CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="__variable_aa7923 __variable_c8c987 __variable_cfa1be"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><link rel="preload" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/7b9ca6a1d31c5662-s.p.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2"/><link rel="preload" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/931105f8d96e7f26-s.p.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2"/><link rel="preload" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/a9b61b60c2d733b4-s.p.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2"/><link rel="preload" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/dba81c1208da12ee-s.p.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2"/><link rel="preload" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/fbdbe464b9e5cc95-s.p.woff2" as="font" crossorigin="" type="font/woff2"/><link rel="preload" as="image" imageSrcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=3840&q=75 3840w" imageSizes="100vw" fetchPriority="high"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/societyLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pressLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57d7038d8.png"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57edee50f.png"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e582807854.png"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5aa8825d8.png"/><link rel="preload" as="image" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5ac88d843.png"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/93ea90fcaa5f3f71.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/144c1fd4ef98b227.css" data-precedence="next"/><link rel="preload" as="script" fetchPriority="low" href="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/webpack-5f8f22573339759c.js"/><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/52774a7f-32d155aeefff5a75.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/4bd1b696-3f41aed1bff86c6e.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/7747-b49d45aa0fb725ff.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/main-app-4b82b6648a120df6.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/error-4a3fb62161c52349.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/layout-ea2e52b0fa160b95.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/ac157fc0-366cb6bd953505ea.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/9570-3a14b18b00c68dfa.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/global-error-f36ce471940189c4.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/layout-291719221175fa30.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/3949-3c3bd673b9d2b60b.js" async=""></script><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/page-34976d889b43ba68.js" async=""></script><link rel="preload" href="/js/data.js?v=1.7.10" as="script"/><title>You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights</title><meta name="description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Rob Johnson"/><meta name="DC.Creator" content="Elle Malcolmson"/><meta name="DC.Description.abstract" content="This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015&ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence."/><meta name="DC.date" content="2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.available" content="2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.created" content="2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateAccepted" content="2024-07-08T10:29:14+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateCopyrighted" content="2024"/><meta name="DC.Date.dateSubmitted" content="2024-05-11T15:32:25+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Description" content="This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015&ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence."/><meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="PDF"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasFormat" content="XML"/><meta name="DC.Relation.hasVersion" content="662"/><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.664"/><meta name="DC.Identifier.identifier" content="10.1629/uksg.664"/><meta name="DC.Date.issued" content="2024-01-09T13:11:39+00:00"/><meta name="DC.Language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Language.language" content="en-US"/><meta name="DC.Format.medium" content="text/html"/><meta name="DC.Publisher.publisher" content="UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press"/><meta name="DC.Source.source" content="https://insights.uksg.org//articles/10.1629/uksg.664"/><meta name="DC.Title.title" content="You don&rsquo;t know what you&rsquo;ve got till it&rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing"/><meta name="DC.Type.type" content="Text"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rights" content="© 2024 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited."/><meta name="DC.Rights.license" content="CC Attribution 4.0"/><meta name="DC.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="DC.Rights.rightsHolder" content="The Author(s)"/><meta name="citation_title" content="You don&rsquo;t know what you&rsquo;ve got till it&rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Rob Johnson"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Elle Malcolmson"/><meta name="citation_issn" content="2048-7754"/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Insights"/><meta name="citation_volume" content="37"/><meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/><meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf"/><meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664"/><link rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664"/><meta property="og:title" content="You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights"/><meta property="og:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta property="og:url" content="https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Insights"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta property="og:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="600"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:locale:alternate" content="en-US"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg"/><meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="thumbnail image"/><meta name="twitter:image:width" content="600"/><meta name="twitter:image:height" content="600"/><link rel="icon" href="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png"/><meta name="next-size-adjust"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/api/theme"/><meta name="sentry-trace" content="e4777979675b104c4921b194e39cb59b-4390a1080b6c317d"/><meta name="baggage" content="sentry-environment=production,sentry-release=1.7.10,sentry-public_key=5343a019563147eba4ce3595c72083d8,sentry-trace_id=e4777979675b104c4921b194e39cb59b,sentry-sampled=false"/><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js" noModule=""></script></head><body><a href="#main-content" class="ehNJZJ jqBZST cqpRXP hlbrRo lfeeXs jTaQWn dqRAIK MFSzt bbOHxg">Skip to main content</a><div class="hdAwi hWgZTB cgzmzJ itiWkY ddgODW enbSSY"><div class="jXSfKH itiWkY hWgZTB ivuhYO hhtDjl ktzLCY fTQCMU"></div><div class="cgzmzJ jXSfKH fUESrS kDyoQc hYZFjI fPSBzf iLbQFp dxQZVV QrPbC lffQWR hhtDjl iYJqKE fTQCMU"><nav class="WUSvz" role="navigation"><ul class="kWIqtg WUSvz"><li><a class="bZRhvx dxQZVV cGFOJB bTTpZH jTWvec dIRmro cERSkX gxSEdX emXUeb ftmEkc" data-has-link="true" href="/en">Home</a></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp jTWvec"><div class="kdHsXs"><a href="#" tabindex="-1" class="bZRhvx dxQZVV cGFOJB bTTpZH jTWvec dIRmro cERSkX gxSEdX emXUeb ftmEkc">About</a></div><button class="bZRhvx gfWFXd jzuiJt kWIqtg hWgZTB dnRybM fPSBzf kSmiQp jUJMFv eAZrpM jTWvec gghULV deWWIT cAwItO emXUeb gUiPhK jdNLQa" data-full-width="true" type="button" aria-label="Show submenu for About" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sub-menu-41"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ul id="sub-menu-41"></ul></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp jTWvec"><div class="kdHsXs"><a class="bZRhvx dxQZVV cGFOJB bTTpZH jTWvec dIRmro cERSkX gxSEdX emXUeb ftmEkc" data-has-link="true" href="/en/about/submissions">Submissions</a></div></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp jTWvec"><div class="kdHsXs"><a href="#" tabindex="-1" class="bZRhvx dxQZVV cGFOJB bTTpZH jTWvec dIRmro cERSkX gxSEdX emXUeb ftmEkc">Content</a></div><button class="bZRhvx gfWFXd jzuiJt kWIqtg hWgZTB dnRybM fPSBzf kSmiQp jUJMFv eAZrpM jTWvec gghULV deWWIT cAwItO emXUeb gUiPhK jdNLQa" data-full-width="true" type="button" aria-label="Show submenu for Content" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sub-menu-47"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ul id="sub-menu-47"></ul></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp jTWvec"><div class="kdHsXs"><a class="bZRhvx dxQZVV cGFOJB bTTpZH jTWvec dIRmro cERSkX gxSEdX emXUeb ftmEkc" data-has-link="true" href="/en/about/researchintegrity">Research Integrity</a></div></div></li></ul></nav></div></div><header class="hdAwi jihWLy QrPbC dxQZVV eRDgxk hYZFkb hKOdYC" role="banner"><div class="fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd hYZFjI"><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp hYZFjI"><nav class="hYZFjI jzuiJt" aria-label="Main navigation" role="navigation"><div class="hYZFjI ddgODW iFHQrk"><div class="hYZFjI dxQZVV"><button type="button" class="hYZFjI"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#menu"></use></svg><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF sIHue" data-hidden="true">Open navigation</div></div></div></button></div></div><ul class="hYZFjI fPSBzf gasSYy DxzXz"><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb" href="/en"><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF">Home</div></a></div></li><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="-1" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb"><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF">About</div></a><button type="button" class="itiWkY jXSfKH jQSjMl bgTIyZ cERSkX AxjtU kWIqtg NaSgg" aria-label="Show submenu for About"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button><ul class="jXSfKH dUYDXb hWcQUs gRsQLt ddgODW hikmWz dmmnkM gWzzAr enbSSY"><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/about">About The Journal</a></li><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/about/editorialteam">Editorial Team</a></li><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/about/editorialpolicies">Editorial Policies</a></li><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/contact">Contact</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a aria-expanded="false" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb" href="/en/about/submissions"><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF">Submissions</div></a></div></li><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a href="#" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="-1" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb"><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF">Content</div></a><button type="button" class="itiWkY jXSfKH jQSjMl bgTIyZ cERSkX AxjtU kWIqtg NaSgg" aria-label="Show submenu for Content"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button><ul class="jXSfKH dUYDXb hWcQUs gRsQLt ddgODW hikmWz dmmnkM gWzzAr enbSSY"><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/articles">Articles</a></li><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/issue/archive">Issue Archive</a></li><li><a class="gfxUHM kWIqtg lmZmzR cbkwRf cGFOJB xYowz bZRhvx ldoKqN hlSdnc" href="/en/collections">Collections</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a aria-expanded="false" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb" href="/en/about/researchintegrity"><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF">Research