10 Dictionaries - The TEI Guidelines

<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>  <title>10 Dictionaries - The TEI Guidelines</title> <meta name="Language" content="fr"/> <meta name="DC.Title" content="10 Dictionaries - The TEI Guidelines"/> <meta name="DC.Language" content="SCHEME=iso639 fr"/> <link href="guidelines.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="odd.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" href="guidelines-print.css"/><script type="text/javascript" src="jquery-3.7.0.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript" src="popupFootnotes.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $(".displayRelaxButton").click(function() { $(this).parent().find('.RNG_XML').toggle(); $(this).parent().find('.RNG_Compact').toggle(); }); $(".tocTree .showhide").click(function() { $(this).find(".tocShow,.tocHide").toggle(); $(this).parent().find("ul.continuedtoc").toggle(); }); }) </script><script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $('.outOfDateTranslation').append(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" aria-label="Cette traduction doit être mise à jour." viewBox="0 0 16 16" style="position:absolute; top:2px; right:2px; color:red"><title>Cette traduction doit être mise à jour.</title> <path d="M6.146 7.146a.5.5 0 0 1 .708 0L8 8.293l1.146-1.147a.5.5 0 1 1 .708.708L8.707 9l1.147 1.146a.5.5 0 0 1-.708.708L8 9.707l-1.146 1.147a.5.5 0 0 1-.708-.708L7.293 9 6.146 7.854a.5.5 0 0 1 0-.708z"></path> <path d="M3.5 0a.5.5 0 0 1 .5.5V1h8V.5a.5.5 0 0 1 1 0V1h1a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v11a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H2a2 2 0 0 1-2-2V3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h1V.5a.5.5 0 0 1 .5-.5zM1 4v10a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h12a1 1 0 0 0 1-1V4H1z"></path></svg>`); }); </script><script src="bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script><script type="text/javascript"></script></head> <body> <div id="container"> <nav xmlns="" class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark" style="background-color: #0059A8;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <a class="navbar-brand p-0 m-0" href="/"> <img src="emblem_color_dark.png" alt="TEI Emblem" width="40"/> </a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#TEIMenu" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="TEIMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ms-1 me-auto mb-2 mb-lg-0"> </ul> <form class="d-flex" action="https://www.google.com/search" method="get"> <input id="query_string" name="q" class="form-control me-2" type="search" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search"/> <input id="sitesearch" type="hidden" name="sitesearch" value="tei-c.org"/> <div class="btn-group"> <button class="btn btn-outline-light" type="submit">Search</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-outline-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-bs-toggle="dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> Toggle Dropdown </button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li> <a class="dropdown-item" href="javascript:setSearch('all')">TEI Site</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="javascript:setSearch('guidelines')">Guidelines</a> </li> </ul> </div> </form> </div> </div> <script src="menus.js"></script> </nav> </div> <div class="mainhead"> <h1>TEI: Recommandations pour l'encodage et l'échange de textes électroniques</h1> P5 Version 4.8.1. Last updated on 1st November 2024, revision 0a2bff95a </div> <div id="onecol" class="main-content"> <h2>10 Dictionaries</h2> <div class="div1" id="DI"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_left"> Table des matières <div class="subtoc"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIBO" title="Dictionary Body and Overall Structure">10.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIEN" title="The Structure of Dictionary Entries">10.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DITP" title="Toplevel Constituents of Entries">10.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References">10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data">10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries">10.6 Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="subtoc" href="DI.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.7">10.7 The Dictionary Module</a></li></ul> </div> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="CMC.html">9 Computer-mediated Communication</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="MS.html">11 Manuscript Description</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> This chapter defines a module for encoding lexical resources of all kinds, in particular human-oriented monolingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, and similar documents. The elements described here may also be useful in the encoding of computational lexica and similar resources intended for use by language-processing software; they may also be used to provide a rich encoding for wordlists, lexica, glossaries, etc. included within other documents. Dictionaries are most familiar in their printed form; however, increasing numbers of dictionaries exist also in electronic forms which are independent of any particular printed form, but from which various displays can be produced. Both typographically and structurally, print dictionaries are extremely complex. Such lexical resources are moreover of interest to many communities with different and sometimes conflicting goals. As a result, many general problems of text encoding are particularly pronounced here, and more compromises and alternatives within the encoding scheme may be required in the future.<a class="notelink" title="We refer the reader to previous and current discussions of a common format for encoding lexical resources. For example, ; ; ; ; ; ; ; and ; ." href="#Note73">38</a> Two problems are particularly prominent. First, because the structure of dictionary entries varies widely both among and within dictionaries, the simplest way for an encoding scheme to accommodate the entire range of structures actually encountered is to allow virtually any element to appear virtually anywhere in a dictionary entry. It is clear, however, that strong and consistent structural principles do govern the vast majority of conventional dictionaries, as well as many or most entries even in more ‘exotic’ dictionaries; encoding guidelines should include these structural principles. We therefore define two distinct elements for dictionary entries, one (<a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>) which captures the regularities of many conventional dictionary entries, and a second (<a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>) which uses the same elements, but allows them to combine much more freely. It is however recommended that <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> be used in preference to <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> wherever possible. These elements and their contents are described in sections <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIEN" title="The Structure of Dictionary Entries">10.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a>, <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries">10.6 Unstructured Entries</a>, and <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References">10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a>. Second, since so much of the information in printed dictionaries is implicit or highly compressed, their encoding requires clear thought about whether it is to capture the precise typographic form of the source text or the underlying structure of the information it presents. Since both of these views of the dictionary may be of interest, it proves necessary to develop methods of recording both, and of recording the interrelationship between them as well. Users interested mainly in the printed format of the dictionary will require an encoding to be faithful to an original printed version. However, other users will be interested primarily in capturing the lexical information in a dictionary in a form suitable for further processing, which may demand the expansion or rearrangement of the information contained in the printed form. Further, some users wish to encode both of these views of the data, and retain the links between related elements of the two encodings. Problems of recording these two different views of dictionary data are discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data">10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a>, together with mechanisms for retaining both views when this is desired. To deal with this complexity, and in particular to account for the wide variety of linguistic contexts within which a dictionary may be designed, it can be necessary to customize or change the schema by providing more restriction or possibly alternate content models for the elements defined in this chapter. Section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a> illustrates this with the provision of a closed set of values for grammatical descriptors. This chapter contains a large number of examples taken from existing print dictionaries; in each case, the original source is identified. In presenting such examples, we have tried to retain the original typographic appearance of the example as well as presenting a suggested encoding for it. Where this has not been possible (for example in the display of pronunciation) we have adopted the transliteration found in the electronic edition of the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Also, the middle dot in quoted entries is rendered with a full stop, while within the sample transcriptions hyphenation and syllabification points are indicated by a vertical bar |, regardless of their appearance in the source text. <div class="div2" id="DIBO"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIEN">10.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIBO" title="link to this section ">TEI: Dictionary Body and Overall Structure⚓︎</a>10.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</h3> Overall, dictionaries have the same structure of front matter, body, and back matter familiar from other texts. In addition, this module defines <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>, as component-level elements which can occur directly within a text division or the text body. The following tags can therefore be used to mark the gross structure of a printed dictionary; the dictionary-specific tags are discussed further in the following section. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-text.html">text</a> (texte) contient un seul texte quelconque, simple ou composite, par exemple un poème ou une pièce de théâtre, un recueil d’essais, un roman, un dictionnaire ou un échantillon de corpus.</li><li><a href="ref-front.html">front</a> (texte préliminaire) contient tout ce qui est au début du document, avant le corps du texte : page de titre, dédicaces, préfaces, etc.</li><li><a href="ref-body.html">body</a> (corps du texte) contient la totalité du corps d’un seul texte simple, à l’exclusion de toute partie pré- ou post-liminaire.</li><li><a href="ref-back.html">back</a> (texte annexe) contient tout supplément placé après la partie principale d'un texte : appendice, etc.</li><li><a href="ref-div.html">div</a> (division du texte) contient une subdivision dans le texte préliminaire, dans le corps d’un texte ou dans le texte postliminaire.</li><li><a href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> (entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire.</li><li><a href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> (entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>.</li></ul> As members of the classes <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe les différents types d’entrées de dictionnaire." href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a> and <a class="link_odd" title="" href="ref-att.sortable.html">att.sortable</a>, <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> and <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> share the following attributes: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a> regroupe les différents types d’entrées de dictionnaire.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>dans des dictionnaires multi-types, indique le type d'entrée Les valeurs suggérées comprennent: 1] main; 2] hom (homograph); 3] xref (cross reference); 4] affix; 5] abbr (abbreviation); 6] supplemental; 7] foreign</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-att.sortable.html">att.sortable</a> provides attributes for elements in lists or groups that are sortable, but whose sorting key cannot be derived mechanically from the element content.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">sortKey</td><td>supplies the sort key for this element in an index, list or group which contains it.</td></tr></table></li></ul> The front and back matter of a dictionary may well contain specialized material such as lists of common and proper nouns, grammatical tables, gazetteers, a ‘guide to the use of the dictionary’, etc. These should be tagged using elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines, chiefly in the core module (chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html" title="6">3 Elements Available in All TEI Documents</a>) together with the specialized dictionary elements defined in this chapter. <div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(corps du texte) contient la totalité du corps d’un seul texte simple, à l’exclusion de toute partie pré- ou post-liminaire." href="ref-body.html">body</a> element consists of a set of entries, optionally grouped into one or several <a class="gi" title="(division du texte) contient une subdivision dans le texte préliminaire, dans le corps d’un texte ou dans le texte postliminaire." href="ref-div.html">div</a> elements. These text divisions might, for example, correspond to sections for different letters of the alphabet, or to sections for different languages in a bilingual dictionary, as in the following example: <div id="index-egXML-d53e74783" class="pre egXML_valid"><body> <div> <head>English-French</head> <entry> <form> <orth>cat</orth> </form>  </entry> <entry> <form> <orth>dog</orth> </form>  </entry> <entry> <form> <orth>horse</orth> </form>  </entry> </div> <div> <head>French-English</head> <entry> <form> <orth>chat</orth> </form>  </entry> <entry> <form> <orth>chien</orth> </form>  </entry> <entry> <form> <orth>cheval</orth> </form>  </entry> </div> </body><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e74783">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> In a print dictionary, the entries are typically typographically distinct entities, each headed by some morphological form of the lexical item described (the headword), and sorted in alphabetical order or (especially for non-alphabetic scripts) in some other conventional sequence. Dictionary entries should be encoded as distinct successive items, each marked as an <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> or <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element. The type attribute may be used to distinguish different types of entries, for example main entries, related entries, run-on entries, or entries for cross-references, etc. Some dictionaries provide distinct entries for homographs, on the basis of etymology, part-of-speech, or both, and typically provide a numeric superscript on the headword identifying the homograph number. In these cases each homograph should be encoded as a separate entry; an outer <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element, perhaps with a type attribute, may be used to group such successive homograph entries. In addition to a series of <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> elements, the <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> may contain a preliminary <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> group (see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>) when information about hyphenation, pronunciation, etc., is given only once for two or more homograph entries. If the homograph number is to be recorded, the global attribute n may be used for this purpose. In some dictionaries, homographs are treated in distinct parts of the same entry; in these cases, they may be separated by use of the <a class="gi" title="(homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> element, for which see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENHI" title="Hierarchical Levels">10.2.1 Hierarchical Levels</a>. A sort key, given in the sortKey attribute, is often required for superentries and entries, especially in cases where the order of entries does not follow the local character-set collating sequence (as, for example, when an entry for ‘3D’ appears at the place where ‘three-D’ would appear). <div class="p">A dictionary with no internal divisions might thus have a structure like the following; an outer <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element with a type attribute value of wordFamily is shown grouping two homograph entries. <div id="index-egXML-d53e74870" class="pre egXML_valid"><body> <entry> <form> <orth>manifestation</orth>  </form> </entry> <entry> <form> <orth>émeute</orth>  </form> </entry> <entry type="wordFamily"> <entry type="hom" n="1"> <form> <orth>grève</orth>  </form> </entry> <entry type="hom" n="2"> <form> <orth>grève</orth>  </form> </entry> </entry> </body><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e74870">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div2" id="DIEN"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIBO">10.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITP">10.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIEN" title="link to this section ">TEI: The Structure of Dictionary Entries⚓︎</a>10.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</h3> A simple dictionary entry may contain information about the form of the word treated, its grammatical characterization, its definition, synonyms, or translation equivalents, its etymology, cross-references to other entries, usage information, and examples. These we refer to as the constituent parts or constituents of the entry; some dictionary constituents possess no internal structure, while others are most naturally viewed as groups of smaller elements, which may be marked in their own right. In some styles of markup, tags will be applied only to the low-level items, leaving the constituent groups which contain them untagged. We distinguish the class of top-level constituents of dictionary entries, which can occur directly within the <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element, from the class of phrase-level constituents, which can normally occur only within top-level constituents. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENGP" title="Groups and Constituents">10.2.2 Groups and Constituents</a>, and documented more fully, together with their phrase-level sub-constituents, in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITP" title="Toplevel Constituents of Entries">10.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</a>. In addition, however, dictionary entries often have a complex hierarchical structure. For example, an entry may consist of two or more sub-parts, each corresponding to information for a different part-of-speech homograph of the headword. The entry (or part-of-speech homographs, if the entry is split this way) may also consist of senses, each of which may in turn be composed of two or more sub-senses, etc. Each sub-part, homograph entry, sense, or sub-sense we call a level; at any level in an entry, any or all of the constituent parts of dictionary entries may appear. The hierarchical levels of dictionary entries are documented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIENHI" title="Hierarchical Levels">10.2.1 Hierarchical Levels</a>. <div class="div3" id="DIENHI"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIENGP">10.2.2 Groups and Constituents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIENHI" title="link to this section ">TEI: Hierarchical Levels⚓︎</a>10.2.1 Hierarchical Levels</h4> The outermost structural level of an entry is marked with the elements <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> or <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> element marks the subdivision of entries into homographs differing in their part-of-speech. The <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element marks the subdivision of entries and part-of-speech homographs into senses; this element nests recursively in order to provide for a hierarchy of sub-senses of any depth. It is recommended to use the <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element even for an entry that has only one sense to group together all parts of the definition relating to the word sense since this leads to more consistent encoding across entries. All of these levels may each contain any of the constituent parts of an entry. A special case of hierarchical structure is represented by the <a class="gi" title="(sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large." href="ref-re.html">re</a> (related entry) element, which is discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPRE" title="Related Entries">10.3.6 Related Entries</a>. Finally, the element <a class="gi" title="(bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau “expression” sont librement associés." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> may be used at any point in the hierarchy to delimit parts of the dictionary entry which are structurally anomalous, as further discussed in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIFR" title="Unstructured Entries">10.6 Unstructured Entries</a>. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> (entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire.</li><li><a href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> (entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>.</li><li><a href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> (homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée.</li><li><a href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.).<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">level</td><td>indique le niveau de ce sens dans la hiérarchie.</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> (bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau ‘expression’ sont librement associés.</li></ul> <div class="p">For example, an entry with two senses will have the following structure: <div id="index-egXML-d53e75527" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <sense n="1"/> <sense n="2"/> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#UND">bibliographie</a> <a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e75527">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">An entry with two homographs, the first with two senses and the second with three (one of which has two sub-senses), may have a structure like this: <div id="index-egXML-d53e75534" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <hom n="1"> <sense n="1">  </sense> <sense n="2">  </sense> </hom> <hom n="2"> <sense n="1"> <sense n="a">  </sense> <sense n="b">  </sense> </sense> <sense n="2">  </sense> <sense n="3">  </sense> </hom> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#UND">bibliographie</a> <a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e75534">⚓︎</a></div> </div> In some dictionaries, homographs have separate entries; in such a case, as noted in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIBO" title="Dictionary Body and Overall Structure">10.1 Dictionary Body and Overall Structure</a>, the two homographs may be treated as entries, optionally grouped in an outer <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d53e75556" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <entry n="1" type="hom"> <sense n="1">  </sense> <sense n="2">  </sense> </entry> <entry n="2" type="hom"> <sense n="1"> <sense n="a">  </sense> <sense n="b">  </sense> </sense> <sense n="2">  </sense> <sense n="3">  </sense> </entry> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#UND">bibliographie</a> <a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e75556">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> The hierarchic structure of a dictionary entry is enforced by the structures defined in this module. The content model for <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> specifies that entries do not nest, that homographs nest within entries, and that senses nest within entries, homographs, or senses, and may be nested to any depth to reflect the embedding of sub-senses. Any of the top-level constituents (<a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a>, <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a>, etc.) can appear at any level (i.e., within entries, homographs, or senses). </div> <div class="div3" id="DIENGP"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIENHI">10.2.1 Hierarchical Levels</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIENGP" title="link to this section ">TEI: Groups and Constituents⚓︎</a>10.2.2 Groups and Constituents</h4> As noted above, dictionary entries, and subordinate levels within dictionary entries, may comprise several constituent parts, each providing a different type of information about the word treated. The top-level constituents of dictionary entries are: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">information about the form of the word treated (orthography, pronunciation, hyphenation, etc.)</li><li class="item">grammatical information (part of speech, grammatical sub-categorization, etc.)</li><li class="item">definitions or translations into another language</li><li class="item">etymology</li><li class="item">examples</li><li class="item">usage information</li><li class="item">cross-references to other entries</li><li class="item">notes</li><li class="item">entries (often of reduced form) for related words, typically called related entries</li></ul> Any of the hierarchical levels (<a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a>, <a class="gi" title="(homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a>, and <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a>) may contain any of these top-level constituents, since information about word form, particular grammatical information, special pronunciation, usage information, etc., may apply to an entire entry, or to only one homograph, or only to a particular sense. The examples below illustrate this point. The following elements are used to encode these top-level constituents: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-form.html">form</a> (groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée</li><li><a href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> (groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <a class="gi" title="(partie du discours) indique la partie du discours attribuée à une entrée de dictionnaire telle que nom, verbe, adjectif." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a>, Genre <a class="gi" title="(genre) identifie le genre morphologique d'un élément lexical, tel qu'il est donné par le dictionnaire." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a>, Nombre <a class="gi" title="(nombre) indique le nombre grammatical associé à une forme, telle qu'elle est donnée par le dictionnaire." href="ref-number.html">number</a>, Cas <a class="gi" title="(cas) contient des informations sur le cas grammatical présenté par le dictionnaire pour une forme donnée." href="ref-case.html">case</a>, ou Classe flexionnelle <a class="gi" title="(classe flexionnelle) indique la classe flexionnelle à laquelle appartient un item lexical." href="ref-iType.html">iType</a>.</li><li><a href="ref-def.html">def</a> (définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire</li><li><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> (citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple.</li><li><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> (usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage</li><li><a href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> (renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte</li><li><a href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> (étymologie) contient les informations sur l'étymologie de l'entrée</li><li><a href="ref-re.html">re</a> (sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large.</li><li><a href="ref-note.html">note</a> (note) contient une note ou une annotation</li></ul> <div class="p">In a simple entry with no internal hierarchy, all top-level constituents can appear as children of <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>. <div class="q">com.peti.tor <code>/k@m"petit@(r)/</code> n person who competes. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76400" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>competitor</orth> <hyph>com|peti|tor</hyph> <pron>k@m"petit@(r)</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <def>person who competes.</def> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76400">⚓︎</a></div> </div> For the elements which appear within the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> and <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> elements of this and other examples, see below, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>, and section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a>.</div> <div class="p">Any top-level constituent can appear at any level when the hierarchical structure of the entry is more complex. The most obvious examples are <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> and <a class="gi" title="(citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a>, which appear at the <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> level when several senses or translations exist: <div class="q">disproof <code>(dɪsˈpru:f)</code> n 1 facts that disprove something 2 the act of disproving. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76454" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>disproof</orth> <pron notation="ipa">dɪsˈpru:f</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <def>facts that disprove something</def> </sense> <sense n="2"> <def>the act of disproving</def> </sense> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76454">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> For ease of processing of such entries containing multiple senses along with those containing only a single sense, it is recommended to use <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> in all entries to wrap those elements relating to a particular word sense. <div class="p">In the following example, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> is used to distinguish two homographs: <div class="q">bray <code>/breI/</code> n cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet. ∙ vt [VP2A] make a cry or sound of this kind. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76491" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>bray</orth> <pron>breI</pron> </form> <hom> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense> <def>cry of an ass; sound of a trumpet.</def> </sense> </hom> <hom> <gramGrp> <pos>vt</pos> <subc>VP2A</subc> </gramGrp> <sense> <def>make a cry or sound of this kind.</def> </sense> </hom> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76491">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Information of the same kind can appear at different levels within the same entry; here, grammatical information occurs both at entry and homograph level. <div class="q">ca.reen <code>/k@"ri:n/</code> vt,vi 1 [VP6A] turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc. 2 [VP6A, 2A] (cause to) tilt, lean over to one side. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76529" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>careen</orth> <hyph>ca|reen</hyph> <pron>k@"ri:n</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>vt</pos> <pos>vi</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <gramGrp> <subc>VP6A</subc> </gramGrp> <def>turn (a ship) on one side for cleaning, repairing, etc.</def> </sense> <sense n="2"> <gramGrp> <subc>VP6A</subc> <subc>VP2A</subc> </gramGrp> <def>(cause to) tilt, lean over to one side.</def> </sense> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76529">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Alone among the constituent groups, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> can appear at the <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a>, and <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> levels: <div class="q">a.ban.don 1<code>/@"band@n/ </code> v [T1] 1 to leave completely and for ever; desert: The sailors abandoned the burning ship. 2 …abandon 2 n [U] the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control...<a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-LDOCE" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow Essex Longman (1978).">LDOCE</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76585" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>abandon</orth> <hyph>a|ban|don</hyph> <pron>@"band@n</pron> </form> <entry n="1"> <gramGrp> <pos>v</pos> <subc>T1</subc> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <def>to leave completely and for ever … </def> </sense> <sense n="2"/> </entry> <entry n="2"> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> <subc>U</subc> </gramGrp> <sense> <def>the state when one's feelings and actions are uncontrolled; freedom from control…</def> </sense> </entry> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76585">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div2" id="DITP"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIEN">10.2 The Structure of Dictionary Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIHW">10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITP" title="link to this section ">TEI: Top-level Constituents of Entries⚓︎</a>10.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</h3> This section describes the top-level constituents of dictionary entries, together with the phrase-level constituents peculiar to each. <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> element, which groups orthographic information and pronunciations, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> element, which groups elements for the grammatical characterization of the headword, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> element, which describes the meaning of the headword, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPSE" title="Sense Information">10.3.3 Sense Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(étymologie) contient les informations sur l'étymologie de l'entrée" href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> element and its special phrase-level elements are documented in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPET" title="Etymological Information">10.3.4 Etymological Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element and its specific applications are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPSE" title="Sense Information">10.3.3 Sense Information</a> and section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPMI" title="Other Information">10.3.5 Other Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, <a class="gi" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a>, <a class="gi" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a>, and <a class="gi" title="contient une note ou une annotation" href="ref-note.html">note</a> elements are described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPMI" title="Other Information">10.3.5 Other Information</a></li><li class="item">the <a class="gi" title="(sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element, which marks nested entries for related words, is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPRE" title="Related Entries">10.3.6 Related Entries</a></li></ul> <div class="div3" id="DITPFO"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPGR">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPFO" title="link to this section ">TEI: Information on Written and Spoken Forms⚓︎</a>10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</h4> Dictionary entries most often begin with information about the form of the word to which the entry applies. Typically, the orthographic form of the word, sometimes marked for syllabification or hyphenation, is the first item in an entry. Other information about the word, including variant or alternate forms, inflected forms, pronunciation, etc., is also often given. The following elements should be used to encode this information: the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> element groups one or more occurrences of any of them; it can also be recursively nested to reflect more complex sub-grouping of information about word form(s), as shown in the examples. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-form.html">form</a> (groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>qualifie la forme comme simple, composée, etc. Les valeurs suggérées comprennent: 1] simple; 2] lemma; 3] variant; 4] compound; 5] derivative; 6] inflected; 7] phrase</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-orth.html">orth</a> (forme orthographique) donne l’orthographe d'un mot-vedette de dictionnaire<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>donne le type d’orthographe</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute">extent [att.partials]</td><td>indique si la prononciation ou orthographie se rapporte au mot entier ou seulement à une partie Les valeurs suggérées comprennent: 1] full (full form); 2] pref (prefix); 3] suff (suffix); 4] inf (infix); 5] part (partial)</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> (prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">extent [att.partials]</td><td>indique si la prononciation ou orthographie se rapporte au mot entier ou seulement à une partie Les valeurs suggérées comprennent: 1] full (full form); 2] pref (prefix); 3] suff (suffix); 4] inf (infix); 5] part (partial)</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-hyph.html">hyph</a> (syllabation) contient une entrée de dictionnaire comportant des marques de césure sous forme de traits d'union ou sous d'autres formes.</li><li><a href="ref-syll.html">syll</a> (syllabisation) contient la syllabisation du mot-vedette.</li><li><a href="ref-stress.html">stress</a> (accentuation) contient le modèle d’accentuation d'une entrée de dictionnaire, s’il est donné à part</li><li><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> (étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", ‘contraction de’, ‘littéralement’, ‘approximativement’, ‘synonymes’, etc.</li></ul> In addition to those listed above, the following elements, which encode morphological details of the form, may also occur within <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> elements: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> (information grammaticale ) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>classe l'information grammaticale fournie selon une typologie particulière : dans le cas d'informations terminologiques, de préférence au moyen du dictionnaire des types d'éléments de données spécifiés dans la norme <a class="link_ref" href="http://www.isocat.org/">ISO 12620</a>. Exemple de valeurs possibles: 1] pos (part of speech); 2] gen (gender); 3] num (number); 4] animate; 5] proper</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-gen.html">gen</a> (genre) identifie le genre morphologique d'un élément lexical, tel qu'il est donné par le dictionnaire.</li><li><a href="ref-number.html">number</a> (nombre) indique le nombre grammatical associé à une forme, telle qu'elle est donnée par le dictionnaire.</li><li><a href="ref-case.html">case</a> (cas) contient des informations sur le cas grammatical présenté par le dictionnaire pour une forme donnée.</li><li><a href="ref-per.html">per</a> (personne) contient des indications sur la personne grammaticale (1re, 2e, 3e, etc.) liée à une forme fléchie donnée dans un dictionnaire.</li><li><a href="ref-tns.html">tns</a> (temps) indique le temps grammatical lié à une forme fléchie donnée dans un dictionnaire</li><li><a href="ref-mood.html">mood</a> (mode) contient des informations sur le mode grammatical des verbes (par exemple l’indicatif, le subjonctif, l’impératif)</li><li><a href="ref-iType.html">iType</a> (classe flexionnelle) indique la classe flexionnelle à laquelle appartient un item lexical.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>donne le type d'indicateur employé pour indiquer la classe flexionnelle, quand on a besoin de distinguer entre les abréviations usuelles (par exemple inv) et d'autres types d'indicateurs tels que des codes spéciifiques faisant référence à des modèles de conjugaison, etc. Exemple de valeurs possibles: 1] abbrev; 2] verbTable</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-pos.html">pos</a> (partie du discours) indique la partie du discours attribuée à une entrée de dictionnaire telle que nom, verbe, adjectif.</li><li><a href="ref-subc.html">subc</a> (sous-catégorisation) contient des informations de sous-catégorie (transitif/intransitif, dénombrable/indénombrable, etc.)</li><li><a href="ref-colloc.html">colloc</a> (collocation) contient une collocation de l'entrée.</li></ul> Of these, the <a class="gi" title="(information grammaticale) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element is most general, and all of the others are synonymous with a <a class="gi" title="(information grammaticale) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element with appropriate values (gen, number, case, etc.) for the type attribute. The use of these elements as children of <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> is deprecated; instead, they should always be children of a <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> within <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> when describing that particular form of the word. Different dictionaries use different means to mark hyphenation, syllabification, and stress, and they often use some unusual glyphs (e.g., the ‘middle dot’ for hyphenation). All of these glyphs are in the Unicode character set, as discussed in <a class="link_ptr" href="SG.html#SG-er" title="Character References">Character References</a>. When transcribing representations of pronunciation the International Phonetic Alphabet should be used. It may be convenient (as has been done in the text of this chapter) to use a simple transliteration scheme for this; such a scheme should however be properly documented in the header. <div class="p">In the simplest case, nothing is given but the orthography: <div id="index-egXML-d53e76728" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>doom-laden</orth> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76728">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Often, however, pronunciation is given. <div class="q">soucoupe [sukup] … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76743" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>soucoupe</orth> <pron>sukup</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76743">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> For a variety of reasons including ease of processing, it may be desired to split into separate elements information which is collapsed into a single element in the source text; orthography and hyphenation may for example be transcribed as separate elements, although given together in the source text. For a discussion of the issues involved, and of methods for retaining both the presentation form and the interpreted form, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIMV" title="Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data">10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a>. <div class="p">This example splits orthography and hyphenation, and adds syllabification because it differs from hyphenation: <div class="q">ar.ea … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975).">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76764" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>area</orth> <hyph>ar|ea</hyph> <syll>ar|e|a</syll> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76764">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Multiple orthographic forms may be given, e.g. to illustrate a word's inflectional pattern: <div class="q">brag … vb brags, bragging, bragged … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76791" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>brag</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>vb</pos> </gramGrp> <form type="inflected"> <orth>brags</orth> <orth>bragging</orth> <orth>bragged</orth> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76791">⚓︎</a></div> </div> Or the inflectional pattern may be indicated by reference to a table of paradigms, as here: <div class="q">horrifier <code>[ORifje]</code> (7) vt … [C/R]</div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76815" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>horrifier</orth> <pron>ORifje</pron> <gramGrp> <iType type="vbtable">7</iType>  </gramGrp> </form> <div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76815">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Explanatory labels may be attached to alternate forms: <div class="q">MTBF abbreviation for mean time between failures <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76842" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form type="abbrev"> <orth>MTBF</orth> </form> <form type="full"> <lbl>abbreviation for</lbl> <orth>mean time between failures</orth> </form> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76842">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">When multiple orthographic forms are given, a pronunciation may be associated with all of them, as here: <div class="q">biryani or biriani <code>(ˌbɪrɪˈa:nɪ)</code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76872" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>biryani</orth> <orth>biriani</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˌbɪrɪˈa:nɪ</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76872">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In other cases, different pronunciations are provided for different orthographic forms; here, the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> element is repeated to associate the first orthographic form explicitly with the first pronunciation, and the second orthographic form with the second pronunciation: <div class="q">mackle <code>(ˈmækᵊl)</code> or macule <code>(ˈmækju:l)</code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76907" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>mackle</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈmækᵊl</pron> </form> <form> <orth>macule</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈmækju:l</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76907">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Recursive nesting of the <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> element can preserve relations among elements that are implicit in the text. For example, in the CED entry for ‘hospitaller’, it is clear that ‘U.S.’ is associated only with ‘hospitaler’, but that the pronunciation applies to both forms. The following encoding preserves these relations: <div class="q">hospitaller or US hospitaler <code>(ˈhɒspɪtələ)</code> … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e76948" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>hospitaller</orth> <form> <usg type="geo">US</usg> <orth>hospitaler</orth> </form> <pron notation="ipa">ˈhɒspɪtələ</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e76948">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DITPGR"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPFO">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPSE">10.3.3 Sense Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPGR" title="link to this section ">TEI: Grammatical Information⚓︎</a>10.3.2 Grammatical Information</h4> The <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> element groups grammatical information, such as part of speech, subcategorization information (e.g., syntactic patterns for verbs, count/mass distinctions for nouns), etc. It can contain any of the morphological elements defined in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a> for <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> and can appear as a child of <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a>, <a class="gi" title="(citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a>, or any other element containing content about which there is grammatical information. For example, in the entry ‘pinna <code>(ˈpɪnə)</code> n, pl -nae (-ni:) or -nas <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a>’, the word defined can be either singular or plural; the ‘pl.’ specification applies only to the inflected forms provided. Compare this with ‘pants (paents) pl. n.’, where ‘pl.’ applies to the headword itself. <div class="p">As noted above in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPFO" title="Information on Written and Spoken Forms">10.3.1 Information on Written and Spoken Forms</a>, the elements for morphological information are simply shorthand for the general purpose <a class="gi" title="(information grammaticale) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element. Consider this entry for the French word médire: <div class="q">médire v.t. ind. (de) … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-PLC" title="Petit Larousse en Couleurs. Paris Larousse (1990).">PLC</a></div> This entry can be tagged using specialized grammatical elements: <div id="index-egXML-d53e78743" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>médire</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>v</pos> <subc>t ind</subc> <colloc>de</colloc> </gramGrp><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e78743">⚓︎</a></div> </div> Or using the <a class="gi" title="(information grammaticale) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> element: <div id="index-egXML-d53e78757" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>médire</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <gram type="pos">v</gram> <gram type="subc">t ind</gram> <gram type="collocPrep">de</gram> </gramGrp><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e78757">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Like <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> can be repeated, recursively nested, or used at the <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> level to show relations among elements. <div class="q">isotope adj. et n. m. … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e78785" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>isotope</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>adj</pos> </gramGrp> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> <gen>m</gen> </gramGrp><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e78785">⚓︎</a></div> </div> <div class="q">wits <code>(wɪts)</code> pl n 1 (sometimes singular) the ability to reason and act, esp quickly … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e78885" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>wits</orth> <pron notation="ipa">wɪts</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <number>pl</number> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <gramGrp> <number>sometimes singular</number> </gramGrp> <def>the ability to reason and act, esp quickly …</def> </sense> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e78885">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DITPSE"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPGR">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPET">10.3.4 Etymological Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPSE" title="link to this section ">TEI: Sense Information⚓︎</a>10.3.3 Sense Information</h4> Dictionaries may describe the meanings of words in a wide variety of different ways—by means of synonyms, paraphrases, translations into other languages, formal definitions in various highly stylized forms, etc. No attempt is made here to distinguish all the different forms which sense information may take; all of them may be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> element described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPDE" title="Definitions">10.3.3.1 Definitions</a>. As a special case it is frequently desirable to distinguish the provision of translation equivalents in other languages from other forms of sense information; the use of <cit type="translation"> (which groups a translation equivalent with related information such as its grammatical description) for this purpose is described in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPTR" title="Translation Equivalents">10.3.3.2 Translation Equivalents</a>. <div class="div4" id="DITPDE"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPTR">10.3.3.2 Translation Equivalents</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPDE" title="link to this section ">TEI: Definitions⚓︎</a>10.3.3.1 Definitions</h5> Dictionary definitions are those pieces of prose in a dictionary entry that describe the meaning of some lexical item. Most often, definitions describe the headword of the entry; in some cases, they describe translated texts, examples, etc.; see <cit type="translation">, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPTR" title="Translation Equivalents">10.3.3.2 Translation Equivalents</a>, and <cit type="example">, section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPEG" title="Examples">10.3.5.1 Examples</a>. The <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> element directly contains the text of the definition; unlike <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> and <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a>, it does not serve solely to group a set of smaller elements. The close analysis of definition text, such as the tagging of hypernyms, typical objects, etc., is not covered by these Guidelines. <div class="p">Definitions may occur directly within an entry; when multiple definitions are given, they are typically identified as belonging to distinct senses, as here: <div class="q">demigod (…) n. 1.a. a being who is part mortal, part god. b. a lesser deity. 2. a godlike person. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CP" title="Collins Pocket Dictionary of the English language. London Collins.">CP</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79301" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>demigod</orth> <pron> … </pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <sense n="a"> <def>a being who is part mortal, part god.</def> </sense> <sense n="b"> <def>a lesser deity.</def> </sense> </sense> <sense n="2"> <def>a godlike person.</def> </sense> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79301">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In multilingual dictionaries, it is sometimes possible to distinguish translation equivalents from definitions proper; here a <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> element is distinguished from the translation information within which it appears. <div class="q">rémoulade <code>[Remulad] </code> nf remoulade, rémoulade (dressing containing mustard and herbs). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79340" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>rémoulade</orth> <pron>Remulad</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> <gen>f</gen> </gramGrp> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>remoulade</quote> <quote>rémoulade</quote> <def>dressing containing mustard and herbs</def> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79340">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div4" id="DITPTR"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPDE">10.3.3.1 Definitions</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPTR" title="link to this section ">TEI: Translation Equivalents⚓︎</a>10.3.3.2 Translation Equivalents</h5> Multilingual dictionaries contain information about translations of a given word in some source language for one or more target languages. Minimally, the dictionary provides the corresponding translation in the target language; other material, such as morphological information (gender, case), various kinds of usage restrictions, etc., may also be given. If translation equivalents are to be distinguished from other kinds of sense information, they may be encoded using <cit type="translation">. The global xml:lang attribute should be used to specify the target language. As in monolingual dictionaries, the <a class="gi" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> element is used in multilingual dictionaries to group information (forms, grammatical information, usage, translation(s), etc.) about a given sense of a word where necessary. Information about the individual translation equivalents within a sense is grouped using <cit type="translation">. This information may include the translation text (tagged <a class="gi" title="(séparé du texte environnant par des guillemets) contient un fragment qui est marqué (visiblement) comme étant d’une manière ou d'une autre différent du texte environnant, pour diverses raisons telles que, par exemple, un discours direct ou une pensée, des termes techniques ou du jargon, une mise à distance par rapport à l’auteur, des citations empruntées et des passages qui sont mentionnés mais non employés." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="(citation) contient une expression ou un passage que le narrateur ou l'auteur attribue à une origine extérieure au texte." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a>), morphological information (<a class="gi" title="(genre) identifie le genre morphologique d'un élément lexical, tel qu'il est donné par le dictionnaire." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a>, <a class="gi" title="(cas) contient des informations sur le cas grammatical présenté par le dictionnaire pour une forme donnée." href="ref-case.html">case</a>, etc.), usage notes (<a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>), translation labels (<a class="gi" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a>), and definitions (<a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a>).When bibliographic data is provided, the <a class="gi" title="(citation) contient une expression ou un passage que le narrateur ou l'auteur attribue à une origine extérieure au texte." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> element should be used. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> (citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple.</li><li><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> (étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", ‘contraction de’, ‘littéralement’, ‘approximativement’, ‘synonymes’, etc.</li></ul> <div class="p">Note how in the following example, different translation equivalents are grouped into the same or different senses, following the punctuation of the source and the usage labels: <div class="q">dresser … (a) (Theat) habilleur m, -euse f; (Comm: window ~) étalagiste mf. she's a stylish ~ elle s'habille avec chic; V hair. (b) (tool) (for wood) raboteuse f; (for stone) rabotin m. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79498" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry n="1"> <form> <orth>dresser</orth> </form> <sense n="a"> <sense> <usg type="dom">Theat</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>habilleur</quote> <gramGrp> <gen>m</gen> </gramGrp> </cit> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>-euse</quote> <gramGrp> <gen>f</gen> </gramGrp> </cit> </sense> <sense> <usg type="dom">Comm</usg> <form type="compound"> <orth>window <oRef/> </orth> </form> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>étalagiste</quote> <gramGrp> <gen>mf</gen> </gramGrp> </cit> </sense> <cit type="example"> <quote>she's a stylish <oRef/> </quote> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>elle s'habille avec chic</quote> </cit> </cit> <xr type="see">V. <ref target="#hair">hair</ref> </xr> </sense> <sense n="b"> <usg type="category">tool</usg> <sense> <usg type="hint">for wood</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>raboteuse</quote> <gramGrp> <gen>f</gen> </gramGrp> </cit> </sense> <sense> <usg type="hint">for stone</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="fr"> <quote>rabotin</quote> <gramGrp> <gen>m</gen> </gramGrp> </cit> </sense> </sense> </entry>  <entry xml:id="hair"> <sense>  </sense> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79498">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In the following example, a distinction is made between the translation equivalent (‘OAS’) and a descriptive phrase providing further information for the user of the dictionary. <div class="q">O.A.S. ... nf (abrév de Organisation de l'Armée secrète) OAS (illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79588" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry>  <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>OAS</quote> <def>illegal military organization supporting French rule of Algeria</def> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79588">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Note that <cit type="translation"> may also be used in monolingual dictionaries when a translation is given for a foreign word: <div class="q">havdalah or havdoloh Hebrew (<code>havdaˈla;</code> Yiddish <code>havˈdɔlə)</code> n Judaism the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices [literally: separation] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79632" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry type="foreign"> <form> <orth>havdalah</orth> <orth>havdoloh</orth> <gramGrp> <gram type="pos">n</gram> </gramGrp> </form> <sense> <usg type="dom">Judaism</usg> <def>the ceremony marking the end of the sabbath or of a festival, including the blessings over wine, candles and spices</def> </sense> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <usg type="style">literally</usg> <quote>separation</quote> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79632">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DITPET"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPSE">10.3.3 Sense Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPMI">10.3.5 Other Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPET" title="link to this section ">TEI: Etymological Information⚓︎</a>10.3.4 Etymological Information</h4> The element <a class="gi" title="(étymologie) contient les informations sur l'étymologie de l'entrée" href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> marks a block of etymological information. Etymologies may contain highly structured lists of words in an order indicating their descent from each other, but often also include related words and forms outside the direct line of descent, for comparison. Not infrequently, etymologies include commentary of various sorts, and can grow into short (or long!) essays with prose-like structure. This variation in structure makes it impracticable to define tags which capture the entire intellectual structure of the etymology or record the precise interrelation of all the words mentioned. It is, however, feasible to mark some of the more obvious phrase-level elements frequently found in etymologies, using tags defined in the core module or elsewhere in this chapter. Of particular relevance for the markup of etymologies are: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> (étymologie) contient les informations sur l'étymologie de l'entrée</li><li><a href="ref-lang.html">lang</a> (nom de la langue) nom de la langue mentionnée des informations de nature linguistique (étymologique ou autre)</li><li><a href="ref-date.html">date</a> (date) contient une date exprimée dans n'importe quel format.</li><li><a href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> marque des mots ou des expressions employés métalinguistiquement</li><li><a href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> (glose) identifie une expression ou un mot utilisé pour fournir une glose ou une définition à quelque autre mot ou expression.</li><li><a href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> (prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot</li><li><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> (usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage</li><li><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> (étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", ‘contraction de’, ‘littéralement’, ‘approximativement’, ‘synonymes’, etc.</li></ul> As in other prose, individual word forms mentioned in an etymological description are tagged with <a class="gi" title="(mentionné) marque des mots ou des expressions employés métalinguistiquement" href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> elements. Pronunciations, usage labels, and glosses can be tagged using the <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>, <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a>, and <a class="gi" title="(glose) identifie une expression ou un mot utilisé pour fournir une glose ou une définition à quelque autre mot ou expression." href="ref-gloss.html">gloss</a> elements defined elsewhere in these Guidelines. In addition, the <a class="gi" title="(nom de la langue) nom de la langue mentionnée des informations de nature linguistique (étymologique ou autre)" href="ref-lang.html">lang</a> element may be used to identify a particular language name where it appears, in addition to using the xml:lang attribute of the <a class="gi" title="(mentionné) marque des mots ou des expressions employés métalinguistiquement" href="ref-mentioned.html">mentioned</a> element. <div class="p">Examples: <div class="q">abismo m. (del gr. a priv. y byssos, fondo). Sima, gran profundidad. …</div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79694" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>abismo</orth> </form> <etym>del <lang>gr.</lang> <mentioned>a</mentioned> priv. y <mentioned>byssos</mentioned>, <gloss>fondo</gloss> </etym>  </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79694">⚓︎</a></div> </div> <div class="q">neume <code>\'n(y)üm\</code> n [F, fr. ML pneuma, neuma, fr. Gk pneuma breath — more at pneumatic]: any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant … [WNC]</div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e79725" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry>  <etym> <lang>F</lang> fr. <lang>ML</lang> <mentioned>pneuma</mentioned> <mentioned>neuma</mentioned> fr. <lang>Gk</lang> <mentioned>pneuma</mentioned> <gloss>breath</gloss> <xr type="etym">more at <ptr target="#pneumatic"/> </xr> </etym> <sense> <def>any of various symbols used in the notation of Gregorian chant  </def> </sense> </entry>  <entry xml:id="pneumatic"> <etym>  </etym> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e79725">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DITPMI"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPET">10.3.4 Etymological Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPRE">10.3.6 Related Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPMI" title="link to this section ">TEI: Other Information⚓︎</a>10.3.5 Other Information</h4> <div class="div4" id="DITPEG"> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPEG" title="link to this section ">TEI: Examples⚓︎</a>10.3.5.1 Examples</h5> Dictionaries typically include examples of word use, usually accompanying definitions or translations. In some cases, the examples are quotations from another source, and are occasionally followed by a citation to the author. The <cit type="example"> element contains usage examples and associated information; the example text itself should be enclosed in a <a class="gi" title="(séparé du texte environnant par des guillemets) contient un fragment qui est marqué (visiblement) comme étant d’une manière ou d'une autre différent du texte environnant, pour diverses raisons telles que, par exemple, un discours direct ou une pensée, des termes techniques ou du jargon, une mise à distance par rapport à l’auteur, des citations empruntées et des passages qui sont mentionnés mais non employés." href="ref-q.html">q</a> or <a class="gi" title="(citation) contient une expression ou un passage que le narrateur ou l'auteur attribue à une origine extérieure au texte." href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> element. The <a class="gi" title="(citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> element associates a quotation with a bibliographic reference to its source. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-q.html">q</a> (séparé du texte environnant par des guillemets) contient un fragment qui est marqué (visiblement) comme étant d’une manière ou d'une autre différent du texte environnant, pour diverses raisons telles que, par exemple, un discours direct ou une pensée, des termes techniques ou du jargon, une mise à distance par rapport à l’auteur, des citations empruntées et des passages qui sont mentionnés mais non employés.</li><li><a href="ref-quote.html">quote</a> (citation) contient une expression ou un passage que le narrateur ou l'auteur attribue à une origine extérieure au texte.</li><li><a href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> (citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple.</li></ul> Examples frequently abbreviate the headword, and so their transcription will frequently make use of the <a class="gi" title="(référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> element described below in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DIHW" title="Headword and Pronunciation References">10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a>. <div class="p">Examples: <div class="q">multiplex <code>/…/</code> adj tech having many parts: the multiplex eye of the fly. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-LDOCE" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. Harlow Essex Longman (1978).">LDOCE</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80204" class="pre egXML_valid"><quote>the multiplex eye of the fly.</quote><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80204">⚓︎</a></div> </div> Or when one wants a more comprehensive representation of examples: <div id="index-egXML-d53e80208" class="pre egXML_valid"><cit type="example"> <quote>the multiplex eye of the fly.</quote> </cit><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80208">⚓︎</a></div> </div> As the following example shows, <a class="gi" title="(citation) citation provenant d'un autre document comprenant la référence bibliographique de sa source. Dans un dictionnaire il peut contenir un exemple avec au moins une occurrence du mot employé dans l’acception qui est décrite, ou une traduction du mot-clé, ou un exemple." href="ref-cit.html">cit</a> can also contain elements such as <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>, <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a>, etc. <div class="q">some … 4. (S~ and any are used with more): Give me ~ more<code>/s@'mO:(r)/</code> <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80244" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="4"> <usg type="colloc"> <oRef type="cap"/> and <mentioned>any</mentioned> are used with <mentioned>more</mentioned> </usg> <cit type="example"> <quote>Give me <oRef/> more</quote> <pron extent="part">s@'mO:(r)</pron> </cit> </sense><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80244">⚓︎</a></div> </div> In multilingual dictionaries, examples may also be accompanied by translations: <div class="q">horrifier … vt to horrify. elle était horrifiée par la dépense she was horrified at the expense. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80277" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry>  <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>to horrify</quote> </cit> <cit type="example"> <quote>elle était horrifiée par la dépense</quote> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>she was horrified at the expense.</quote> </cit> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80277">⚓︎</a></div> </div> When a source is indicated, the example should be marked with a <a class="gi" title="(référence bibliographique.) contient une référence bibliographique faiblement structurée dans laquelle les sous-composants peuvent ou non être explicitement balisés." href="ref-bibl.html">bibl</a> element: <div class="q">valeur … n. f. … 2. Vx. Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat). ‘La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des années’ (Corneille). … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80363" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="2"> <usg type="time">Vx.</usg> <def>Vaillance, bravoure (spécial., au combat)</def> <cit type="example"> <quote>La valeur n'attend pas le nombre des années</quote> <bibl> <author>Corneille</author> </bibl> </cit> </sense><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80363">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div4" id="DITPUS"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPEG">10.3.5.1 Examples</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPXR">10.3.5.3 Cross-References to Other Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPUS" title="link to this section ">TEI: Usage Information and Other Labels⚓︎</a>10.3.5.2 Usage Information and Other Labels</h5> Most dictionaries provide restrictive labels and phrases indicating the usage of given words or particular senses. Other phrases, not necessarily related to usage, may also be attached to forms, translations, cross-references, and examples. The following elements are provided to mark up such labels: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> (usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage</li><li><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> (étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", ‘contraction de’, ‘littéralement’, ‘approximativement’, ‘synonymes’, etc.