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<span>Materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden_and_Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden_and_Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Sweden and Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden_and_Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.20</span> <span>Tunisia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.21</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.22</span> <span>United Kingdom and Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.23</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pontifical_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pontifical_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pontifical universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pontifical_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Academic dress</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademiese_drag" title="Akademiese drag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Akademiese drag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="لباس تخرج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لباس تخرج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talar" title="Talar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Talar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talaar" title="Talaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Talaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademia_vesto" title="Akademia vesto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akademia vesto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="لباس دانشگاهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لباس دانشگاهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_universitaire_en_France" title="Robe universitaire en France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robe universitaire en France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99_%EC%98%88%EB%B3%B5" title="대학 예복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대학 예복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Ակադեմիական հագուստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակադեմիական հագուստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaian_akademik" title="Pakaian akademik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pakaian akademik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbigliamento_accademico" title="Abbigliamento accademico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbigliamento accademico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99" title="לבוש אקדמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבוש אקדמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakaian_akademik" title="Pakaian akademik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pakaian akademik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="ဘွဲ့ဝတ်စုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘွဲ့ဝတ်စုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9" title="アカデミックドレス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカデミックドレス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traje_acad%C3%A9mico" title="Traje académico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Traje académico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Академическая одежда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Академическая одежда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veshja_akademike" title="Veshja akademike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Veshja akademike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Academic dress" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akademik_k%C4%B1yafet" title="Akademik kıyafet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akademik kıyafet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B3" title="Академічний одяг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Академічний одяг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D%E6%9C%8D" title="学位服 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="学位服" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1349227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Formal_wear" title="Category:Formal wear">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a><br />and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">attires</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress" title="Western dress codes">full dress</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_at_night.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/13px-Moon_at_night.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/20px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/26px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u2600.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/13px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/20px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/26px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Full dress uniform</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a></i> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress" title="Western dress codes">half dress</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;border:1px solid white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_at_night.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/13px-Moon_at_night.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/20px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/26px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u2600.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/13px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/20px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/26px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">Mess dress uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes#Full_dress,_half_dress,_and_undress" title="Western dress codes">undress</a>, "dress clothes")</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">Service dress uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a> <span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a> (anything not above)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat uniform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetwear" title="Streetwear">Streetwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)" title="Sportswear (fashion)">Sportswear (fashion)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athleisure" title="Athleisure">Athleisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undress_code" title="Undress code">Undress</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Supplementary alternatives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">law courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_uniform_and_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom">royal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">diplomatic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">academic</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a>, etc.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk costume</a></li> <li>Distinctions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <small>Legend:<div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <p><span class="nobold"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emoji_u2600.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/13px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/20px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Emoji_u2600.svg/26px-Emoji_u2600.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> = Day (before 6 p.m.)<br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_at_night.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/13px-Moon_at_night.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/20px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Moon_at_night.svg/26px-Moon_at_night.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> = Evening (after 6 p.m.)<br /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> <span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;border:1px solid white;"> </span> = <a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">Bow tie</a> colour<br /><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Female_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> = Ladies<br /><span class="mw-default-size noviewer skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_symbol_(black).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/14px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/21px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg/28px-Male_symbol_%28black%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> = Gentlemen</span> </p> </div></small> <hr /> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/16px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/24px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_dress_codes" title="Template:Western dress codes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_dress_codes" title="Template talk:Western dress codes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_dress_codes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western dress codes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg/220px-King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg/330px-King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg/440px-King%27s_College_London_academic_dress_designed_by_Vivienne_Westwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London" title="Academic dress of King's College London">Academic dress of King's College London</a> in different colours, designed and presented by fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Academic dress</b> is a traditional form of <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic</a> settings, mainly <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a> (and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Secondary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary schools">secondary</a>) education, worn mainly by those who have obtained a <a href="/wiki/University_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="University degree">university degree</a> (or similar), or hold a status that entitles them to assume them (e.g., undergraduate students at certain old universities).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as <b>academical dress</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>academicals</b>, or <b>academic regalia</b>. </p><p>Contemporarily, it is commonly seen only at <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">graduation</a> ceremonies, but formerly academic dress was, and to a lesser degree in many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient universities">ancient universities</a> still is, worn daily. Today, the ensembles are distinctive in some way to each institution, and generally consist of a <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gown</a> (also known as a <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robe</a>) with a separate <a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">hood</a>, and usually a cap (generally either a <a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">square academic cap</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tam_(cap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam (cap)">tam</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">bonnet</a>). Academic dress is also worn by members of certain <a href="/wiki/Learned_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Learned societies">learned societies</a> and institutions as official dress.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_history">Overview and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_d._J._-_Erasmus_-_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_of_Rotterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus of Rotterdam">Erasmus of Rotterdam</a> in a functional warm scholar's robe, fur-lined dark wool</figcaption></figure> <p>The academic dress found in most universities in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is derived from that of the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, which was a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">medieval universities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This overgarment had the practical purpose of keeping a scholar warm while they were sitting, immobile, or studying. </p><p>Formal or sober clothing is typically worn beneath the gown so, for example, men would often wear a dark <a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothes)">suit</a> with a white <a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">shirt</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">tie</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">military</a> or civil <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniform</a>, or <a href="/wiki/National_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="National dress">national dress</a>, and women would wear equivalent attire. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a prescribed set of dress (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Subfusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfusc">subfusc</a></i>) to be worn under the gown. Although some universities are relaxed about what people wear under their gowns, it is nevertheless considered bad form to be in <a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">casual wear</a> or the like during graduation ceremonies, and a number of universities may bar finishing students from joining the procession or the ceremony itself if not appropriately dressed<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (though this sometimes refers only to requiring the proper wear of academic dress and not what is worn beneath it, if unseen). In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States, with a few exceptions, it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original <i>roba</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the materials used for academic dress are heavily influenced by the climate where the academic institution is located, or the climate where the graduate will usually be wearing the costume (as a faculty member at another institution, for example). In either case, the American Council of Education (ACE) allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, and heavier materials elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it acknowledges cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk as appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The materials used for academic dress vary and range from the extremely economical to the very expensive. In the United States, most Bachelor and master's degree candidates are often presented the "<a href="/wiki/Souvenir" title="Souvenir">souvenir</a>" version of regalia by their institutions or authorized vendor, which are generally intended for very few wearings and are comparatively very inexpensive. For some doctoral graduates, commencement will be the only time they wear academic regalia, and so they rent their gowns instead of buying them. These rented or hired gowns are often made of inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> or other human-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester while <a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a>, silk, or artificial silk gowns are only available when bought. Undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them. </p><p>People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as <a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">poplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">grosgrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">percale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cassimere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">broadcloth</a>, Russell cord, or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including <a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">artificial silk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a> (i.e. ribbed or corded silk), <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a>, true <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">shot silk</a>, or a mixture. Pure Ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns, as it is very expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some gowns may be trimmed with <a href="/wiki/Gimp_(thread)#In_lace" title="Gimp (thread)">gimp lace</a>, cords, buttons, or other forms of decoration. </p><p>In the past, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> has been used to line certain hoods (especially those of the UK) which range from <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_fur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbit fur">rabbit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>. In the past, <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskin</a> was widely used. Most now use imitation fur, instead, mainly because of cost and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> concerns. Some robe makers use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Doctor's robes usually use wool <a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</a>, panama wool (worsted), superfine cloth, <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">damask</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>, and are brightly coloured (or black, but faced with a bright colour) to distinguish them from lower degrees. They tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have a special undress version so adding to the cost of a full set. </p><p>A full set may cost about US$360 (£180) for cheap materials to as much as $5800 (£2900) for high-quality materials.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices, though the quality may be lower.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many institutions whose dress includes gowns of varying lengths prescribe the appropriate length of each gown with reference to parts of the wearer's body (undergraduate gowns at Cambridge, for example, must not reach the knees, whereas BA gowns should reach just beyond them, according to the university's statutes)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As such, suppliers of academic dress produce gowns in many different sizes to fit persons of different heights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academic_regalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Academic_regalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="424" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Ceremonial robe of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>'s principal and chief executive</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scarlet_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scarlet_3.JPG/220px-Scarlet_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scarlet_3.JPG/330px-Scarlet_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Scarlet_3.JPG/440px-Scarlet_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1743" data-file-height="3045" /></a><figcaption>McGill University's <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">scarlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> regalia dates back to the early 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, academic regalia are worn by university officials, faculty, students, and honoured guests during <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">Graduation</a> exercises (commonly referred to as Convocation), installations of their presiding officers, and special convocations, such as the inauguration of newly endowed professorial chairs and inductions to some of the honour and professional societies with university chapters. Academic regalia typically consist of a headgear (<a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">Tudor bonnet</a>, or <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Knox_cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Knox cap (page does not exist)">John Knox cap</a>), robe, and hood. Until the 1930s, Canadian universities customarily prescribed academic robes for its professors and students at classes and lectures. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trinity_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Trinity College">University of Trinity College</a> at the University of Toronto, academic gowns are still required for all students and faculty at Wednesday dinners, most college meetings, debates, and certain special college events.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Canadian universities follow or adopted either the British University academic dress at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> universities,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the Intercollegiate Code of Academic Costume ratified by most American universities in the late 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other universities contain elements of the British and American patterns for some or all of their academic costumes. A classic example is the <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University" title="Academic dress of McGill University">academic dress of McGill University</a>, whose British origins are evident in the regalia of its degree holders. The distinctive ceremonial regalia of <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> officials, though, are closer to the American pattern for the master's robe with above-the-elbow, square, slit-cut sleeves. The scarlet, doctor of philosophy (PhD) regalia of McGill can now be worn closed-front, unlike the open-front only gown of the University of Cambridge higher doctoral full dress, from which it evolved. Gold strand tassels used in American doctoral regalia are wrapped around McGill's otherwise Tudor-style bonnet or tam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Academic dress">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg/220px-Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg/330px-Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg/440px-Docteurs-SorbonneUniversit%C3%A9s-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Doctors of various faculties, Paris</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, academic dress, also called the <i>toge</i> (from the word <i><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a></i>, an ancient Roman garment), is similar to French judges' court dress, except for its colour, which depends on the academic field in which the wearer graduated. It is nowadays little worn, except by doctors during the opening of the university year or the ceremony for a doctorate <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">honoris causa</a></i>. For doctors, it consists of: </p> <ul><li>A long gown (a bit similar to a cassock) with a long row of buttons (traditionally, 33, but nowadays usually fewer) in front and a train at the back (which in the current costume is not visible but attached with a button in the inner side of the gown). The gown is in two colours: black and the standard colour of the academic field in which the wearer graduated (see below), with <a href="/wiki/Simar" title="Simar">simars</a> (two vertical bands in the front of the gown).