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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2008 magazine article by Nicholas G. Carr</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><i>Is Google Making Us Stupid? What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Is_Google_Making_Us_Stoopid%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/eb/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stoopid%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="197" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover page in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic</a></i> issue "Is Google Making Us Stoopid?"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Writer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas G. Carr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy journalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">Published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic</a></i>, July 1, 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-stupid/6868">Cover story</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Is Google Making Us Stupid? What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains!</b></i> (alternatively <i><b>Is Google Making Us Stoopid?</b></i>) is a magazine article by technology writer <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas G. Carr</a>, and is highly critical of the Internet's effect on <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>. It was published in the July/August 2008 edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">The Atlantic</a></i> magazine as a six-page cover story.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr's main argument is that the Internet might have detrimental effects on cognition that diminish the capacity for concentration and contemplation. Despite the title, the article is not specifically targeted at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, but more at the cognitive impact of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr expanded his argument in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shallows:_What_the_Internet_Is_Doing_to_Our_Brains" class="mw-redirect" title="The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains">The Shallows: What the Internet Is Doing to Our Brains</a></i>, a book published by <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a> in June 2010. </p><p>The essay was extensively discussed in the media and the <a href="/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">blogosphere</a>, with reactions to Carr's argument being polarised. At the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica Blog</a>, a part of the discussion focused on the apparent bias in Carr's argument toward literary reading. In Carr's view, reading on the Internet is generally a shallower form in comparison with reading from printed books in which he believes a more intense and sustained form of reading is exercised.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in the media, the Internet's impact on memory retention was discussed; and, at the online scientific magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_-_the_third_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge - the third culture">Edge</a></i>, several argued that it was ultimately the responsibility of individuals to monitor their Internet usage so that it does not impact their cognition. </p><p>While long-term psychological and neurological studies have yet to yield definitive results justifying Carr's argument, a few studies have provided glimpses into the changing cognitive habits of Internet users.<sup id="cite_ref-Claburn_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claburn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> study led some to wonder whether a breadth of brain activity—which was shown to occur while users performed Internet searches in the study's <a href="/wiki/Functional_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional MRI">functional MRI</a> scans—actually facilitated reading and cognition or possibly overburdened the mind; and what quality of thought could be determined by the additional presence of brain activity in regions known to control decision-making and complex reasoning skills. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the publication of Carr's <i>Atlantic</i> essay, critics had long been concerned about the potential for electronic media to supplant literary reading.<sup id="cite_ref-lit-debate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit-debate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, American academic <a href="/wiki/Sven_Birkerts" title="Sven Birkerts">Sven Birkerts</a> published a book titled <i>The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age</i>, consisting of a collection of essays that declaimed against the declining influence of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary culture (page does not exist)">literary culture</a>—the tastes in literature that are favored by a social group—with a central premise among the essays asserting that alternative delivery formats for the book are inferior to the paper incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-fate-of-book_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-of-book-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharratt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharratt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birkerts was spurred to write the book after his experience with a class he taught in the fall of 1992, where the students had little appreciation for the literature he had assigned them, stemming from, in his opinion, their inaptitude for the variety of skills involved in <a href="/wiki/Deep_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep reading">deep reading</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-deepreading_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deepreading-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In "Perseus Unbound", an essay from the book, Birkerts presented several reservations toward the application of interactive technologies to educational instruction, cautioning that the "long-term cognitive effects of these new processes of data absorption" were unknown and that they could yield "an expansion of the short-term memory banks and a correlative atrophying of long-term memory".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, developmental psychologist <a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Wolf" title="Maryanne Wolf">Maryanne Wolf</a> took up the cause of defending reading and print culture in her book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proust_and_the_Squid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proust and the Squid (page does not exist)">Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain</a></i>, approaching the subject matter from a scientific angle in contrast to Birkerts' cultural-historical angle.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharratt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharratt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few reviewers were critical of Wolf for only touching upon the Internet's potential impact on reading in her book;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in essays published concurrent with the book's release she elaborated upon her worries. In an essay in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>, Wolf expressed her grave concern that the development of knowledge in children who are heavy users of the Internet could produce mere "decoders of information who have neither the time nor the motivation to think beneath or beyond their googled universes", and cautioned that the web's "immediacy and volume of information should not be confused with true knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an essay published by <a href="/wiki/Powell%27s_Books" title="Powell's Books">Powell's Books</a>, Wolf contended that some of the reading brain's strengths could be lost in future generations "if children are not taught first to read, and to think deeply about their reading, and only then to e-read".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preferring to maintain an academic perspective, Wolf firmly asserted that her speculations have not yet been scientifically verified but deserved serious study.<sup id="cite_ref-podcast1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podcast1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Carr's 2008 book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Switch:_Rewiring_the_World,_From_Edison_to_Google&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google (page does not exist)">The Big Switch: Rewiring the World, From Edison to Google</a></i>, the material in the final chapter, "iGod", provided a basis for his later <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic</a></i> magazine article titled "Is Google Making Us Stupid?"<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inspiration to write "Is Google Making Us Stupid?" came from the difficulties Carr found he had in remaining engaged with not only books he had to read but even books that he found very interesting.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is sometimes called deep reading, a term coined by academic Sven Birkerts in <i>The Gutenberg Elegies</i> and later defined by developmental psychologist Maryanne Wolf with an added <a href="/wiki/Cognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive">cognitive</a> connotation.<sup id="cite_ref-deepreading_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deepreading-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-podcast1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-podcast1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritter_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritter-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Is Google Making Us Stupid?" is a 2008 article written by technologist Nicholas Carr for <i>The Atlantic</i>, and later expanded on in a published edition by W. W. Norton. The book investigates the cognitive effects of technological advancements that relegate certain cognitive activities—namely, knowledge-searching—to external computational devices. The book received mainstream recognition for interrogating the assumptions people make about technological change and advocating for a component of personal accountability in our relationships to devices. </p><p>Carr begins the essay by saying that his recent problems with concentrating on reading lengthy texts, including the books and articles that he used to read effortlessly, stem from spending too much time on the Internet. He suggests that constantly using the Internet might reduce one's ability to concentrate and reflect on content. He introduces a few anecdotes taken from bloggers who write about the transformation in their reading and writing habits over time. In addition, he analyzes a 2008 study by University College London about new "types" of reading that will emerge and become predominant in the information age. He particularly refers to the work of Maryanne Wolf, a reading behavior scholar, which includes theories about the role of technology and media in learning how to write new languages. Carr argues that while speech is an innate ability that stems directly from brain structure, reading is conscious and taught. He acknowledges that this theory has a paucity of evidence so far, but refers to such works as Wolf's <i>Proust and the Squid</i>, which discusses how the brain's neurons adapt to a creature's environmental demands to become literate in new problem areas. The Internet, in his opinion, is just another kind of environment that we will uniquely adapt to. </p><p>Carr discusses how concentration might be impaired by Internet usage. He references the historical example of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, who used a typewriter, which was new during his time in the 1880s. Allegedly, Nietzsche's writing style changed after the advent of the typewriter. Carr categorizes this example as demonstrative of <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a>, a scientific theory that states neural circuits are contingent and in flux. He invokes the idea of sociologist Daniel Bell that technologies extend human cognition, arguing that humans unconsciously conform to the very qualities, or kinds of patterns, involved in these devices' functions. He uses the clock as an example of a device that has both improved and regulated human perception and behavior. </p><p>Carr argues that the Internet is changing behavior at unprecedented levels because it is one of the most pervasive and life-altering technologies in human history. He suggests that the Internet engenders cognitive distractions in the form of ads and popups. These concentration-altering events are only worsened by online media as they adapt their strategies and visual forms to those of Internet platforms to seem more legitimate and trick the viewer into processing them. </p><p>Carr also posits that people's ability to concentrate might decrease as new algorithms free them from knowledge work; that is, the process of manipulating and synthesizing abstract information into new concepts and conclusions. He compares the Internet with industrial management systems, tracing how they caused workers to complain that they felt like <a href="/wiki/Automaton" title="Automaton">automata</a> after the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Taylorist management</a> workflows. He compares this example with the modern example of Google, which places its computer engineers and designers into a systematized knowledge environment, creating robust insights and results at the expense of creativity. Additionally, Carr argues that the Internet makes its money mainly by exploiting users' privacy or bombarding them with overstimulation, a vicious cycle where companies facilitate mindless browsing instead of rewarding sustained thinking. </p><p>Carr ends his essay by tracing the roots of the skeptic trend. He discusses events where people were wary about new technologies, including Socrates's skepticism about the use of written language and a fifteenth-century Italian editor's concern about the shift from manually written to printed works. All of these technologies indelibly changed human cognition, but also led to mind-opening innovations that endure today. Still, Carr concludes his argument on an ambivalent note, citing a quote by Richard Foreman that laments the erosion of educated and articulate people. Though Google and other knowledge-finding and knowledge-building technologies might speed up existing human computational processes, they might also foreclose the human potential to easily create new knowledge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFDD0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>We can expect … that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed works. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">— <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a>, "Is Google Making Us Stupid?".<sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Carr's essay was widely discussed in the media both critically and in passing. While English technology writer <a href="/wiki/Bill_Thompson_(technology_writer)" title="Bill Thompson (technology writer)">Bill Thompson</a> observed that Carr's argument had "succeeded in provoking a wide-ranging debate",<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Damon Darlin of <i>The New York Times</i> quipped that even though "[everyone] has been talking about [the] article in <i>The Atlantic</i> magazine", only "[s]ome subset of that group has actually read the 4,175-word article, by Nicholas Carr."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversial online responses to Carr's essay were, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> critic Steve Johnson, partly the outcome of the essay's title "Is Google Making Us Stupid?", a question that the article proper does not actually pose and that he believed was "perfect fodder for a 'don't-be-ridiculous' blog post"; Johnson challenged his readers to carefully consider their online responses in the interest of raising the quality of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many critics discussed the merits of Carr's essay at great length in <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a> set up formally for this purpose at online hubs such as the Britannica Blog and publisher <a href="/wiki/John_Brockman_(literary_agent)" title="John Brockman (literary agent)">John Brockman's</a> online scientific magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_-_the_third_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge - the third culture">Edge</a></i>, where the roster of names quickly took on the semblance of a <a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who" title="Who's Who">Who's Who</a> of the day's Internet critics.<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Edge_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Keen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calling it "the great digital literacy debate", British-American entrepreneur and author <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Andrew Keen</a> judged the victor to be the American reader, who has a wide range of compelling writing from "all of America's most articulate Internet luminaries".<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book critic Scott Esposito pointed out that <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese characters</a> are incorrectly described as <a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">ideograms</a> in Carr's essay, an error that he believed undermined the essay's argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth that Chinese script is ideographic had been effectively debunked in scholar <a href="/wiki/John_DeFrancis" title="John DeFrancis">John DeFrancis</a>' 1984 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_Language:_Fact_and_Fantasy" title="The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy">The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DeFrancis classifies Chinese as a <a href="/wiki/Logosyllabic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Logosyllabic writing">logosyllabic writing</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr acknowledged that there was a debate over the terminology of 'ideogram', but in a response to Esposito he explained that he had "decided to use the common term" and quoted <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_American_Dictionary" title="Oxford American Dictionary">The Oxford American Dictionary</a></i> to demonstrate that they likewise define Chinese characters as instances of ideograms.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer and activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seth_Finkelstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seth Finkelstein (page does not exist)">Seth Finkelstein</a> noted that predictably several critics would label Carr's argument as a <a href="/wiki/Luddite" title="Luddite">Luddite</a> one,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he was not to be disappointed when one critic later maintained that Carr's "contrarian stance [was] slowly forcing him into a caricature of Luddism".