoter</a>, i den betydelse som givits av Cavalier-Smith. Några av det övergivna riket <a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoas</a> medlemmar, som fylat <a href="/wiki/Microsporida" title="Microsporida">Microsporida</a> omklassificerades som svampar. Andra omklasificerades till <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metamonada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metamonada [inte skriven än]">Metamonada</a> vilket nu tillhör underriket <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a>. </p><p>Diagrammet nedan föreställer inget evolutionärt träd: </p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">liv</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Prokaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Bacteria — innefattar Archaebacteria som del av ett underrike </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center">Domän Eukaryota</td> <td rowspan="2"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:1.5em;border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Protozoa — t.ex. <a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choanozoa" title="Choanozoa">Choanozoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excavata" title="Excavata">Excavata</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Chromista — t.ex. <a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rekylalger" title="Rekylalger">Cryptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heterokonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterokonta">Heterokonta</a> (stramenopiler), <a href="/wiki/Haptophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Haptophyta">Haptophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Plantae — t.ex. <a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6dalger" title="Rödalger">rödalger</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B6nalger" title="Grönalger">grönalger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">landväxter</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Fungi </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black;" valign="top"><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-left:1px solid black; border-bottom:1px solid black;" valign="bottom" align="center"><br /></td> <td rowspan="2"> <p>Rike Animalia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Virus">Virus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Virus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Virus"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En pågående debatt rör huruvida <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, obligat <a href="/wiki/Intracellul%C3%A4r" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellulär">intracellulära</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasit" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasit">parasiter</a> som inte är kapabla att föröka sig utanför en värd kan innefattas i organismvärlden.<sup id="cite_ref-Moreira_and_López-García_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_and_López-García-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nagendra_et_al._2009_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagendra_et_al._2009-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett principiellt skäl för att räkna in dem kommer från upptäckten av ovanligt stora och komplexa virus, såsom <a href="/wiki/Mimivirus" title="Mimivirus">Mimivirus</a>, som har typiska cellulära gener.<sup id="cite_ref-Raoult_et_al.,_2004_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raoult_et_al.,_2004-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sammanfattning">Sammanfattning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Sammanfattning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Sammanfattning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En sammanställning över de olika föreslagna klassifikationsschemana som beskrivits ovan summeras i följande tabell: </p> <table style="margin-left: 0.5em; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Linné">Linné</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Haeckel</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89douard_Chatton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Édouard Chatton [inte skriven än]">Chatton</a><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chatton_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Copeland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Copeland [inte skriven än]">Copeland</a><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1956_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1956-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Whittaker" title="Robert Whittaker">Whittaker</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a> et al.<br />1977<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woese1977b_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1977b-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Woese et al.<br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavalier-Smith" title="Thomas Cavalier-Smith">Cavalier-Smith</a><br />1993<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Cavalier-Smith<br />1998<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid20031978_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20031978-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;">Cavalier-Smith<br />2015<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 domäner </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">4 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">5 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">6 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 domäner </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">8 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">6 riken </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">7 riken </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 4px;"><i>(ej behandlade)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eubacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eubacteria">Eubacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="darkgray" style="padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaebacteria">Archaebacteria</a> </td> <td bgcolor="darkgray" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaea">Archaea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="6" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protista" class="mw-redirect" title="Protista">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="3" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protist">Protista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="6" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryoter" title="Eukaryoter">Eucarya</a> </td> <td bgcolor="PeachPuff" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Archezoa" title="Archezoa">Archezoa</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Protozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoa">Protozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="burlywood" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="burlywood" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td> <td bgcolor="burlywood" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Chromista" title="Chromista">Chromista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4xter" class="mw-redirect" title="Växter">Vegetabilia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Plantae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantae">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungus">Fungi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/Animalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Animalia">Animalia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> Klassificeringen i riken används fortfarande allmänt som en användbar metod att gruppera organismer. </p> <ul><li>Det råder för närvarande inte konsensus vad gäller antalet riken inom Eukarya.