</li> <li>An <i>épitoge</i> (epitoga): A piece of cloth with white fur stripes (three for doctors) attached by a button on the left shoulder, with a rectangular, long, thin tail in the front and a triangular, shorter, broad tail in the back (both tails carry the fur stripes); its colour is that of the relevant academic field. The epitoga has evolved from the academic hood, which explains why the French academic dress does not include a hood.</li> <li>A long, wide belt or sash, either black or of the colour of the relevant academic field, ended by fringes (which may be golden or of the same colour as the belt), and attached with a broad, ornamental knot.</li> <li>A white <i>rabat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jabot_(neckwear)" title="Jabot (neckwear)">jabot</a>), over which a white tie may be worn for ceremonial occasions: It is made of lace for the dean of the faculty, the president of the university, and a few other officials, of plain cotton for others.</li> <li>Traditionally only for men, a mortarboard of the colour of the relevant academic field with a golden stripe, which is usually not worn but carried (since the academic dress in France is rarely worn outdoors, and men are not supposed to wear hats indoors), and often even omitted. Nowadays the practice is more relaxed, and the mortarboard is sometimes seen worn by women or worn indoor by men.</li> <li>In principle, a white bow tie (for men only ; quite rarely seen) and white gloves (nowadays never used).</li></ul> <p>Professors who served 20 years are sometimes presented with a sword (identical model to that of French police commissars).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The colours of the various academic fields are daffodil (yellow) for literature and arts, amaranth (purplish red) for science, redcurrant (reddish pink) for medicine, scarlet red for law, and violet (purple) for theology. University rectors, chancellors or presidents wear also specific costumes, which are violet regardless of the academic field in which they graduated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Field of graduation </th> <th>Colour name </th> <th>Colour aspect </th></tr> <tr> <td>Divinity (and all high officials regardless of the field) </td> <td><i>Violet</i> (<a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a>, specifically the Royal Purple shade) </td> <td style="background:#6b3fa0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Law (colour also worn by high magistrates) </td> <td><i>Écarlate</i> (<a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(color)" title="Scarlet (color)">Scarlet</a>) </td> <td style="background:#ff2400;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Medicine (and health-related fields) </td> <td><i>Groseille</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Redcurrant</a>, a reddish shade of pink) </td> <td style="background:#ff4080;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Science (exact and experimental) </td> <td><i>Amaranthe</i> (<a href="/wiki/Amaranth_(color)" title="Amaranth (color)">Amaranth</a>) </td> <td style="background:#e52b50;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arts, literature, philosophy, humanities </td> <td><i>Jonquille</i> (<a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Daffodil</a>, a shade of yellow) </td> <td style="background:#fc3;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dress exists in two versions: the <i>petit costume</i> ("small costume") and the <i>grand costume</i> ("great costume"). Both are identical in form, and differ only in the presence or absence of the mortarboard and the repartition of colours on the gown and sash (the other elements of the dress, especially the epitoga, being identical for both): </p> <ul><li>for the <i>petit costume</i>, the gown is all black, except the simarras which are of the colour of the academic field; the buttons are black; the sash and its fringes moiré black; the mortarboard is usually not worn;</li> <li>for the <i>grand costume</i>, the gown is black between the simarras, which are moiré black, and of the colour of the academic field on the sides and on the sleeves, except their turn-ups, which are black; the buttons are of the colour of the academic field; the sash is of the colour of the academic field, its fringes may be either the same colour or gold.</li></ul> <p>In formal occasions, the <i>grand costume</i> is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a>, whereas the <i>petit costume</i> is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg/220px-Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg/330px-Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg/440px-Freie_Universitaet_Berlin_-_Talare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Academic robes of the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University of Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>German academic dress generally consists of gown and cap. Nowadays, if in use at all, it is only found at special occasions, such as public processions, inaugurations of rectors, and graduation ceremonies. Historically, only the rectors, deans, professors, and lecturers wore academic dress—not students or graduates. Each German university had its own system of colours and drapings to signify <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculty</a> membership and position in the university hierarchy. </p><p>The gown of the German academic dress is called "Talar" (with the accent on the second "a": talár; from Latin <i>talare</i> which means <i>to the ankles</i>). It can be traced back to the everyday clothes of the scholars in the Middle Ages. The same word <i>Talar</i> is also used for the robes of Protestant (Lutheran) pastors and rabbis (not for judges or lawyers, their gowns are called "Robe"), although these gowns often differ more or less in cut, length, drapings, and sometimes even in colour (the gowns of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">German Supreme Court</a> are, e.g., completely dark red). </p><p>The professorial <i>Talar</i> can be described as a long black gown with wide sleeves, often with lapels in faculty colour, while deans wear a <i>Talar</i> completely in faculty colour. Rectors typically have a distinguished, more elaborate <i>Talar</i>, e.g., made of velvet, coloured in red, or with gold embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some universities, the rector additionally wears a <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of office">chain of office</a> and, at some occasions, carries a <a href="/wiki/Sceptre" title="Sceptre">scepter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cap that accompanies the <i>Talar</i> is called <i>Barett</i>. As is the case with the <i>Talar</i>, which type of cap is used varies by university as well. Historically, caps made of soft materials rather than the square academic cap are common. The colour of the <i>Barett</i> matches the <i>Talar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/German_student_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a>, following the years of 1967 all West German universities dropped their academic dress because they were identified with right-winged conservatism and reactionism by the partly socialist influenced students at that time: The famous slogan "Unter den Talaren – Muff von 1000 Jahren" (<i>beneath the gowns the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fug" class="extiw" title="wikt:fug">fug</a> of 1000 years</i>) refers not to the old traditions of the Middle Ages, but especially to the Nazi regime and their self-declared "empire of 1000 years".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In East Germany, which was a communist one-party state, <i>Talare</i> were abolished by law at about the same time. After East Germany began to dissolve in 1989, several universities, particularly <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Wittenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resurrected lost traditions including the <i>Talar</i> for officials. Some traditional universities in West German states have since followed, such as <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">University of Heidelberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2005, some universities introduced centrally organized graduation ceremonies for students of all faculties where academic dress is worn, most notably <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz_University_of_Technology" title="Chemnitz University of Technology">Chemnitz University of Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen_University" title="RWTH Aachen University">RWTH Aachen</a> (only cap and <a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">stole</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The graduates' dress usually consists of a simple black gown, a <a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">square academic cap</a>, and possibly a stole in faculty colour. At most other universities, faculties are responsible for organizing graduation ceremonies individually. Some faculties have decided for wearing academic dress at their ceremonies as well, e.g., the Faculty of Law at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration at <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is commonly understood as following Anglo-American examples rather than reviving old traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_(BHU)_Convocation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Convocation attendees of Banaras Hindu University in traditional academic costume" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png/220px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png/330px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png/440px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_felicitates_student_at_Banaras_Hindu_University_%28BHU%29_Convocation.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, a graduating student, and the Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a>, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a> at the university's 2016 convocation ceremonies</figcaption></figure> <p>Indian universities followed <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic dress in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom robe and gown system</a> until 2013<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> replaced it with Indian traditional dress of <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">Dhoti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pyajama</a> for men and <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">Saree</a> for women, which led to students at other universities demanding similar dresses.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slowly Indian universities started replacing the robes and gowns with traditional dresses. In 2019, India's <a href="/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)" title="University Grants Commission (India)">University Grants Commission</a> formally issued a circular to all public and private universities to opt for Indian traditional dress made of <a href="/wiki/Handloom_sari" title="Handloom sari">Indian handloom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian universities today prescribe <a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pyajama</a> for male students and <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">Saree</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salwar_Suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Salwar Suit">Salwar Suit</a> for women.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Academic dress">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg/241px-Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg/362px-Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg/482px-Indonesian_academic_dress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Common type of Indonesian academic regalia with color-coded cape and pentagon cap</figcaption></figure> <p>In Indonesia, academic regalia, also called a <i><a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a></i> is only worn in graduation ceremonies. An Indonesian toga generally comes in three pieces of clothing: a gown, a cape or a hood, and a cap with tassel (<a href="/wiki/Pentagon" title="Pentagon">pentagon-shaped</a> <a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">mortarboard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">bonnet</a>). Other items are also worn during graduation ceremony such as a <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medallion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">tippet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">academic stole</a>. </p><p>There are four elements in Indonesian academic regalia: </p> <ul><li><b>Gown</b> – Indonesian academic gowns commonly come in black with a different color of trimming according to the field of study/faculty. In general they are long gowns with bell sleeves. There are some distinctive differences for each academic degree: for example, the length of undergraduate gown is usually below knee; for master's degrees, the gown is longer than undergraduate; and for doctoral degrees, the gown has a <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> panel (or <a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">velour</a> for fabric substitution) on the front and sleeve.</li> <li><b>Cape or Hood</b> – In most universities capes are commonly used for undergraduates/bachelor's degree students, meanwhile hoods are commonly used for graduate students (master/doctoral) and academic staff. A cape/hood is also colour-coded according to the field of study/faculty.</li> <li><b>Cap</b> – For undergraduate and master's degrees a mortarboard is worn. Unlike most academic caps, which are square in shape, the Indonesian cap is usually pentagonal. Another type of cap like Tudor bonnet is generally worn by doctoral students, although in some universities like <a href="/wiki/Padjadjaran_University" title="Padjadjaran University">Padjadjaran University</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the bonnet is worn for all academic degrees.</li> <li><b>Tassel</b> – In most universities, before the commencement ceremony, undergraduates' tassel are placed on the left position, and during the graduation procession students receive their degree scroll/diploma and then move their tassel to the right. Tassels are also color-coded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg/250px-Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg/375px-Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Luigi_Einaudi_Plinio_Fraccaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>The Magnificus <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> University <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plinio_Fraccaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plinio Fraccaro (page does not exist)">Plinio Fraccaro</a>, wearing gown and academic cap, welcomes the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Republic</a> <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>, 13 April 1955.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> there are several differences among the typical academic dress (<a href="/wiki/Gowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gowns">gowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic cap">academic caps</a>, etc.) of the different universities, due to the great number of ancient universities in the country (for example the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-giuri.unipd.it_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giuri.unipd.it-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pisa" title="University of Pisa">University of Pisa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Siena" title="University of Siena">University of Siena</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">University of Rome</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etc.). Usually gowns are worn only by professors during ceremonies and, in some faculties, during graduations. After the <a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">student protests of 1968</a> many professors in many universities had stopped wearing academical gowns also in the formal occasions but since the 1990s people have started to use them again, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities faculties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bolognatoday.it_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolognatoday.it-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, also students have started to wear gowns and cap in graduation ceremonies (usually for PhD) in some universities.<sup id="cite_ref-giuri.unipd.it_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giuri.unipd.it-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bolognatoday.it_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bolognatoday.it-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gowns are traditionally all hemmed with the colours of faculty, which have some variations following the tradition of each atheneum.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the most widely used table of colours is the following<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Faculty </th> <th>Colour </th> <th>Sample </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> </td> <td style="background:black;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a> </td> <td style="background:yellow;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> </td> <td style="background:darkblue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">Maroon</a> </td> <td style="background:maroon;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilac_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac (colour)">Lilac</a> </td> <td style="background:#C8A2C8;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a> </td> <td style="background:pink;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine and Surgery</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> </td> <td style="background:red;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a> </td> <td style="background:indigo;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural science</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:green;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff7f00;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Malaysia, most public university academic gowns incorporate <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a> motifs, apart from being influenced by the academic dress system in the United Kingdom which incoporates Tudor bonnets for doctorates and mortarboard for Masters and Bachelor's Degrees holder. For instance, university chancellors who were royal heads of state usually incoporates yellow-colour academic gown to denote their royal status. Certain universities, especially <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">Universiti Teknologi MARA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Utara_Malaysia" title="Universiti Utara Malaysia">Universiti Utara Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Malaysia_Kelantan" title="Universiti Malaysia Kelantan">Universiti Malaysia Kelantan</a> includes an academic sash as academic regalia specifically for first class bachelor's degree holders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Academic dress">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At Dutch universities, academic dress does not come with a degree but with the incumbency of a professorial chair: only full, chaired professors wear the <i>toga</i> with bib and beret. The beret is usually a soft cap, square or round and made of velvet; the gown (ankle-length, open in the front), is made of wool trimmed with velvet or silk It is traditionally black, as in the robes of early-modern humanists; some universities have gowns with wide slashed sleeves edged in faculty-specific colours, others have a decorated sleeve but without specific faculty colours. Recently established universities may show a greater variety of colours. </p><p>Academic dress is only worn on ceremonial occasions: the university anniversary or <i>dies natalis</i>, inaugural lectures, and the public defence of a doctoral thesis. On such occasions, the assembled professors line up as a <i>cortège</i> headed by the university <a href="/wiki/Beadle" title="Beadle">beadle</a>, who also wears an academic gown and carries the university's mace. Male professors remove their beret when sitting down and put it on when standing up (e.g. to lecture or to address a doctoral candidate during the thesis defence). Female professors may keep the beret on at all times. </p><p>Academic dress may be completed by a chain of office (for the presiding Rector or Dean) or the insignia of honorary doctorates or royal orders (only worn at the <i>dies natalis</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>University graduates in New Zealand wear an academic gown identical to those of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a><sup id="cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and either a hood or scarf, depending on whether the graduate is receiving a degree or diploma. If the graduate is receiving a degree, a hood<sup id="cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> will be worn throughout the ceremony. If a diploma is received, the graduate will wear a diploma scarf.