<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, journalist <a href="/wiki/David_Wolman" title="David Wolman">David Wolman</a>, in a <i>Wired</i> magazine piece, described as "moronic" the assumption that the web "hurts us more than it helps", a statement that was preceded by an overview of the many technologies that had been historically denounced; Wolman concluded that the solution was "better schools as well as a renewed commitment to reason and scientific rigor so that people can distinguish knowledge from garbage".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several prominent scientists working in the field of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> supported Carr's argument as scientifically plausible. James Olds, a professor of computational neuroscience, who directs the <a href="/wiki/Krasnow_Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study">Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a>, was quoted in Carr's essay for his expertise, and upon the essay's publication Olds wrote a letter to the editor of <i>The Atlantic</i> in which he reiterated that the brain was "very plastic"—referring to the changes that occur in the organization of the brain as a result of experience. It was Olds' opinion that given the brain's plasticity it was "not such a long stretch to Carr's meme".<sup id="cite_ref-Olds_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olds-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the pioneers in neuroplasticity research, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Merzenich" title="Michael Merzenich">Michael Merzenich</a>, later added his own comment to the discussion, stating that he had given a talk at Google in 2008 in which he had asked the audience the same question that Carr asked in his essay. Merzenich believed that there was "absolutely no question that our brains are engaged less directly and more shallowly in the synthesis of information, when we use research strategies that are all about 'efficiency', 'secondary (and out-of-context) referencing', and 'once over, lightly<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Merzenich_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merzenich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another neuroscientist, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gary_Small&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gary Small (page does not exist)">Gary Small</a>, director of UCLA's Memory & Aging Research Center, wrote a letter to the editor of <i>The Atlantic</i> in which he stated that he believed that "brains are developing circuitry for online social networking and are adapting to a new multitasking technology culture".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Testimonials_and_refutations">Testimonials and refutations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Testimonials and refutations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a>, there were many testimonials and refutations given by journalists for the first part of Carr's argument regarding the capacity for concentration; treatments of the second part of Carr's argument regarding the capacity for contemplation, were, however, far rarer.<sup id="cite_ref-Compilation_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compilation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although columnist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a> noted that he had little leisure time at his disposal for contemplation compared with when he grew up,<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the anecdotes provided by journalists that indicated a deficiency in the capacity to contemplate were described only in the context of third parties, such as columnist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wente" title="Margaret Wente">Margaret Wente</a>'s anecdote about how one consultant had found a growing tendency in her clients to provide ill-considered descriptions for their technical problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Compilation_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compilation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wente_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wente-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Columnist <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Pitts" title="Leonard Pitts">Leonard Pitts</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="The Miami Herald">The Miami Herald</a></i> described his difficulty sitting down to read a book, in which he felt like he "was getting away with something, like when you slip out of the office to catch a matinee".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technology evangelist <a href="/wiki/Jon_Udell" title="Jon Udell">Jon Udell</a> admitted that, in his "retreats" from the Internet, he sometimes struggled to settle into "books, particularly fiction, and particularly in printed form".<sup id="cite_ref-udell_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udell-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found portable long-form audio to be "transformative", however, because he can easily achieve "sustained attention", which makes him optimistic about the potential to "reactivate ancient traditions, like oral storytelling, and rediscover their powerful neural effects".<sup id="cite_ref-Naughton_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naughton-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-udell_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-udell-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also writing in <i>The Atlantic</i>, a year after Carr, the futurist <a href="/wiki/Jamais_Cascio" title="Jamais Cascio">Jamais Cascio</a> argued that human cognition has always evolved to meet environmental challenges, and that those posed by the internet are no different. He described the 'skimming' referred to by Carr as a form of attention deficit caused by the immaturity of filter algorithms: "The trouble isn't that we have too much information at our fingertips, but that our tools for managing it are still in their infancy... many of the technologies that Carr worries about were developed precisely to help us get some control over a flood of data and ideas. Google isn't the problem; it's the beginning of a solution."<sup id="cite_ref-ref_GetSmarter_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_GetSmarter-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cascio has since modified his stance, conceding that, while the internet remains good at illuminating knowledge, it is even better at manipulating emotion. "If Carr wrote his Atlantic essay now [2020] with the title 'Is Facebook Making Us Stupid?' it would be difficult to argue in favor of 'No.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-ref_Elon_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_Elon-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cascio and Carr's articles have been discussed together in several places. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> used them to form a tension-pair question survey that was distributed to noted academics. Most responded in detail; concurring with the proposition "Carr was wrong: Google does not make us stupid".<sup id="cite_ref-ref_Pew2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_Pew2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Googlization of Everything</i>, Vaidhyanathan tended to side with Carr. However, he thought both arguments relied too much on determinism: Carr in thinking that an over-reliance on internet tools will inevitably cause the brain to atrophy, and Cascio in thinking that getting smarter is the necessary outcome of the evolutionary pressures he describes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaidhyanathan2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaidhyanathan2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>From Gutenberg to Zuckerberg</i> Naughton noted that, while many agreed Carr had hit on an important subject, his conclusions were not widely supported.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_Naughton2011_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_Naughton2011-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Firmly contesting Carr's argument, journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Battelle" title="John Battelle">John Battelle</a> praised the virtues of the web: "[W]hen I am deep in search for knowledge on the web, jumping from link to link, reading deeply in one moment, skimming hundreds of links the next, when I am pulling back to formulate and reformulate queries and devouring new connections as quickly as Google and the Web can serve them up, when I am performing <a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a> in real time over the course of hours, I am 'feeling' my brain light up, I and  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] 'feeling' like I'm getting smarter".<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Web journalist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Rosenberg_(journalist)" title="Scott Rosenberg (journalist)">Scott Rosenberg</a> reported that his reading habits are the same as they were when he "was a teenager plowing [his] way through a shelf of Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In book critic Scott Esposito's view, "responsible adults" have always had to deal with distractions, and, in his own case, he claimed to remain "fully able to turn down the noise" and read deeply.<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Compilation_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compilation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In critiquing the rise of Internet-based computing, the philosophical question of whether or not a society can control technological progress was raised. At the online magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_-_the_third_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge - the third culture">Edge</a></i>, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> argued that individual will was all that was necessary to maintain the cognitive capacity to read a book all the way through. </p><p>Computer scientist and writer <a href="/wiki/Jaron_Lanier" title="Jaron Lanier">Jaron Lanier</a> balked at the idea that technological progress is an "autonomous process that will proceed in its chosen direction independently of us".<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lanier echoed a view stated by American historian <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a> in his 1970 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Machine" title="The Myth of the Machine">The Pentagon of Power</a></i>, in which Mumford suggested that the technological advances that shape a society could be controlled if the full might of a society's free will were employed.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lanier believed that technology was significantly hindered by the idea that "there is only one axis of choice" which is either pro- or anti- when it comes to technology adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet Carr had stated in <i>The Big Switch</i> that he believed an individual's personal choice toward a technology had little effect on technological progress.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BigSwitch-2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigSwitch-2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Carr, the view expressed by Mumford about technological progress was incorrect because it regarded technology solely as advances in science and engineering rather than as an influence on the costs of production and consumption. Economics were a more significant consideration in Carr's opinion because in a competitive marketplace the most efficient methods of providing an important resource will prevail. As technological advances shape society, an individual might be able to resist the effects but his lifestyle will "always be lonely and in the end futile"; despite a few holdouts, technology will nevertheless shape economics which, in turn, will shape society.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BigSwitch-2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BigSwitch-2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_focus_on_literary_reading">A focus on literary reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: A focus on literary reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The selection of one particular quote in Carr's essay from pathologist Bruce Friedman, a member of the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Medical School">University of Michigan Medical School</a>, who commented on a developing difficulty reading books and long essays and specifically the novel <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i>, was criticized for having a bias toward narrative literature. The quote failed to represent other types of literature, such as technical and scientific literature, which had, in contrast, become much more accessible and widely read with the advent of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shirky2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Britannica Blog, writer <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a> pugnaciously observed that <i>War and Peace</i> was "too long, and not so interesting", further stating that "it would be hard to argue that the last ten years have seen a decrease in either the availability or comprehension of material on scientific or technical subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shirky's comments on <i>War and Peace</i> were derided by several of his peers as verging on <a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">philistinism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanger1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shirky's defense, inventor <a href="/wiki/W._Daniel_Hillis" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Daniel Hillis">W. Daniel Hillis</a> asserted that, although books "were created to serve a purpose", that "same purpose can often be served by better means". While Hillis considered the book to be "a fine and admirable device", he imagined that <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scrolls of papyrus</a>, in their time, "had charms of their own".<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Wired</i> magazine editor <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a> believed that the idea that "the book is the apex of human culture" should be resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-fate-of-book_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-of-book-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And Birkerts differentiated online reading from literary reading, stating that in the latter, the reader is directed within themselves and enters "an environment that is nothing at all like the open-ended information zone that is cyberspace" in which he feels psychologically fragmented.<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birkerts2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkerts2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coping_with_abundance">Coping with abundance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coping with abundance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFDD0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>Abundance of books makes men less studious. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">— <a href="/wiki/Hieronimo_Squarciafico" title="Hieronimo Squarciafico">Hieronimo Squarciafico</a>, a 15th-century Venetian editor, bemoaning the printing press.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several critics theorized about the effects of the shift from <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abundance (economics)">abundance</a> of written material in the media as a result of the technologies introduced by the Internet. This shift was examined for its potential to lead individuals to a superficial comprehension of many subjects rather than a deep comprehension of just a few subjects. According to Shirky, an individual's ability to concentrate had been facilitated by the "relatively empty environment" which had ceased to exist when the wide availability of the web proliferated new media. Although Shirky acknowledged that the unprecedented quantity of written material available on the web might occasion a sacrifice of the cultural importance of many works, he believed that the solution was "to help make the sacrifice worth it".<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In direct contrast, <a href="/wiki/Sven_Birkerts" title="Sven Birkerts">Sven Birkerts</a> argued that "some deep comprehension of our inheritance [was] essential", and called for "some consensus vision among those shapers of what our society and culture might be shaped toward", warning against allowing the commercial marketplace to dictate the future standing of traditionally important cultural works.<sup id="cite_ref-Birkerts1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birkerts1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Carr found solace in Shirky's conceit that "new forms of expression" might emerge to suit the Internet, he considered this conceit to be one of faith rather than reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later response, Shirky continued to expound upon his theme that "technologies that make writing abundant always require new social structures to accompany them", explaining that <a href="/wiki/Printing_press#Gutenberg.27s_press" title="Printing press">Gutenberg's printing press</a> led to an abundance of cheap books which were met by "a host of inventions large and small", such as the separation of fiction from non-fiction, the recognition of talents, the listing of concepts by indexes, and the practice of noting editions.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky2_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_web_on_memory_retention">Impact of the web on memory retention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impact of the web on memory retention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the vast stores of information made accessible on the web, approximately one hundred critics pointed to a decrease in the desire to recall certain types of information, indicating, they believed, a change in the process of recalling information, as well as the types of information that are recalled. According to Ben Worthen, a <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> business technology blogger, the growing importance placed on the ability to access information instead of the capacity to recall information straight from memory would, in the long term, change the type of job skills that companies who are hiring new employees would find valuable. Due to an increased reliance on the Internet, Worthen speculated that before long "the guy who remembers every fact about a topic may not be as valuable as the guy who knows how to find all of these facts and many others".<sup id="cite_ref-Compilation_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compilation-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evan_Ratliff" title="Evan Ratliff">Evan Ratliff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a> wondered if the usage of gadgets to recall phone numbers, as well as geographical and historical information, had the effect of releasing certain cognitive resources that in turn strengthened other aspects of cognition. Drawing parallels with <a href="/wiki/Transactive_memory" title="Transactive memory">transactive memory</a>—a process whereby people remember things in relationships and groups—Ratliff mused that perhaps the web was "like a spouse who is around all the time, with a particular knack for factual memory of all varieties".