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rike_(biologi)&action=edit&section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">James W. Valentine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.se/books?id=DMBkmHm5fe4C&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">On the Origin of Phyla</a>, 2004, The University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-226-84548-6" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-226-84548-6">ISBN 0-226-84548-6</a>, sid. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Se exempelvis <cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFMcNeillBarrieBurdetDemoulin2006">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Burdet, H. M. et al., reds. (2006), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) Adopted by the Seventeenth International Botanical Congress, Vienna, Austria, July 2005</a></i> (electronic), Vienna: International Association for Plant Taxonomy, arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm">ursprungsadressen</a>  den 2012-10-06<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20121006231936/http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">, läst 20 februari 2011</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+%28Vienna+Code%29+Adopted+by+the+Seventeenth+International+Botanical+Congress%2C+Vienna%2C+Austria%2C+July+2005&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=electronic&rft.place=Vienna&rft.pub=International+Association+for+Plant+Taxonomy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20121006231936%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fibot.sav.sk%2Ficbn%2Fmain.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/no%20frames/0007Ch1Art003.htm">article 3.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Se till exempel:<cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1993">Cavalier-Smith, T (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943">”Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla”</a>. <i>Microbiological reviews</i> 57 (4): sid. 953–94. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302218?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:8302218">PMID 8302218</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kingdom+protozoa+and+its+18+phyla&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+reviews&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+T&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B953%E2%80%9394&rft_id=info:pmid/8302218&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cavalier-Smith_1998_203–66_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1998">Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">”A revised six-kingdom system of life”</a>, <i>Biological Reviews</i> 73 (3): 203–66, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a></span>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9809012">PMID 9809012</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+T.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=203%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft_id=info:pmid/9809012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1977-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977_5-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWoeseBalchMagrumFox1977">Woese, C. R.; Balch, W. E.; Magrum, L. J.; Fox, G. E.; Wolfe, R. S. (August 1977). ”An ancient divergence among the bacteria”. <i>Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> 9 (4): sid. 305–311. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01796092">10.1007/BF01796092</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/408502?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:408502">PMID 408502</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=An+ancient+divergence+among+the+bacteria&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molecular+Evolution&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft.au=Woese%2C+C.+R.&rft.au=Balch%2C+W.+E.&rft.au=Magrum%2C+L.+J.&rft.au=Fox%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+R.+S.&rft.date=August+1977&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B305%E2%80%93311&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF01796092&rft_id=info:pmid/408502&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Carl R. Woese och George E. Fox, 1977, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/74/11/5088.full">Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: The primary kingdoms</a>, <a href="/wiki/PNAS" class="mw-redirect" title="PNAS">PNAS</a> November 1, 1977 vol. 74 no. 11 5088-5090. doi: 10.1073</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese_1990_4576–9-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1990_4576–9_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woese_1990_4576–9_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFWoeseKandlerWheelis1990">Woese, C.R.; Kandler, O. & Wheelis, M. (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">”Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya”</a>, <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i> 87 (12): 4576–9, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a></span>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:2112744">PMID 2112744</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Woese%2C+C.R.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4576%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info:pmid/2112744&rft_id=info:bibcode/1990PNAS...87.4576W&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DagenEtAl2010-8">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_8-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DagenEtAl2010_8-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDaganRoettgerBryantMartin2010">Dagan, T.; Roettger, M.; Bryant & Martin, W. (2010), ”Genome Networks Root the Tree of Life between Prokaryotic Domains”, <i>Genome Biology and Evolution</i> 2:: 379–92, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevq025">10.1093/gbe/evq025</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Genome+Networks+Root+the+Tree+of+Life+between+Prokaryotic+Domains&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.aulast=Dagan&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Dagan%2C+T.&rft.au=Roettger%2C+M.&rft.au=Bryant&rft.au=Martin%2C+W.&rft.date=2010&rft.volume=2%3A&rft.pages=379%E2%80%9392&rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevq025&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFSimpsonRoger2004">Simpson, Alastair G.B. & Roger, Andrew J. (2004), ”The real ‘kingdoms’ of eukaryotes”, <i>Current Biology</i> 14 (17): R693–6, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.08.038">10.1016/j.cub.2004.08.038</a></span>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15341755?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:15341755">PMID 15341755</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+real+%E2%80%98kingdoms%E2%80%99+of+eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Alastair+G.B.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Alastair+G.B.&rft.au=Roger%2C+Andrew+J.&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=R693%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2004.08.038&rft_id=info:pmid/15341755&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adl2005-10">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Adl2005_10-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl2005_10-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFAdlet_al.2005">Adl, Sina M.; <i>et al.