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hood, like the gown, is identical to that of the hood for the Cambridge Master of Arts. A Bachelor's degree hood is lined with coloured satin and bordered with white fur (the exception to this are Canterbury and Waikato University which do not line their hoods with fur). The bachelor's degree with Honours hood is lined with coloured satin and bordered with white satin. The master's degree hood has no edging. A doctoral degree recipient wears the same as a graduate receiving a master's degree, except the gown is completely silk, either black or scarlet, with the option to wear a cloth gown. A Doctoral hood is completely silk and the headdress is a black Tudor bonnet, in place of the flat-topped mortarboard worn with bachelor's and master's gowns. </p><p>Academic dress is rarely worn in New Zealand other than at formal academic events, such as by graduates and faculty at graduation ceremonies and teaching faculty at school prizegivings. Some traditional boys' high schools retain the tradition of the headmaster wearing a gown while leading assemblies. Undergraduates who live at College House at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Canterbury" title="University of Canterbury">University of Canterbury</a> must wear academic dress to dinner. </p><p>It is common for graduands to wear clothing or adornments significant to their culture at their graduation ceremony. For example, it is common to see <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori People">Māori</a> students wearing a traditional cloak known as <i>korowai</i> or <i>kakahu huruhuru</i> or <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pasifika</a> students wearing <a href="/wiki/Lavalava" title="Lavalava">lavalava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ta%27ovala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'ovala">ta'ovala</a> and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">lei</a>. </p><p>Below is a list of the general hood colours of graduates: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Faculty </th> <th>Colour </th> <th>Sample </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemon_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon (colour)">Lemon</a> </td> <td style="background:#FFF700;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Arts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a> </td> <td style="background:pink;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BBIM" class="mw-redirect" title="BBIM">BBIM</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apricot_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apricot (colour)">Apricot</a> </td> <td style="background:#FDD5B1;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Business_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Administration">Business Administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(color)" title="Burgundy (color)">Burgundy</a> </td> <td style="background:maroon;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commerce</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> </td> <td style="background:orange;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Violet</a> </td> <td style="background:violet;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper (colour)">Copper</a> </td> <td style="background:#da8a67;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emerald_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerald (color)">Emerald</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coral_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral (colour)">Coral</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:#04B404;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">Dark Violet</a> </td> <td style="background:indigo;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine Arts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (colour)">Gold</a> </td> <td style="background:gold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Human Biology </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimson" title="Crimson">Crimson</a> </td> <td style="background:crimson;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light blue (color)">Light Blue</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilac_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac (colour)">Lilac</a> </td> <td style="background:#C8A2C8;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy (colour)">Navy</a> </td> <td style="background:navy;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometry</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spring_green_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring green (color)">Blue Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#8AF591"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing Arts">Performing Arts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a> </td> <td style="background:pink;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a> </td> <td>Grey Green </td> <td style="background:#94BA97"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dark_Blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Blue (color)">Dark Blue</a> </td> <td style="background:darkblue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical Education</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olive_greens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olive greens (page does not exist)">Sage Green</a> </td> <td style="background:#6b8e23;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:green;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver (colour)">Silver</a> </td> <td style="background:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dark_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark blue (color)">Dark Blue</a> </td> <td style="background:darkBlue;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinity_(academic_discipline)" title="Divinity (academic discipline)">Divinity</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingfisher_Blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingfisher Blue (page does not exist)">Kingfisher Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variations_of_green#Forest_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Variations of green">Forest Green</a>, Violet Grey </td> <td style="background:Green;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most colleges and universities in the Philippines follow the traditional <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a>, hood and gown during graduation. </p><p>In some schools of the country, the colour of the gown corresponds to the school colour (Blue for <a href="/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran" title="Colegio de San Juan de Letran">Colegio de San Juan de Letran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_de_Manila_University" title="Ateneo de Manila University">Ateneo de Manila University</a>, Green for <a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_University" title="Far Eastern University">Far Eastern University</a>, and Red for <a href="/wiki/San_Beda_University" title="San Beda University">San Beda University</a>). </p><p>Some schools, like the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="University of Santo Tomas">University of Santo Tomas</a>, due to their Spanish heritage, follow Spanish academic attire such as the <a href="/wiki/Biretta#Academic_biretta" title="Biretta">academic biretta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozetta">mozetta</a>. The biretta and mozetta are worn by those from the Graduate School and the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery. Graduates of the Bachelors' programs wear the traditional mortarboard, hood and gown. The professors of the university wear their academic regalia during the Missa de Apertura or the Opening Mass of the Academic Year aside from Solemn Investitures (graduation ceremonies) and other academic activities. The academic colours are unique to this university as these depend on the official color of the faculty or college a student or an academe belongs into. </p><p>A unique graduation garb worn at member universities of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_System" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Philippines System">University of the Philippines System</a> is the use of the <i>Sablay</i>. The <i>Sablay</i> was inspired from the Malong of Muslim Mindanao, giving it a Filipiniana look. It features the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">baybayin</a> characters for "U" and "P".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the commencement ceremony, graduates wear the <i>Sablay</i> at the right shoulder, it is then moved to the left shoulder after the President of the university confers their degree, "similar to the moving of the tassel of the academic cap." The <i>Sablay</i> is worn over traditional Filipino attire – <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> for men and Filipiniana dress for women. The garb was first worn at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">University of the Philippines Diliman</a>. Other UP campuses followed suit.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Elementary and high school students also wear a certain kind of academic dress upon their graduation, usually a white gown and mortarboard for public schools. For private schools, the gown and mortarboard's color is at the discretion of the administration. There are several schools which make use of a hood-like design on top of their gowns which bears the school colors. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sablay4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UP Diliman graduates preparing for the march"><img alt="UP Diliman graduates preparing for the march" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sablay4.jpg/156px-Sablay4.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Sablay4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">UP Diliman</a> graduates preparing for the march</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sablay.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="UP Diliman graduation ceremonies"><img alt="UP Diliman graduation ceremonies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sablay.jpg/200px-Sablay.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sablay.jpg/300px-Sablay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sablay.jpg/400px-Sablay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Diliman" title="University of the Philippines Diliman">UP Diliman</a> graduation ceremonies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines, in full Spanish academic attire, wearing the academic biretta and the mozetta over the Dominican habit"><img alt="The Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines, in full Spanish academic attire, wearing the academic biretta and the mozetta over the Dominican habit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/132px-Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/199px-Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg/265px-Rector_Herminio_Dagohoy_of_Santo_Tomas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Rector_Magnificus_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas">Rector Magnificus of the University of Santo Tomas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, in full Spanish academic attire, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Biretta#Academic_biretta" title="Biretta">academic biretta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mozetta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozetta">mozetta</a> over the Dominican habit</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The wearing of traditional academic dress is an important feature of Polish educational ceremonies. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg/200px-Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg/300px-Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg/400px-Ryszard_Kaczorowski_21_02_2008_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_(Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png/220px-Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png/330px-Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png/440px-Retrato_do_Professor_Bissaya_Barreto_-_Jos%C3%A9_Malhoa_%28Casa-Museu_Bissaya_Barreto%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1539" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Bissaya_Barreto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Bissaya Barreto (page does not exist)">Fernando Bissaya Barreto</a> wearing academic regalia. A scholar and politician, he was the founder of <i><a href="/wiki/Portugal_dos_Pequenitos" title="Portugal dos Pequenitos">Portugal dos Pequenitos</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, Portugal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Academic dress varies from university to university. In some situations, such as in doctoral exams, the hat is not used. </p><p>In Portugal, following an ancient tradition, university regular students also use a specific dressing. The "traje académico", as it is known in Portuguese, is recognized by its almost totally black color and cape. But other student dresses did exist, including the unique blue attire of the students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Algarve" title="University of Algarve">University of Algarve</a> (UAlg) in use until at least to the 2010s.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg/220px-DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg/330px-DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg/440px-DOCTOR_OF_PHILOSOPHY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption>Academic dress for PhD in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> with description</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg/220px-MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg/330px-MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg/440px-MASTERS_DEGREE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Academic dress for Masters in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> with description</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic dress in South Africa varies from one institution to another, but generally follow UK patterns. A common distinction is for graduands in all degrees up to and including the master's degree to have black gowns, while the PhD candidate wears a scarlet gown. These days, academic dress is only used at graduation ceremonies. The wearing of traditional African attire, or modern clothes inspired by traditional attire, beneath the academic dress has been a distinct trend in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Academic dress">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg/300px-HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg/450px-HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg/600px-HonoriscausaValladolid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">Honoris causa</a></i> doctorates wearing the Spanish doctor's academic dress for Sciences at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Valladolid" title="University of Valladolid">University of Valladolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The typical Spanish academic dress has Latin origin. It has been regulated since 1850, when Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> established several rules about academic dress, according to the centuries-old Spanish custom. The typical Spanish academic dress for doctors is composed by: </p> <ul><li>A black long gown (<i>toga</i>) with a long row of buttons, made of satin and wool. It is worn over a black suit.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a> (<i>muceta</i>), whose colour depends on the academic field.</li> <li>Long cuffs (<i>puñetas</i>) of the same fabric and color than the mozetta, covered by white cotton lace. Those of the <i>Rector</i> (University president) are bright red or pink, and the lace is usually silken. The buttons are made of gold for the Rector and made of silver for the Deans.</li> <li>An octagonal, tasseled <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> (<i>birrete</i>), whose colour depends on the academic field. Tassels of doctors holding more than one degree in separate fields alternate the corresponding colors.</li> <li>White gloves.</li> <li>A ring is usually worn by doctors.</li> <li>A staff or scepter (<i>bastón</i>) made of American reed is carried by the university rector.</li> <li>Medallions are often worn by postgraduates, doctors, professors, deans and the university rector.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birrete_doctoral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Birrete_doctoral.jpg/300px-Birrete_doctoral.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Birrete_doctoral.jpg/450px-Birrete_doctoral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Birrete_doctoral.jpg/600px-Birrete_doctoral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Doctorates wearing the Spanish doctor's academic dress with colours used for the various academic fields</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proc_acade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Proc_acade.jpg/300px-Proc_acade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Proc_acade.jpg/450px-Proc_acade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Proc_acade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Academic procession at the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hern%C3%A1ndez_University_of_Elche" title="Miguel Hernández University of Elche">Miguel Hernández University of Elche</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, this academic dress is only used for the opening of the academic year and for PhD graduations or for doctorates <i><a href="/wiki/Honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris causa">honoris causa</a></i>. It is worn only by doctors, deans and the University Rector. For other graduates, the academic dress is often composed by a <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a> and a mozzetta (<i>muceta</i>) or a sash over the shoulder (<i>beca</i>) with the shield of the university and/or faculty. The colour of the mozzetta or the sash depends on the academic field. </p><p>The colours used in Spain for the various academic fields are: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Academic field </th> <th>Colour name </th> <th>Sample </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lilac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac">Lilac</a> </td> <td style="background:#c8a2c8;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a> </td> <td style="background:#c54b8c;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontology">Odontology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)" title="Fuchsia (color)">Fuchsia</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff34b3;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff2400;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">Engineering</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a> </td> <td style="background:#964b00;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Sciences">Political Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff7f00;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">Gold</a> </td> <td style="background:gold;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> </td> <td style="background:white;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterinary Medicine">Veterinary Medicine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a> </td> <td style="background:green;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sport_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport Sciences">Sport Sciences</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Light green">Light green</a> </td> <td style="background:#7cfc00;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreting">Interpreting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Teal" title="Teal">Teal</a> </td> <td style="background:#20b2aa;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sky_blue" title="Sky blue">Sky blue</a> </td> <td style="background:#add8e6;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Learning_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning Sciences">Learning Sciences</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Light_blue_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light blue (color)">Light Blue</a> </td> <td style="background:#00bfff;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences">Natural Sciences</a>, Exact Sciences </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dark_(%22Turk%22)_blue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dark ("Turk") blue (page does not exist)">Dark ("Turk") blue</a> </td> <td style="background:#0000CD;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Grey</a> </td> <td style="background:silver;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_grey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead grey (page does not exist)">Lead grey</a> </td> <td style="background:gray;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> </td> <td style="background:black;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sri Lanka, the academic dress consists of gown, hood (post-graduate) and a garland (on graduation day). Universities that were affiliated to the former <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ceylon" title="University of Ceylon">University of Ceylon</a> issue black gowns for graduates and post graduates; red gowns for masters and Phd graduates; crimson gowns for chancellors with a different colour gowns for senior academic faculty. These universities only issue <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> on the graduation day to new graduates and only issue mortar boards to chancellor, vice chancellor and registrars. Private universities issue mortar boards to graduates along with a hood in place of garland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden_and_Finland">Sweden and Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sweden and Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TFteknolog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TFteknolog.jpg/220px-TFteknolog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TFteknolog.jpg/330px-TFteknolog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/TFteknolog.jpg/440px-TFteknolog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Finnish technology student's hat from the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_University_of_Technology" title="Helsinki University of Technology">Helsinki University of Technology</a> (photograph taken on top of a mirror)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG/220px-Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG/330px-Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG/440px-Finnish_doctoral_hat.