<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Far from conclusive, these ruminations left the web's impact on memory retention an open question.<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes_and_motifs">Themes and motifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Themes and motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_technology_on_the_brain's_neural_circuitry"><span id="Effect_of_technology_on_the_brain.27s_neural_circuitry"></span>Effect of technology on the brain's neural circuitry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effect of technology on the brain's neural circuitry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skrivekugle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Skrivekugle.jpg/220px-Skrivekugle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Skrivekugle.jpg/330px-Skrivekugle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Skrivekugle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="406" /></a><figcaption>A model 1878 of the <a href="/wiki/Hansen_Writing_Ball" title="Hansen Writing Ball">Malling-Hansen Writing Ball</a>, which Nietzsche began using in 1882 when his poor eyesight made it difficult for him to write by hand<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the essay, Carr introduces the discussion of the scientific support for the idea that the brain's neural circuitry can be rewired with an example in which philosopher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> is said to have been influenced by technology. According to German scholar <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_A._Kittler" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich A. Kittler">Friedrich A. Kittler</a> in his book <i>Gramophone, Film, Typewriter</i>, Nietzsche's writing style became more aphoristic after he started using a typewriter. Nietzsche began using a <a href="/wiki/Hansen_Writing_Ball" title="Hansen Writing Ball">Malling-Hansen Writing Ball</a> because of his failing eyesight which had disabled his ability to write by hand.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea that Nietzsche's writing style had changed for better or worse when he adopted the typewriter was disputed by several critics. Kevin Kelly and Scott Esposito each offered alternate explanations for the apparent changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Edge_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edge-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esposito believed that "the brain is so huge and amazing and enormously complex that it's far, far off base to think that a few years of Internet media or the acquisition of a typewriter can fundamentally rewire it."<sup id="cite_ref-Esposito_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esposito-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a response to Esposito's point, neuroscientist James Olds stated that recent brain research demonstrated that it was "pretty clear that the adult brain can re-wire on the fly". In <i>The New York Times</i> it was reported that several scientists believed that it was certainly plausible that the brain's neural circuitry may be shaped differently by regular Internet usage compared with the reading of printed works.<sup id="cite_ref-lit-debate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit-debate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there was a consensus in the scientific community about how it was possible for the brain's neural circuitry to change through experience, the potential effect of web technologies on the brain's neural circuitry was unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Olds_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olds-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merzenich_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merzenich-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the topic of the Internet's effect on reading skills, Guinevere F. Eden, director of the Center for the Study of Learning at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, remarked that the question was whether or not the Internet changed the brain in a way that was beneficial to an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-lit-debate_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lit-debate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr believed that the effect of the Internet on cognition was detrimental, weakening the ability to concentrate and contemplate. Olds cited the potential benefits of computer software that specifically targets <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning disabilities</a>, stating that among some neuroscientists there was a belief that neuroplasticity-based software was beneficial in improving <a href="/wiki/Language_disorder" title="Language disorder">receptive language disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olds_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olds-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olds mentioned neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Merzenich" title="Michael Merzenich">Michael Merzenich</a>, who had formed several companies with his peers in which neuroplasticity-based computer programs had been developed to improve the cognitive functioning of kids, adults and the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-Olds_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olds-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, Merzenich and his peers had started a company called Scientific Learning in which neuroplastic research had been used to develop a computer training program called <i><a href="/wiki/Fast_ForWord" title="Fast ForWord">Fast ForWord</a></i> that offered seven brain exercises that improved language impairments and learning disabilities in children.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feedback on <i>Fast ForWord</i> showed that these brain exercises even had benefits for autistic children, an unexpected spillover effect that Merzenich has attempted to harness by developing a modification of <i>Fast ForWord</i> specifically designed for autism.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a subsequent company that Merzenich started called Posit Science, <i>Fast ForWord</i>-like brain exercises and other techniques were developed with the aim of sharpening the brains of elderly people by retaining the plasticity of their brains.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HAL_in_2001:_A_Space_Odyssey">HAL in <i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s 1968 science fiction film <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>, astronaut <a href="/wiki/David_Bowman_(Space_Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bowman (Space Odyssey)">David Bowman</a> slowly disassembles the mind of an <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> named <a href="/wiki/HAL_9000" title="HAL 9000">HAL</a> by sequentially unplugging its memory banks. Carr likened the emotions of despair expressed by HAL as its mind is disassembled to his own, at the time, cognitive difficulties in engaging with long texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt as if someone was "tinkering with [his] brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory".<sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HAL had also been used as a metaphor for the "ultimate search engine" in a <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> interview with Google co-founder <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> as noted in Carr's book <i>The Big Switch</i>, and also Brin's <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> talk. Brin was comparing Google's ambitions of building an artificial intelligence to HAL, while dismissing the possibility that a bug like the one that led HAL to murder the occupants of the fictional spacecraft <i><a href="/wiki/Discovery_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery One">Discovery One</a></i> could occur in a Google-based artificial intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-CarrsNotes_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarrsNotes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carr observed in his essay that throughout history technological advances have often necessitated new metaphors, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical clock">mechanical clock</a> engendering the simile "like clockwork" and the age of the computer engendering the simile "like computers". Carr concluded his essay with an explanation as to why he believed HAL was an appropriate metaphor for his essay's argument. He observed that HAL showed genuine emotion as his mind was disassembled while, throughout the film, the humans onboard the space station appeared to be automatons, thinking and acting as if they were following the steps of an algorithm. Carr believed that the film's prophetic message was that as individuals increasingly rely on computers for an understanding of their world their intelligence may become more machinelike than human.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developing_view_of_how_Internet_use_affects_cognition">Developing view of how Internet use affects cognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Developing view of how Internet use affects cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFDD0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p>The brain is very specialized in its circuitry and if you repeat mental tasks over and over it will strengthen certain neural circuits and ignore others. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">— Gary Small, a professor at UCLA's Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>After the publication of Carr's essay, a developing view unfolded in the media as sociological and neurological studies surfaced that were relevant to determining the cognitive impact of regular Internet usage. Challenges to Carr's argument were made frequently. As the two most outspoken detractors of electronic media, Carr and Birkerts were both appealed to by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a> to each formulate a more precise definition of the faults they perceived regarding electronic media so that their beliefs could be scientifically verified.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Carr firmly believed that his skepticism about the Internet's benefits to cognition was warranted,<sup id="cite_ref-Carr1_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he cautioned in both his essay and his book <i>The Big Switch</i> that long-term psychological and neurological studies were required to definitively ascertain how cognition develops under the influence of the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coverstory_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coverstory-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> conducted a study titled "Information Behaviour of the Researcher of the Future", the results of which suggested that students' research habits tended towards <a href="/wiki/Skimming_(reading)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimming (reading)">skimming</a> and scanning rather than in-depth reading.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study provoked serious reflection among educators about the implications for educational instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2008, new insights into the effect of Internet usage on cognition were gleaned from the results, reported in a <a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">press release</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>'s Memory and Aging Research Center that had tested two groups of people between the ages of 55 and 76 years old; only one group of which were experienced web users. While they had read books or performed assigned search tasks their brain activity had been monitored with <a href="/wiki/Functional_MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional MRI">functional MRI</a> scans, which revealed that both reading and web search utilize the same language, reading, memory, and visual regions of the brain; however, it was discovered that those searching the web stimulated additional decision-making and complex reasoning regions of the brain, with a two-fold increase in these regions in experienced web users compared with inexperienced web users.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Small, the director of the UCLA center and lead investigator of the UCLA study, concurrently released the book <i>iBrain: Surviving the Technological Alteration of the Modern Mind</i>, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Gigi_Vorgan" title="Gigi Vorgan">Gigi Vorgan</a>, with the press release. </p><p>While one set of critics and bloggers used the UCLA study to dismiss the argument raised in Carr's essay,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another set took a closer look at the conclusions that could be drawn from the study concerning the effects of Internet usage.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the reflections concerning the possible interpretations of the UCLA study were whether greater breadth of brain activity while using the Internet in comparison with reading a book improved or impaired the quality of a reading session; and whether the decision-making and complex reasoning skills that are apparently involved in Internet search, according to the study, suggest a high quality of thought or simply the use of puzzle solving skills.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Claburn, in <i><a href="/wiki/InformationWeek" title="InformationWeek">InformationWeek</a></i>, observed that the study's findings regarding the cognitive impact of regular Internet usage were inconclusive and stated that "it will take time before it's clear whether we should mourn the old ways, celebrate the new, or learn to stop worrying and love the Net".<sup id="cite_ref-Claburn_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claburn-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicameral_mentality" title="Bicameral mentality">Bicameral mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captology" title="Captology">Captology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_of_the_Mind" title="Decade of the Mind">Decade of the Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_grazing" title="Information grazing">Information grazing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Arguments_for_the_Elimination_of_Television" title="Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television">Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brain_That_Changes_Itself" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brain That Changes Itself">The Brain That Changes Itself</a></i>, a 2007 book on <a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">neuroplasticity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Doidge" title="Norman Doidge">Norman Doidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Carr2008" class="citation news cs1">Nicholas Carr (June 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2008/06/pages_and_pages.php">"Pages and "pages"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Rough Type<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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What rubbish"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=I+Google%2C+therefore+I+am+losing+the+ability+to+think&rft.date=2008-06-22&rft.au=John+Naughton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2008%2Fjun%2F22%2Fgooglethemedia.internet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirkerts1994">Birkerts 1994</a>, pp. 17–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deepreading-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deepreading_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deepreading_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirkerts1994">Birkerts 1994</a>, pp. 146–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Walsh_and_Kate_Burt2008" class="citation news cs1">John Walsh and Kate Burt (September 14, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/books-special-can-intelligent-literature-survive-in-the-digital-age-926545.html">"Can intelligent literature survive in the digital age?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2008/03/29/bowol129.xml">the original</a> on April 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06228-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06228-1"><bdi>978-0-393-06228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Switch%3A+Rewiring+the+World%2C+from+Edison+to+Google&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06228-1&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigswitchrewirin00carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoidge2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Doidge" title="Norman Doidge">Doidge, Norman</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brain_That_Changes_Itself:_Stories_of_Personal_Triumph_from_the_Frontiers_of_Brain_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science">The Brain That Changes Itself: Stories of Personal Triumph from the Frontiers of Brain Science</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03830-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03830-5"><bdi>978-0-670-03830-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brain+That+Changes+Itself%3A+Stories+of+Personal+Triumph+from+the+Frontiers+of+Brain+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03830-5&rft.aulast=Doidge&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittler1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kittler" title="Friedrich Kittler">Kittler, Friedrich A.</a> (1999). <i>Gramophone, Film, Typewriter</i>. Stanford, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3232-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-3232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gramophone%2C+Film%2C+Typewriter&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3232-1&rft.aulast=Kittler&rft.aufirst=Friedrich+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwansah-Aidoo2005" class="citation book cs1">Kwansah-Aidoo, Kwamena (2005). <i>Topical Issues in Communications and Media Research</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Science_Publishers" title="Nova Science Publishers">Nova Science Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-279-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-279-4"><bdi>978-1-59454-279-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topical+Issues+in+Communications+and+Media+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-279-4&rft.aulast=Kwansah-Aidoo&rft.aufirst=Kwamena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowry1979" class="citation book cs1">Lowry, Martin J.C. (1979). <i>The World of <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>: Business and Scholarship in Renaissance Venice</i>. Ithaca, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1214-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1214-5"><bdi>0-8014-1214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Aldus+Manutius%3A+Business+and+Scholarship+in+Renaissance+Venice&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-8014-1214-5&rft.aulast=Lowry&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong, Walter J.