</li></ul> As indicated in the following section (<a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPXR" title="CrossReferences to Other Entries">10.3.5.3 Cross-References to Other Entries</a>), the <a class="gi" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> element may be used for any kind of significative phrase or label within the text. The <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element is a specialization of this to mark usage labels in particular. Usage labels typically indicate <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">temporal use (archaic, obsolete, etc.)</li><li class="item">register (slang, formal, taboo, ironic, facetious, etc.)</li><li class="item">style (literal, figurative, etc.)</li><li class="item">connotative effect (e.g. derogatory, offensive)</li><li class="item">subject field (Astronomy, Philosophy, etc.)</li><li class="item">national or regional use (Australian, U.S., Midland dialect, etc.)</li></ul> Many dictionaries provide an explanation and/or a list of such usage labels in a preface or appendix. The type of the usage information may be indicated in the type attribute on the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element. Some typical values are: <dl> <dt>geo</dt> <dd>geographic area</dd> <dt>time</dt> <dd>temporal, historical era (‘archaic’, ‘old’, etc.)</dd> <dt>dom</dt> <dd>domain</dd> <dt>reg</dt> <dd>register</dd> <dt>style</dt> <dd>style (figurative, literal, etc.)</dd> <dt>plev</dt> <dd>preference level (‘chiefly’, ‘usually’, etc.)</dd> <dt>acc</dt> <dd>acceptability</dd> <dt>lang</dt> <dd>language for foreign words, spellings pronunciations, etc.</dd> <dt>gram</dt> <dd>grammatical usage</dd> </dl> In addition to this kind of information, multilingual dictionaries often provide ‘semantic cues’ to help the user determine the right sense of a word in the source language (and hence the correct translation). These include synonyms, concept subdivisions, typical subjects and objects, typical verb complements, etc. These labels may also be marked with the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element; sample values for the type attribute in these cases include: <dl> <dt>syn</dt> <dd>synonym given to show use</dd> <dt>hyper</dt> <dd>hypernym given to show usage</dd> <dt>colloc</dt> <dd>collocation given to show usage</dd> <dt>comp</dt> <dd>typical complement</dd> <dt>obj</dt> <dd>typical object</dd> <dt>subj</dt> <dd>typical subject</dd> <dt>verb</dt> <dd>typical verb</dd> <dt>hint</dt> <dd>unclassifiable piece of information to guide sense choice</dd> </dl> <div class="p">In this entry, one spelling is marked as geographically restricted: <div class="q">colour or US color … <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80528" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>colour</orth> <form> <usg type="geo">US</usg> <orth>color</orth> </form> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80528">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In the next example, usage labels are used to indicate domains, register, and synonyms associated with different senses: <div class="q">palette <code>[palEt]</code> nf (a) (Peinture: lit, fig) palette. (b) (Boucherie) shoulder. (c) (aube de roue) paddle; (battoir à linge) beetle; (Manutention, Constr) pallet. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80552" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="a"> <usg type="dom">Peinture</usg> <usg type="style">lit</usg> <usg type="style">fig</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>palette</quote> </cit> </sense> <sense n="b"> <usg type="dom">Boucherie</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>shoulder</quote> </cit> </sense> <sense n="c"> <sense> <usg type="syn">aube de roue</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>paddle</quote> </cit> </sense> <sense> <usg type="syn">battoir à linge</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>beetle</quote> </cit> </sense> <sense> <usg type="dom">Manutention</usg> <usg type="dom">Constr</usg> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>pallet</quote> </cit> </sense> </sense><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80552">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">When the usage label is hard to classify, it may be described as a ‘hint’: <div class="q">rempaillage […] nm reseating, rebottoming (with straw). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CR" title="Atkins et al. Collins Robert FrenchEnglish EnglishFrench Dictionary. London Collins (1978).">CR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e80649" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <cit type="translation" xml:lang="en"> <quote>reseating</quote> <quote>rebottoming</quote> <usg type="hint">with straw</usg> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e80649">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div4" id="DITPXR"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPUS">10.3.5.2 Usage Information and Other Labels</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPNO">10.3.5.4 Notes within Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPXR" title="link to this section ">TEI: Cross-References to Other Entries⚓︎</a>10.3.5.3 Cross-References to Other Entries</h5> Dictionary entries frequently refer to information in other entries, often using extremely dense notations to convey the headword of the entry to be sought, the particular part of the entry being referred to, and the nature of the information to be sought there (synonyms, antonyms, usage notes, etymology, an illustration, etc.) Cross-references may be tagged in dictionaries using the <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> and <a class="gi" title="(pointeur) définit un pointeur vers un autre emplacement." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> elements defined in the core module (section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#COXR" title="Simple Links and CrossReferences">3.7 Simple Links and Cross-References</a>). In addition, the <a class="gi" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element may be used to group all the information relating to a cross-reference. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> (renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte</li><li><a href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> (référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire.</li><li><a href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a> (pointeur) définit un pointeur vers un autre emplacement.</li><li><a href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> (étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", ‘contraction de’, ‘littéralement’, ‘approximativement’, ‘synonymes’, etc.</li></ul> <div class="p">As in other types of text, the actual pointing element (e.g. <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> or <a class="gi" title="(pointeur) définit un pointeur vers un autre emplacement." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>) is used to tag the cross-reference target proper (in dictionaries, usually the headword, possibly accompanied by a homograph number, a sense number, or other further restriction specifying what portion of the target entry is being referred to). The <a class="gi" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element is used to group the target with any accompanying phrases or symbols used to label the cross-reference; the cross-reference label itself may be encoded with <a class="gi" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> or may remain untagged. Both of the following are thus legitimate: <div class="q">glee … Compare madrigal (1) <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81276" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>glee</orth> </form> <xr>Compare <ptr target="#madrigal.1"/> </xr> </entry> <entry xml:id="madrigal.1"> <form>  </form> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81276">⚓︎</a></div> </div> <div class="q">hostellerie Syn. de hôtellerie (sens 1). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81297" class="pre egXML_valid"><xr type="syn"> <lbl>Syn. de</lbl> <ref>hôtellerie (sens 1)</ref>. </xr><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81297">⚓︎</a></div> </div> In addition to using, or not using, <a class="gi" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> to mark the cross-reference label, the two examples differ in another way. The former assumes that the first sense of madrigal has the identifier madrigal.1, and that the specific form of the reference in the source volume can be reconstructed, if needed, from that information. The latter does not require the first sense of ‘hôtellerie’ to have an identifier, and retains the print form of the cross-reference; by omitting the target attribute of the <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> element, however, the second example does assume implicitly either that some software could usefully parse the phrase tagged as a <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> and find the location referred to, or else that such processing will not be necessary.</div> <div class="p">The type attribute on the pointing element or on the <a class="gi" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a> element may be used to indicate what kind of cross-reference is being made, using any convenient typology. Since different dictionaries may label the same kind of cross-reference in different ways, it may be useful to give normalized indications in the type attribute, enabling the encoder to distinguish irregular forms of cross-reference more reliably: <div class="q">rose2 … vb the past tense of rise <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81345" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry n="2"> <form> <orth>rose</orth> </form> <xr type="inflectedForm"> <lbl>the past tense of</lbl> <ref target="#rise">rise</ref> </xr> </entry>  <entry xml:id="rise"> <form> <orth>rise</orth> </form>  </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81345">⚓︎</a></div> </div> from cross-references for synonyms and the like: <div class="q">antagonist … syn see adverse <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975).">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81375" class="pre egXML_valid"><xr type="synonym"> <lbl>syn see</lbl> <ref target="#adverse">adverse</ref> </xr>  <entry xml:id="adverse"> <form> <orth>adverse</orth> </form>  </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81375">⚓︎</a></div> </div>Strictly speaking, the reference above is not to the entry for adverse, but to the list of synonyms found within that entry. In some cases, the cross-reference is to a particular subset of the meanings of the entry in question: <div class="q">globe …V. armillaire (sphère) <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-PR" title="Robert Paul. Le Petit Robert. Paris Dictionnaires Le Robert (1967).">PR</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81407" class="pre egXML_valid"><xr>V. <ref target="#armillaire">armillaire</ref> <lbl type="sense-restriction">sphère</lbl> </xr><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81407">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Cross-references occasionally occur in definition texts, example texts, etc., or may be free-standing within an entry. These may typically be encoded using <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> or <a class="gi" title="(pointeur) définit un pointeur vers un autre emplacement." href="ref-ptr.html">ptr</a>, without an enclosing <a class="gi" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a>. For example: <div class="q">entacher … Acte entaché de nullité, contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un incapable*. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> The asterisk signals a reference to the entry for incapable. <div id="index-egXML-d53e81438" class="pre egXML_valid"><def>contenant un vice de forme ou passé par un <ptr target="#incapable"/>.</def><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81438">⚓︎</a></div> </div> In some cases, the form in the definition is inflected, and thus <a class="gi" title="(référence) définit une référence vers un autre emplacement, la référence étant éventuellement modifiée ou complétée par un texte ou un commentaire." href="ref-ref.html">ref</a> must be used to indicate more exactly the intended target, as here: <div class="q">justifier …4. IMPRIM Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de blancs (2, sens 1, 3). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-DNT" title="Guerard Françoise. Le Dictionnaire de Notre Temps ed. Paris Hachette 1990">DNT</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81457" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="4"> <usg type="dom">imprim</usg> <def>Donner a (une ligne) une longeur convenable au moyen de <ref target="#blanc-2.1.3">blancs (2, sens 1, 3)</ref> </def> </sense> <entry xml:id="blanc" n="2">  <sense n="1">  <def xml:id="blanc-2.1.3">...</def>  </sense>  </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81457">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div4" id="DITPNO"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPXR">10.3.5.3 Cross-References to Other Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPNO" title="link to this section ">TEI: Notes within Entries⚓︎</a>10.3.5.4 Notes within Entries</h5> Dictionaries may include extensive explanatory notes about usage, grammar, context, etc. within entries. Very often, such notes appear as a separate section at the end of an entry. The standard <a class="gi" title="contient une note ou une annotation" href="ref-note.html">note</a> element should be used for such material. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-note.html">note</a> (note) contient une note ou une annotation</li></ul> <div class="p">For example: <div class="q">neither <code>(ˈnaɪðə, ˈni:ðə)</code> determiner 1a not one nor the other (of two); not either: neither foot is swollen … usage A verb following a compound subject that uses neither… should be in the singular if both subjects are in the singular: neither Jack nor John has done the work <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81867" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form type="contraction"> <orth>neither</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈnaɪðə</pron>, <pron notation="ipa">ˈni:ðə</pron> </form>  <cit type="example"> <quote>neither foot is swollen</quote> </cit> <note type="usage">A verb following a compound subject that uses <hi rend="italic">neither</hi>… should be in the singular if both subjects are in the singular: <hi rend="italic">neither Jack nor John has done the work</hi> </note> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81867">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> The formal declaration for <a class="gi" title="contient une note ou une annotation" href="ref-note.html">note</a> is given in section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing">3.9 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>. </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DITPRE"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITPMI">10.3.5 Other Information</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DITPRE" title="link to this section ">TEI: Related Entries⚓︎</a>10.3.6 Related Entries</h4> The <a class="gi" title="(sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element encloses a degenerate entry which appears in the body of another entry for some purpose. Many dictionaries include related entries for direct derivatives or inflected forms of the entry word, or for compound words, phrases, collocations, and idioms containing the entry word. Related entries can be complex, and may in fact include any of the information to be found in a regular entry. Therefore, the <a class="gi" title="(sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large." href="ref-re.html">re</a> element is defined to contain the same elements as an <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element. <div class="p">Examples: <div class="q">bevvy <code>(ˈbɛvɪ)</code> informal n, pl -vies 1 a drink, esp an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night 2 a session of drinking. ▷ vb -vies, -vying, -vied (intr) 3 to drink alcohol [probably from Old French bevee, buvee, drinking] > 'bevvied adj <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e81968" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>bevvy</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈbɛvɪ</pron> </form> <usg type="reg">informal</usg> <hom> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <def>a drink, esp. an alcoholic one: we had a few bevvies last night.</def> </sense> </hom>  <hom> <gramGrp> <pos>vb</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="3"> <def>to drink alcohol</def> </sense> </hom> <etym>probably from <lang>Old French</lang> <mentioned>bevee</mentioned>, <mentioned>buvee</mentioned> <gloss>drinking</gloss> </etym> <entry type="relatedEntry" subtype="derived"> <form> <orth>bevvied</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>adj</pos> </gramGrp> </entry> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e81968">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div2" id="DIHW"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DITP">10.3 Top-level Constituents of Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMV">10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIHW" title="link to this section ">TEI: Headword and Pronunciation References⚓︎</a>10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</h3> Examples, definitions, etymologies, and occasionally other elements such as cross-references, orthographic forms, etc., often contain a shortened or iconic reference to the headword, rather than repeating the headword itself. The references may be to the orthographic form or to the pronunciation, to the form given or to a variant of that form. The following elements are used to encode such iconic references to a headword: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> (référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">type</td><td>indique le type de modification typographique apportée au mot-vedette dans la référence. Exemple de valeurs possibles: 1] cap (capital); 2] noHyph (no hyphen)</td></tr></table></li><li><a href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> (référence à une prononciation) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux prononciation(s) du mot-vedette</li></ul> These elements all inherit the following attributes from the class <a class="link_odd" title="fournit un ensemble d'attributs utilisés par tous les éléments qui pointent vers d'autres éléments au moyen d'une ou de plusieurs références URI." href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a> which may optionally be used to resolve any ambiguity about the headword form being referred to. <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.pointing.html">att.pointing</a> fournit un ensemble d'attributs utilisés par tous les éléments qui pointent vers d'autres éléments au moyen d'une ou de plusieurs références URI.