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Finnish doctoral hat for a doctor of science from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oulu" title="University of Oulu">University of Oulu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Finland and Sweden have similar traditions when it comes to academic clothing. For important academic ceremonies <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a> is usually worn, however, often with traditional headwear and gowns. Gowns are not generally used except by the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> as a symbol of office, if anyone. </p><p>The regular <a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">student cap</a> (Finnish: <i>ylioppilaslakki</i>, Swedish: <i>studentmössa</i>) usually has a white velvet crown, a black band and a black beak. The cap can be worn by anyone who has passed the <a href="/wiki/Matriculation_examination" title="Matriculation examination">matriculation examination</a> and is acceptable wear for both formal and informal academic celebrations. Technology students wear a special kind of student cap called a <i>teekkarilakki</i> (Finnish) or <i>teknologmössa</i> (Swedish). It is similar to the traditional student cap, but features a tuft and a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Cockade" title="Cockade">cockade</a> to show which university the wearer is attending. Technology students generally wear their caps more frequently, and thus the tuft often symbolizes university engineering students. Although universities have different rules regarding the use of the cap, caps are generally not awarded to students until the completion of the first year of studies. The technology student's hat may also be seen on informal occasions, being worn with the <a href="/wiki/Student_overall" class="mw-redirect" title="Student overall">student overall</a> at many universities. </p><p>In both countries many universities have <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">doctoral hats</a> for persons who have completed a PhD or similar degree. These usually resemble <a href="/wiki/Top_hats" class="mw-redirect" title="Top hats">top hats</a> and must be worn with <a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a>. Like other hats, they are not generally worn indoors, but they may be presented on a table. Events where the hat and white tie are worn include thesis defences, post-doctoral parties, ceremonial conferments of degrees, opening ceremonies and other formal ceremonies related to the university.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At some universities, a <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_ring" title="Doctoral ring">doctoral ring</a> is awarded together with the hat. In the <a href="/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman" title="Ingmar Bergman">Ingmar Bergman</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Strawberries_(film)" title="Wild Strawberries (film)">Wild Strawberries</a></i>, one scene shows the conferral of a Jubilee doctor degree on the main character at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lund" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lund">University of Lund</a>, which includes the presentation of such a hat and ring. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a> a cape and a sword are commonly worn with the doctoral hat. Students of the student organization "Limes" may also be seen wearing a black cape.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Academic dress varies from university to university in Taiwan, generally consisting of cap and gown. Its use is limited to such special occasions as <a href="/wiki/Graduation_ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduation ceremonies">graduation ceremonies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand, there are five different styles of academic dress: (1) traditional Thai, (2) traditional American, (3) French (Paris), (4) modified American, and (5) modified British. </p><p>Some universities prefer a traditional robe originated in the royal court, known as <a href="/wiki/Suea_khrui" class="mw-redirect" title="Suea khrui">suea khrui</a>. Traditionally, the robe is a one-piece open-fronted garment made with a mesh, faced and bordered with a velvet or felt band. Since the conception of <a href="/wiki/Chulalongkorn_University" title="Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn University</a>, the traditional suea khrui was adopted for their graduates. Influenced by the colour of gowns used at <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, bachelor's' and master's gown are faced and bordered with a black felt band. Meanwhile, a scarlet felt band is reserved for doctors. There are patterns upon the felt band to denote different degrees and faculties.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other universities that utilise the traditional robe might, instead of a mesh, use another kind of fabric for their dress. </p><p>Other universities in Thailand that use a traditional robe include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Fah_Luang_University" title="Mae Fah Luang University">Mae Fah Luang University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Rai" title="Chiang Rai">Chiang Rai</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_Thammathirat_Open_University" title="Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University">Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonthaburi" title="Nonthaburi">Nonthaburi</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khon_Kaen_University" title="Khon Kaen University">Khon Kaen University</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naresuan_University" title="Naresuan University">Naresuan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phitsanulok" title="Phitsanulok">Phitsanulok</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya_University" title="Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University">Mahachulalongkorn Buddhist University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya Province">Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The original addition of this information did not include a URL and I am unable to find one with the title "University Ordinance on Academic Dress, Badge and Official Dress, 2015", though I could access several other University Ordinances. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamakut_Buddhist_University" title="Mahamakut Buddhist University">Mahamakut Buddhist University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom" title="Nakhon Pathom">Nakhon Pathom</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All King Mongkut's Universities of Technology;</li> <li>Most <a href="/wiki/Rajabhat_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajabhat Universities">Rajabhat Universities</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Rajamangala_University_of_Technology" title="Rajamangala University of Technology">Rajamangala universities of technology</a>.</li></ul> <p>As a note, Mahachulalongkorn and Mahamakut Buddhist universities do not prescribe an academic dress for monks, nuns and clergymen. It is also customary that monks and ministers of religion do not wear a dress, when they are being admitted to the degree at other Thai universities. </p><p>Other universities employs academic dress of the <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States" title="Academic dress in the United States">modified American pattern</a>, with the exception at <a href="/wiki/Thammasat_University" title="Thammasat University">Thammasat University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasetsart_University" title="Kasetsart University">Kasetsart University</a>. Thammasat University employs a plain black gown with different <a href="/wiki/Epitoge" title="Epitoge">epitoge</a>, a strip of cloth worn over the left shoulder, for distinct degrees. The number of fur bands upon the epitoge indicates the degree (i.e. 3 for doctors, 2 for masters and 1 for bachelors). The hat is not worn.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasetsart University, on the other hand, retains the original American academic dress style.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For bachelors, the dress comprises a plain sleeve gown with a coloured cord around the neck. This is different from many American universities, at which a scarf is used instead of a cord. Masters' gown exactly follows the American design. The sleeve is sewn shut at the end, with a slit to free the arm. Doctors' gown also follows the American tradition. The sleeve has three velvet bars to denote the seniority. The hat is included. </p><p>Since most Thai universities do not fully understand the original American tradition, they usually use an American doctoral gown for their doctoral degree. By reducing the number of velvet bars on the sleeve, it is possible to get gowns for masters (2 bars) and bachelors (1 bar or none). Notable examples of this deviation include <a href="/wiki/Ramkhamhaeng_University" title="Ramkhamhaeng University">Ramkhamhaeng University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burapha_University" title="Burapha University">Burapha University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahidol_University" title="Mahidol University">Mahidol University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Phayao" title="University of Phayao">University of Phayao</a>. Some universities even incorporate the hood into a pattern on the gown, including <a href="/wiki/Suranaree_University_of_Technology" title="Suranaree University of Technology">Suranaree University of Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walailak_University" title="Walailak University">Walailak University</a>. This eliminates the need of additional hood. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Songkhla_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Songkhla University">Prince of Songkhla University</a> uses a gown which is heavily deviated from the original British style. Gowns for bachelors and masters are made of black stuff. Doctoral gowns are made from scarlet cloth. Instead of being open-fronted like ones in the United Kingdom and Australia, all gowns are close-fronted, probably due to the robemakers. The neckband is curved instead of being a chevron. <a href="/wiki/Silpakorn_University" title="Silpakorn University">Silpakorn University</a> mixes a modified American gown (i.e. a close-fronted black gown with different number of bars on the sleeve) with an altered version of Oxford simple hood.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tunisia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna">University of Ez-Zitouna</a> graduates wear an academic gown. Doctoral graduates in Islamic Sciences wear a jebba. In other Tunisian universities, like the medical university,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> doctoral graduates wear an academic dress. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jebba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jebba.JPG/150px-Jebba.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jebba.JPG/225px-Jebba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jebba.JPG/300px-Jebba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Tunisian Jebba</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Academic regalia in Turkey has many similarities with the academic dress traditions of the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Herman Braun-Vega Honoris Causa degree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg/220px-Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg/330px-Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg/440px-Herman_Braun-Vega_Docteur_Honoris_Causa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herman_Braun-Vega" title="Herman Braun-Vega">Herman Braun-Vega</a> receiving his <i>Honoris Causa</i> degree at the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a> University in <a href="/wiki/Isparta" title="Isparta">Isparta</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_Ireland">United Kingdom and Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom and Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic dress in the United Kingdom">Academic dress in the United Kingdom</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Academic dress of the University of Dublin">Academic dress of the University of Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_National_University_of_Ireland" title="Academic dress of the National University of Ireland">Academic dress of the National University of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OU-graduate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/OU-graduate.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="268" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>An alternative coloured gown, <a href="/wiki/The_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open University">The Open University</a>, MEd</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG/250px-Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG/375px-Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG/500px-Bishop_Andrewes_cap.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>The Bishop Andrewes cap as used for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">DDs</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is a distinction between different types of academical dress. Most recently, gowns, hoods and caps are categorised into their shape and patterns by the <a href="/wiki/Groves_classification_system" title="Groves classification system">Groves classification system</a>, which is based on Nicholas Groves' document, <i>Hood and Gown Patterns</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lists the various styles or patterns of academic dress and assigns them a code or a <a href="/wiki/Groves_Classification_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Groves Classification Number">Groves Classification Number</a>. For example, the Cambridge BA style gown is designated [b2] and a hood in the Cambridge full-shape is designated [f1], etc. Because the universities are free to design their own academicals using a wide range of available gown, hood and cap patterns, colours and materials at their and the robemaker's disposal, the academicals of two given universities rarely clash with each other. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Burgon_Society" title="Burgon Society">Burgon Society</a> was founded in 2000 to promote the study of academic dress.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its publications and activities examine the history and current use of academic dress. In 2011 it published the third edition of Shaw's reference book on British and Irish academical dress.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society hosts a conference each spring at which recent research is presented.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern gown is derived from the <i>roba</i> worn under the <i>cappa clausa</i>, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a>, and were required to wear the <i>cappa</i> or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark colour. The gowns most commonly worn, that of the clerical type gowns of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> (BA and BS) and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degrees</a> (MA and MS), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. All are traditionally made of black cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the university's colours) and the material at the back of the gown is gathered into a yoke. The Bachelor's gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the Master's gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw4-7_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw4-7-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor's gowns; the Oxford doctor's shape and the Cambridge doctor's shape. The former has bell-shaped sleeves, the latter has long open sleeves. Another rarer form is the Cambridge Doctor of Music dress gown which is a pattern between the two. The other form of doctor's gown is the undress gown. This is a black gown worn for less formal occasions such as lectures. This type of gown is rarely seen or worn nowadays as many wear the dress gown instead; however, the undress gown still plays a part in the older universities where academic dress is usually worn. </p><p>Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns;<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most common essentially a smaller knee-length version of the Bachelor's gown, or the Oxford Commoners gown which is a sleeveless lay type gown and has two streamers at the back at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Cambridge, most colleges have their own distinctive design of gown.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undergraduates at St Andrews, with the exception of theology students, commonly wear scarlet woollen gowns with velvet collars.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undergraduate gowns are seldom worn (even in institutions that prescribe them) nowadays except in the older universities. </p><p>Another form of dress, now rarely seen, is the habit, which is worn over a black gown. Only Oxford, Cambridge, Durham and Newcastle use habits and mainly reserve their use for very formal ceremonial occasions and to a specific group of academics or officials. </p><p>The hood was originally a functional garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. Hoods comprise two basic patterns: full shape or simple shape. The traditional full-shape hood consists of a cape, <a href="/wiki/Cowl" title="Cowl">cowl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liripipe" title="Liripipe">liripipe</a>, as is used at Cambridge. At Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods use simple hoods that have lost their cape and retain only the cowl and liripipe.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colour and <a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">lining</a> of hoods in academic dress represents the rank and/or faculty of the wearer.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with coloured silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with coloured silk.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faculty colours were introduced by the University of London and many universities followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Academic_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic cap">academic cap</a> or square, commonly known as the mortarboard, has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a hat consisting of a skullcap surmounted by a flat square of stiffened cloth, the board; a tassel is fixed to a button in the centre of the board. The mortarboard may also be referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Trencher_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Trencher cap">trencher cap</a> (or simply trencher). The <a href="/wiki/Tassel" title="Tassel">tassel</a> is composed of a cluster of silk threads which are wrapped together with a cord which is attached to the button affixed to the centre of the headpiece. The loose strands are allowed to fall freely over the board edge, typically falling over the left front side of the cap. Often the strands are <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">plaited</a> together to form a cord with the end threads left untied. In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft-crowned, round-brimmed headpiece known as a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">Tudor bonnet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tam_(cap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam (cap)">tam</a>, rather than a trencher. Other types of hats used, especially in some universities in the UK, are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Knox_cap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Knox cap (page does not exist)">John Knox cap</a> (mostly at Scottish universities), the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap" title="Bishop Andrewes cap">Bishop Andrewes cap</a> (a reinvention of the ancient form of the mortarboard, worn by Cambridge <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctors of Divinity</a> DD's) and the <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)#University_of_Sussex_pileus" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a> (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Officers of the universities generally wear distinctive and more elaborate dress. The <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-Chancellor">Vice-Chancellor</a> may wear a black damask lay type gown (sometimes with a long train) trimmed with gold or silver <a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">lace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">frogs</a>. They wear a velvet mortarboard, similarly trimmed with gold braid and tassel. Other than this gown, they may have other distinct forms of dress, such as the scarlet <i>cappa clausa</i> or <a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">cope</a> worn in certain circumstances by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge or his/her deputy and by higher doctors presenting candidates for degrees, which was once worn by <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctors of Divinity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past, Chancellors may also wear full court dress with breeches and court shoes like that of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> of Great Britain. </p><p>At degree ceremonies, graduands often dress in the academic dress of the degree they are about to be admitted to prior to the actual graduation ceremony. This is not the case at several of the older universities in the UK, most notably, Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews which have their own distinct traditions. </p><p>In addition to universities and colleges, a number of British professional bodies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Biology" title="Institute of Biology">Institute of Biology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> grant academic dress to their members.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States" title="Academic dress in the United States">Academic dress in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg/220px-2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg/330px-2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg/440px-2013_Columbia_University_Doctoral_Robe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Education" title="Doctor of Education">Doctor of Education</a> in doctoral regalia. The rules of academic dress in the United States were first standardized at Columbia, before spreading to <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg/220px-Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg/330px-Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg/440px-Harvard_University_Doctoral_Gown_and_Hood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="3410" /></a><figcaption>The Harvard doctoral gown and hood, which do not entirely follow the American Council on Education system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob1207b.