</a> (1982). <i>Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-71370-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-71370-X"><bdi>0-416-71370-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orality+and+Literacy%3A+The+Technologizing+of+the+Word&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-416-71370-X&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Marshall_Unger" title="J. Marshall Unger">Unger, J. Marshall</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRqKreZFVTYC"><i>Ideogram: Chinese Characters and the Myth of Disembodied Meaning</i></a>. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2656-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2656-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2656-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideogram%3A+Chinese+Characters+and+the+Myth+of+Disembodied+Meaning&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2656-7&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRqKreZFVTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maryanne_Wolf" title="Maryanne Wolf">Wolf, Maryanne</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proustsquidstory00wolf"><i>Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018639-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018639-5"><bdi>978-0-06-018639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proust+and+the+Squid%3A+The+Story+and+Science+of+the+Reading+Brain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-018639-5&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Maryanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproustsquidstory00wolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_G._Carr2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas G. Carr</a> (August 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2008/08/is_google_makin.php">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Is Google Making Us Stupid?': sources and notes"</a>. Rough Type<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Is+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F%27%3A+sources+and+notes&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft.au=Nicholas+G.+Carr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughtype.com%2Farchives%2F2008%2F08%2Fis_google_makin.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryanne_Wolf2007" class="citation news cs1">Maryanne Wolf (September 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/09/05/learning_to_think_in_a_digital_world/">"Learning to think in a digital world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Learning+to+think+in+a+digital+world&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft.au=Maryanne+Wolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Foped%2Farticles%2F2007%2F09%2F05%2Flearning_to_think_in_a_digital_world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryanne_Wolf2007" class="citation news cs1">Maryanne Wolf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110829040544/http://www.powells.com/essays/wolf.html">"Reading Worrier"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Powell%27s_Books" title="Powell's Books">Powell's Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powells.com/essays/wolf.html">the original</a> on August 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reading+Worrier&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Maryanne+Wolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.powells.com%2Fessays%2Fwolf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Bauerlein2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mark Bauerlein (September 19, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/free/v55/i04/04b01001.htm">"Online Literacy Is a Lesser Kind: Slow reading counterbalances Web skimming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <b>54</b> (31). <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>: Page B7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Online+Literacy+Is+a+Lesser+Kind%3A+Slow+reading+counterbalances+Web+skimming&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=Page+B7&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.au=Mark+Bauerlein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Ffree%2Fv55%2Fi04%2F04b01001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_H._Benton2008" class="citation news cs1">Thomas H. Benton (August 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/jobs/news/2008/08/2008080101c.htm">"On Stupidity"</a>. <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=On+Stupidity&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.au=Thomas+H.+Benton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Fjobs%2Fnews%2F2008%2F08%2F2008080101c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>James Bowman. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/is-stupid-making-us-google">Is Stupid Making Us Google?</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i>, Number 21, Summer 2008, pp. 75–80.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Kelly2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)" title="Kevin Kelly (editor)">Kevin Kelly</a> (November 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/23/magazine/23wwln-future-t.html">"Becoming Screen Literate"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Becoming+Screen+Literate&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.au=Kevin+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F23%2Fmagazine%2F23wwln-future-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Christine Rosen. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/people-of-the-screen">People of the Screen</a>", <i>The New Atlantis</i>, Number 22, Fall 2008, pp. 20–32.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Zimmer2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Carl Zimmer</a> (January 15, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2009/feb/15-how-google-is-making-us-smarter">"How Google Is Making Us Smarter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" title="Discover (magazine)">Discover</a> magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+Google+Is+Making+Us+Smarter&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.au=Carl+Zimmer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F15-how-google-is-making-us-smarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIs+Google+Making+Us+Stupid%3F" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wpr.org/kathleendunn/index.cfm?strDirection=Next&dteShowDate=2008-07-18%2009%3A00%3A00">Veronica Rueckert discusses the effect of the Internet on the brain</a> with guests Maryanne Wolf and Nicholas Carr on <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio" title="Wisconsin Public Radio">Wisconsin Public Radio</a> (Friday, July 18, 2008).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edge.org/discourse/carr_google.html">Edge: The Reality Club ON "IS GOOGLE MAKING US STUPID" By Nicholas Carr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081107005817/http://www.edge.org/discourse/carr_google.html">Archived</a> November 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225713/http://blogs.britannica.com/2008/07/this-is-your-brain-this-is-your-brain-on-the-internetthe-nick-carr-thesis/">Britannica Forum: Your Brain Online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_LLC" title="Template:Google LLC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_LLC" title="Template talk:Google LLC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_LLC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google LLC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Google460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Company460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Company</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_AI" title="Google AI">AI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Area_120" title="Area 120">Area 120</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_ATAP" title="Google ATAP">ATAP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Brain" title="Google Brain">Brain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Platform" title="Google Cloud Platform">Cloud Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Energy" title="Google Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.org" title="Google.org">Google.org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Crisis_Response" title="Google Crisis Response">Crisis Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Health</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Registry" title="Google Registry">Registry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle Security">Chronicle Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_DeepMind" title="Google DeepMind">DeepMind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitbit" title="Fitbit">Fitbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITA_Software" title="ITA Software">ITA Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(company)" title="Jigsaw (company)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_(company)" title="Looker (company)">Looker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandiant" title="Mandiant">Mandiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owlchemy_Labs" title="Owlchemy Labs">Owlchemy Labs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actifio" title="Actifio">Actifio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adscape" title="Adscape">Adscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akwan_Information_Technologies" title="Akwan Information Technologies">Akwan Information Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anvato" title="Anvato">Anvato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apigee" title="Apigee">Apigee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BandPage" title="BandPage">BandPage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitium" title="Bitium">Bitium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BufferBox" title="BufferBox">BufferBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crashlytics" title="Crashlytics">Crashlytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgeball_(service)" title="Dodgeball (service)">Dodgeball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoubleClick" title="DoubleClick">DoubleClick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropcam" title="Dropcam">Dropcam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoxon" title="Endoxon">Endoxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(American_company)" title="Flutter (American company)">Flutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_IP_Solutions" title="Global IP Solutions">Global IP Solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Throttle_Games" title="Green Throttle Games">Green Throttle Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GreenBorder" title="GreenBorder">GreenBorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridcentric" title="Gridcentric">Gridcentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ImageAmerica" title="ImageAmerica">ImageAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impermium" title="Impermium">Impermium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invite_Media" title="Invite Media">Invite Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaltix" title="Kaltix">Kaltix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marratech" title="Marratech">Marratech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meebo" title="Meebo">Meebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaweb" title="Metaweb">Metaweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotonic_Software" title="Neotonic Software">Neotonic Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverware" title="Neverware">Neverware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nik_Software" title="Nik Software">Nik Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbitera" title="Orbitera">Orbitera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyra_Labs" title="Pyra Labs">Pyra Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_Visual" title="Quest Visual">Quest Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reqwireless" title="Reqwireless">Reqwireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RightsFlow" title="RightsFlow">RightsFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Labs" title="Sidewalk Labs">Sidewalk Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickLogin" title="SlickLogin">SlickLogin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Aerospace" title="Titan Aerospace">Titan Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Studios" title="Typhoon Studios">Typhoon Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Engines" title="Urban Engines">Urban Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_(company)" title="Vicarious (company)">Vicarious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewdle" title="Viewdle">Viewdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavii" title="Wavii">Wavii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire_Interactive" title="Wildfire Interactive">Wildfire Interactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Next_Lab_and_Audience_Development_Group" title="YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group">YouTube Next Lab and Audience Development Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Business_Groups" title="Google Business Groups">Business Groups</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IBM/Google_Cloud_Computing_University_Initiative" title="IBM/Google Cloud Computing University Initiative">Computing University Initiative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Contact_Lens" title="Google Contact Lens">Contact Lens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_ID" title="Content ID">Content ID</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CrossCheck_(project)" title="CrossCheck (project)">CrossCheck</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Liberation_Front" title="Google Data Liberation Front">Data Liberation Front</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Transfer_Project" title="Data Transfer Project">Data Transfer Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Expert" title="Google Developer Expert">Developer Expert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DigiKavach" title="DigiKavach">DigiKavach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DigiPivot" title="DigiPivot">DigiPivot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Digital_Garage" title="Google Digital Garage">Digital Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_News_Initiative" title="Digital News Initiative">Digital News Initiative</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Unlocked" title="Digital Unlocked">Digital Unlocked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Founders%27_Award" title="Google Founders' Award">Founders' Award</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Free_Zone" title="Google Free Zone">Free Zone</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Get_Your_Business_Online" title="Google Get Your Business Online">Get Your Business Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Education" title="Google for Education">Google for Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_for_Startups" title="Google for Startups">Google for Startups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_Stories" title="Living Stories">Living Stories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Made_with_Code" title="Made with Code">Made with Code</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Lab" title="Google News Lab">News Lab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_PowerMeter" title="Google PowerMeter">PowerMeter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_Sandbox" title="Privacy Sandbox">Privacy Sandbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nightingale" title="Project Nightingale">Project Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Nimbus" title="Project Nimbus">Project Nimbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sunroof" title="Project Sunroof">Project Sunroof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Zero" title="Project Zero">Project Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Artificial_Intelligence_Lab" title="Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab">Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RechargeIT" title="RechargeIT">RechargeIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorvault" title="Sensorvault">Sensorvault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Silicon_Initiative" title="Google Silicon Initiative">Silicon Initiative</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solve_for_X" title="Solve for X">Solve for X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_View_Trusted" title="Street View Trusted">Street View Trusted</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Student_Ambassador_Program" title="Google Student Ambassador Program">Student Ambassador Program</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vevo" title="Vevo">Vevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_BrandConnect" title="YouTube BrandConnect">YouTube BrandConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Creator_Awards" title="YouTube Creator Awards">YouTube Creator Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Select" title="YouTube Select">YouTube Select</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Original_Channel_Initiative" title="YouTube Original Channel Initiative">YouTube Original Channel Initiative</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_in_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Year in Search">Year in Search</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind">YouTube Rewind</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind" title="YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2019:_For_the_Record" title="YouTube Rewind 2019: For the Record">2019</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_events" title="Category:Google events">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Fan_Hui" title="AlphaGo versus Fan Hui">AlphaGo versus Fan Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Lee_Sedol" title="AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol">AlphaGo versus Lee Sedol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_versus_Ke_Jie" title="AlphaGo versus Ke Jie">AlphaGo versus Ke Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Challenge" title="Android Developer Challenge">Android Developer Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Day" title="Android Developer Day">Android Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Developer_Lab" title="Android Developer Lab">Android Developer Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNN/YouTube_presidential_debates" title="CNN/YouTube presidential debates">CNN/YouTube presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code-in" title="Google Code-in">Code-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Jam" title="Google Code Jam">Code Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developer_Day" title="Google Developer