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">target</td><td>précise la cible de la référence en donnant une ou plusieurs références URI</td></tr></table></li></ul> Headword references come in a variety of formats: <dl> <dt>~ </dt> <dd>indicates a reference to the full form of the headword</dd> <dt>pref~ </dt> <dd>gives a prefix to be affixed to the headword</dd> <dt>~suf </dt> <dd>gives a suffix to be affixed to the headword</dd> <dt>A~ </dt> <dd>gives the first letter in uppercase, indicating that the headword is capitalized</dd> <dt>pref~suf </dt> <dd>gives a prefix and a suffix to be affixed to the headword</dd> <dt>a. </dt> <dd>gives the initial of the word followed by a full stop, to indicate reference to the full form of the headword</dd> <dt>A. </dt> <dd>refers to a capitalized form of the headword </dd> </dl> The <a class="gi" title="(référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> element should be used for iconic or shortened references to the orthographic form(s) of the headword itself. It is an empty element and replaces, rather than enclosing, the reference. Note that the reference to a headword is not necessarily a simple string replacement. In the example ‘colour1, (US = color) …~ films; ~ TV; Red, blue and yellow are ~s.’ <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a>, the tilde stands for either headword form (colour, color). <div class="p">Examples: <div class="q">colonel … army officer above a lieutenant-~. <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e82623" class="pre egXML_valid"><def>army officer above a lieutenant-<oRef/> </def><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e82623">⚓︎</a></div> </div> <div class="q">academy … The Royal A~ of Arts <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e82655" class="pre egXML_valid"><q>The Royal <oRef type="cap"/> of Arts</q><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e82655">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">The following example demonstrates the use of the target attribute to refer to a specific form of the headword: <div class="q">vag- or vago- comb form … : vagus nerve < vagal > < vagotomy > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-W7" title="Websters Seventh Collegiate Dictionary. Springfield Mass. G. C. Merriam Co. (1975).">W7</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e82791" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth xml:id="di-o1">vag-</orth> <orth xml:id="di-o2">vago-</orth> </form> <def>vagus nerve</def> <cit type="example"> <quote> <oRef target="#di-o1" type="noHyph"/>al</quote> <quote> <oRef target="#di-o2" type="noHyph"/>tomy</quote> </cit> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e82791">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In many cases the reference is not to the orthographic form of the headword, but rather to another form of the headword—usually to an inflected form. In these cases, the element <a class="gi" title="(référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> should be used; this element may take as its content the string as it appears in the text. <div class="q">take … < Mr Burton took us for French > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986).">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e82966" class="pre egXML_valid"><cit type="example"> <quote>Mr Burton <oRef type="pt">took</oRef> us for French</quote> </cit><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e82966">⚓︎</a></div> </div> <div class="q">take … < was quite ~n with him > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986).">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e82986" class="pre egXML_valid"><cit type="example"> <quote>was quite <oRef type="pp"> <oRef/>n</oRef> with him</quote> </cit><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e82986">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">The next example shows a discontinuous reference, using the attributes next and prev, which are defined in the additional module for linking, segmentation, and alignment (see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14">17 Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>) and therefore require that that module be selected in addition to that for dictionaries. <div class="q">mix up… < it's easy to mix her up with her sister > <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986).">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e83018" class="pre egXML_valid"><cit type="example"> <quote>it's easy to <oRef next="#ov2" xml:id="ov1">mix</oRef> her <oRef prev="#ov1" xml:id="ov2">up</oRef> with her sister</quote> </cit><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83018">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">In addition, some dictionaries make reference to the pronunciation of the headword in the pronunciation of related entries, variants, or examples. The <a class="gi" title="(référence à une prononciation) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux prononciation(s) du mot-vedette" href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> element should be used for such references. <div class="q">hors d'oeuvre <code>/,aw'duhv </code> (Fr O:r dœvr)/ n, pl hors d'oeuvres also hors d'oeuvre <code>/'duhv(z) </code> (Fr ~)/ <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG" title="The New Penguin English Dictionary. London Penguin Books (1986).">NPEG</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e83048" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>hors d'oeuvre</orth> <pron notation="ipa">,aw'duhv</pron> <form> <usg type="lang">Fr</usg> <pron notation="ipa" xml:id="di-p2">O:r dœvr</pron> </form> </form> <form type="inflected"> <number>pl</number> <orth>hors d'oeuvres</orth> <orth>hors d'oeuvre</orth> <pron notation="ipa" extent="part">'duhv(z)</pron> <form> <usg type="lang">Fr</usg> <pron> <pRef target="#di-p2"/> </pron> </form> </form><div style="float: right;"><a href="BIB.html#DIC-NPEG">bibliographie</a> <a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83048">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> Because headword and pronunciation references can occur virtually anywhere in an entry, the <a class="gi" title="(référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> and <a class="gi" title="(référence à une prononciation) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux prononciation(s) du mot-vedette" href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> elements may appear within any other element defined for dictionary entries. Since existing printed dictionaries use different conventions for headword references (swung dash, first letter abbreviated form, capitalization, or italicization of the word, etc.) the exact method used should be documented in the header. </div> <div class="div2" id="DIMV"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIHW">10.4 Headword and Pronunciation References</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIFR">10.6 Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMV" title="link to this section ">TEI: Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data⚓︎</a>10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</h3> Among the many possible views of dictionaries, it is useful to distinguish at least the following three, which help to clarify some issues raised with particular urgency by dictionaries, on account of the complexity of both their typography and their information structure. <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">(a) the typographic view—the two-dimensional printed page, including information about line and page breaks and other features of layout</li><li class="item">(b) the editorial view—the one-dimensional sequence of tokens which can be seen as the input to the typesetting process; the wording and punctuation of the text and the sequencing of items are visible in this view, but specifics of the typographic realization are not</li><li class="item">(c) the lexical view—this view includes the underlying information represented in a dictionary, without concern for its exact textual form</li></ul> For example, a domain indication in a dictionary entry might be broken over a line and therefore hyphenated (‘naut-’ ‘ical’); the typographic view of the dictionary preserves this information. In a purely editorial view, the particular form in which the domain name is given in the particular dictionary (as ‘nautical’, rather than ‘naut.’, ‘Naut.’, etc.) would be preserved, but the fact of the line break would not. Font shifts might plausibly be included in either a strictly typographic or an editorial view. In the lexical view, the only information preserved concerning domain would be some standard symbol or string representing the nautical domain (e.g. ‘naut.’) regardless of the form in which it appears in the printed dictionary. In practice, publishers begin with the lexical view—i.e., lexical data as it might appear in a database—and generate first the editorial view, which reflects editorial choices for a particular dictionary (such as the use of the abbreviation ‘Naut.’ for ‘nautical’, the fonts in which different types of information are to be rendered, etc.), and then the typographic view, which is tied to a specific printed rendering. Computational linguists and philologists often begin with the typographic view and analyse it to obtain the editorial and/or lexical views. Some users may ultimately be concerned with retaining only the lexical view, or they may wish to preserve the typographic or editorial views as a reference text, perhaps as a guard against the loss or misinterpretation of information in the translation process. Some researchers may wish to retain all three views, and study their interrelations, since research questions may well span all three views. In general, an electronic encoding of a text will allow the recovery of at least one view of that text (the one which guided the encoding); if editorial and typographic practices are consistently applied in the production of a printed dictionary, or if exceptions to the rules are consistently recorded in the electronic encoding, then it is in principle possible to recover the editorial view from an encoding of the lexical view, and the typographic view from an encoding of the editorial view. In practice, of course, the severe compression of information in dictionaries, the variety of methods by which this compression is achieved, the complexity of formulating completely explicit rules for editorial and typographic practice, and the relative rarity of complete consistency in the application of such rules, all make the mechanical transformation of information from one view into another something of a vexed question. This section describes some principles which may be useful in capturing one or the other of these views as consistently and completely as possible, and describes some methods of attempting to capture more than one view in a single encoding. Only the editorial and lexical views are explicitly treated here; for methods of recording the physical or typographic details of a text, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="PH.html" title="18">12 Representation of Primary Sources</a>. Other approaches to these problems, such as the use of repetitive encoding and links to show their correspondences, or the use of feature structures to capture the information structure, and of the ana and inst attributes to link feature structures to a transcription of the editorial view of a dictionary, are not discussed here (for feature structures, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="FS.html" title="16">19 Feature Structures</a>. For linkage of textual form and underlying information, see chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="AI.html" title="15">18 Simple Analytic Mechanisms</a>). <div class="div3" id="DIMVTV"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVLV">10.5.2 Lexical View</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVTV" title="link to this section ">TEI: Editorial View⚓︎</a>10.5.1 Editorial View</h4> Common practice in encoding texts of all sorts relies on principles such as the following, which can be used successfully to capture the editorial view when encoding a dictionary: <ol class="numbered"> <li class="item">All characters of the source text should be retained, with the possible exception of rendition text (for which see further below).</li> <li class="item">Characters appearing in the source text should typically be given as character data content in the document, rather than as the value of an attribute; again, rendition text may optionally be excepted from this rule. </li> <li class="item">Apart from the characters or graphics in the source text, nothing else should appear as content in the document, although it may be given in attribute values. </li> <li class="item">The material in the source text should appear in the encoding in the same order. Complications of the character sequence by footnotes, marginal notes, etc., text wrapping around illustrations, etc., may be dealt with by the usual means (for notes, see section <a class="link_ptr" href="CO.html#CONO" title="Notes Annotation and Indexing">3.9 Notes, Annotation, and Indexing</a>).<a class="notelink" title="Complications of sequence caused by marginal or interlinear insertions and deletions, which are frequent in manuscripts, or by unconventional page lay…" href="#Note74">39</a></li> </ol> In a very conservative transcription of the editorial view of a text, rendition characters (e.g. the commas, parentheses, etc., used in dictionary entries to signal boundaries among parts of the entry) and rendition text (for example, conjunctions joining alternate headwords, etc.) are typically retained. Removing the tags from such a transcription will leave all and only the characters of the source text, in their original sequence.<a class="notelink" title="This is a slight oversimplification. Even in conservative transcriptions, it is common to omit page numbers, signatures of gatherings, running titles …" href="#Note75">40</a> <div class="p">Consider, for example, the following entry: <div class="q">pinna (ˈpɪnə) n, pl -nae (-ni:) or -nas 1 any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf 2 zoology a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part 3 another name for auricle (2). [C18: via New Latin from Latin: wing, feather, fin] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> A conservative encoding of the editorial view of this entry, which retains all rendition text, might resemble the following: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83447" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>pinna</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈpɪnə</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos>, </gramGrp> <form type="inflected"> <number>pl</number> <form> <orth type="lat" extent="part">-nae</orth> <pron extent="part">(-ni:)</pron> </form> or <orth type="std" extent="part">-nas</orth> </form> <sense n="1">1 <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf</def> </sense> <sense n="2">2 <usg type="dom">zoology</usg> <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part</def> </sense> <sense n="3">3 <xr type="syn"> <lbl>another name for</lbl> <ref target="#auricle.2">auricle (2)</ref> </xr> </sense> <etym>[<date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</lang> from <lang>Latin</lang>: <gloss>wing</gloss>, <gloss>feather</gloss>, <gloss>fin</gloss>]</etym> </entry> <entry xml:id="auricle.2"> <form>  </form> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83447">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> A somewhat simplified encoding of the editorial view of this entry might exploit the fact that rendition text is often systematically recoverable. For example, parentheses consistently appear around pronunciation in this dictionary, and thus are effectively implied by the start- and end-tags for <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a>.<a class="notelink" title="The omission of rendition text is particularly common in systems for document production; it is considered good practice there, since automatic genera…" href="#Note76">41</a> In such an encoding, removing the tags should exactly reproduce the sequence of characters in the source, minus rendition text. The original character sequence can be recovered fully by replacing tags with any rendition text they imply. <div class="p">Encoding in this way, the example given above might resemble the following. The <a class="gi" title="(usage des balises) donne des informations sur l’utilisation d’un élément spécifique dans un texte." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element in the header would be used to record the following patterns of rendition text: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">parentheses appear around <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> elements</li><li class="item">commas appear before inflected forms</li><li class="item">the word ‘or’ appears before alternate forms</li><li class="item">brackets appear around the etymology</li><li class="item">full stops appear after <a class="gi" title="(partie du discours) indique la partie du discours attribuée à une entrée de dictionnaire telle que nom, verbe, adjectif." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a>, inflection information, and sense numbers</li><li class="item">senses are numbered in sequence unless otherwise specified using the global n attribute</li></ul> <div id="index-egXML-d53e83542" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>pinna</orth> <pron>"pIn@</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <form type="inflected"> <number>pl</number> <form> <orth type="lat" extent="part">-nae</orth> <pron extent="part">-ni:</pron> </form> <orth type="std" extent="part">-nas</orth> </form> <sense n="1"> <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.</def> </sense> <sense n="2"> <usg type="dom">Zoology</usg> <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.</def> </sense> <sense n="3"> <xr type="syn"> <lbl>another name for</lbl> <ref>auricle (sense 2).