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jacob1207b.JPG/150px-Jacob1207b.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jacob1207b.JPG/225px-Jacob1207b.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jacob1207b.JPG/300px-Jacob1207b.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>American academic dress is typically closed at the front and properly worn with the prescribed cap, as well as the hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown other items such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>Academic regalia in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia followed by most, though some institutions do not adhere to it entirely, and fewer still ignore it. Generally, academic regalia in the United States consists of a mortarboard cap affixed with a tassel, and gown worn over other clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensemble can also be adorned with an <a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">academic stole</a>—a vestment used by various organizations to denote academic achievement. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Academic_Regalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academic_Regalia.jpg/220px-Academic_Regalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academic_Regalia.jpg/330px-Academic_Regalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Academic_Regalia.jpg/440px-Academic_Regalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Academic regalia consisting of mortarboard cap, tassell, gown, and academic honors stole (Whitman College)</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of wearing academic regalia in the United States dates to the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Colleges">Colonial Colleges</a> period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students of most colonial colleges were required to wear the "college habit" at most times – a practice that lasted until the eve of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in many institutions of higher learning.<sup id="cite_ref-RegaliaOfPrinceton_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegaliaOfPrinceton-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some rare instances the practice has persisted, such as at <a href="/wiki/Sewanee:_The_University_of_the_South" title="Sewanee: The University of the South">Sewanee</a>, where members of the student honor society, along with most professors, continue to wear the gown to class.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Civil War, academic regalia was generally only worn at ceremonies or when representing the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-RegaliaOfPrinceton_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegaliaOfPrinceton-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was not, however, any standardization among the meanings behind the various costumes. In 1893, an Intercollegiate Commission made up of representatives from leading institutions and chaired by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">President of Columbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a> was created, to establish an acceptable system of academic dress. The commission met at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1895 and adopted a code of academic regalia, which prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as determined the colors which were to represent the different fields of learning.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules were soon adopted by Columbia's peer institutions, including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932 the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a> (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the council. </p><p>The committee reviewed the situation and approved a code for academic costumes that has been in effect since that year. A <i>Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies</i>, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although academic dress is now rarely worn outside <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a> ceremonies or other academic rituals such as <a href="/wiki/Encaenia" title="Encaenia">encaenia</a> in the U.S., graduation ceremonies have gained popularity and have expanded from high school graduations to middle school, elementary school and kindergarten graduation ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelors'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, though bachelor's gowns are now designed to be worn closed, and all are at least mid-calf length to ankle-length.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanGowns-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The masters' gown sleeve is <a href="/wiki/Rectangle" title="Rectangle">oblong</a> and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is square cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening, but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut <a href="/wiki/Liripipe" title="Liripipe">liripipe</a> incorporated into many academic hoods (<i>see</i>, below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanGowns-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctoral</a> robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the <a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">school's colours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanGowns-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood (<i>see</i>, below) to remain black in that case, however. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by bachelor's graduates, with the addition of three velvet bands on the sleeves and velvet facing running down the front of the gown. The Code calls for the gown trim to be either black or the colour designated for the field of study in which the doctorate was earned (see <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_in_the_United_States#Intercollegiate_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic regalia in the United States">Inter-Collegiate colors</a></i>). However, in the case of the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (PhD), although it is awarded for study in any number of fields, the dark blue velvet of philosophy is always used regardless of the particular field studied. For example, if not choosing black trim, a PhD in theology would wear velvet gown trim in dark blue, while a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Theology" title="Doctor of Theology">Doctor of Theology</a> (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim, if not choosing black. The robes have full sleeves, instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">necktie</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">cravat</a> when closed, while others take an almost cape-like form. It is designed to be worn open or closed in the front.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanGowns-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the colour to be black regardless of the colour of the robe being worn.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanHoods_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanHoods-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior lining – generally silk – displays the colours of the institution from which the wearer received the degree, in a pattern prescribed by it (usually, if more than one colour is used, <a href="/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)" title="Chevron (insignia)">chevrons</a> or equal divisions).<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsGowns_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsGowns-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the hood is <a href="/wiki/Trim_(sewing)" title="Trim (sewing)">trimmed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">velveteen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most American colleges and universities, the colour of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field – or as closely related as possible – to which the degree earned pertains (see <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_in_the_United_States#Intercollegiate_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic regalia in the United States">Inter-Collegiate colors</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanExceptions_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanExceptions-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Headwear is an important component of cap-and-gown, and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear will vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications. For caps, the mortarboard is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanCaps-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exception—velvet—is reserved for the doctor's degree only, seen in the form of a multiple-sided (4, 6, or 8) <a href="/wiki/Tam_(cap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tam (cap)">tam</a>, but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanCaps-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only colour called for is black, in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanCaps-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colours, or the colours of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national <a href="/wiki/Honor_society" title="Honor society">honour societies</a> or other awards. There is at some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation that would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanWearing_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanWearing-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The colours allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, and accepted by the American Council on Education in its <i>Academic Costume Code.</i><sup id="cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsGowns_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsGowns-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more common colours seen are that <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> is represented by white, science by golden yellow, medicine by green, law by purple, theology by scarlet, and philosophy (including all PhD degrees) by dark blue. A distinction is made in the code, which calls for a graduate to display the colour of the subject of the degree obtained, not the degree itself.<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, if a graduate is awarded a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> (BA) degree specifically in business the trimming should be drab, representing commerce/accountancy/business, rather than white, representing the broader arts/letters/humanities; the same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates. However, in 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the colour dark blue for the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree, which is awarded in any number of fields: "In the case of the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree, the dark blue colour is used to represent the mastery of the discipline of learning and scholarship in any field that is attested to by the awarding of the degree, and it is not intended to represent the field of philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of other items such as <a href="/wiki/Honor_cords" title="Honor cords">cords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">stoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aiguillette" title="Aiguillette">aiguillettes</a>, etc. representing various academic achievements or other honours are also worn at the discretion of some degree-granting institutions. Technically, however, the ACE code does not allow their use on or over academic regalia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pontifical_universities">Pontifical universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pontifical universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Academic dress for <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_university" title="Pontifical university">pontifical universities</a> tends to vary by the host country. Traditionally, for doctors of a pontifical university or faculty "the principal mark of a Doctor's dignity is the four horned biretta."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">old Code of Canon Law</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Commencement_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Commencement ceremony">commencement ceremonies</a> and other academic settings, doctors from pontifical faculties and universities had a canonical right to wear the <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">doctoral biretta</a>, as stated in can. 1378, and explained in commentary 262 of the Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> </p> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p><i>262. Doctoratus ac Scentiae effectus canonici sic recensentur can. 1378...doctoribus seu gradum academicum in una ex quatuor supradictis facultatibus <<vide 261: philosophia, theologia, ius canonicum, Sacra Scriptura>> supremum obtinentibus, rite creatis, seu promotis regulariter post examen, iuxta « statuta a Sede Apostolica probata » (can. 1376, § 2) saltem quoad usum validum « facultatis ab eadem Aplca. Sede concessae » (can. 1377, § 1), deferendi, extra sacras functiones, (quarum nomine ad hunc eflectum non-venit ex usu sacra praedicatio), nisi aliunde amplietur eis hoc ius quoad a) annulum etiam cum gemma « ipsis a iure huius canonis concessum » (can. 136, § 2), b) et biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p><i>262. The canonical effects of the doctorate and of the science are listed in can. 1378...doctors or an academic diegree in one of the four above-mentioned faculties <<See 261: philosophy, theology, canon law, Sacred Scripture>> have the highest rank, duly created, or promoted regularly after the examination, according to "appointed statutes approved by the Apostolic See" (c. 1376 §2). Granted see" (c. 1377 §1), for deferring outside sacred functions (the name of which does not come from the use of sacred preaching for this effect), unless this right may be extended to them from other sources as far as: a) a ring with a jewel "to them by the right granted under this canon" (c. 136, § 2), b) and a doctoral hat (that is, with four tips) as a badge of this degree and adorned in different colors for the Faculty. </i> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no equivalent canon in the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">current Code of Canon Law</a> promulgated in 1983, but the tradition remains. </p><p>The Sartoria Gammerelli as of August 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> offers, in line with the updated stipulations of the Pontifical Gregorian University, birettas lined with the following assorted piping and tufts depending on which faculty one is graduated from: Green for Canon Law, Red for Sacred Theology, Blue for Philosophy, and Orange for Social Sciences. Three-horned birettas are to be used by Licentiates, four-horned for Doctors. </p><p>Academic dress for the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a> graduates consists of a black toga or academic gown with trim to follow the color of the faculty, and an academic ring. For the doctoral degree a four corned <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> is to be worn, and for the Licentiate degree a three corned <a href="/wiki/Biretta" title="Biretta">biretta</a> is to be worn. See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728040858/http://www.pust.it/index.php/en/universita/233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum">Academic regalia of the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas</a>. The 'traditional' biretta at the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas" title="Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas">Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, <i>Angelicum</i></a>, is white, to correspond to the white Dominican habit.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the academic senate of the <i>Angelicum</i> in its May 2011 meeting indicated that the black biretta may be used with trim and pom in the color of the particular faculty.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A three-peaked black biretta with appropriately colored piping may be similarly used by those receiving the licentiate degree (S.T.L., Ph.L.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_procession" title="Academic procession">Academic procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">Academic stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_Society" title="Burgon Society">Burgon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress" title="Chinese academic dress">Chinese academic dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_%26_Ravenscroft" title="Ede & Ravenscroft">Ede & Ravenscroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encaenia" title="Encaenia">Encaenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">Graduation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groves_classification_system" title="Groves classification system">Groves classification system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Central_Institute_London" title="The Central Institute London">The Central Institute London</a></li></ul> <p>Academic dress details for the following universities are available via these links: </p><p><b>Canada</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University" title="Academic dress of McGill University">Academic dress of McGill University</a></li></ul> <p><b>United Kingdom and Ireland</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Academic dress of the University of Bristol">Academic dress of the University of Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Academic dress of the University of Cambridge">Academic dress of the University of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Durham_University" title="Academic dress of Durham University">Academic dress of Durham University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh">Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="Academic dress of the University of Exeter">Academic dress of the University of Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Academic dress of the University of Glasgow">Academic dress of the University of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Hertfordshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire">Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Imperial_College_London" title="Academic dress of Imperial College London">Academic dress of Imperial College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Academic dress of the University of Kent">Academic dress of the University of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London" title="Academic dress of King's College London">Academic dress of King's College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Leeds" title="Academic dress of the University of Leeds">Academic dress of the University of Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University">Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London" title="Academic dress of the University of London">Academic dress of the University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Manchester" title="Academic dress of the University of Manchester">Academic dress of the University of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Nottingham" title="Academic dress of the University of Nottingham">Academic dress of the University of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford">Academic dress of the University of Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Academic dress of the University of St Andrews">Academic dress of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales" title="Academic dress of the University of Wales">Academic dress of the University of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter">Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Warwick" title="Academic dress of the University of Warwick">Academic dress of the University of Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Academic dress of the University of Dublin">Academic dress of the University of Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland" title="Undergraduate gowns in Scotland">Undergraduate gowns in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_degree#Academic_dress" title="Lambeth degree">Lambeth degree academic dress protocol</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_La_Trobe_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of La Trobe University">Academic dress of La Trobe University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University" title="Academic regalia of Columbia University">Academic dress of Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Harvard_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of Harvard University">Academic dress of Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Stanford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of Stanford University">Academic dress of Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_University_of_Melbourne" title="Academic dress of University of Melbourne">Academic dress of University of Melbourne</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (1995), p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151114024604/http://www.reocities.com/noelcox/Introduction.htm">"Cox, N. (2000). Academical dress in New Zealand"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/noelcox/Introduction.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox%2C+N.+%282000%29.+Academical+dress+in+New+Zealand.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reocities.com%2Fnoelcox%2FIntroduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burgon.org.uk/society/robes.php">Burgon Society: Robes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195651/http://www.burgon.org.uk/society/robes.php">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519122103/http://facs.org/archives/congresshighlight.html">"History and Archives of the American College of Surgeons; Highlight of the Month October 10, 2005; The Clinical Congress: Then and Now, accessed 01/29/2008"</a>. Facs.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facs.org/archives/congresshighlight.html">the original</a> on 19 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+Archives+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons%3B+Highlight+of+the+Month+October+10%2C+2005%3B+The+Clinical+Congress%3A+Then+and+Now%2C+accessed+01%2F29%2F2008&rft.pub=Facs.