Day">Developer Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers_Live" title="Google Developers Live">Developers Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodle4Google" title="Doodle4Google">Doodle4Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Go_Summit" title="Future of Go Summit">Future of Go Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Day" title="G-Day">G-Day</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hash_Code_(programming_competition)" title="Hash Code (programming competition)">Hash Code</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_I/O" title="Google I/O">I/O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mapathon" title="Google Mapathon">Mapathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Science_Fair" title="Google Science Fair">Science Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Summer of Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talks_at_Google" class="mw-redirect" title="Talks at Google">Talks at Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship_2024" title="World Chess Championship 2024">World Chess Championship 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Awards" title="YouTube Awards">YouTube Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Comedy_Week" title="YouTube Comedy Week">YouTube Comedy Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Live" title="YouTube Live">YouTube Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music_Awards" title="YouTube Music Awards">YouTube Music Awards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2013 YouTube Music Awards">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_YouTube_Music_Awards" title="2015 YouTube Music Awards">2015</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space_Lab" title="YouTube Space Lab">YouTube Space Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Symphony_Orchestra" title="YouTube Symphony Orchestra">YouTube Symphony Orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_buildings_and_structures" title="Category:Google buildings and structures">Infrastructure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/111_Eighth_Avenue" title="111 Eighth Avenue">111 Eighth Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_lawn_statues" title="Android lawn statues">Android lawn statues</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Androidland" title="Androidland">Androidland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_barges" title="Google barges">Barges</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binoculars_Building" title="Binoculars Building">Binoculars Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Giles" title="Central Saint Giles">Central Saint Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Market" title="Chelsea Market">Chelsea Market</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Zone" title="Chrome Zone">Chrome Zone</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_data_centers" title="Google data centers">Data centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanpah_Solar_Power_Facility" title="Ivanpah Solar Power Facility">Ivanpah Solar Power Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson_Center" title="James R. Thompson Center">James R. Thompson Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_King%27s_Cross" title="Google King's Cross">King's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayfield_Mall" title="Mayfield Mall">Mayfield Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_57" title="Pier 57">Pier 57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk_Toronto" title="Sidewalk Toronto">Sidewalk Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Terminal" title="St. John's Terminal">St. John's Terminal</a></li> <li>Submarine cables <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunant_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Dunant (submarine communications cable)">Dunant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(cable_system)" title="Unity (cable system)">Unity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_WiFi" title="Google WiFi">WiFi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Space" title="YouTube Space">YouTube Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Theater" title="YouTube Theater">YouTube Theater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_employees" title="Category:Google employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Bharat" title="Krishna Bharat">Krishna Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Dean" title="Jeff Dean">Jeff Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doerr" title="John Doerr">John Doerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjay_Ghemawat" title="Sanjay Ghemawat">Sanjay Ghemawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_Kamangar" title="Salar Kamangar">Salar Kamangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Mather" title="Ann Mather">Ann Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Mulally" title="Alan Mulally">Alan Mulally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Osterloh" title="Rick Osterloh">Rick Osterloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundar_Pichai" title="Sundar Pichai">Sundar Pichai</a> (CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Porat" title="Ruth Porat">Ruth Porat</a> (CFO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajen_Sheth" title="Rajen Sheth">Rajen Sheth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Mohan" title="Neal Mohan">Neal Mohan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Brin" title="Sergey Brin">Sergey Brin</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cheriton" title="David Cheriton">David Cheriton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Cutts" title="Matt Cutts">Matt Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Drummond_(businessman)" title="David Drummond (businessman)">David Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Eustace" title="Alan Eustace">Alan Eustace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timnit_Gebru" title="Timnit Gebru">Timnit Gebru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Otellini" title="Paul Otellini">Paul Otellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Page" title="Larry Page">Larry Page</a> (co-founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pichette" title="Patrick Pichette">Patrick Pichette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Shriram" title="Ram Shriram">Ram Shriram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit_Singhal" title="Amit Singhal">Amit Singhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whetstone" title="Rachel Whetstone">Rachel Whetstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wojcicki" title="Susan Wojcicki">Susan Wojcicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Google" title="Criticism of Google">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeGoogle" title="DeGoogle">DeGoogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FairSearch" title="FairSearch">FairSearch</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Google%27s_Ideological_Echo_Chamber" title="Google's Ideological Echo Chamber">Google's Ideological Echo Chamber</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Tech_for_Apartheid" title="No Tech for Apartheid">No Tech for Apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_Google" title="Privacy concerns with Google">Privacy concerns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_privacy_concerns" title="Google Street View privacy concerns">Street View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_and_privacy" title="YouTube and privacy">YouTube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_worker_organization" title="Google worker organization">Worker organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Workers_Union" title="Alphabet Workers Union">Alphabet Workers Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_issues" title="YouTube copyright issues">YouTube copyright issues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Korean_YouTube_backdoor_advertising_controversy" title="2020 Korean YouTube backdoor advertising controversy">Backdoor advertisement controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_of_YouTube_videos_in_Germany" title="Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany">Blocking of YouTube videos in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_data_breach" title="2018 Google data breach">Data breach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsagate" title="Elsagate">Elsagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures_scandal" title="Fantastic Adventures scandal">Fantastic Adventures scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Kohistan_video_case" title="2012 Kohistan video case">Kohistan video case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Reactions to Innocence of Muslims">Reactions to <i>Innocence of Muslims</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_tech_bus_protests" title="San Francisco tech bus protests">San Francisco tech bus protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_services_outages" title="Google services outages">Services outages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Slovenian_YouTube_incident" title="2011 Slovenian YouTube incident">Slovenian government incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Google_walkouts" title="2018 Google walkouts">Walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_headquarters_shooting" title="YouTube headquarters shooting">YouTube headquarters shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_apps_by_Google" title="List of Android apps by Google">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_April_Fools%27_Day_jokes" title="List of Google April Fools' Day jokes">April Fools' Day jokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Doodles</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Doodle_Champion_Island_Games" title="Doodle Champion Island Games">Doodle Champion Island Games</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic_Cat_Academy" title="Magic Cat Academy">Magic Cat Academy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Easter_eggs" title="List of Google Easter eggs">Easter eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Google" title="History of Google">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gmail" title="History of Gmail">Gmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Google_Search" title="Timeline of Google Search">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_YouTube" title="History of YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_logo" title="Google logo">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Design" title="Material Design">Material Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mergers_and_acquisitions_by_Alphabet" title="List of mergers and acquisitions by Alphabet">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Development460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_Developers" title="Google Developers">Development</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A–C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Linear_Algebra" title="Accelerated Linear Algebra">Accelerated Linear Algebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages">AMP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actions_on_Google" title="Actions on Google">Actions on Google</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALTS" title="ALTS">ALTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Fuzzy_Lop_(software)" title="American Fuzzy Lop (software)">American Fuzzy Lop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Android_Cloud_to_Device_Messaging" title="Android Cloud to Device Messaging">Android Cloud to Device Messaging</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Debug_Bridge" title="Android Debug Bridge">Android Debug Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_NDK" title="Android NDK">Android NDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">Android Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_SDK" title="Android SDK">Android SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_(web_framework)" title="Angular (web framework)">Angular</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AngularJS" title="AngularJS">AngularJS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Beam" title="Apache Beam">Apache Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_APIs" title="Google APIs">APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Engine" title="Google App Engine">App Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_App_Inventor" title="MIT App Inventor">App Inventor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Maker" title="Google App Maker">App Maker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_App_Runtime_for_Chrome" title="Google App Runtime for Chrome">App Runtime for Chrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AppJet" title="AppJet">AppJet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Apps_Script" title="Google Apps Script">Apps Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppSheet" title="AppSheet">AppSheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCore" title="ARCore">ARCore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Base" title="Google Base">Base</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazel_(software)" title="Bazel (software)">Bazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeyondCorp" title="BeyondCorp">BeyondCorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigtable" title="Bigtable">Bigtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BigQuery" title="BigQuery">BigQuery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bionic_(software)" title="Bionic (software)">Bionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockly" title="Blockly">Blockly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borg_(cluster_manager)" title="Borg (cluster manager)">Borg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caja_project" title="Caja project">Caja</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameyo" title="Cameyo">Cameyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chart_API" title="Google Chart API">Chart API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Charts" title="Google Charts">Charts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Frame" title="Google Chrome Frame">Chrome Frame</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blink_(browser_engine)" title="Blink (browser engine)">Blink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Closure_Tools" title="Google Closure Tools">Closure Tools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Connect" title="Google Cloud Connect">Cloud Connect</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Dataflow" title="Google Cloud Dataflow">Cloud Dataflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Datastore" title="Google Cloud Datastore">Cloud Datastore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Messaging" title="Google Cloud Messaging">Cloud Messaging</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Shell" title="Google Cloud Shell">Cloud Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Storage" title="Google Cloud Storage">Cloud Storage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Code_Search" title="Google Code Search">Code Search</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Compute_Engine" title="Google Compute Engine">Compute Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cpplint" title="Cpplint">Cpplint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D–N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Data_Protocol" title="Google Data Protocol">Data Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogflow" title="Dialogflow">Dialogflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_Notification" title="Exposure Notification">Exposure Notification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Pair" title="Fast Pair">Fast Pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Learning_of_Cohorts" title="Federated Learning of Cohorts">Federated Learning of Cohorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase" title="Firebase">Firebase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebase_Cloud_Messaging" title="Firebase Cloud Messaging">Firebase Cloud Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlatBuffers" title="FlatBuffers">FlatBuffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutter_(software)" title="Flutter (software)">Flutter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freebase_(database)" title="Freebase (database)">Freebase</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Gadgets" title="Google Gadgets">Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganeti" title="Ganeti">Ganeti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gears_(software)" title="Gears (software)">Gears</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_(software)" title="Gerrit (software)">Gerrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLOP" title="GLOP">GLOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRPC" title="GRPC">gRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gson" title="Gson">Gson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guava" title="Google Guava">Guava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guetzli" title="Guetzli">Guetzli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Guice" title="Google Guice">Guice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GVisor" title="GVisor">gVisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYP_(software)" title="GYP (software)">GYP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAX_(software)" title="JAX (software)">JAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_Compose" title="Jetpack Compose">Jetpack Compose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_Markup_Language" title="Keyhole Markup Language">Keyhole Markup Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubernetes" title="Kubernetes">Kubernetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Kythe" title="Google Kythe">Kythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LevelDB" title="LevelDB">LevelDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_(software)" title="Lighthouse (software)">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looker_Studio" title="Looker Studio">Looker Studio</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lmctfy" title="Lmctfy">lmctfy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapReduce" title="MapReduce">MapReduce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Mashup_Editor" title="Google Mashup Editor">Mashup Editor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Mobile_Services" title="Google Mobile Services">Mobile Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namebench" title="Namebench">Namebench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Native_Client" title="Google Native Client">Native Client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neatx" title="Neatx">Neatx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Neural_Machine_Translation" title="Google Neural Machine Translation">Neural Machine Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomulus" title="Nomulus">Nomulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_Location_Code" title="Open Location Code">Open Location Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenRefine" title="OpenRefine">OpenRefine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Optimize" title="Google