</i> (2005), ”The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists”, <i>Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology</i> 52 (5): 399, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x">10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x</a></span>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16248873?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16248873">PMID 16248873</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+New+Higher+Level+Classification+of+Eukaryotes+with+Emphasis+on+the+Taxonomy+of+Protists&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eukaryotic+Microbiology&rft.aulast=Adl&rft.aufirst=Sina+M.&rft.au=Adl%2C+Sina+M.&rft.au=%27%27et+al.%27%27&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=399&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1550-7408.2005.00053.x&rft_id=info:pmid/16248873&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHarperWaandersKeeling2005">Harper, J.T.; Waanders, E.; Keeling, P. 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Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/PDF/05chromalvJSEM.pdf">originalet</a> den 17 december 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217052013/http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/PDF/05chromalvJSEM.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20081217052013/http://www.botany.ubc.ca/keeling/PDF/05chromalvJSEM.pdf</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+monophyly+of+chromalveolates+using+a+six-protein+phylogeny+of+eukaryotes&rft.jtitle=Nt.+J.+System.+Evol.+Microbiol.&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=J.T.&rft.au=Harper%2C+J.T.&rft.au=Waanders%2C+E.&rft.au=Keeling%2C+P.+J.&rft.date=2005&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=Pt+1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1099%2Fijs.0.63216-0&rft_id=info:pmid/15653923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081217052013%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.ubc.ca%2Fkeeling%2FPDF%2F05chromalvJSEM.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parfrey-12"><a href="#cite_ref-parfrey_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFParfreyBarberoLasserDunthorn2006">Parfrey, Laura W.; 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Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires”. <i>Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale</i> 10-VII: sid. 1–84.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27%27Pansporella+perplexa%27%27.+R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+biologie+et+la+phylog%C3%A9nie+des+protozoaires&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles+-+Zoologie+et+Biologie+Animale&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rft.au=Chatton%2C+%C3%89.&rft.date=1925&rft.volume=10-VII&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%9384&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatton-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Chatton_35-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFChatton1937">Chatton, É. (1937). <i><span>Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937)</span></i>. 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(1956). <i><span>The Classification of Lower Organisms</span></i>. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, p. 6, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/classificationof00cope#page/6/mode/2up">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.4474">10.5962/bhl.title.4474</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Lower+Organisms&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rft.au=Copeland%2C+H.+F.&rft.date=1956&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Pacific+Books%2C+p.+6%2C+%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fclassificationof00cope%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up%5D&rft_id=info:doi/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.4474&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1977b-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1977b_38-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFWoeseFox1977">Woese, C. R.; Fox, G. E. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">”Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.”</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> 87 (12): sid. 4576–9. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576">10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:2112744">PMID 2112744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159">54159</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W">1990PNAS...87.4576W</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya.&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Woese%2C+C.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B4576%E2%80%939&rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info:pmid/2112744&rft_id=info:bibcode/1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F87%2F12%2F4576&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1981">Cavalier-Smith, T. 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(1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372943">”Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla”</a>. <i>Microbiological reviews</i> 57 (4): sid. 953–994. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8302218?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:8302218">PMID 8302218</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kingdom+protozoa+and+its+18+phyla&rft.jtitle=Microbiological+reviews&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+T.&rft.date=1993&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B953%E2%80%93994&rft_id=info:pmid/8302218&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1998">Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">”A revised six-kingdom system of life”</a>, <i>Biological Reviews</i> 73 (03): 203–66, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</a></span>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:9809012">PMID 9809012</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+T.&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=03&rft.pages=203%E2%80%9366&rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft_id=info:pmid/9809012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20031978-44"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20031978_44-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith_T2010">Cavalier-Smith T (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978">”Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree”</a>. <i>Biol. Lett.</i> 6 (3): sid. 342–5. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948">10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20031978?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:20031978">PMID 20031978</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880060">2880060</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978">http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20031978</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kingdoms+Protozoa+and+Chromista+and+the+eozoan+root+of+the+eukaryotic+tree&rft.jtitle=Biol.+Lett.&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith+T&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith+T&rft.date=June+2010&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B342%E2%80%935&rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsbl.2009.0948&rft_id=info:pmid/20031978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D20031978&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFRuggieroGordonOrrellBailly2015">Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.;  <i>et al</i>. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4418965">”A higher level classification of all living organisms”</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a></i> 10 (4): sid. e0119248. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248">10.1371/journal.pone.0119248</a></span>. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25923521?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:25923521">PMID 25923521</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+classification+of+all+living+organisms&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLOS+ONE%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Ruggiero%2C+Michael+A.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Dennis+P.&rft.au=Orrell%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Bailly%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Bourgoin%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Brusca%2C+Richard+C.&rft.au=Cavalier-Smith%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Guiry%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Kirk%2C+Paul+M.&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3Be0119248&rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119248&rft_id=info:pmid/25923521&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Rike_(biologi)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Fabien Burki skriver 2014 i <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/6/5/a016147.full">The Eukaryotic Tree of Life from a Global Phylogenomic Perspective</a> (Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014;6:a016147): "Presently, the fierce debate over the global impact of HGT on eukaryote evolution and its harmful consequences on phylogenomics is far from a consensus".</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style> <table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="9"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; ; color: inherit; float:left; text-align:left; width:6em;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Taxonomisk_rang" title="Mall:Taxonomisk rang"><span title="Visa denna mall" style=";">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Taxonomisk_rang&action=edit"><span style=";" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div><span style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">Taxonomisk rang</a> </span> </th></tr> <tr style="padding:0 2% 0 2%; text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artgrupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Artgrupp">Artgrupp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnordning" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnordning">Magnordning</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artundergrupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Artundergrupp">Artundergrupp</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Överrike">Överrike</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verfylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Överfylum">Överfylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C3%96verdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Överdivision">Överdivision</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verklass_(biologi)" title="Överklass (biologi)">Överklass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verordning" class="mw-redirect" title="Överordning">Överordning</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96verfamilj" title="Överfamilj">Överfamilj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96vertribus" class="mw-redirect" title="Övertribus">Övertribus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%96versl%C3%A4kte" class="mw-redirect" title="Översläkte">Översläkte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allians_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allians (biologi)">Allians</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artkomplex" title="Artkomplex">Artkomplex</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%A4n_(biologi)" title="Domän (biologi)">Domän</a></b> </td> <td><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rike</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Fylum" title="Fylum">Fylum</a></b> (<b>Stam</b>/<b><a href="/wiki/Division_(biologi)" title="Division (biologi)">Division</a></b>) </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Klass_(biologi)" title="Klass (biologi)">Klass</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ordning_(biologi)" title="Ordning (biologi)">Ordning</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Familj_(biologi)" title="Familj (biologi)">Familj</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tribus" title="Tribus">Tribus</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte" title="Släkte">Släkte</a></b> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underrike" class="mw-redirect" title="Underrike">Underrike</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underfylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Underfylum">Underfylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Underdivision" title="Underdivision">Underdivision</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underklass_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underklass (biologi)">Underklass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underordning" class="mw-redirect" title="Underordning">Underordning</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underfamilj" class="mw-redirect" title="Underfamilj">Underfamilj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Undertribus" class="mw-redirect" title="Undertribus">Undertribus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A4ktgrupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Släktgrupp">Släktgrupp</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Undersl%C3%A4kte" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersläkte">Undersläkte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underart" title="Underart">Underart</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infrafylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrafylum">Infrafylum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infraklass" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraklass">Infraklass</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Infraordning" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraordning">Infraordning</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sektion_(biologi)" title="Sektion (biologi)">Sektion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varietet_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Varietet (biologi)">Varietet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikrofylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikrofylum">Mikrofylum</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Parvordning" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvordning">Parvordning</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Undersektion" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersektion">Undersektion</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Form_(biologi)" title="Form (biologi)">Form</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanofylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanofylum">Nanofylum</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serie_(biologi)" title="Serie (biologi)">Serie</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Underserie" class="mw-redirect" title="Underserie">Underserie</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table>    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