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.facs.org%2Farchives%2Fcongresshighlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515070306/http://www.phildress.co.uk/london/origins.html">"Goff, pp. 13–14"</a>. Phildress.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phildress.co.uk/london/origins.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goff%2C+pp.+13%E2%80%9314&rft.pub=Phildress.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phildress.co.uk%2Flondon%2Forigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFn.wood@sheffield.ac.uk" class="citation web cs1">n.wood@sheffield.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405090210/http://www.shef.ac.uk/eventsteam/wear.html">"University of Sheffield: What should I wear?"</a>. Shef.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/eventsteam/wear.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Sheffield%3A+What+should+I+wear%3F&rft.pub=Shef.ac.uk&rft.au=n.wood%40sheffield.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Feventsteam%2Fwear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Gowns, <i>Material</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps, <i>Material</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An <a href="/wiki/Ede_%26_Ravenscroft" title="Ede & Ravenscroft">Ede & Ravenscroft</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford MA">Oxford MA</a> hood made of pure Ottoman silk will cost around £347. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.gownhire.co.uk">http://www.gownhire.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119141102/http://www.gownhire.co.uk/">Archived</a> 19 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (21 September 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The cost difference between artificial and real fur can be as much as a few hundred pounds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ede & Ravenscroft: <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Oxford_University#Doctors_of_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic dress of Oxford University">Oxford DMus</a> undress and full dress academic dress costs £2910 (undress gown: £181, hood: £409, rigid mortarboard: £80, full dress gown: £2117, velvet bonnet: £123). Information retrieved 18 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hired hoods are usually partially lined instead of fully lined when the regulations specify a fully lined hood. However, in some cases, a hood that is specified as fully lined in the regulations, in practice, is part-lined to save on materials. This is especially the case for Glasgow full-shape hoods [f9] as they are large and most of the lining may not be seen when worn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/engage/student-campus-life/academic-gowns-lockers/">"Academic Gowns, Lockers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315152615/https://www.trinity.utoronto.ca/engage/student-campus-life/academic-gowns-lockers/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Academic+Gowns%2C+Lockers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinity.utoronto.ca%2Fengage%2Fstudent-campus-life%2Facademic-gowns-lockers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, William (2004). The Regulation of Undergraduate Dress at Oxford and Cambridge, 1660–1832. <b>Burgon Society Annual</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W.N. (1963). <b>A History of Academical Dress in Europe until the End of the Eighteenth Century</b>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armagost, Robert (2009). University Uniforms: The Standardization of Academic Dress in the United States. <b>Transactions of the Burgon Society</b>, 9, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wn.de/Muenster/2012/11/Kuriose-Sammlung-im-Universitaetsarchiv-Man-traegt-wieder-Talar">"Man trägt wieder Talar"</a> (in German). Westfälische Nachrichten. 11 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215305/http://www.wn.de/Muenster/2012/11/Kuriose-Sammlung-im-Universitaetsarchiv-Man-traegt-wieder-Talar">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Man+tr%C3%A4gt+wieder+Talar&rft.pub=Westf%C3%A4lische+Nachrichten&rft.date=2012-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wn.de%2FMuenster%2F2012%2F11%2FKuriose-Sammlung-im-Universitaetsarchiv-Man-traegt-wieder-Talar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/geschichte/insignien/amtstracht">"Amtstracht des Rektors"</a>. University of Marburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011122148/https://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/geschichte/insignien/amtstracht">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtstracht+des+Rektors&rft.pub=University+of+Marburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-marburg.de%2Fprofil%2Fgeschichte%2Finsignien%2Famtstracht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tu-dresden.de/kustodie/ressourcen/dateien/folder-2004-11-04-8273223285/Rektorkette_Weber.pdf?lang=en">"Die neue Amtskette des Rektors unserer Universität"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Technische Universität Dresden. 16 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+neue+Amtskette+des+Rektors+unserer+Universit%C3%A4t&rft.pub=Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Dresden&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftu-dresden.de%2Fkustodie%2Fressourcen%2Fdateien%2Ffolder-2004-11-04-8273223285%2FRektorkette_Weber.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/geschichte/insignien/szepter_info">"Die beiden Marburger Universitätsszepter"</a> (in German). University of Marburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918084253/https://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/geschichte/insignien/szepter_info">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+beiden+Marburger+Universit%C3%A4tsszepter&rft.pub=University+of+Marburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-marburg.de%2Fprofil%2Fgeschichte%2Finsignien%2Fszepter_info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/0,1518,grossbild-162447-364924,00.html">"Famous photo of students in 1967 revolting in Hamburg in front of fully dressed scholars"</a>. Spiegel.de. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827023640/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/0,1518,grossbild-162447-364924,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+photo+of+students+in+1967+revolting+in+Hamburg+in+front+of+fully+dressed+scholars&rft.pub=Spiegel.de&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Funispiegel%2Fwunderbar%2F0%2C1518%2Cgrossbild-162447-364924%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rostock-heute.de/immatrikulation-universitat-rostock-marienkirche/14358">"Feierliche Immatrikulation an der Universität Rostock"</a> (in German). Rostock Heute. 17 October 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025746/https://www.rostock-heute.de/immatrikulation-universitat-rostock-marienkirche/14358">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tagesspiegel. 29 June 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919055103/http://www.tagesspiegel.de/berlin/schoener-feiern-mit-kette-und-talar/426658.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Thüringen Reporter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thueringen-reporter.de/23.10.2015/friedrich-schiller-universitaet-jena-begruesst-neue-studierende-mit-feierlicher-immatrikulation.htm">the original</a> on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Heidelberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917163400/https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/universitaet/geschichte/talare.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Spiegel Online. 13 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718102143/http://www.spiegel.de/unispiegel/wunderbar/0,1518,364924,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pomp%C3%B6se+Abschlussfeier%3A+Die+R%C3%BCckkehr+der+Talare&rft.pub=Spiegel+Online&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Funispiegel%2Fwunderbar%2F0%2C1518%2C364924%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/uk/pressestelle/aktuell/1/6580">"Sie können stolz auf sich sein!"</a> (in German). TU Chemnitz. 25 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918015820/https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/uk/pressestelle/aktuell/1/6580">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of Marburg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160917190116/https://www.uni-marburg.de/profil/geschichte/insignien/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Goethe University Frankfurt. 8 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921175054/http://aktuelles.uni-frankfurt.de/studium/prosaisch-bis-pompoes-absolventenfeiern-und-abschiedsrituale/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=BHU+convocation+%E2%80%93+nothing+colonial+about+it&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Flucknow%2Fbhu-convocation-nothing-colonial-about-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20130714/281663957609167/textview">"Cracking the Dress Code"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindustan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindustan Times">The Hindustan Times</a></i>. 14 July 2013. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Cracking+the+Dress+Code&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2013-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pressreader.com%2Findia%2Fhindustan-times-lucknow%2F20130714%2F281663957609167%2Ftextview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2019" class="citation web cs1">Sharma, Kritika (26 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/india/convocation-robes-out-students-will-now-wear-traditional-attire-made-of-indian-handloom/254630/">"Convocation robes out, students will now wear traditional attire 'made of Indian handloom'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ThePrint</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909142705/https://theprint.in/india/convocation-robes-out-students-will-now-wear-traditional-attire-made-of-indian-handloom/254630/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=Convocation+robes+out%2C+students+will+now+wear+traditional+attire+%27made+of+Indian+handloom%27&rft.date=2019-06-26&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Kritika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Findia%2Fconvocation-robes-out-students-will-now-wear-traditional-attire-made-of-indian-handloom%2F254630%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-university-dumps-colonial-robes-for-indian-attire-at-convocation/">"Mumbai University dumps 'colonial robes' for Indian attire at convocation"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 19 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909142708/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-university-dumps-colonial-robes-for-indian-attire-at-convocation/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ciram.unibo.it/~ruggeri/inaugurazione1.JPG">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=inaugurazione1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.ciram.unibo.it%2F~ruggeri%2Finaugurazione1.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bologna.repubblica.it/images/2010/12/17/123141060-65907856-b255-4cd7-aa52-c8c7a8309c5d.jpg">Image</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019154436/http://bologna.repubblica.it/images/2010/12/17/123141060-65907856-b255-4cd7-aa52-c8c7a8309c5d.jpg">Archived</a> 19 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> La Rpubblica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019070414/http://milano.corriere.it/vivimilano/media/foto/2006/07_Luglio/03/corteo2.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milano.corriere.it/vivimilano/media/foto/2006/07_Luglio/03/corteo2.jpg">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilano.corriere.it%2Fvivimilano%2Fmedia%2Ffoto%2F2006%2F07_Luglio%2F03%2Fcorteo2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131018101017/http://www-5.unipv.it/alumni/images/GIORNATAdelLAUREATO_banner.jpg">"University of Pavia Gloranata Laureato(Graduate day) banner"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-5.unipv.it/alumni/images/GIORNATAdelLAUREATO_banner.jpg%5B%5D">the original</a> on 18 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Pavia+Gloranata+Laureato%28Graduate+day%29+banner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-5.unipv.it%2Falumni%2Fimages%2FGIORNATAdelLAUREATO_banner.jpg%255B%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giuri.unipd.it-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-giuri.unipd.it_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-giuri.unipd.it_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019080652/http://www.giuri.unipd.it/~dottorato/S011E1EEF.2/RS2672_IMG_75321.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giuri.unipd.it/~dottorato/S011E1EEF.2/RS2672_IMG_75321.jpg">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giuri.unipd.it%2F~dottorato%2FS011E1EEF.2%2FRS2672_IMG_75321.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019102653/http://www.provincia.pd.it/uploads/images/ufficio-stampa/PAG%20INTERNE/DSCN_0592.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.provincia.pd.it/uploads/images/ufficio-stampa/PAG%20INTERNE/DSCN_0592.jpg">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.provincia.pd.it%2Fuploads%2Fimages%2Fufficio-stampa%2FPAG%2520INTERNE%2FDSCN_0592.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019080659/http://www.unipd.it/ilbo/sites/unipd.it.ilbo/files/imagecache/gallery_big/aa_media1.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unipd.it/ilbo/sites/unipd.it.ilbo/files/imagecache/gallery_big/aa_media1.jpg">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unipd.it%2Filbo%2Fsites%2Funipd.it.ilbo%2Ffiles%2Fimagecache%2Fgallery_big%2Faa_media1.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unipi.it/ateneo/comunica/cerimonie/inaugura/anno_accademico2003.htm_asc001.jpg">"Image"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019094529/http://www.unipi.it/ateneo/comunica/cerimonie/inaugura/anno_accademico2003.htm_asc001.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unipi.it%2Fateneo%2Fcomunica%2Fcerimonie%2Finaugura%2Fanno_accademico2003.htm_asc001.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8364/8269201093_b8f863d3c8_h.jpg">"Image"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122714/http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8364/8269201093_b8f863d3c8_h.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarm9.staticflickr.com%2F8364%2F8269201093_b8f863d3c8_h.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanazione.it/data/images/gallery/2012/46488/21.JPG">"Image"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019091628/http://www.lanazione.it/data/images/gallery/2012/46488/21.JPG">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanazione.it%2Fdata%2Fimages%2Fgallery%2F2012%2F46488%2F21.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019122711/http://www.panorama.it/images/foto/sapienza-rettore-4500-docenti-una-forza-se-stiamo-insieme/548495-1/SAPIENZA-RETTORE-4500-DOCENTI-UNA-FORZA-SE-STIAMO-INSIEME_h_partb.jpg">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.it/images/foto/sapienza-rettore-4500-docenti-una-forza-se-stiamo-insieme/548495-1/SAPIENZA-RETTORE-4500-DOCENTI-UNA-FORZA-SE-STIAMO-INSIEME_h_partb.jpg">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.it%2Fimages%2Ffoto%2Fsapienza-rettore-4500-docenti-una-forza-se-stiamo-insieme%2F548495-1%2FSAPIENZA-RETTORE-4500-DOCENTI-UNA-FORZA-SE-STIAMO-INSIEME_h_partb.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuestIT_s.r.l." class="citation web cs1">QuestIT s.r.l. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1996/aprile/05/Lauree_all_antica_torna_alla_co_0_9604052394.shtml">"Archivio Corriere della Sera"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022203615/http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1996/aprile/05/Lauree_all_antica_torna_alla_co_0_9604052394.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archivio+Corriere+della+Sera&rft.au=QuestIT+s.r.l.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiviostorico.corriere.it%2F1996%2Faprile%2F05%2FLauree_all_antica_torna_alla_co_0_9604052394.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolognatoday.it-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bolognatoday.it_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bolognatoday.it_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolognatoday.it/cronaca/universita-bologna-lauree-piazza-toga.html">"Unibo lauree giugno 2012: con toga in piazza Maggiore"</a>. <i>BolognaToday</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019154320/http://www.bolognatoday.it/cronaca/universita-bologna-lauree-piazza-toga.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BolognaToday&rft.atitle=Unibo+lauree+giugno+2012%3A+con+toga+in+piazza+Maggiore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolognatoday.it%2Fcronaca%2Funiversita-bologna-lauree-piazza-toga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viasarfatti25.unibocconi.it/stampa.php?idArt=3082">"Toga e tocco per i nuovi laureati"</a>. <i>www.viasarfatti25.unibocconi.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504194241/http://www.viasarfatti25.unibocconi.it/stampa.php?idArt=3082">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.viasarfatti25.unibocconi.it&rft.atitle=Toga+e+tocco+per+i+nuovi+laureati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.viasarfatti25.unibocconi.it%2Fstampa.php%3FidArt%3D3082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022050042/http://piacenza.unicatt.it/eventi/festa-di-laurea-2012-12520">"Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore - Festa di Laurea 2012"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piacenza.unicatt.it/eventi/festa-di-laurea-2012-12520">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A0+Cattolica+del+Sacro+Cuore+-+Festa+di+Laurea+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiacenza.unicatt.it%2Feventi%2Ffesta-di-laurea-2012-12520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019092735/http://www.unisinforma.net/w2d3/v3/view/unisinforma/news/notizie--3659/index.html">"..:::: Unisinforma ::::."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unisinforma.net/w2d3/v3/view/unisinforma/news/notizie--3659/index.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=..%3A%3A%3A%3A+Unisinforma+%3A%3A%3A%3A..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unisinforma.net%2Fw2d3%2Fv3%2Fview%2Funisinforma%2Fnews%2Fnotizie--3659%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018032614/http://comefare.com/come-scegliere-i-colori-giusti-per-la-laurea/">"Come scegliere i colori giusti per la laurea"</a>. <i>Come Fare</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comefare.com/come-scegliere-i-colori-giusti-per-la-laurea/">the original</a> on 18 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Come+Fare&rft.atitle=Come+scegliere+i+colori+giusti+per+la+laurea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomefare.com%2Fcome-scegliere-i-colori-giusti-per-la-laurea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auckland.ac.nz-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auckland.ac.nz_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/cs-what-to-wear-to-graduation#s2c4">"What to wear to graduation – The University of Auckland"</a>. Auckland.ac.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608093848/http://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/cs-what-to-wear-to-graduation#s2c4">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+wear+to+graduation+%E2%80%93+The+University+of+Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland.ac.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auckland.ac.nz%2Fuoa%2Fcs-what-to-wear-to-graduation%23s2c4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/cs-what-to-wear-to-graduation#s2c5">"What to wear to graduation – The University of Auckland"</a>. Auckland.ac.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130608093848/http://www.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/cs-what-to-wear-to-graduation#s2c5">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+wear+to+graduation+%E2%80%93+The+University+of+Auckland&rft.pub=Auckland.ac.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auckland.ac.nz%2Fuoa%2Fcs-what-to-wear-to-graduation%23s2c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alumni.otago.ac.nz/Page.aspx?pid=314">"Alumni & Friends – University of Otago – University of Otago"</a>. Alumni.otago.ac.nz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304011527/http://www.alumni.otago.ac.nz/Page.aspx?pid=314">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alumni+%26+Friends+%E2%80%93+University+of+Otago+%E2%80%93+University+of+Otago&rft.pub=Alumni.otago.ac.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alumni.otago.ac.nz%2FPage.aspx%3Fpid%3D314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/?p=761">"UP Sablay"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209225426/https://ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/?p=761">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UP+Sablay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovcrd.upd.edu.ph%2F%3Fp%3D761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filipe da Silva encabeça lista candidata à Associação Académica da UAlg, Sul Informação (16 November 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.sulinformacao.pt/2012/11/filipe-da-silva-encabeca-lista-candidata-a-associacao-academica-da-ualg/">https://www.sulinformacao.pt/2012/11/filipe-da-silva-encabeca-lista-candidata-a-associacao-academica-da-ualg/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190919/https://www.sulinformacao.pt/2012/11/filipe-da-silva-encabeca-lista-candidata-a-associacao-academica-da-ualg/">Archived</a> 5 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirkka Lassila, 1990. <i>Uusi käytöksen kultainen kirja</i>. Suuri Suomalainen Kirjakerho, Helsinki. Page 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914153957/http://www.limes.fi/fi/jarjesto/tiedostot/cat_view/41-viralliset-asiat.html">"Tiedostot | Viralliset asiat"</a>. Limes.fi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.limes.fi/fi/jarjesto/tiedostot/cat_view/41-viralliset-asiat.html">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tiedostot+%26%23124%3B+Viralliset+asiat&rft.pub=Limes.