Optimize">Optimize</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OR-Tools" title="OR-Tools">OR-Tools</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Pack" title="Google Pack">Pack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_PageSpeed_Tools" title="Google PageSpeed Tools">PageSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_(source_control_system)" title="Piper (source control system)">Piper</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Plugin_for_Eclipse" title="Google Plugin for Eclipse">Plugin for Eclipse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_(library)" title="Polymer (library)">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Programmable_Search_Engine" title="Google Programmable Search Engine">Programmable Search Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_IDX" title="Project IDX">Project IDX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Shield" title="Project Shield">Project Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_DNS" title="Google Public DNS">Public DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReCAPTCHA" title="ReCAPTCHA">reCAPTCHA</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RenderScript" title="RenderScript">RenderScript</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafetyNet" title="SafetyNet">SafetyNet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Console" title="Google Search Console">Search Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shell" title="Google Shell">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitemaps" title="Sitemaps">Sitemaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skia_Graphics_Engine" title="Skia Graphics Engine">Skia Graphics Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanner_(database)" title="Spanner (database)">Spanner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(JavaScript_conformance_test)" title="Sputnik (JavaScript conformance test)">Sputnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stackdriver" title="Stackdriver">Stackdriver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Swiffy" title="Google Swiffy">Swiffy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tango_(platform)" title="Tango (platform)">Tango</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TensorFlow" title="TensorFlow">TensorFlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesseract_(software)" title="Tesseract (software)">Tesseract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Test" title="Google Test">Test</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Translator_Toolkit" title="Google Translator Toolkit">Translator Toolkit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urchin_(software)" title="Urchin (software)">Urchin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UTM_parameters" title="UTM parameters">UTM parameters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)" title="V8 (JavaScript engine)">V8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirusTotal" title="VirusTotal">VirusTotal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisBug" title="VisBug">VisBug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave_Federation_Protocol" title="Google Wave Federation Protocol">Wave Federation Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weave_(protocol)" title="Weave (protocol)">Weave</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Accelerator" title="Google Web Accelerator">Web Accelerator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Designer" title="Google Web Designer">Web Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Server" title="Google Web Server">Web Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">Web Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webdriver_Torso" title="Webdriver Torso">Webdriver Torso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Cupcake" title="Android Cupcake">Cupcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Donut" title="Android Donut">Donut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Eclair" title="Android Eclair">Eclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Froyo" title="Android Froyo">Froyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Gingerbread" title="Android Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Honeycomb" title="Android Honeycomb">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Ice_Cream_Sandwich" title="Android Ice Cream Sandwich">Ice Cream Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Jelly_Bean" title="Android Jelly Bean">Jelly Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_KitKat" title="Android KitKat">KitKat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Lollipop" title="Android Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Marshmallow" title="Android Marshmallow">Marshmallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Nougat" title="Android Nougat">Nougat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Oreo" title="Android Oreo">Oreo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Pie" title="Android Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_10" title="Android 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_11" title="Android 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_12" title="Android 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_13" title="Android 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_14" title="Android 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_15" title="Android 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_16" title="Android 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_version_history" title="Android version history">version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_smartphones" title="List of Android smartphones">smartphones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Automotive" title="Android Automotive">Android Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Go" title="Android Go">Android Go</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Android_Go_products" title="Comparison of Android Go products">devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Android_Things" title="Android Things">Android Things</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_TV" title="Android TV">Android TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Android_TV_devices" title="List of Android TV devices">devices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_XR" title="Android XR">Android XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromiumOS" title="ChromiumOS">ChromiumOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(operating_system)" title="Fuchsia (operating system)">Fuchsia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glass_OS" title="Glass OS">Glass OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLinux" title="GLinux">gLinux</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goobuntu" title="Goobuntu">Goobuntu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(operating_system)" title="Google TV (operating system)">TV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_OS" title="Wear OS">Wear OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BERT_(language_model)" title="BERT (language model)">BERT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinchilla_(language_model)" title="Chinchilla (language model)">Chinchilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamBooth" title="DreamBooth">DreamBooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(language_model)" title="Gemini (language model)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaMDA" title="LaMDA">LaMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T5_(language_model)" title="T5 (language model)">T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoPoet" title="VideoPoet">VideoPoet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/XLNet" title="XLNet">XLNet</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neural networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EfficientNet" title="EfficientNet">EfficientNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gato_(DeepMind)" title="Gato (DeepMind)">Gato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inception_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Inception (deep learning architecture)">Inception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobileNet" title="MobileNet">MobileNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning_architecture)" title="Transformer (deep learning architecture)">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WaveNet" title="WaveNet">WaveNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AlphaDev" title="AlphaDev">AlphaDev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaFold" title="AlphaFold">AlphaFold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGeometry" title="AlphaGeometry">AlphaGeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo" title="AlphaGo">AlphaGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_Zero" title="AlphaGo Zero">AlphaGo Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaStar_(software)" title="AlphaStar (software)">AlphaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_(software)" title="Master (software)">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MuZero" title="MuZero">MuZero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats and codecs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_App_Bundle" title="Android App Bundle">AAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apk_(file_format)" title="Apk (file format)">APK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libvpx" title="Libvpx">libvpx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_Buffers" title="Protocol Buffers">Protocol Buffers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Open_Font_Format" title="Web Open Font Format">WOFF2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_(programming_language)" title="Carbon (programming language)">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(programming_language)" title="Dart (programming language)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_(programming_language)" title="Go (programming language)">Go</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sawzall_(programming_language)" title="Sawzall (programming language)">Sawzall</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Search algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Googlebot" title="Googlebot">Googlebot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Hummingbird" title="Google Hummingbird">Hummingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilegeddon" title="Mobilegeddon">Mobilegeddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PageRank" title="PageRank">PageRank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_matrix" title="Google matrix">matrix</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Panda" title="Google Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Penguin" title="Google Penguin">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pigeon" title="Google Pigeon">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RankBrain" title="RankBrain">RankBrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Google_domain_names" title="Category:Google domain names">Domain names</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.app_(top-level_domain)" title=".app (top-level domain)">.app</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.dev" title=".dev">.dev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.google" title=".google">.google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.zip_(top-level_domain)" title=".zip (top-level domain)">.zip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.co" title="G.co">g.co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google.by" title="Google.by">google.by</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croscore_fonts" title="Croscore fonts">Croscore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noto_fonts" title="Noto fonts">Noto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_Sans" title="Product Sans">Product Sans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roboto" title="Roboto">Roboto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Software460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products" title="List of Google products">Software</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aardvark_(search_engine)" title="Aardvark (search engine)">Aardvark</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Account" title="Google Account">Account</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dashboard" title="Google Dashboard">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Takeout" title="Google Takeout">Takeout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ad_Manager" title="Google Ad Manager">Ad Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdMob" title="AdMob">AdMob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Ads" title="Google Ads">Ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">AdSense</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Affiliate_Network" title="Google Affiliate Network">Affiliate Network</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Alerts" title="Google Alerts">Alerts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Allo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Analytics" title="Google Analytics">Analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_Auto" title="Android Auto">Android Auto</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Android_Beam" title="Android Beam">Android Beam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Answers" title="Google Answers">Answers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apture" title="Apture">Apture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Arts & Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Assistant" title="Google Assistant">Assistant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Attribution" title="Google Attribution">Attribution</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Authenticator" title="Google Authenticator">Authenticator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BebaPay" title="BebaPay">BebaPay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BeatThatQuote.com" title="BeatThatQuote.com">BeatThatQuote.com</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Blog_Search" title="Google Blog Search">Blog Search</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogger_(service)" title="Blogger (service)">Blogger</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ZygoteBody" title="ZygoteBody">Body</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Bookmarks" title="Google Bookmarks">Bookmarks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Books_Ngram_Viewer" title="Google Books Ngram Viewer">Ngram Viewer</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Browser_Sync" title="Google Browser Sync">Browser Sync</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Building_Maker" title="Google Building Maker">Building Maker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bump_(application)" title="Bump (application)">Bump</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BumpTop" title="BumpTop">BumpTop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Buzz</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Calendar" title="Google Calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cast" title="Google Cast">Cast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Catalogs" title="Google Catalogs">Catalogs</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chat" title="Google Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Checkout" title="Google Checkout">Checkout</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_App" title="Google Chrome App">Chrome Apps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_Experiments" title="Google Chrome Experiments">Chrome Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Remote_Desktop" title="Chrome Remote Desktop">Chrome Remote Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrome_Web_Store" title="Chrome Web Store">Chrome Web Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Classroom" title="Google Classroom">Classroom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Print" title="Google Cloud Print">Cloud Print</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Cloud_Search" title="Google Cloud Search">Cloud Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Contacts" title="Google Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Contributor" title="Google Contributor">Contributor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdsource_(app)" title="Crowdsource (app)">Crowdsource</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Currents</a></i> (social app)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(news_app)" title="Google Currents (news app)">Currents</a></i> (news app)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Commons" title="Data Commons">Data Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dataset_Search" title="Google Dataset Search">Dataset Search</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Desktop" title="Google Desktop">Desktop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Dictionary" title="Google Dictionary">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Wellbeing" title="Digital Wellbeing">Digital Wellbeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Game" title="Dinosaur Game">Dinosaur Game</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Directory" title="Google Directory">Directory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Docs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs_Editors" title="Google Docs Editors">Docs Editors</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Domains</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Drive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Duo" title="Google Duo">Duo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etherpad" title="Etherpad">Etherpad</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Expeditions" title="Google Expeditions">Expeditions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Express" title="Google Express">Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Family_Link" title="Google Family Link">Family Link</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Fast_Flip" title="Google Fast Flip">Fast Flip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedBurner" title="FeedBurner">FeedBurner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fflick" title="Fflick">fflick</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fi_Wireless" title="Google Fi Wireless">Fi Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Finance" title="Google Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files_(Google)" title="Files (Google)">Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_My_Device" title="Find My Device">Find My Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fit" title="Google Fit">Fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Flights" title="Google Flights">Flights</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Flu_Trends" title="Google Flu Trends">Flu Trends</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Fonts" title="Google Fonts">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Forms" title="Google Forms">Forms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Friend_Connect" title="Google