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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaston Eyskens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Гастон Ейскенс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гастон Ейскенс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3" title="گاستون ایسکنس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاستون ایسکنس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%B5_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EC%BB%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="가스통 에이스컨스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가스통 에이스컨스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasto_Eyskens" title="Gasto Eyskens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gasto Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="جاستون ايسكينس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاستون ايسكينس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%97%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အိုက်စကင်းစ်၊ ဗစ္စကောင့် ဂက်စတန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုက်စကင်းစ်၊ ဗစ္စကောင့် ဂက်စတန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эйскенс, Гастон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эйскенс, Гастон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaston Eyskens" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Гастон Ейскенс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гастон Ейскенс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14999#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 June 1968 – 26 January 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants" title="Paul Vanden Boeynants">Paul Vanden Boeynants</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Leburton" title="Edmond Leburton">Edmond Leburton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />26 June 1958 – 25 April 1961</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_I_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudouin I of Belgium">Baudouin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Achille Van Acker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Théo Lefèvre">Théo Lefèvre</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 August 1949 – 8 June 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart" title="Jean Duvieusart">Jean Duvieusart</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1905-04-01</span>)</span>1 April 1905<br /><a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lier, Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1988<span style="display:none">(1988-01-03)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Belgium,_defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)">Christian Social Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Gilberte Depetter</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaston François Marie, Viscount Eyskens</b> (1 April 1905 – 3 January 1988) was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> politician and <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Belgium">prime minister of Belgium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also an economist and member of the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Party_(Belgium,_defunct)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct)">Christian Social Party</a> (CVP-PSC).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served three terms as the prime minister of Belgium, holding the position from 1949 to 1950, 1958 to 1961 and 1968 to 1973. During his periods in office, Eyskens was confronted with major ideological and linguistic conflicts within Belgium including the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Question">Royal Question</a> in 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Second_School_War" title="Second School War">School War</a> in 1958, the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> in 1960 and the split of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">University of Leuven</a> in 1970. He oversaw the first steps towards the federalization of Belgium (constitutional reform of 1970). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyskens was born in <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Belgium" title="Lier, Belgium">Lier</a>, the son of Antonius Franciscus Eyskens (1875–1948) and Maria Voeten (1872–1960). On 10 August 1931 he married Gilberte Depetter (1902–1981),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with whom he had two sons: Erik Eyskens (Leuven 20 July 1935 – Antwerpen 31 August 2008) and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Eyskens" title="Mark Eyskens">Mark Eyskens</a>. His son Mark also became Prime Minister, serving from 6 April 1981 to 17 December 1981. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eyskens studied at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a> where he gained a master and doctorate degree. In 1927 he became <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. In 1931 Eyskens became a professor at the University of Leuven. He later became <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> of the economics <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculty</a>. He also served on the board of <a href="/wiki/Lovanium_University" title="Lovanium University">Lovanium University</a> in the Congo. </p><p>Eyskens was made <a href="/wiki/Doctor_honoris_causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor honoris causa">doctor honoris causa</a> by Columbia University, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_career">Political career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg/220px-Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg/330px-Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Prof._dr._G._Eyskens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Gaston Eyskens</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early 1930s Eyskens was chief of staff of CVP ministers <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Rubbens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmond Rubbens (page does not exist)">Edmond Rubbens</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Van_Isacker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Van Isacker (page does not exist)">Philip Van Isacker</a>. <a href="/wiki/1939_Belgian_general_election" title="1939 Belgian general election">In 1939</a> Eyskens was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Chamber_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Chamber of Representatives">Belgian Chamber of Representatives</a>. He was steadily re-elected (<a href="/wiki/1946_Belgian_general_election" title="1946 Belgian general election">in 1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/1949_Belgian_general_election" title="1949 Belgian general election">1949</a>, <a href="/wiki/1950_Belgian_general_election" title="1950 Belgian general election">1950</a>, <a href="/wiki/1954_Belgian_general_election" title="1954 Belgian general election">1954</a>, <a href="/wiki/1958_Belgian_general_election" title="1958 Belgian general election">1958</a> and <a href="/wiki/1961_Belgian_general_election" title="1961 Belgian general election">1961</a>) and served until 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945 and between 1947 and 1949 he was <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Belgium)" title="Minister of Finance (Belgium)">Minister of Finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 August 1949 he became Prime Minister of Belgium in a coalition (Eyskens I) between Christian-democrats and liberals. His cabinet fell in June 1950 over the constitutional crisis caused by King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a>'s actions during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. In the short lived government of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart" title="Jean Duvieusart">Jean Duvieusart</a> (June–August 1950) Eyskens was Minister of Economic Affairs. </p><p>Between 26 June 1958 and 6 November 1958, Eyskens led a minority government which was the most recent government of Belgium (Eyskens II) not to be a coalition government. On 6 November, Eyskens formed a coalition government with the liberals (Eyskens III) which remained in power until 3 September 1960. On 3 September 1960 he formed his third government (Eyskens IV), again a coalition with the liberal party. This government fell on 25 April 1961 over the Unitary Law (which raised the fiscal pressure by 7 billion Belgian francs, cut spending in education and the military, and reformed unemployment benefits and government pensions) and had caused large-scale strikes. During these years he also had to deal with the School War and the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha,_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg/220px-Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg/330px-Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg/440px-Belgische_Minister_President_G._Eyskens_en_minister_van_Buitenlandse_Zaken_P._Ha%2C_Bestanddeelnr_922-0717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="2428" /></a><figcaption>l.t.r. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet_de_Jong" title="Piet de Jong">Piet de Jong</a>, Gaston Eyskens and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Harmel" title="Pierre Harmel">Pierre Harmel</a> in 1969</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1965_Belgian_general_election" title="1965 Belgian general election">general election of 1965</a> Eyskens was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a> (re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1968_Belgian_general_election" title="1968 Belgian general election">1968</a> and <a href="/wiki/1971_Belgian_general_election" title="1971 Belgian general election">1971</a>). In the government led by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Harmel" title="Pierre Harmel">Pierre Harmel</a> (1965–1966) he again served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Belgium)" title="Minister of Finance (Belgium)">Minister of Finance</a>. Student unrest and questions of discrimination against the ethnic Flemish population brought down the Belgian government in February 1968. On 17 June 1968, Gaston Eyskens formed his fifth government (Eyskens V); this time a centre-left coalition between the Christian Democrats and the Socialists. On 20 January 1973, he formed his sixth and last government (Eyskens VI), again a coalition with the Socialists. </p><p>His last two governments were plagued by linguistic troubles regarding the split of the old bilingual <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Catholic University of Leuven</a> into a Dutch-language university (the <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a>), which stayed in Leuven and a French-language university which moved to <a href="/wiki/Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve">Louvain-la-Neuve</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_catholique_de_Louvain" class="mw-redirect" title="Université catholique de Louvain">Université catholique de Louvain</a> and the start of the process of changing Belgium from a unitary state into a federation with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a>. Upon the fall of his last government Gaston Eyskens retired from politics. He died in <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Belgium)" title="Minister of State (Belgium)">Minister of State</a> by RD of 5 April 1963.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Created Viscount Eyskens by RD in September 1973.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Member of the Royal Academy.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Commander in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II" title="Order of Leopold II">Order of Leopold II</a>, by RD of 15 February 1946.</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: Knight Grand Cross in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(Belgium)" title="Order of the Crown (Belgium)">Order of the Crown</a>, by RD of 8 April 1954.</li> <li>Knight Commander in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Gregory the Great">Order of Saint Gregory the Great</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaston-Eyskens">"Gaston Eyskens | Belgian politician, economist, statesman | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gaston+Eyskens+%7C+Belgian+politician%2C+economist%2C+statesman+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGaston-Eyskens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/05/obituaries/gaston-eyskens-dies-at-age-82-led-six-governments-in-belgium.html">"Gaston Eyskens Dies at Age 82; Led Six Governments in Belgium"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 5 January 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gaston+Eyskens+Dies+at+Age+82%3B+Led+Six+Governments+in+Belgium&rft.date=1988-01-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F01%2F05%2Fobituaries%2Fgaston-eyskens-dies-at-age-82-led-six-governments-in-belgium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gw.geneanet.org/guyfoque?lang=en&n=de+petter&oc=0&p=gilberte">"Family tree of Gilberte De Petter"</a>. <i>Geneanet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geneanet&rft.atitle=Family+tree+of+Gilberte+De+Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgw.geneanet.org%2Fguyfoque%3Flang%3Den%26n%3Dde%2Bpetter%26oc%3D0%26p%3Dgilberte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onthisday.com/people/gaston-eyskens">"Gaston Eyskens (Prime Minister of Belgium)"</a>. <i>OnThisDay.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnThisDay.com&rft.atitle=Gaston+Eyskens+%28Prime+Minister+of+Belgium%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onthisday.com%2Fpeople%2Fgaston-eyskens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gaston-Eyskens">"Gaston Eyskens | Belgian politician, economist, statesman | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Gaston+Eyskens+%7C+Belgian+politician%2C+economist%2C+statesman+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGaston-Eyskens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516042444/http://www.ars-moriendi.be/EYSKENS.HTM">"EYSKENS"</a>. <i>www.ars-moriendi.be</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ars-moriendi.be/EYSKENS.HTM">the original</a> on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ars-moriendi.be&rft.atitle=EYSKENS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars-moriendi.be%2FEYSKENS.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaston+Eyskens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaston_Eyskens&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaston_Eyskens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126232618/http://premier.fgov.be/nl/biografie/gaston-eyskens">Gaston Eyskens at Belgium Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/199458/Gaston-Eyskens/199458main/Article">Gaston Eyskens at Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-kjAQAAIAAJ&q=After+the+1968+elections,+a+centre-left+cabinet+composed+of+CVP-PSC+and+Socialists+and+headed+by+Flemish+Catholic+Prime+Minister+Gaston+Eyskens+%281968-71%29+sought+to+implement+the+constitutional+reform+previously+outlined+by+the+Lefevre">Territorial Party Politics in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/PS_7126">Gaston Eyskens</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odis.eu">ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428134547/https://www.odis.eu/">Archived</a> 28 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odis.be/lnk/en/AE_919">Archives of Gaston Eyskens</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.odis.eu">ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428134547/https://www.odis.eu/">Archived</a> 28 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuleuven.limo.libis.be/discovery/search?vid=32KUL_KUL:KULeuven&tab=all_content_tab&offset=0&query=any,contains,Herkomstcollectie%20Gaston%20Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens Collection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Academic_libraries_in_Leuven" title="Academic libraries in Leuven">KU Leuven Libraries</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> </b><br />1949–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart" title="Jean Duvieusart">Jean Duvieusart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Achille Van Acker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> </b><br />1958–1961 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Théo Lefèvre">Théo Lefèvre</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants" title="Paul Vanden Boeynants">Paul Vanden Boeynants</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime Minister of Belgium</a> </b><br />1968–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Leburton" title="Edmond