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.limes.fi%2Ffi%2Fjarjesto%2Ftiedostot%2Fcat_view%2F41-viralliset-asiat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502140116/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2553/E/052/20.PDF">"University Calendar on Academic Dress, 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Chulalongkorn University</i>. Royal Thai Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2553/E/052/20.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chulalongkorn+University&rft.atitle=University+Calendar+on+Academic+Dress%2C+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2553%2FE%2F052%2F20.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222007/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/00123168.PDF">"University Ordinance on the Official and Academic Dress, 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mae Fah Luang University</i>. Royal Thai Government Gazette. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/00123168.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mae+Fah+Luang+University&rft.atitle=University+Ordinance+on+the+Official+and+Academic+Dress%2C+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F00123168.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stou.ac.th/thai/grad_stdy/master/index.htm">"University Calendar"</a>. <i>Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University</i>. STOU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209050231/https://www.stou.ac.th/thai/grad_stdy/master/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sukhothai+Thammathirat+Open+University&rft.atitle=University+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stou.ac.th%2Fthai%2Fgrad_stdy%2Fmaster%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111845/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2560/E/134/39.PDF">"Khon Kaen University's Ordinance on Academic and Official Dress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Khon Kaen University</i>. Royal Thai Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2560/E/134/39.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khon+Kaen+University&rft.atitle=Khon+Kaen+University%27s+Ordinance+on+Academic+and+Official+Dress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2560%2FE%2F134%2F39.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230626/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2550/A/102/12.PDF">"By-law on Academic Dress, Academic Badge and Degrees of Naresuan University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Naresuan University</i>. Royal Thai Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2550/A/102/12.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naresuan+University&rft.atitle=By-law+on+Academic+Dress%2C+Academic+Badge+and+Degrees+of+Naresuan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2550%2FA%2F102%2F12.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssc.mbu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3.%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A8.-2563.pdf">"Graduate Manual for the Graduation Ceremony"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mahamakut Buddhist University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714143357/http://ssc.mbu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95-%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3.%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A8.-2563.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mahamakut+Buddhist+University&rft.atitle=Graduate+Manual+for+the+Graduation+Ceremony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssc.mbu.ac.th%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2F%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B9%25E0%25B9%2588%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B7%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%259A%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2593%25E0%25B8%2591%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%2595-%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A3.%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B8%25A8.-2563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713201126/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2558/E/347/33.PDF">"Ordinance on the Academic Dress and Academic Badge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thammasat University</i>. Royal Thai Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2558/E/347/33.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thammasat+University&rft.atitle=Ordinance+on+the+Academic+Dress+and+Academic+Badge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2558%2FE%2F347%2F33.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713201125/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2550/A/016/22.PDF">"By-law on the Academic Dress and Degrees, Kasetsart University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kasetsart University</i>. Royal Thai Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2550/A/016/22.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kasetsart+University&rft.atitle=By-law+on+the+Academic+Dress+and+Degrees%2C+Kasetsart+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th%2FDATA%2FPDF%2F2550%2FA%2F016%2F22.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graduate.su.ac.th/images/pdf/info/manu_2559.pdf">"Graduation Ceremony Manual, Silpakorn University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718135751/http://www.graduate.su.ac.th/images/pdf/info/manu_2559.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Graduation+Ceremony+Manual%2C+Silpakorn+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.graduate.su.ac.th%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2Finfo%2Fmanu_2559.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Burgon Society: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burgon.org.uk/design/groves.php">The Design of Academical Dress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223213337/http://www.burgon.org.uk/design/groves.php">Archived</a> 23 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (6 May 2007) Classification of Styles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burgon.org.uk/society/index.php">Burgon Society: Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522203826/http://www.burgon.org.uk/society/index.php">Archived</a> 22 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2 November 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groves, Nicholas. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shepherd+%26+Woodward%3A+Oxford+University+student+gowns&rft.pub=Shepherdandwoodward.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shepherdandwoodward.co.uk%2Facatalog%2FOxford_University_Student_Gowns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305071759/http://www.srcf.ucam.org/cucags/spotter.htm">"CU Cap & Gown Society: Gown-spotter's guide"</a>. Srcf.ucam.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CU+Cap+%26+Gown+Society%3A+Gown-spotter%27s+guide&rft.pub=Srcf.ucam.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srcf.ucam.org%2Fcucags%2Fspotter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118152738/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/capod/staff/resourcesfornewstaff/universityintroduction/studentsatstandrews/universityofstandrewstraditions/traditionalredgowns/">"Traditional red gowns | University of St Andrews"</a>. <i>www.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/capod/staff/resourcesfornewstaff/universityintroduction/studentsatstandrews/universityofstandrewstraditions/traditionalredgowns/">the original</a> on 18 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Traditional+red+gowns+%26%23124%3B+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fcapod%2Fstaff%2Fresourcesfornewstaff%2Funiversityintroduction%2Fstudentsatstandrews%2Funiversityofstandrewstraditions%2Ftraditionalredgowns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Burgon Annual 2003</i> (2004); pp. 18–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groves (2008), <i>Hood Key</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (1995); p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Burgon Transactions</i> vol. 5 (2006); pp. 80–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goff; pp.22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw (1966); pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827054227/http://www.burgon.org.uk/practice/regs/other.php">"Regulations for other Institutions and Societies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burgon_Society" title="Burgon Society">Burgon Society</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+for+other+Institutions+and+Societies&rft.pub=Burgon+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burgon.org.uk%2Fpractice%2Fregs%2Fother.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaugherty2023" class="citation web cs1">Daugherty, Greg (5 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/graduation-traditions-pomp-and-circumstance-cap-and-gown">"The History Behind 'Pomp & Circumstance' and 8 Other Graduation Traditions"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+History+Behind+%27Pomp+%26+Circumstance%27+and+8+Other+Graduation+Traditions&rft.date=2023-05-05&rft.aulast=Daugherty&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fgraduation-traditions-pomp-and-circumstance-cap-and-gown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Historical Overview</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RegaliaOfPrinceton-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RegaliaOfPrinceton_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RegaliaOfPrinceton_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smagorinsky. <i>The Regalia of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accoutrements of Academia</i>. Page 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529201410/http://www.sewanee.edu/og/about">"About – The Order of Gownsmen – Sewanee :: The University of the South"</a>. Sewanee.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sewanee.edu/og/about">the original</a> on 29 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%E2%80%93+The+Order+of+Gownsmen+%E2%80%93+Sewanee+%3A%3A+The+University+of+the+South&rft.pub=Sewanee.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sewanee.edu%2Fog%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Times. "Gowns for College Men; Academic Costumes in American Universities (1896): Plan to Secure a Uniform Practice in the Use of the Caps and Gowns in This Country So that the Degree of the Wearer, the Faculty Under Whom It Was Obtained, and the Institution Conferring It May Be Readily Seen." Sunday, 26 April 1896.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8_mAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA554"><i>Columbia Alumni News</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kindergarten+graduation+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Rhymeuniversity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhymeuniversity.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanGowns-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanGowns_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Gowns</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanHoods-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SullivanHoods_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Hoods</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsGowns-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsGowns_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsGowns_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Hoods</i>;<i>Linings</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanTrimmingsHoods-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanTrimmingsHoods_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Hoods</i>; <i>Trimmings</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Additional Guidance on Costume</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanExceptions-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SullivanExceptions_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Some Permissible Exceptions</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanCaps-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SullivanCaps_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Caps</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SullivanWearing-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SullivanWearing_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, <i>Wearing the Costume</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Abel Nainfa, Costume of Prelates of The Catholic Church: According To Roman Etiquette, 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682"> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="la" class="poem"> <p>Codex Iuris Canonici, 1917, can. 1378; Commentarium Textus Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1923, comm. 262: Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici, 1922, Liber III, Pars IV, Tit. XXII, 262<i></i> </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>Code of Canon Law, 1917, can. 1378; Commentary on the Text of the Code of Canon Law, 1923, comm. 262: Commentary of the Code of Canon Law, 1922, Book III, Part IV, Tit. XXII, 262 <i></i> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpapabear2008" class="citation web cs1">papabear (26 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantate-domino.blogspot.com/2008/04/some-info-on-academic-birettas-and-such.html">"The New Beginning"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813035653/http://cantate-domino.blogspot.com/2008/04/some-info-on-academic-birettas-and-such.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Beginning&rft.date=2008-04-26&rft.au=papabear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcantate-domino.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F04%2Fsome-info-on-academic-birettas-and-such.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728040858/http://www.pust.it/index.php/en/universita/233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum">"Ring, Biretta and Gown for Graduates"</a>. Pust.it. 15 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pust.it/index.php/en/universita/233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum">the original</a> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ring%2C+Biretta+and+Gown+for+Graduates&rft.pub=Pust.it&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pust.it%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Funiversita%2F233-vesti-accademiche-laureati-dellangelicum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcademic+dress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li>Christianson, Bruce (2006), "Academic Dress in the University of Hertfordshire". Hertfordshire, England: University of Hertfordshire. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/190531339X" title="Special:BookSources/190531339X">190531339X</a></li> <li>Fowler, J. T. (1904), <i>Durham University: earlier foundations and present colleges</i>. London: F. E. Robinson & Co.</li> <li>Goff, Philip (1999), <i>University of London Academic Dress</i>. London: University of London Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7187-1608-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7187-1608-6">0-7187-1608-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)" title="George Shaw (academic dress scholar)">Shaw, George W.</a> (1966, 1995), <i>Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities</i>. Chichlester: Philmore & Co. Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-974-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-974-X">0-85033-974-X</a></li> <li>Groves, Nicholas (2011), <i>Shaw's Academical Dress of Great Britain and Ireland</i>, 3rd ed. London: Burgon Society.</li> <li>Groves, Nicholas (2002, 2003, 2008, 2010), <i>Key to the Identification of Academic Hoods of the British Isles</i>. London: Burgon Society.</li> <li>Groves, Nicholas; Kersey, John (2002), <i>Academical Dress of Music Colleges and Societies of Musicians in the United Kingdom</i>. Norfolk: Burgon Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544110-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544110-0-5">0-9544110-0-5</a></li> <li>Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W.N. (1963), <i>A History of Academical Dress in Europe</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Venables, J. (2009), <i>Academic Dress of the University of Oxford</i>, 9th ed. Oxford: Shepherd & Woodward. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9521630-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9521630-0-4">0-9521630-0-4</a></li> <li>Cox, Noel, <i>Academical Dress in New Zealand: A Study</i> (<a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Publishing">V.D.M. Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. K.G.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, 2010; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-639-29927-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-639-29927-4">978-3-639-29927-4</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2004), <i>The Burgon Society Annual 2003</i>.</li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2005), <i>The Burgon Society Annual 2004</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544110-6-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544110-6-4">0-9544110-6-4</a></li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2006), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 5</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544110-7-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544110-7-2">0-9544110-7-2</a></li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 6</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9544110-8-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-9544110-8-0">0-9544110-8-0</a></li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 7</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9544110-5-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9544110-5-3">978-0-9544110-5-3</a></li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2009), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 8</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-1-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-1-1">978-0-9561272-1-1</a></li> <li>Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2012), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 10</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-6-6">978-0-9561272-6-6</a></li> <li>Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2002), <i>The Burgon Society Annual 2001</i>.</li> <li>Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2003), <i>The Burgon Society Annual 2002</i>.</li> <li>Wolgast, Stephen L., Kerr, Alex (eds) et al. (2011), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 9 – Special North American issue</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-4-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9561272-4-2">978-0-9561272-4-2</a></li> <li>Wolgast, Stephen L. (ed.) et al. (2012), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 11</i>.</li> <li>Wolgast, Stephen L. (ed.) et al. (2013), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 12</i>.</li> <li>Wolgast, Stephen L. (ed.) et al. (2014), <i>Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 13</i>.</li></ul> <p><b>Electronic</b> </p> <ul><li>Sullivan, Eugene (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309044543/http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=22417"><i>An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide</i></a>, American Council on Education. Reprinted with permission from <i>American Universities and Colleges</i>, 15th Edition (1997). Walter de Gruyter, Inc.</li> <li>Smagorinsky, Margaret. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521175636/http://tigernet.princeton.edu/~ptoniana/regalia.pdf">The REGALIA of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia</a></i>. The Trustees of Princeton University (Printed by Office of Printing and Mailing), 1994. Accessed 26 September 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>American Council on Education staff (1997). <i>American Universities and Colleges</i>, 15th Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98745-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98745-0">0-275-98745-0</a></li> <li>Belting, Natalia Maree (1956), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofcapsgow00belt"><i>The History of Caps and Gowns</i></a>, New York : Collegiate Cap & Gown Co. via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklyn" title="Charles Franklyn">Franklyn, C.A.H.</a> (1970), <i>Academical Dress from the Middle Ages to the Present Day Including Lambeth Degrees</i>. Lewes: WE Baxter.</li> <li>Haycraft, F.W. (1948), 4th ed. rev. Stringer, E.W Scobie, <i>The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges</i>. Cheshunt Press.</li> <li>Rashdall, H. (1895, 1936), <i>The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li>Rogers, F.R.S., <a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklyn" title="Charles Franklyn">Franklyn, C.A.H.</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)" title="George Shaw (academic dress scholar)">Shaw, G.W.</a>, Boyd, H.A. (1972), <i>The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges</i>. Lewes: WE Baxter.</li> <li>Smith, H.H., Sheard, K. (1970), <i>Academic Dress and Insignia of the World</i>. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema.</li> <li>Wood, T.W. (1882), <i>The Degrees, Gowns and Hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American Universities and Colleges</i>. London: Thomas Pratt & Sons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Academic_dress&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference/timestopics/subjects/a/academic_dress/index.html">"Academic Dress" mini portal</a> – A list of internet resources compiled by <i>The New York Times</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309044543/http://www.acenet.edu/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Search&template=%2FCM%2FHTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=22417">Academic Costume Code and Ceremony Guide</a> from <i>American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition,</i> by Eugene Sullivan.