Friend Connect">Friend Connect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Fusion_Tables" title="Google Fusion Tables">Fusion Tables</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">G</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gboard" title="Gboard">Gboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(chatbot)" title="Gemini (chatbot)">Gemini</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Gesture_Search" title="Google Gesture Search">Gesture Search</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gizmo5" title="Gizmo5">Gizmo5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Goggles" title="Google Goggles">Goggles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GOOG-411" title="GOOG-411">GOOG-411</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_(mobile_app)" title="Grasshopper (mobile app)">Grasshopper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Groups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">H</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Hangouts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Helpouts" title="Google Helpouts">Helpouts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">I</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/IGoogle" title="IGoogle">iGoogle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Images" title="Google Images">Images</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Labeler" title="Google Image Labeler">Image Labeler</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Image_Swirl" title="Google Image Swirl">Image Swirl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inbox_by_Gmail" title="Inbox by Gmail">Inbox by Gmail</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Input_Tools" title="Google Input Tools">Input Tools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Japanese_Input" title="Google Japanese Input">Japanese Input</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Pinyin</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Insights_for_Search" title="Google Insights for Search">Insights for Search</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">J</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jamboard" title="Jamboard">Jamboard</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaggle" title="Kaggle">Kaggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Keep" title="Google Keep">Keep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Knol" title="Knol">Knol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Labs" title="Google Labs">Labs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Latitude" title="Google Latitude">Latitude</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lens" title="Google Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Like.com" title="Like.com">Like.com</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Transcribe" title="Live Transcribe">Live Transcribe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Lively" title="Google Lively">Lively</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Map_Maker" title="Google Map Maker">Map Maker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Maps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Navigation" title="Google Maps Navigation">Maps Navigation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Marketing_Platform" title="Google Marketing Platform">Marketing Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Meet" title="Google Meet">Meet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Messages</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Moderator" title="Google Moderator">Moderator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Tracks" title="My Tracks">My Tracks</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">N</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nearby_Share" title="Nearby Share">Nearby Share</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">News</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_News_%26_Weather" title="Google News & Weather">News & Weather</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">News Archive</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Notebook" title="Google Notebook">Notebook</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NotebookLM" title="NotebookLM">NotebookLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Now" title="Google Now">Now</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">O</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Offers" title="Google Offers">Offers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_One" title="Google One">One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_One_Pass" title="Google One Pass">One Pass</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Opinion_Rewards" title="Google Opinion Rewards">Opinion Rewards</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyster_(company)" title="Oyster (company)">Oyster</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Panoramio" title="Panoramio">Panoramio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PaperofRecord.com" title="PaperofRecord.com">PaperofRecord.com</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Patents" title="Google Patents">Patents</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Page_Creator" title="Google Page Creator">Page Creator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(mobile_app)" title="Google Pay (mobile app)">Pay</a></i> (mobile app)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_(payment_method)" title="Google Pay (payment method)">Pay</a> (payment method)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Pay_Send" title="Google Pay Send">Pay Send</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Cards" title="People Cards">People Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Person_Finder" title="Google Person Finder">Person Finder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Personalized_Search" title="Google Personalized Search">Personalized Search</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomath" title="Photomath">Photomath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Photos" title="Google Photos">Photos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picasa_Web_Albums" title="Picasa Web Albums">Picasa Web Albums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Picnik" title="Picnik">Picnik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Camera" title="Pixel Camera">Pixel Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play" title="Google Play">Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Play Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Games" title="Google Play Games">Play Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Music" title="Google Play Music">Play Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Newsstand" title="Google Play Newsstand">Play Newsstand</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Pass" title="Google Play Pass">Play Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Play_Services" title="Google Play Services">Play Services</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Podcasts" title="Google Podcasts">Podcasts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poly_(website)" title="Poly (website)">Poly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postini" title="Postini">Postini</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PostRank" title="PostRank">PostRank</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Primer" title="Google Primer">Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Starline" title="Project Starline">Project Starline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Alerts" title="Google Public Alerts">Public Alerts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Public_Data_Explorer" title="Google Public Data Explorer">Public Data Explorer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Q</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Question_Hub" title="Google Question Hub">Question Hub</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Questions_and_Answers" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Questions and Answers">Questions and Answers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick,_Draw!" title="Quick, Draw!">Quick, Draw!</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Quick_Search_Box" title="Google Quick Search Box">Quick Search Box</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_Share" title="Quick Share">Quick Share</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quickoffice" title="Quickoffice">Quickoffice</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">R</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read_Along" title="Read Along">Read Along</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Reader" title="Google Reader">Reader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reply_(Google)" title="Reply (Google)">Reply</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Safe_Browsing" title="Google Safe Browsing">Safe Browsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SageTV" title="SageTV">SageTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Schemer" title="Google Schemer">Schemer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Scholar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Knowledge_Graph" title="Google Knowledge Graph">Knowledge Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SafeSearch" title="SafeSearch">SafeSearch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_SearchWiki" title="Google SearchWiki">Searchwiki</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sheets" title="Google Sheets">Sheets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoploop" title="Shoploop">Shoploop</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Shopping" title="Google Shopping">Shopping</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Sidewiki" title="Google Sidewiki">Sidewiki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Sites" title="Google Sites">Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Slides" title="Google Slides">Slides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapseed" title="Snapseed">Snapseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_(Google)" title="Socratic (Google)">Socratic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Softcard" title="Softcard">Softcard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songza" title="Songza">Songza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_Amplifier" title="Sound Amplifier">Sound Amplifier</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spaces" title="Google Spaces">Spaces</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(chatbot)" title="Sparrow (chatbot)">Sparrow</a> (chatbot)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_(email_client)" title="Sparrow (email client)">Sparrow</a></i> (email client)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_Recognition_%26_Synthesis" title="Speech Recognition & Synthesis">Speech Recognition & Synthesis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Squared" title="Google Squared">Squared</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Stadia" title="Google Stadia">Stadia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Station" title="Google Station">Station</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Store" title="Google Store">Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Street View</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Surveys" title="Google Surveys">Surveys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Sync" title="Google Sync">Sync</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">T</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tables_(Google)" title="Tables (Google)">Tables</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Talk" title="Google Talk">Talk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkBack" title="TalkBack">TalkBack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tasks" title="Google Tasks">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor_(website)" title="Tenor (website)">Tenor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tez_(software)" title="Tez (software)">Tez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tilt_Brush" title="Tilt Brush">Tilt Brush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Toolbar" title="Google Toolbar">Toolbar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toontastic_3D" title="Toontastic 3D">Toontastic 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Translate" title="Google Translate">Translate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Travel" title="Google Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trendalyzer" title="Trendalyzer">Trendalyzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Trends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_TV_(service)" title="Google TV (service)">TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">U</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_URL_Shortener" title="Google URL Shortener">URL Shortener</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">V</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Video" title="Google Video">Video</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Vids" title="Google Vids">Vids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice" title="Google Voice">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Access" title="Voice Access">Voice Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Voice_Search" title="Google Voice Search">Voice Search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">W</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Wallet" title="Google Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Wave" title="Google Wave">Wave</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waze" title="Waze">Waze</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WDYL_(search_engine)" title="WDYL (search engine)">WDYL</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Light" title="Google Web Light">Web Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Is_My_Train" title="Where Is My Train">Where Is My Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widevine" title="Widevine">Widevine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Word_Lens" title="Word Lens">Word Lens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace" title="Google Workspace">Workspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Workspace_Marketplace" title="Google Workspace Marketplace">Workspace Marketplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Y</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Kids" title="YouTube Kids">YouTube Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Premium" title="YouTube Premium">YouTube Premium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Shorts" title="YouTube Shorts">YouTube Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_Studio" title="YouTube Studio">YouTube Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_TV" title="YouTube TV">YouTube TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_VR" title="YouTube VR">YouTube VR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hardware460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hardware</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Pixel" title="Google Pixel">Pixel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Pixel_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Pixel smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_(1st_generation)" title="Pixel (1st generation)">Pixel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_2" title="Pixel 2">Pixel 2</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3" title="Pixel 3">Pixel 3</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_3a" title="Pixel 3a">Pixel 3a</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4" title="Pixel 4">Pixel 4</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_4a" title="Pixel 4a">Pixel 4a</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5" title="Pixel 5">Pixel 5</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_5a" title="Pixel 5a">Pixel 5a</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6" title="Pixel 6">Pixel 6</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_6a" title="Pixel 6a">Pixel 6a</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7" title="Pixel 7">Pixel 7</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_7a" title="Pixel 7a">Pixel 7a</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Fold" title="Pixel Fold">Pixel Fold</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8" title="Pixel 8">Pixel 8</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_8a" title="Pixel 8a">Pixel 8a</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9" title="Pixel 9">Pixel 9</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_9_Pro_Fold" title="Pixel 9 Pro Fold">Pixel 9 Pro Fold</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smartwatches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch" title="Pixel Watch">Pixel Watch</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_2" title="Pixel Watch 2">Pixel Watch 2</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Watch_3" title="Pixel Watch 3">Pixel Watch 3</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tablets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_C" title="Pixel C">Pixel C</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Slate" title="Pixel Slate">Pixel Slate</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Tablet" title="Pixel Tablet">Pixel Tablet</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook_Pixel" title="Chromebook Pixel">Chromebook Pixel</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook" title="Pixelbook">Pixelbook</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelbook_Go" title="Pixelbook Go">Pixelbook Go</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Buds" title="Pixel Buds">Pixel Buds</a> (2017–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Nexus" title="Google Nexus">Nexus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_smartphones" title="Comparison of Google Nexus smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_One" title="Nexus One">Nexus One</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_S" title="Nexus S">Nexus S</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Nexus" title="Galaxy Nexus">Galaxy Nexus</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_4" title="Nexus 4">Nexus 4</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5" title="Nexus 5">Nexus 5</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6" title="Nexus 6">Nexus 6</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_5X" title="Nexus 5X">Nexus 5X</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_6P" title="Nexus 6P">Nexus 6P</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Google_Nexus_tablets" title="Comparison of Google Nexus tablets">Tablets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2012)" title="Nexus 7 (2012)">Nexus 7</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_10" title="Nexus 10">Nexus 10</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_7_(2013)" title="Nexus 7 (2013)">Nexus 7</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_9" title="Nexus 9">Nexus 9</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Q" title="Nexus Q">Nexus Q</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Player" title="Nexus