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vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Baade</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="فالتر بادي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالتر بادي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="والتر باده – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والتر باده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87" title="ভাল্টার বাডে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাল্টার বাডে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D" title="Вальтэр Баадэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальтэр Баадэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Валтер Бааде – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валтер Бааде" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5" title="Βάλτερ Μπάαντε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάλτερ Μπάαντε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="والتر باده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر باده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%84%B0_%EB%B0%94%EB%8D%B0" title="발터 바데 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발터 바데" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5" title="Վալտեր Բաադե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալտեր Բաադե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ვალტერ ბაადე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალტერ ბაადე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Валтер Баде – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валтер Баде" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94" title="ვალტერ ბაადე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვალტერ ბაადე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ڤالتر بادى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ڤالتر بادى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87" title="ウォルター・バーデ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウォルター・バーデ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baade_Uolter" title="Baade Uolter – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baade Uolter" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baade_Valter" title="Baade Valter – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Baade Valter" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Бааде, Вальтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бааде, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Walter_Baade" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95" title="واڵتەر بادە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="واڵتەر بادە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87" title="வால்டேர் பாடே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்டேர் பாடே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Вальтер Бааде – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вальтер Бааде" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Baade" title="Walter Baade – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walter Baade" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Вальтер Бааде – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вальтер Бааде" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">German astronomer (1893–1960)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walter Baade</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg/220px-Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg/330px-Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg/440px-Walter-Baade_Astronom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-03-24</span>)</span>March 24, 1893<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fisch_Oldendorf" title="Preußisch Oldendorf">Schröttinghausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 25, 1960<span style="display:none">(1960-06-25)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> 1955</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg-Bergedorf_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory">Hamburg-Bergedorf Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mt. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Observatory" title="Palomar Observatory">Palomar Observatory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Halton_Arp" title="Halton Arp">Halton Arp</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Allan_Sandage" title="Allan Sandage">Allan Sandage</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade</b> (March 24, 1893 – June 25, 1960) was a German <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> who worked in the United States from 1931 to 1959. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baade was born the son of a teacher in <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. He finished school in 1912. He then studied maths, physics and astronomy at the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">Münster</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>. He received his PhD in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-2002DDA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002DDA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baade worked at <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Observatory" title="Hamburg Observatory">Hamburg Observatory</a> at Bergedorf from 1919 to 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-2002DDA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2002DDA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920 he discovered <a href="/wiki/944_Hidalgo" title="944 Hidalgo">944 Hidalgo</a>, the first of a class of minor planets now called <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaurs</a> which cross the orbits of giant planets. </p><p>From 1931 to 1958, he worked at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" title="Mount Wilson Observatory">Mount Wilson Observatory</a><sup id="cite_ref-BM55-SSU_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM55-SSU-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, the University of Hamburg wanted Baade as successor of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schorr" title="Richard Schorr">Richard Schorr</a> for the Hamburg Observatory, but he refused.