Integrity</div></a></div></li></ul></nav><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp hYZFjI gfYZhR hYZFjI"><form class="fPSBzf kSmiQp dnSprt beiFjy iqIQBK bOCgva" action="/search" method="get"><input class="gKedlK gymJRD fZCqVw hlnLMc kcOUcu hYZFkb gfZAyU ggmyMV" type="text" placeholder="Search…" aria-label="Search" name="q"/><button class="bZRhvx bOLLgy lomvod WYri eKjdpo gfZAyU ggmyMV jzuiJt eVnVBd eqxdYn fLecfH" type="submit" color="primary" aria-label="Submit"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#search"></use></svg></button></form><nav class="hYZFjI jzuiJt" aria-label="Secondary navigation" role="navigation"><ul class="fPSBzf hYZFjI"><li class="jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hYZFkb"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/login" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp fZAeZb hYZFjI dxQZVV lmZmzR bZRhvx jweaiI jzuiJt gxSEdX emXUeb"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.8rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#user"></use></svg><div class="iTTIjY ipdzMF sIHue">Account</div></a></div></li></ul></nav></div></div></div></header><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fFqvHQ iQzceQ"><section role="banner" aria-label="Brand navigation" style="--background-color:#000000" class="cgzmzJ jzuiJt jTWvec khUvGh iUOdJy jAiawZ kZkQEG"><img draggable="false" alt="Homepage image" fetchPriority="high" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" class="fKFRv cTcFKg AbfqN jTWvec dclGjS" style="position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;left:0;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;color:transparent" sizes="100vw" srcSet="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=640&q=75 640w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=750&q=75 750w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=828&q=75 828w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1080&q=75 1080w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1200&q=75 1200w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=1920&q=75 1920w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=2048&q=75 2048w, /_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fjnl-up-j-i-public%2Fjournals%2F1%2FhomepageImage_en_US.jpg%3Ft%3D1732741440000&w=3840&q=75"/><div class="fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd hYZFjI"><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF hYZFjI gghXdw"><div class="fPSBzf gfRcrW kSmiQp gSKPcF kdHsXs"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp gawJKF"><div class="gjOgkU"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.uksg.org" class="fSleVc cGFOJB"><img draggable="false" alt="Society Logo" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/societyLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000" class="fKFRv jgYBYS eAZrpM"/></a></div><a aria-label="Journal Home" href="/en"><div class="fSleVc cGFOJB"><img draggable="false" alt="Journal Name Logo" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000" class="fKFRv jgYBYS eAZrpM"/></div></a><h1 class="gsjAMe dOmORn jXeOnb cGFOJB jaxCjk bJTIBI iTTIjY" data-hidden="true">Insights</h1></div></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp gfRcrW gjOgkU"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/submission/wizard" class="gmypTc fgMeiS gCwJCQ"><div class="cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR kjrdr dQuwsf iZjDhc kvgHnk bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt"><div class="cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2rem;--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity"></use></svg></div><div class="iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm">Start Submission</div></div></a><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/submission/wizard" class="gmypTc fgMeiS gCwJCQ"><div class="cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR kjrdr dQuwsf iZjDhc kvgHnk bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt"><div class="cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2rem;--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity"></use></svg></div><div class="iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm">Become a Reviewer</div></div></a><div class="gjOgkU"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.ubiquitypress.com" class="fSleVc cGFOJB"><img draggable="false" alt="Ubiquity Press logo" src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pressLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000" class="fKFRv jgYBYS eAZrpM dWKhYY"/></a></div></div></div></div></section><div class="jTWvec fPSBzf iLbQFp kdHsXs"><div class="kdHsXs fPSBzf hYZFjI"><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp hYZFkb"><header role="banner" aria-label="Article actions" class="lnopcr lhXSug eUAgTg ikkoWx EcxBh gIDjUM flMHLe dIRmro jzuiJt"><div class="fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI"><div class="gfRcrW hYZFjI hYZFkb fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp ibJVd uZgXJ"><div class="laSFif fSleVc hKdQOC"><div class="xYowz gsjAMe djPRwn jaxCjk dXscgu bfEVTN"><span class="dBzTEE">Reading:</span> <span title="You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing">You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing</span></div></div><ul class="fPSBzf kSmiQp lbetWH jzuiJt"><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dnRKKj"><button class="cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR fyXYnh dQRKDx glnUqO bLfbKO bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt hYZFjI jGfYie coXRbg iNqhRs" type="button" id="radix-:Rj7jttsmtnqfja:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#download"></use></svg><div class="cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2rem;--svg-height:2rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity"></use></svg></div><div class="iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm"><span