Player">Nexus Player</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Android_Dev_Phone" title="Android Dev Phone">Android Dev Phone</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_One" title="Android One">Android One</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Cardboard" title="Google Cardboard">Cardboard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebit" title="Chromebit">Chromebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">Chromebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebox" title="Chromebox">Chromebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromecast" title="Chromecast">Chromecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Clips" title="Google Clips">Clips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Daydream" title="Google Daydream">Daydream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fitbit_products" title="List of Fitbit products">Fitbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Glass" title="Google Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liftware" title="Liftware">Liftware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Galaxy" title="Liquid Galaxy">Liquid Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest" title="Google Nest">Nest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Nest_(smart_speakers)" title="Google Nest (smart speakers)">smart speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Thermostat" title="Nest Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest_Wifi" title="Nest Wifi">Wifi</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_Play_edition_devices" title="List of Google Play edition devices">Play Edition</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Project_Ara" title="Project Ara">Project Ara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_OnHub" title="Google OnHub">OnHub</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pixel_Visual_Core" title="Pixel Visual Core">Pixel Visual Core</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Iris" title="Project Iris">Project Iris</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Search_Appliance" title="Google Search Appliance">Search Appliance</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycamore_processor" title="Sycamore processor">Sycamore processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Tensor" title="Google Tensor">Tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit" title="Tensor Processing Unit">Tensor Processing Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_Security_Key" title="Titan Security Key">Titan Security Key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Google_litigation" title="Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Google_litigation" title="Template talk:Google litigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Google_litigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Google litigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Litigation85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Google_litigation" title="Google litigation">Litigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advertising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feldman_v._Google,_Inc." title="Feldman v. Google, Inc.">Feldman v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rescuecom_Corp._v._Google_Inc." title="Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.">Rescuecom Corp. v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goddard_v._Google,_Inc." title="Goddard v. Google, Inc.">Goddard v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone_Ltd._v._Google,_Inc." title="Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.">Rosetta Stone Ltd. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google,_Inc._v._American_Blind_%26_Wallpaper_Factory,_Inc." title="Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.">Google, Inc. v. American Blind & Wallpaper Factory, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedi_Blue" title="Jedi Blue">Jedi Blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antitrust</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antitrust_cases_against_Google_by_the_European_Union" title="Antitrust cases against Google by the European Union">European Union</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High-Tech_Employee_Antitrust_Litigation" title="High-Tech Employee Antitrust Litigation">United States v. Adobe Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., Google Inc., Intel Corporation, Intuit, Inc., and Pixar</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umar_Javeed,_Sukarma_Thapar,_Aaqib_Javeed_vs._Google_LLC_and_Ors." title="Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.">Umar Javeed, Sukarma Thapar, Aaqib Javeed vs. Google LLC and Ors.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2020)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2020)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_LLC_(2023)" title="United States v. Google LLC (2023)">United States v. Google LLC</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectual property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viacom_International_Inc._v._YouTube,_Inc." title="Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.">Viacom International Inc. v. YouTube, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i>(2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Field_v._Google,_Inc." title="Field v. Google, Inc.">Field v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_patent_wars" title="Smartphone patent wars">Smartphone patent wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Bank_v._Google,_Inc." title="Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.">Rocky Mountain Bank v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibnick_v._Google,_Inc." title="Hibnick v. Google, Inc.">Hibnick v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Google_Inc." title="United States v. Google Inc.">United States v. Google Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_the_German_Federal_Court_of_Justice_on_Google%27s_autocomplete_function" title="Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function">Judgement of the German Federal Court of Justice on Google's autocomplete function</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joffe_v._Google,_Inc." title="Joffe v. Google, Inc.">Joffe v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mosley_v_SARL_Google" title="Mosley v SARL Google">Mosley v SARL Google</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Spain_v_AEPD_and_Mario_Costeja_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González">Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja González</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frank_v._Gaos" title="Frank v. Gaos">Frank v. Gaos</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._Google,_Inc." title="Garcia v. Google, Inc.">Garcia v. Google, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v_Defteros" title="Google LLC v Defteros">Google LLC v Defteros</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_Games_v._Google" title="Epic Games v. Google">Epic Games v. Google</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzalez_v._Google_LLC" title="Gonzalez v. Google LLC">Gonzalez v. Google LLC</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_YouTuber" title="Beauty YouTuber">Beauty YouTuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BookTube" title="BookTube">BookTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BreadTube" title="BreadTube">BreadTube</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_be_evil" title="Don't be evil">Don't be evil</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayglers" title="Gayglers">Gayglers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_(verb)" title="Google (verb)"><i>Google</i> as a verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_bombing" title="Google bombing">Google bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_Google_bombs_in_the_2004_U.S._presidential_election" title="Political Google bombs in the 2004 U.S. presidential election">2004 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_effect" title="Google effect">Google effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlefight" title="Googlefight">Googlefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_hacking" title="Google hacking">Google hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googleshare" title="Googleshare">Googleshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_tax" title="Google tax">Google tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlewhack" title="Googlewhack">Googlewhack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Googlization" title="Googlization">Googlization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_flower_tribute" title="Illegal flower tribute">Illegal flower tribute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_and_key_results" title="Objectives and key results">Objectives and key results</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_engine_manipulation_effect" title="Search engine manipulation effect">Search engine manipulation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_project_time" title="Side project time">Side project time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitelink" title="Sitelink">Sitelink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudyTube" title="StudyTube">StudyTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTuber" title="VTuber">VTuber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_poop" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube poop">YouTube poop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTuber" title="YouTuber">YouTuber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTubers" title="List of YouTubers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Android</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Booting process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_custom_Android_distributions" title="List of custom Android distributions">Custom distributions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_features_in_Android" title="List of features in Android">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_recovery_mode" title="Android recovery mode">Recovery mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development" title="Android software development">Software development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_coverage" title="Google Street View coverage">Street View coverage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Africa" title="Google Street View in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Antarctica" title="Google Street View in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Asia" title="Google Street View in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Israel" title="Google Street View in Israel">Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Europe" title="Google Street View in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_North_America" title="Google Street View in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Canada" title="Google Street View in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States" title="Google Street View in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Oceania" title="Google Street View in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_South_America" title="Google Street View in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Argentina" title="Google Street View in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Chile" title="Google Street View in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_Colombia" title="Google Street View in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">YouTube</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_copyright_strike" title="YouTube copyright strike">Copyright strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_in_education" title="YouTube in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_features" title="List of YouTube features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_moderation" title="YouTube moderation">Moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-disliked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-disliked YouTube videos">Most-disliked videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-liked_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-liked YouTube videos">Most-liked videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-subscribed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-subscribed YouTube channels">Most-subscribed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_channels" title="List of most-viewed YouTube channels">Most-viewed channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed YouTube videos">Most-viewed videos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Arabic_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Arabic music videos on YouTube">Arabic music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Chinese_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed Chinese music videos on YouTube">Chinese music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_French_music_videos_on_YouTube" title="List of most-viewed French music videos on YouTube">French music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Indian_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Indian YouTube videos">Indian videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-viewed_Pakistani_YouTube_videos" title="List of most-viewed Pakistani YouTube videos">Pakistani videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_(YouTube_channel)" title="YouTube (YouTube channel)">Official channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube_suspensions" title="YouTube suspensions">Suspensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_YouTube_Premium_original_programming" title="List of YouTube Premium original programming">YouTube Premium original programming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmail_interface" title="Gmail interface">Gmail interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_pin" title="Google Maps pin">Maps pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-downloaded_Google_Play_applications" title="List of most-downloaded Google Play applications">Most downloaded Google Play applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stadia_games" title="List of Stadia games">Stadia games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_Google" title="Category:Documentary films about Google">Documentaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/AlphaGo_(film)" title="AlphaGo (film)">AlphaGo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Behind_the_Screen" title="Google Behind the Screen">Google: Behind the Screen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps_Road_Trip" title="Google Maps Road Trip">Google Maps Road Trip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_and_the_World_Brain" title="Google and the World Brain">Google and the World Brain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Creepy_Line" title="The Creepy Line">The Creepy Line</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Google" title="Category:Books about Google">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Hacks" title="Google Hacks">Google Hacks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Story" title="The Google Story">The Google Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Volume_One" title="Google Volume One">Google Volume One</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Googled:_The_End_of_the_World_as_We_Know_It" title="Googled: The End of the World as We Know It">Googled: The End of the World as We Know It</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Google_Works" title="How Google Works">How Google Works</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I%27m_Feeling_Lucky_(book)" title="I'm Feeling Lucky (book)">I'm Feeling Lucky</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Plex" title="In the Plex">In the Plex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Google_Book" title="The Google Book">The Google Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_MANIAC" title="The MANIAC">The MANIAC</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Feud" title="Google Feud">Google Feud</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(film)" title="Google Me (film)">Google Me</a></i> (film)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Kim_Zolciak_song)" title="Google Me (Kim Zolciak song)">Google Me</a>" (Kim Zolciak song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Google_Me_(Teyana_Taylor_song)" title="Google Me (Teyana Taylor song)">Google Me</a>" (Teyana Taylor song)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Is Google Making Us Stupid?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratium_google" title="Proceratium google">Proceratium google</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matt_Nathanson:_Live_at_Google" title="Matt Nathanson: Live at Google">Matt Nathanson: Live at Google</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Billion_Dollar_Code" title="The Billion Dollar Code">The Billion Dollar Code</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internship" title="The Internship">The Internship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Where_on_Google_Earth_is_Carmen_Sandiego%3F" title="Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?">Where on Google Earth is Carmen Sandiego?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Attention_Is_All_You_Need" title="Attention Is All You Need">Attention Is All You Need</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ElgooG" title="ElgooG">elgooG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_pre-trained_transformer" title="Generative pre-trained transformer">Generative pre-trained transformer</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Me_at_the_zoo" title="Me at the zoo">Me at the zoo</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_end_of_Google" title="Predictions of the end of Google">Predictions of the end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_Google_and_Wikipedia" title="Relationship between Google and Wikipedia">Relationship with Wikipedia</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reunion_(advertisement)" title="Reunion (advertisement)">Reunion</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_Constitution" title="Robot Constitution">Robot Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> denote <a href="/wiki/List_of_Google_products#Discontinued_products_and_services" title="List of Google products">discontinued products</a>. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Google" title="Category:Google">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-pq22h","timestamp":"20250225123616","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Is Google Making Us Stupid?","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stupid%3F","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6075368","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6075368","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-10-06T16:23:13Z","dateModified":"2025-01-16T05:55:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/e\/eb\/Is_Google_Making_Us_Stoopid%3F.jpg","headline":"magazine article by technology writer Nicholas G. 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