Leburton">Edmond Leburton</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Belgium" title="Template:Prime ministers of Belgium"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Belgium" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Belgium"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Belgium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Belgium"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_Belgium" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">Prime ministers of Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Constantin_de_Gerlache" title="Étienne Constantin de Gerlache">de Gerlache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Muelenaere" title="Félix de Muelenaere">de Muelenaere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Goblet_d%27Alviella" title="Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella">Goblet d'Alviella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_de_Theux_de_Meylandt" title="Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt">de Theux de Meylandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lebeau" title="Joseph Lebeau">Lebeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Nothomb" title="Jean-Baptiste Nothomb">Nothomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Van_de_Weyer" title="Sylvain Van de Weyer">Van de Weyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_de_Theux_de_Meylandt" title="Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt">de Theux de Meylandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Brouck%C3%A8re" title="Henri de Brouckère">de Brouckère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Decker" title="Pierre de Decker">de Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Rogier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walth%C3%A8re_Fr%C3%A8re-Orban" title="Walthère Frère-Orban">Frère-Orban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_d%27Anethan" title="Jules d'Anethan">d'Anethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Malou" title="Jules Malou">Malou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walth%C3%A8re_Fr%C3%A8re-Orban" title="Walthère Frère-Orban">Frère-Orban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Malou" title="Jules Malou">Malou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Beernaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Burlet" title="Jules de Burlet">de Burlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Smet_de_Naeyer" title="Paul de Smet de Naeyer">de Smet de Naeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Vandenpeereboom" title="Jules Vandenpeereboom">Vandenpeereboom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Smet_de_Naeyer" title="Paul de Smet de Naeyer">de Smet de Naeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Trooz" title="Jules de Trooz">de Trooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Schollaert" title="Frans Schollaert">Schollaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Broqueville" title="Charles de Broqueville">de Broqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Cooreman" title="Gérard Cooreman">Cooreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delacroix" title="Léon Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carton_de_Wiart" title="Henry Carton de Wiart">Carton de Wiart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Theunis" title="Georges Theunis">Theunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloys_Van_de_Vyvere" title="Aloys Van de Vyvere">Van de Vyvere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Poullet" title="Prosper Poullet">Poullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Jaspar" title="Henri Jaspar">Jaspar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Renkin" title="Jules Renkin">Renkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Broqueville" title="Charles de Broqueville">de Broqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Theunis" title="Georges Theunis">Theunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_van_Zeeland" title="Paul van Zeeland">van Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Janson" title="Paul-Émile Janson">Janson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Spaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Pierlot" title="Hubert Pierlot">Pierlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Van Acker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Spaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Van Acker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Huysmans" title="Camille Huysmans">Huysmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Spaak</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart" title="Jean Duvieusart">Duvieusart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pholien" title="Joseph Pholien">Pholien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Van_Houtte" title="Jean Van Houtte">Van Houtte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Van_Acker" title="Achille Van Acker">Van Acker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Théo Lefèvre">Lefèvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Harmel" title="Pierre Harmel">Harmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants" title="Paul Vanden Boeynants">Vanden Boeynants</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Leburton" title="Edmond Leburton">Leburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Tindemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vanden_Boeynants" title="Paul Vanden Boeynants">Vanden Boeynants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Eyskens" title="Mark Eyskens">M. Eyskens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Martens" title="Wilfried Martens">Martens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene" title="Jean-Luc Dehaene">Dehaene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Leterme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Van Rompuy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Leterme" title="Yves Leterme">Leterme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elio_Di_Rupo" title="Elio Di Rupo">Di Rupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Michel" title="Charles Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Wilm%C3%A8s" title="Sophie Wilmès">Wilmès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Croo" title="Alexander De Croo">De Croo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Belgium"><img alt="Flag of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/50px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/75px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/100px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Belgium</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14999#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14999#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110311935">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/93115517">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32707/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbGRt3Vxr6YCYVCdj63Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1029770514">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eyskens, Gaston, 1905-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79029864">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651860t">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12651860t">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35689798">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1217997">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070035857">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/140900">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277047805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14116107">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11022832?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gaston Eyskens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/cdac0f99-6866-4fa0-9322-c0d6f91783db">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/66526130">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1043869">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1029770514.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/09536143X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/77860643">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63505qz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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