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_dress" title="Template:Academic dress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academic_dress" title="Template talk:Academic dress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academic_dress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academic dress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academic_dress" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Academic dress</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groves_classification_system" title="Groves classification system">Groves classification system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Headwear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Andrewes_cap" title="Bishop Andrewes cap">Bishop Andrewes cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biretta#Academic_biretta" title="Biretta">Biretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couleur" title="Couleur">Couleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_hat" title="Doctoral hat">Doctoral hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faluche" title="Faluche">Faluche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_academic_cap" title="Square academic cap">Square academic cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_cap" title="Student cap">Student cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_bonnet" title="Tudor bonnet">Tudor bonnet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowl" title="Cowl">Cowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitoge" title="Epitoge">Epitoge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liripipe" title="Liripipe">Liripipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_stole" title="Academic stole">Stole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gowns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cope" title="Cope">Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">Gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrui" title="Khrui">Khrui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_ring" title="Doctoral ring">Doctoral ring</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sub_fusc#Subfusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub fusc">Sub fusc</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/70px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG" decoding="async" width="70" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/105px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG/140px-ICC_Master_Gown_and_Hood.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Beaton" title="Cecil Beaton">Cecil Beaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgon" title="John Burgon">John Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Franklyn" title="Charles Franklyn">Charles Franklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Hargreaves-Mawdsley" title="Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley">Norman Hargreaves-Mawdsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shaw_(academic_dress_scholar)" title="George Shaw (academic dress scholar)">George Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_University_of_Melbourne" title="Academic dress of University of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Royal_Melbourne_Institute_of_Technology" title="Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology">Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Tasmania" title="Academic dress of the University of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_McGill_University" title="Academic dress of McGill University">McGill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Academic dress of the University of Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_National_University_of_Ireland" title="Academic dress of the National University of Ireland">National</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Santo_Tomas" title="Academic dress of the University of Santo Tomas">Santo Tomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Chulalongkorn_University" title="Academic dress of Chulalongkorn University">Chulalongkorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Academic dress in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England and Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Bristol" title="Academic dress of the University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Academic dress of the University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Durham_University" title="Academic dress of Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Exeter" title="Academic dress of the University of Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Imperial_College_London" title="Academic dress of Imperial College London">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Kent" title="Academic dress of the University of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Leeds" title="Academic dress of the University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Academic dress of Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_London" title="Academic dress of the University of London">London</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_King%27s_College_London" title="Academic dress of King's College London">King's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Manchester" title="Academic dress of the University of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Nottingham" title="Academic dress of the University of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Academic dress of the University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Wales" title="Academic dress of the University of Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Warwick" title="Academic dress of the University of Warwick">Warwick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh" title="Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Academic dress of the University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_Robert_Gordon_University" title="Academic dress of the Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Academic dress of the University of St Andrews">St Andrews</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland" title="Undergraduate gowns in Scotland">Undergraduate gowns</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_in_the_United_States" title="Academic dress in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Columbia_University" title="Academic regalia of Columbia University">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Harvard_University" title="Academic regalia of Harvard University">Harvard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_regalia_of_Stanford_University" title="Academic regalia of Stanford University">Stanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_academic_dress" title="Chinese academic dress">China</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robe_universitaire_en_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Robe universitaire en France">France</a></li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indumentaria_universitaria_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Indumentaria universitaria en España">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgon_Society" title="Burgon Society">The Burgon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_scarf" title="Academic scarf">Academic scarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_cords" title="Honor cords">Honor cords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal dress">Legal dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxe" title="Praxe">Praxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_dress" title="Category:Academic dress">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing" title="Template:Clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing" title="Template talk:Clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_technology" title="Clothing technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_terminology" title="Clothing terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">knit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">Kerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neckwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckwear">Neckwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">Choker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">Neckerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter" title="Neck gaiter">Neck gaiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">Necktie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper_tie" title="Kipper tie">kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_tie" title="School tie">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_tie" title="Stock tie">stock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">Blouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur" title="Cache-cœur">cache-cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halterneck" title="Halterneck">halterneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_top" title="Tube top">tube top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_jersey" title="Cycling jersey">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">Shirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shirt" title="Dress shirt">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_shirt" title="Henley shirt">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt" title="Sleeveless shirt">sleeveless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_neck" title="Crew neck">crew neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">Sweater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)" title="Cardigan (sweater)">cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)" title="Guernsey (clothing)">guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodie" title="Hoodie">hoodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey (clothing)">jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_neck" title="Polo neck">polo neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)" title="Shrug (clothing)">shrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinset" title="Twinset">twinset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">Waistcoat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_pants" title="Bondage pants">Bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_pants" title="Capri pants">Capri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_pants" title="Cargo pants">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_trousers" title="Formal trousers">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants" title="Go-to-hell pants">Go-to-hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)" title="High-rise (fashion)">High water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)" title="Low-rise (fashion)">Lowrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpurs" title="Jodhpurs">Jodhpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overalls" title="Overalls">Overalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_pants" title="Palazzo pants">Palazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_pants" title="Parachute pants">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">Phat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorts" title="Shorts">Shorts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_shorts" title="Dolphin shorts">dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gym_shorts" title="Gym shorts">gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_shorts" title="Running shorts">running</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants" title="Slim-fit pants">Slim-fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatpants" title="Sweatpants">Sweatpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpants" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpants">Windpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-line_(clothing)" title="A-line (clothing)">A-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_skirt" title="Ballerina skirt">Ballerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim_skirt" title="Denim skirt">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_skirts" title="Men's skirts">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_skirt" title="Pencil skirt">Pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie skirt">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt" title="Rah-rah skirt">Rah-rah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skort" title="Skort">Skort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)" title="Tutu (clothing)">Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)" title="Wrap (clothing)">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suits</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial dress</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpuri" title="Jodhpuri">Jodhpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">Jumpsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">boilersuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_suit" title="Cleanroom suit">cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)" title="Scrubs (clothing)">scrubs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal, semi-<br />formal, informal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backless_dress" title="Backless dress">Backless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouffant_gown" title="Bouffant gown">Bouffant gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatdress" title="Coatdress">Coatdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">debutante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_dress" title="Prairie dress">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_line" title="Princess line">Princess line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapless_dress" title="Strapless dress">Strapless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_dress" title="Wrap dress">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Casual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dress" title="House dress">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumper_(dress)" title="Jumper (dress)">Jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romper_suit" title="Romper suit">Romper suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheath_dress" title="Sheath dress">Sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirtdress" title="Shirtdress">Shirtdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_dress" title="Slip dress">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundress" title="Sundress">Sundress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coat" title="Coat">Coats</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Overcoats" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">Overcoats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_coat" title="Chesterfield coat">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_coat" title="Covert coat">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel_coat" title="Duffel coat">Duffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Warm" title="British Warm">British Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guards_Coat" title="Guards Coat">Guards Coat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greca_(clothing)" title="Greca (clothing)">Greca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Over-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_coat" title="Riding coat">Riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">shadbelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paletot" title="Paletot">Paletot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_coat" title="Pea coat">Pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_coat" title="Polo coat">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raincoat" title="Raincoat">Raincoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh" title="Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suit coats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_jacket" title="Mess jacket">Mess jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_jacket" title="Suit jacket">Suit jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_coat" title="Sport coat">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teba_jacket" title="Teba jacket">Teba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailcoat" title="Tailcoat">Tailcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat" title="White tie">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat" title="Morning dress">morning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Apron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinafore" title="Pinafore">pinafore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blouson" title="Blouson">Blouson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagoule" title="Cagoule">Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape" title="Cape">Cape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)" title="Mantle (monastic vesture)">monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)" title="Mantle (royal garment)">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrina" title="Pellegrina">pellegrina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">Coatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off" title="Cut-off">Cut-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilet" title="Gilet">Gilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">Jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_jacket" title="Down jacket">down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggle_jacket" title="Goggle jacket">goggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_jacket" title="Safari jacket">safari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerkin (garment)">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">Parka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">Robe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathrobe" title="Bathrobe">bathrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_gown" title="Dressing gown">dressing gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_suit" title="Ski suit">Ski suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeved_blanket" title="Sleeved blanket">Sleeved blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreaker" title="Windbreaker">Windbreaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwear" title="Underwear">Underwear</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">Bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisole" title="Camisole">Camisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undershirt" title="Undershirt">Undershirt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_pants" title="Training pants">Training pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggings" title="Leggings">Leggings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panties" title="Panties">Panties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pants" title="Plastic pants">Plastic pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underpants" title="Underpants">Underpants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_briefs" title="Boxer briefs">boxer briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_shorts" title="Boxer shorts">boxer shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briefs" title="Briefs">briefs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodysuit" title="Bodysuit">Bodysuit, adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bodysuit" title="Infant bodysuit">Bodysuit, infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_underwear" title="Long underwear">Long underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">See-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(garment)" title="Teddy (garment)">Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">Babydoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babygrow" title="Babygrow">Babygrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_sleeper" title="Blanket sleeper">Blanket sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligee" title="Negligee">Negligee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightgown" title="Nightgown">Nightgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshirt" title="Nightshirt">Nightshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pajamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">Swimwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">Burkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boardshorts" title="Boardshorts">Boardshorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokini" title="Monokini">Monokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit" title="One-piece swimsuit">One-piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_guard" title="Rash guard">Rash guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swimsuit" title="Sling swimsuit">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_leg_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Square leg suit">Square leg suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_briefs" title="Swim briefs">Swim briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunks (clothing)">Trunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">Legwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-ups" title="Hold-ups">Hold-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">Boot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_boot" title="Dress boot">Dress boot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">Shoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shoe" title="Dress shoe">Dress shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_shoe" title="Court shoe">Court shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneaker">Sneaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">Slipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adornments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">Armband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re" title="Boutonnière">Boutonnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_purse" title="Coin purse">Coin purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">Cummerbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Glasses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">Sunglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">Headband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_protector" title="Pocket protector">Pocket protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">Spats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">Suspenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-worn items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Hand fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made-to-measure" title="Made-to-measure">made-to-measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur" title="List of types of fur">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursuit" title="Fursuit">Fursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses" title="List of individual dresses">List of individual dresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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