</ref> </xr> </sense> <etym> <date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</lang> from <lang>Latin</lang>: <gloss>wing</gloss>, <gloss>feather</gloss>, <gloss>fin</gloss> </etym> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83542">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> When rendition text is omitted, it is recommended that the means to regenerate it be fully documented, using the <a class="gi" title="(usage des balises) donne des informations sur l’utilisation d’un élément spécifique dans un texte." href="ref-tagUsage.html">tagUsage</a> element of the TEI header. If rendition text is used systematically in a dictionary, with only a few mistakes or exceptions, the global attribute rend may be used on any tag to flag exceptions to the normal treatment. The values of the rend attribute are not prescribed, but it can be used with values such as no-comma, no-left-paren, etc. Specific values can be documented using the <a class="gi" title="(rendu) donne des informations sur le rendu ou sur l'apparence d'un ou de plusieurs éléments dans le texte source." href="ref-rendition.html">rendition</a> element in the TEI header. <div class="p">In the following (imaginary) example, no left parenthesis precedes the pronunciation: <div class="q">biryani or biriani %bIrI"A:nI) any of a variety of Indian dishes … [from Urdu]</div> This irregularity can be recorded thus: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83622" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>biryani</orth> <orth>biriani</orth> <pron rend="noleftparen">%bIrI"A:nI</pron> </form> <def>any of a variety of Indian dishes … </def> <etym>from <lang>Urdu</lang> </etym> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83622">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DIMVLV"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVTV">10.5.1 Editorial View</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVBO">10.5.3 Retaining Both Views</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVLV" title="link to this section ">TEI: Lexical View⚓︎</a>10.5.2 Lexical View</h4> If the text to be interchanged retains only the lexical view of the text, there may be no concern for the recoverability of the editorial (not to speak of the typographic) view of the text. However, it is strongly recommended that the TEI header be used to document fully the nature of all alterations to the original data, such as normalization of domain names, expansion of inflected forms, etc. In an encoding of the lexical view of a text, there are degrees of departure from the original data: normalizing inconsistent forms like ‘nautical’, ‘naut’., ‘Naut.’, etc., to ‘nautical’ is a relatively slight alteration; expansion of ‘delay -ed -ing’ to ‘delay, delayed, delaying’ is a more substantial departure. Still more severe is the rearranging of the order of information in entries; for example: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">reorganizing the order of elements in an entry to show their relationship, as in <div class="q">clem <code>(klɛm)</code> or clam vb clems, clemming, clemmed or clams, clamming, clammed <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> where in a strictly lexical view one might wish to group ‘clem’ and ‘clam’ with their respective inflected forms.</li><li class="item">splitting an entry into two separate entries, as in <div class="q">celi.bacy /"selIb@sI/ n [U] state of living unmarried, esp as a religious obligation. celi.bate /"selIb@t/ n [C] unmarried person (esp a priest who has taken a vow not to marry). <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> For some purposes, this entry might usefully be split into an entry for ‘celibacy’ and a separate entry for ‘celibate’.</li></ul> <div class="p">An encoding which captures the lexical view of the example given in the previous section might look something like the following. In this encoding: <ul class="bulleted"><li class="item">abbreviated forms have been silently expanded</li><li class="item">some forms have been moved to allow related forms to be grouped together</li><li class="item">the part of speech information has been moved to allow all forms to be given together</li><li class="item">the cross-reference to ‘auricle’ has been simplified</li></ul> <div id="index-egXML-d53e83718" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <form> <orth>pinna</orth> <pron>"pIn@</pron> <form type="inflected"> <number>pl</number> <form> <orth type="lat">pinnae</orth> <pron>'pIni:</pron> </form> <orth type="std">pinnas</orth> </form> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <sense n="1"> <def>any leaflet of a pinnate compound leaf.</def> </sense> <sense n="2"> <usg type="dom">Zoology</usg> <def>a feather, wing, fin, or similarly shaped part.</def> </sense> <sense n="3"> <xr type="syn"> <ptr target="#auricle.2"/> </xr> </sense> <etym> <date>C18</date>: via <lang>New Latin</lang> from <lang>Latin</lang>: <gloss>wing</gloss>, <gloss>feather</gloss>, <gloss>fin</gloss> </etym> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83718">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> Whether the given dictionary encoding focusses on the lexical view and thus approaches the status of lexical databases, or uses the typographic/editorial view approach and needs to communicate the sometimes informally stated values for the particular descriptive features, the issue of interoperability of the content and of the container objects becomes relevant, in view of the growing tendency to interlink pieces of information across Internet resources. In such cases, it becomes crucial to be able to encode the fact that whether the information on, for instance, the value of the grammatical category of Number is provided as ‘sg.’, ‘sing.’, ‘Singular’, or equivalently ‘poj.’ in Polish, or ‘Ez.’ in German, etc., what is actually referred to is always the same grammatical value that can be rendered with a plethora of markers, depending on the publisher, language, or lexicographic tradition. In order to signal that this variety of surface markers in fact indicate the same underlying value, it is possible to align them with an external inventory of standardized values. The TEI provides the <a class="link_odd" title="" href="ref-att.datcat.html">att.datcat</a> attribute class for the purpose of aligning grammatical (or indeed any sort of) categories as well as their values with a reference taxonomy of shared data categories. <div class="p">In the example below, a fragment of the entry for isotope cited in section <a class="link_ptr" href="DI.html#DITPGR" title="Grammatical Information">10.3.2 Grammatical Information</a> is adorned by references to standardized definitions for part of speech (datcat) and adjective (valueDatcat). Depending on the status and extent of the dictionary, various strategies may be used to reduce the redundancy of references. <div id="index-egXML-d53e83801" class="pre egXML_feasible"><entry>  <form> <orth>isotope</orth> </form> <gramGrp> <pos datcat="http://hdl.handle.net/11459/CCR_C-396_5a972b93-2294-ab5c-a541-7c344c5f26c3" valueDatcat="http://hdl.handle.net/11459/CCR_C-1230_23653c21-fca1-edf8-fd7c-3df2d6499157">adj</pos> </gramGrp>  </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83801">⚓︎</a></div> </div> In the above example, alignment is performed against the <a class="link_ref" href="https://www.clarin.eu/content/clarin-concept-registry">CLARIN Concept Registry</a>.</div> </div> <div class="div3" id="DIMVBO"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVLV">10.5.2 Lexical View</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h4><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVBO" title="link to this section ">TEI: Retaining Both Views⚓︎</a>10.5.3 Retaining Both Views</h4> It is sometimes desirable to retain both the lexical and the editorial view, in which case a potential conflict exists between the two. When there is a conflict between the encodings for the lexical and editorial views, the principles described in the following sections may be applied. <div class="div4" id="DIMVAV"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVOL">10.5.3.2 Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVAV" title="link to this section ">TEI: Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views⚓︎</a>10.5.3.1 Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views</h5> If the order of the data is the same in both views, then both views may be captured by encoding one ‘dominant’ view in the character data content of the document, and encoding the other using attribute values on the appropriate elements. If all tags were to be removed, the remaining characters would be those of the dominant view of the text. The attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> (which includes the attributes norm and org from class <a class="link_odd" title="" href="ref-att.lexicographic.normalized.html">att.lexicographic.normalized</a>) is used to provide attributes for use in encoding multiple views of the same dictionary entry. These attributes are available for use on all elements defined in this chapter when the base module for dictionaries is selected. When the editorial view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to capture the lexical view: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">norm [att.lexicographic.normalized]</td><td>(normalisé) donne une forme normalisée de l'information fournie par le texte source sous une forme non normalisée.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute">split</td><td>(graphies distinctes) donne la liste des valeurs distinctes d'une forme fusionnée.</td></tr></table></li></ul> When the lexical view is dominant, the following attributes may be used to record the editorial view: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">orig [att.lexicographic.normalized]</td><td>(original) indique la chaîne originale ou contient une chaîne vide si l'élément n'apparaît pas dans le texte source.</td></tr><tr><td class="Attribute">mergedIn</td><td>(fusionné) donne une référence à un autre élément, où l'original apparaît comme une forme fusionnée.</td></tr></table></li></ul> One attribute is useful in either view: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">opt</td><td>(facultatif) indique si l'élément est facultatif ou pas.</td></tr></table></li></ul> <div class="p">For example, if the source text had the domain label ‘naut.’, it might be encoded as follows. With the editorial view dominant: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83855" class="pre egXML_valid"><usg norm="nautical" type="dom">naut.</usg><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83855">⚓︎</a></div> </div> The lexical view of the same label would transcribe the normalized form as content of the <a class="gi" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> element, the typographic form as an attribute value: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83861" class="pre egXML_valid"><usg orig="naut." type="dom">nautical</usg><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83861">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">If the source text gives inflectional information for the verb delay as ‘delay, -ed, -ing’, it might usefully be expanded to ‘delayed, delayed, delaying’. An encoding of the editorial view might take this form: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83873" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>delay</orth> <form type="inflected"> <orth norm="delayed" extent="part">-ed</orth> <tns norm="pst,pstp"/> </form> <form type="inflected"> <orth norm="delaying" extent="part">-ing</orth> <tns norm="prsp"/> </form> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83873">⚓︎</a></div> </div> Note the use of the <a class="gi" title="(temps) indique le temps grammatical lié à une forme fléchie donnée dans un dictionnaire" href="ref-tns.html">tns</a> tag with null content, to enable the representation of implicit information even though it has no print realization.</div> <div class="p">The lexical view might be encoded thus: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83890" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>delay</orth> <form type="inflected"> <orth orig="-ed">delayed</orth> <tns orig="">pst</tns> <tns orig="">pstp</tns> </form> <form type="inflected"> <orth orig="-ing">delaying</orth> <tns orig="">prsp</tns> </form> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83890">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">A particular problem may be posed by the common practice of presenting two alternate forms of a word in a single string, by marking some parts of the word as optional in some forms. The following entry is for a word which can be spelled either ‘thyrostimuline’ or ‘thyréostimuline’: <div class="q">thyr(é)ostimuline [tiR(e)ostimylin] …</div> With the editorial view dominant, this entry might begin thus: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83920" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth split="thyrostimuline, thyréostimuline">thyr(é)ostimuline</orth> <pron split="tiRostimylin, tiReostimylin">tiR(e)ostimylin</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83920">⚓︎</a></div> </div> With the lexical view dominant, however, two <a class="gi" title="(forme orthographique) donne l’orthographe d'un mot-vedette de dictionnaire" href="ref-orth.html">orth</a> and two <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> elements would be encoded, in order to disentangle the two forms; the orig attribute would be used to record the typographic presentation of the information in the source. <div id="index-egXML-d53e83934" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth xml:id="dic-o1" orig="thyr(é)ostimuline">thyrostimuline</orth> <pron xml:id="dic-p1" orig="tiR(e)ostimylin">tiRostimylin</pron> </form> <form> <orth mergedIn="#dic-o1">thyréostimuline</orth> <pron mergedIn="#dic-p1">tiReostimylin</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83934">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">This example might also be encoded using the opt attribute combined with the attributes next and prev defined in chapter <a class="link_ptr" href="SA.html" title="14">17 Linking, Segmentation, and Alignment</a>. <div id="index-egXML-d53e83957" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth next="#dict-o2" xml:id="dict-o1">thyr</orth> <orth next="#dict-o3" prev="#dict-o1" xml:id="dict-o2" opt="true">é</orth> <orth prev="#dict-o2" xml:id="dict-o3">ostimuline</orth> <pron next="#dict-p2" xml:id="dict-p1">tiR</pron> <pron next="#dict-p3" prev="#dict-p1" xml:id="dict-p2" opt="true">e</pron> <pron prev="#dict-p2" xml:id="dict-p3">ostimylin</pron> </form><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83957">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> Note that this transcription preserves both the lexical and editorial views in a single encoding. However, it has the disadvantage that the strings corresponding to entire words do not appear in the encoding uninterrupted, and therefore complex processing is required to retrieve them from the encoded text. The use of the opt attribute is recommended, however, when long spans of text are involved, or when the optional part contains embedded tags. For example, the following gives two definitions in one text: ‘picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons’, and ‘coloured chalk made into crayons’: <div class="q">pas.tel /"pastl US: pa"stel/ n 1 (picture drawn with) coloured chalk made into crayons. 2… <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-OALD" title="Hornby A.S. et al. Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford University Press (1974).">OALD</a></div> <div class="p">A simple encoding solution would be to leave the definition text unanalysed, but this might be felt inadequate since it does not show that there are two definitions. A possible alternative encoding would be: <div id="index-egXML-d53e83992" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="1"> <def>coloured chalk made into crayons</def> <def>picture drawn with coloured chalk made into crayons</def> </sense><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e83992">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">This transcribes some characters of the source text twice, however, which deviates from the usual practice. The following encoding records both the editorial and lexical views: <div id="index-egXML-d53e84001" class="pre egXML_valid"><sense n="1"> <def next="#d2" xml:id="d1" opt="true">picture drawn with</def> <def prev="#d1" xml:id="d2">coloured chalk made into crayons</def> </sense><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e84001">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div4" id="DIMVOL"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMVAV">10.5.3.1 Using Attribute Values to Capture Alternate Views</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h5><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIMVOL" title="link to this section ">TEI: Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements⚓︎</a>10.5.3.2 Recording Original Locations of Transposed Elements</h5> The attributes described in the previous section are useful only when the order of material is the same in both the editorial and the lexical view. When the two views impose different orders on the data, the standard linking mechanisms may be used to show the original location of material transposed in an encoding of the lexical view. If the original is only slightly modified, the <a class="gi" title="(point d'ancrage) attache un identifiant à un point du texte, que ce point corresponde ou non à un élément textuel." href="ref-anchor.html">anchor</a> element may be used to mark the original location of the material, and the location attribute may be used on the lexical encoding of that material to indicate its original location(s). Like those in the preceding section, this attribute is defined for the attribute class <a class="link_odd" title="définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a>: <ul class="specList"><li><a href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires.<table class="specDesc"><tr><td class="Attribute">opt</td><td>(facultatif) indique si l'élément est facultatif ou pas.