<sup id="cite_ref-viertel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viertel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Mount Wilson Observatory, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he took advantage of wartime blackout conditions (which reduced <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>), to resolve stars in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> for the first time. These observations led him to define distinct "<a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">populations</a>" for stars (<a href="/wiki/Population_I_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Population I star">Population I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Population II">Population II</a>). The same observations led him to discover that there are two types of <a href="/wiki/Cepheid_variable" title="Cepheid variable">Cepheid variable</a> stars. Using this discovery he recalculated the size of the known universe, doubling the <a href="/wiki/Hubble%27s_law" title="Hubble's law">previous calculation</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He announced this finding to considerable astonishment at the 1952 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> in Rome. </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Fritz Zwicky</a>, he identified <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> as a new category of astronomical objects.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zwicky and he also proposed the existence of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, and suggested supernovae might create them.<sup id="cite_ref-baas33_1330_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baas33_1330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1952, he and <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Minkowski" title="Rudolph Minkowski">Rudolph Minkowski</a> identified the optical counterparts of various <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio</a> sources,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_A" title="Cygnus A">Cygnus A</a>. He discovered 10 <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, including <a href="/wiki/944_Hidalgo" title="944 Hidalgo">944 Hidalgo</a>, which has a long orbital period (it is actually the first <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">centaur</a> ever discovered, although they were not recognized as a distinct dynamical class until 1977); the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollo</a>-class <a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a>, the perihelion of which is closer than that of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amor</a>-type <a href="/wiki/1036_Ganymed" title="1036 Ganymed">1036 Ganymed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>He died in 1960 in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> discovered: 10 <sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/930_Westphalia" title="930 Westphalia">930 Westphalia</a></td> <td>March 10, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/934_Th%C3%BCringia" title="934 Thüringia">934 Thüringia</a></td> <td>August 15, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/944_Hidalgo" title="944 Hidalgo">944 Hidalgo</a></td> <td>October 31, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/966_Muschi" title="966 Muschi">966 Muschi</a></td> <td>November 9, 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/967_Helionape" title="967 Helionape">967 Helionape</a></td> <td>November 9, 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1036_Ganymed" title="1036 Ganymed">1036 Ganymed</a></td> <td>October 23, 1924 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1103_Sequoia" title="1103 Sequoia">1103 Sequoia</a></td> <td>November 9, 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a></td> <td>June 27, 1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5656_Oldfield" title="5656 Oldfield">5656 Oldfield</a></td> <td>October 8, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7448_P%C3%B6llath" class="mw-redirect" title="7448 Pöllath">7448 Pöllath</a></td> <td>January 14, 1948 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Awards</b> </p> <ul><li>Foreign membership of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1953)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elected Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a> (1958)</li></ul> <p><b>Named after him</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/1501_Baade" class="mw-redirect" title="1501 Baade">1501 Baade</a></li> <li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Baade_(crater)" title="Baade (crater)">Baade</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallis_Baade" title="Vallis Baade">Vallis Baade</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">vallis</a> (valley) on the Moon</li> <li>One of the two <a href="/wiki/Magellan_(Telescopes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magellan (Telescopes)">Magellan</a> <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a></li> <li>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/966_Muschi" title="966 Muschi">966 Muschi</a>, after his wife's nickname</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baade%27s_Window" title="Baade's Window">Baade's Window</a>, an observational area he identified in the 1940s as being relatively free of dust that presents a view of the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li>Baade's Star, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Pulsar" title="Crab Pulsar">Crab Pulsar</a>, was first identified as being directly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Crab_Nebula" title="Crab Nebula">Crab Nebula</a> by him.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2002DDA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2002DDA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2002DDA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOsterbrock2002" class="citation journal cs1">Osterbrock, D. E. (Sep 2002). "Walter Baade, Dynamical Astronomer at Goettingen, Hamburg, Mount Wilson, and Palomar Observatories". <i>AAS/Division of Dynamical Astronomy Meeting #33</i>. <b>33</b>. Harvard Univ: 10.03. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002DDA....33.1003O">2002DDA....33.1003O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AAS%2FDivision+of+Dynamical+Astronomy+Meeting+%2333&rft.atitle=Walter+Baade%2C+Dynamical+Astronomer+at+Goettingen%2C+Hamburg%2C+Mount+Wilson%2C+and+Palomar+Observatories&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=10.03&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002DDA....33.1003O&rft.aulast=Osterbrock&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM55-SSU-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM55-SSU_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Baade/">"1955 Brude Medalist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_State_University" title="Sonoma State University">Sonoma State University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1955+Brude+Medalist&rft.pub=Sonoma+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys-astro.sonoma.edu%2FBruceMedalists%2FBaade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-viertel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-viertel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschel,_Klaus;_Renneberg,_Monika1995" class="citation journal cs1">Hentschel, Klaus; Renneberg, Monika (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1995_4.pdf">"Eine akademische Karriere. Der Astronom Otto Heckmann im Dritten Reich"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 581–610. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995VifZe..43..581H">1995VifZe..43..581H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Eine+akademische+Karriere.+Der+Astronom+Otto+Heckmann+im+Dritten+Reich.&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=581-610&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995VifZe..43..581H&rft.au=Hentschel%2C+Klaus%3B+Renneberg%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifz-muenchen.de%2Fheftarchiv%2F1995_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baade W (1944) The resolution of Messier 32, NGC 205, and the central region of the Andromeda nebula. ApJ 100 137-146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baade W (1956) The period-luminosity relation of the Cepheids. PASP 68 5-16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen" class="citation web cs1">Allen, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071210105344/http://www.institute-of-brilliant-failures.com/section2.htm">"Section 2: The Great Debate and the Great Mistake: Shapley, Hubble, Baade"</a>. <i>The Cepheid Distance Scale: A History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institute-of-brilliant-failures.com/section2.htm">the original</a> on December 10, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cepheid+Distance+Scale%3A+A+History&rft.atitle=Section+2%3A+The+Great+Debate+and+the+Great+Mistake%3A+Shapley%2C+Hubble%2C+Baade&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.institute-of-brilliant-failures.com%2Fsection2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Baade, F. Zwicky, 1934, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1076395&blobtype=pdf">On Super-Novae</a>". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 254-259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald E. Osterbrock, <i>Walter Baade – A Life in Astrophysics</i>, Princeton und Oxford: Princeton University Press 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04936-X">0-691-04936-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baas33_1330-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-baas33_1330_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterbrock2001" class="citation journal cs1">Osterbrock, D. E. (2001). "Who Really Coined the Word Supernova? Who First Predicted Neutron Stars?". <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Astronomical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society">Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>33</b>: 1330. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001AAS...199.1501O">2001AAS...199.1501O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Who+Really+Coined+the+Word+Supernova%3F+Who+First+Predicted+Neutron+Stars%3F&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=1330&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001AAS...199.1501O&rft.aulast=Osterbrock&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baade, W. and Minkowski, R., 1954. Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus A, and Puppis A. Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 119, p. 206-214 (January 1954) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?1954ApJ...119..206B">ADS: 1954ApJ...119..206B</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html">"Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i>. 4 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=Minor+Planet+Discoverers+%28by+number%29&rft.date=2016-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2Flists%2FMPDiscsNum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000146">"Walter H.W. Baade (1893 - 1960)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+H.W.+Baade+%281893+-+1960%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00000146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Walter+Baade&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DWalter%2BBaade%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterbrock2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Osterbrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Osterbrock">Osterbrock, Donald E</a> (2001-10-14). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walterbaadelifei00oste"><i>Walter Baade: A Life in Astrophysics</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04936-X"><bdi>0-691-04936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walter+Baade%3A+A+Life+in+Astrophysics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001-10-14&rft.isbn=0-691-04936-X&rft.aulast=Osterbrock&rft.aufirst=Donald+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalterbaadelifei00oste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieke1970" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Dieke, Sally H. (1970). "Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Scientific_Biography" title="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">Dictionary of Scientific Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a>. pp. 352–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-10114-9"><bdi>0-684-10114-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baade%2C+Wilhelm+Heinrich+Walter&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Scientific+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=352-354&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-684-10114-9&rft.aulast=Dieke&rft.aufirst=Sally+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalter+Baade" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Baade/index.html">Bruce Medal page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0067//0000057.000.html">Awarding of Bruce Medal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0114//0000370.000.html">Awarding of RAS gold medal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obituaries">Obituaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Baade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obituaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JRASC/0055//0000113.000.html">JRASC <b>55</b> (1961) 113</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MitAG/0014//0000005.000.html">MitAG <b>14</b> (1961) 5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0002//0000118.000.html">QJRAS <b>2</b> (1961) 118</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/99927947">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd116010533.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116010533">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035193913">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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