</td></tr></table></li></ul> <div class="p">For example: <div class="q">pinna <code>(ˈpɪnə)</code> n, pl -nae (-ni:) or -nas <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e84055" class="pre egXML_valid"><form> <orth>pinna</orth> <pron notation="ipa">ˈpɪnə</pron> <anchor xml:id="p01"/> <form type="inflected"> <number>pl</number> <form> <orth extent="part">-nae</orth> <pron extent="part">-ni:</pron> </form> <orth extent="part">-nas</orth> </form> </form> <gramGrp> <pos location="#p01">n</pos> </gramGrp><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e84055">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="div2" id="DIFR"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIMV">10.5 Typographic and Lexical Information in Dictionary Data</a></li><li class="subtoc"> » <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#index-body.1_div.10_div.7">10.7 The Dictionary Module</a></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#DIFR" title="link to this section ">TEI: Unstructured Entries⚓︎</a>10.6 Unstructured Entries</h3> The content model for the <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element provides an entry structure suitable for many average dictionaries, as well as many regular entries in more exotic dictionaries. However, the structure of some dictionaries does not allow the restrictions imposed by the content model for <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>. To handle these cases, the <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> and <a class="gi" title="(bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau “expression” sont librement associés." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> elements are provided to support much wider variation in entry structure. The <a class="gi" title="(bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau “expression” sont librement associés." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> element offers less freedom, in that it can only contain phrase level elements, but it can itself appear at any point within a dictionary entry where any of the structural components of a dictionary entry are permitted. As such, it acts as a container for otherwise anomalous parts of an entry. The <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element places no constraints at all upon the entry: any element defined in this chapter, as well as all the normal phrase-level and inter-level elements, can appear anywhere within it. With the <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element, the encoder is free to use any element anywhere, as well as to use or omit grouping elements such as <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a>, <a class="gi" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a>, etc. <div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element allows the encoding of entries which violate the structure specified for the <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> element. For example, in the following entry from a dictionary already in electronic form, it is necessary to include a <a class="gi" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> element within a <a class="gi" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a>. This is not permitted in the content model for <a class="gi" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a>, but it poses no problem in the <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element. <pre id="index-eg-d53e84355" class="pre_eg cdata"><entb h="demigod"> <hwd>demi|god</hwd> <pr> <ph>"demIgQd</ph> </pr> <hps ps="n"> <hsn> <def>one who is partly divine and partly human</def> <def>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, eg<cf>Hercules</cf> <pr> <ph>"h3:kjUli:z</ph> </pr> </def> </hsn> </hps> </ent><a href="#index-eg-d53e84355" class="anchorlink">⚓</a></pre> <div id="index-egXML-d53e84358" class="pre egXML_valid"><entryFree> <form> <orth>demigod</orth> <hyph>demi|god</hyph> <pron>"demIgQd</pron> </form> <gramGrp> <pos>n</pos> </gramGrp> <def>one who is partly divine and partly human</def> <def>(in Gk myth, etc) the son of a god and a mortal woman, eg <mentioned>Hercules</mentioned> </def> <pron>"h3:kjUli:z</pron> </entryFree><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e84358">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">The <a class="gi" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> element also makes it possible to transcribe a dictionary using only phrase-level (‘atomic’) elements—that is, using no grouping elements at all. This can be desirable if the encoder wants a completely ‘flat’ view, with no indication of or commitment to the association of one element with another. The following encoding uses no grouping elements, and keeps all rendition text: <div class="q">biryani or biriani <code>(ˌbɪrɪˈa:nɪ)</code> n any of a variety of Indian dishes … [from Urdu] <a class="link_ref" href="BIB.html#DIC-CED" title="Collins English Dictionary 12th edition Glasgow Collins (2014).">CED</a></div> <div id="index-egXML-d53e84409" class="pre egXML_valid"><entryFree> <orth>biryani</orth> or <orth>biriani</orth> <pron notation="ipa">(ˌbɪrɪˈa:nɪ)</pron> <def>any of a variety of Indian dishes …</def> <etym>[from <lang>Urdu</lang>]</etym> </entryFree><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e84409">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="p">Here is an alternative way of representing the same structure, this time using <a class="gi" title="(bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau “expression” sont librement associés." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a>: <div id="index-egXML-d53e84430" class="pre egXML_valid"><entry> <dictScrap> <orth>biryani</orth> or <orth>biriani</orth> <pron notation="ipa">(ˌbɪrɪˈa:nɪ)</pron> <def>any of a variety of Indian dishes …</def> <etym>[from <lang>Urdu</lang>]</etym> </dictScrap> </entry><div style="float: right;"><a class="bookmarklink" title="link to this example" href="#index-egXML-d53e84430">⚓︎</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="teidiv1" id="index-body.1_div.10_div.7"> <div class="miniTOC miniTOC_right"> <ul class="subtoc"><li class="subtoc"> « <a class="navigation" href="DI.html#DIFR">10.6 Unstructured Entries</a></li><li class="subtoc"></li><li class="subtoc"><a class="navigation" href="index.html">Accueil</a></li></ul> </div> <h3><a class="bookmarklink" href="#index-body.1_div.10_div.7" title="link to this section ">TEI: The Dictionary Module⚓︎</a>10.7 The Dictionary Module</h3> The module defined in this chapter makes available the following components: <dl class="moduleSpec"> <dt class="moduleSpecHead outOfDateTranslation">Module dictionaries: Dictionnaires</dt> <dd> <ul><li>Eléments définis: <a class="link_odd" title="(cas) contient des informations sur le cas grammatical présenté par le dictionnaire pour une forme donnée." href="ref-case.html">case</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(collocation) contient une collocation de l'entrée." href="ref-colloc.html">colloc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(définition) contient le texte de la définition dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-def.html">def</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(bloc d'informations) contient la partie d'une entrée de dictionnaire dans laquelle d'autres éléments de niveau “expression” sont librement associés." href="ref-dictScrap.html">dictScrap</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(entrée) contient une entrée structurée de dictionnaire." href="ref-entry.html">entry</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(entrée libre) contient une entrée de dictionnaire qui ne se conforme pas nécessairement aux contraintes imposées par l’élément <entry>." href="ref-entryFree.html">entryFree</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(étymologie) contient les informations sur l'étymologie de l'entrée" href="ref-etym.html">etym</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(groupe d'informations sur une forme dans une entrée) regroupe toutes les informations relatives à la morphologie et à la prononciation d'une entrée" href="ref-form.html">form</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(genre) identifie le genre morphologique d'un élément lexical, tel qu'il est donné par le dictionnaire." href="ref-gen.html">gen</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(information grammaticale) contient de l'information grammaticale relative à un terme, un mot ou une forme dans une entrée de dictionnaire ou dans un fichier de données terminologiques." href="ref-gram.html">gram</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(groupe d'informations grammaticales) regroupe des informations morphosyntaxiques sur un item lexical, par exemple Partie du discours <pos>, Genre <gen>, Nombre <number>, Cas <case>, ou Classe flexionnelle <iType>." href="ref-gramGrp.html">gramGrp</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(homographe) regroupe les informations relatives à un homographe dans une entrée." href="ref-hom.html">hom</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(syllabation) contient une entrée de dictionnaire comportant des marques de césure sous forme de traits d'union ou sous d'autres formes." href="ref-hyph.html">hyph</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(classe flexionnelle) indique la classe flexionnelle à laquelle appartient un item lexical." href="ref-iType.html">iType</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(nom de la langue) nom de la langue mentionnée des informations de nature linguistique (étymologique ou autre)" href="ref-lang.html">lang</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(étiquette) étiquette pour la forme d’un mot, pour un exemple, pour une traduction, ou pour tout autre type d’information, par exemple "abréviation pour", “contraction de”, “littéralement”, “approximativement”, “synonymes”, etc." href="ref-lbl.html">lbl</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(mode) contient des informations sur le mode grammatical des verbes (par exemple l’indicatif, le subjonctif, l’impératif)" href="ref-mood.html">mood</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(nombre) indique le nombre grammatical associé à une forme, telle qu'elle est donnée par le dictionnaire." href="ref-number.html">number</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(référence à la forme orthographique) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux forme(s) orthographique(s) du mot-vedette." href="ref-oRef.html">oRef</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(forme orthographique) donne l’orthographe d'un mot-vedette de dictionnaire" href="ref-orth.html">orth</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(référence à une prononciation) dans un exemple de dictionnaire, indique une référence à la/aux prononciation(s) du mot-vedette" href="ref-pRef.html">pRef</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(personne) contient des indications sur la personne grammaticale (1re, 2e, 3e, etc.) liée à une forme fléchie donnée dans un dictionnaire." href="ref-per.html">per</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(partie du discours) indique la partie du discours attribuée à une entrée de dictionnaire telle que nom, verbe, adjectif." href="ref-pos.html">pos</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(prononciation) contient la/les prononciation(s) du mot" href="ref-pron.html">pron</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(sous-entrée) contient une entrée relative à un item lexical lié au mot-vedette, tel qu'un composé ou un dérivé, inclus dans une entrée plus large." href="ref-re.html">re</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe toutes les informations relatives à un des sens d’un mot dans une entrée de dictionnaire (définitions, exemples, équivalents linguistiques, etc.)." href="ref-sense.html">sense</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(accentuation) contient le modèle d’accentuation d'une entrée de dictionnaire, s’il est donné à part" href="ref-stress.html">stress</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(sous-catégorisation) contient des informations de sous-catégorie (transitif/intransitif, dénombrable/indénombrable, etc.)" href="ref-subc.html">subc</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(groupe d'entrées) regroupe des entrées successives pour un ensemble d'homographes." href="ref-superEntry.html">superEntry</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(syllabisation) contient la syllabisation du mot-vedette." href="ref-syll.html">syll</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(temps) indique le temps grammatical lié à une forme fléchie donnée dans un dictionnaire" href="ref-tns.html">tns</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(usage) contient, dans une entrée de dictionnaire, les informations sur son usage" href="ref-usg.html">usg</a> <a class="link_odd" title="(renvoi) contient une expression, une phrase ou une icône qui invite le lecteur à se référer à un autre endroit, dans le même texte ou dans un autre texte" href="ref-xr.html">xr</a></li><li>Classes définies: <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe les différents types d’entrées de dictionnaire." href="ref-att.entryLike.html">att.entryLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="définit un ensemble d'attributs globaux disponibles pour les éléments appartenant à l'ensemble des balises de base dédié aux dictionnaires." href="ref-att.lexicographic.html">att.lexicographic</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe des éléments structurellement analogues aux paragraphes dans des dictionnaires." href="ref-model.entryLike.html">model.entryLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe des éléments autorisés sous un élément <form> dans un dictionnaire" href="ref-model.formPart.html">model.formPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe des élements autorisés dans l'élément <gramGrp>." href="ref-model.gramPart.html">model.gramPart</a> <a class="link_odd" title="" href="ref-model.lexicalRefinement.html">model.lexicalRefinement</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe des éléments qui donnent des informations morphologiques dans une entrée de dictionnaire" href="ref-model.morphLike.html">model.morphLike</a> <a class="link_odd" title="regroupe des éléments utilisés pour localiser des formes orthographiques ou phonétiques particulières dans une entrée de dictionnaire." href="ref-model.ptrLike.form.html">model.ptrLike.form</a></li></ul> </dd> </dl> The selection and combination of modules to form a TEI schema is described in <a class="link_ptr" href="ST.html#STIN" title="Defining a TEI Schema">1.2 Defining a TEI Schema</a>. </div> </div> <nav class="left"> ↑ <a class="navigation" href="index.html">TEI P5 Guidelines</a> « <a class="navigation" href="CMC.html">9 Computer-mediated Communication</a> » <a class="navigation" href="MS.html">11 Manuscript Description</a></nav>  <div class="notes"> <div class="noteHeading">Notes</div> <div class="note" id="Note73">38 <div class="noteBody">We refer the reader to previous and current discussions of a common format for encoding lexical resources. For example, <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-1">Amsler and Tompa (1988)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-2">Calzolari et al. (1990)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-3">Fought and Van Ess-Dykema</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-4">Ide and Veronis (1995)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-5">Ide et al. (1993)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-6">Ide et al. (1992)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-7">DANLEX Group (1987)</a>; and <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-8">Tutin and Veronis (1998)</a>; <a class="citlink" href="BIB.html#DI-BIBL-9">Ide et al. (2000)</a>.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note73_return">↵</a></div> <div class="note" id="Note74">39 <div class="noteBody">Complications of sequence caused by marginal or interlinear insertions and deletions, which are frequent in manuscripts, or by unconventional page layouts, as in concrete poetry, magazines with imaginative graphic designers, and texts about the nature of typography as a medium, typically do not occur in dictionaries, and so are not discussed here.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note74_return">↵</a></div> <div class="note" id="Note75">40 <div class="noteBody">This is a slight oversimplification. Even in conservative transcriptions, it is common to omit page numbers, signatures of gatherings, running titles and the like. The simple description above also elides, for the sake of simplicity, the difficulties of assigning a meaning to the phrase ‘original sequence’ when it is applied to the printed characters of a source text; the ‘original sequence’ retained or recovered from a conservative transcription of the editorial view is, of course, the one established during the transcription by the encoder.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note75_return">↵</a></div> <div class="note" id="Note76">41 <div class="noteBody">The omission of rendition text is particularly common in systems for document production; it is considered good practice there, since automatic generation of rendition text is more reliable and more consistent than attempting to maintain it manually in the electronic text.</div> <a class="link_return" title="Go back to text" href="#Note76_return">↵</a></div> </div> <div class="stdfooter autogenerated"> [<a href="../../en/html/DI.html">English</a>] [<a href="../../de/html/DI.html">Deutsch</a>] [<a href="../../es/html/DI.html">Español</a>] [<a href="../../it/html/DI.html">Italiano</a>] [<a href="../../fr/html/DI.html">Français</a>] [<a href="../../ja/html/DI.html">日本語</a>] [<a href="../../ko/html/DI.html">한국어</a>] [<a href="../../zh-TW/html/DI.html">中文</a>] <hr/> <address> TEI Guidelines P5 <a class="link_ref" href="AB.html#ABTEI4" title="Future Developments and Version Numbers">Version</a> <a class="link_ref" href="../../readme-4.8.1.html">4.8.1</a>. Last updated on 1st November 2024, revision <a class="link_ref" href="https://github.com/TEIC/TEI/commit/0a2bff95a">0a2bff95a</a>. This page generated on 2024-11-02T03:06:40Z.</address> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="py-3 my-4"> <ul class="nav justify-content-center border-top pb-3 mb-3"><li class="nav-item"><a href="#" class="nav-link px-2 text-body-secondary">Home</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/about/code-of-conduct/" class="nav-link px-2 text-body-secondary">Code of Conduct</a></li><li class="nav-item"><a href="/about/contact/" class="nav-link px-2 text-body-secondary">Contact Us</a></li></ul> <img src="emblem_color_dark.png" alt="TEI Emblem" width="40"/> © 2023 TEI Consortium — Hosted by <a href="https://www.huma-num.fr/" class="text-body-secondary"><img src="logo-petit-hn-rvb-1.png" alt="Hosted by Huma-Num" width="50"/></a> </footer> </div> </body> </html>

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10 Dictionaries - The TEI Guidelines