class="gjOgkU">Download</span></div></button><div class="ddgODW"><a href="/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf">PDF (US English)</a><a href="/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml">XML (US English)</a></div></div></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><button type="button" aria-label="Increase font size" title="Increase font size" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI kWIqtg ioQzwS bbYXSC bZRhvx ieedSa fuJFTK jDwsDP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.8rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#text-increase"></use></svg></button></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><button type="button" aria-label="Decrease font size" title="Decrease font size" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI kWIqtg ioQzwS bbYXSC bZRhvx ieedSa fuJFTK jDwsDP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.8rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#text-decrease"></use></svg></button></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:R97jttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="hYZFjI kWIqtg" aria-label="Cite this article"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI kWIqtg ioQzwS bbYXSC bZRhvx ieedSa fuJFTK jDwsDP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.8rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#cite"></use></svg></div></button></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ hKdQOC"><button type="button" aria-label="Print" title="Print" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI kWIqtg ioQzwS bbYXSC bZRhvx ieedSa fuJFTK jDwsDP"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.8rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#print"></use></svg></button><iframe src="https://insights.uksg.org/print/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" class="ddgODW" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></iframe></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><button aria-label="Alternative display" title="Alternative display" role="switch" aria-checked="false" class="lakCJc cnaFTl jHXlYj kyTxvi bdbqBb ddgCQn hDGJaH iOAlzP sAuoo dnRKBO gscqyd AMuyK dOAsXO kKvlAp gNnTtK gfxTRu jwcOfF bZRhvx kghvgt eBeqpk bJYecs itpstV"><div aria-hidden="true">Alt. Display</div></button></li><li class="fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ"><div class="dnRKwx fPSBzf kSmiQp iiuxGT"><div class="eoqIDj gjOgkU">Share</div><ul class="fPSBzf kSmiQp gjOgkU"><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" title="Share on Facebook" aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ dSXBVO dSXBWl gNnTtK kghvgt jXsIot bJYecs kWIqtg eRzUoB AJFBm" style="--share-background:hsl(212, 76%, 46%);--share-text:#ffffff"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.4rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#facebook-f"></use></svg></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=You%20don%E2%80%99t%20know%20what%20you%E2%80%99ve%20got%20till%20it%E2%80%99s%20gone:%20the%20changing%20landscape%20of%20UK%20learned%20society%20publishing%20%7C%20Insights&url=/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" title="Share on X (formerly Twitter)" aria-label="Share on X (formerly Twitter)" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ dSXBVO dSXBWl gNnTtK kghvgt jXsIot bJYecs kWIqtg eRzUoB AJFBm" style="--share-background:hsl(0, 0%, 10%);--share-text:#ffffff"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.4rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#twitter"></use></svg></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite?url=/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" title="Share on LinkedIn" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ dSXBVO dSXBWl gNnTtK kghvgt jXsIot bJYecs kWIqtg eRzUoB AJFBm" style="--share-background:hsl(210, 89%, 35%);--share-text:#ffffff"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.4rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#linkedin-in"></use></svg></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://mastodonshare.com/?text=You%20don%E2%80%99t%20know%20what%20you%E2%80%99ve%20got%20till%20it%E2%80%99s%20gone:%20the%20changing%20landscape%20of%20UK%20learned%20society%20publishing%20%7C%20Insights&url=/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" title="Share on Mastodon" aria-label="Share on Mastodon" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ dSXBVO dSXBWl gNnTtK kghvgt jXsIot bJYecs kWIqtg eRzUoB AJFBm" style="--share-background:hsl(240, 100%, 64%);--share-text:#ffffff"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.4rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#mastodon"></use></svg></a></li><li><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:?subject=You%20don%E2%80%99t%20know%20what%20you%E2%80%99ve%20got%20till%20it%E2%80%99s%20gone:%20the%20changing%20landscape%20of%20UK%20learned%20society%20publishing%20%7C%20Insights&body=/articles/10.1629/uksg.664" title="Email" aria-label="Email" class="fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ dSXBVO dSXBWl gNnTtK kghvgt jXsIot bJYecs kWIqtg eRzUoB AJFBm" style="--share-background:hsl(157, 100%, 31%);--share-text:#ffffff"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.4rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#mail-filled"></use></svg></a></li></ul><div class="ddgODW fjfoJV XVbnb jWHstb"><button type="button" id="radix-:R1v7jttsmtnqfja:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx kWIqtg"><svg class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hlJaWE dSXBfT dnRTrn frzzzL" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.4rem"><title>Share</title><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#share"></use></svg></button></div></div></li></ul></div></div></header><div class="fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd fPSBzf izYtHj jWrpcl dmebCG"><main tabindex="-1" class="kdHsXs dXscgu fZULLI iUHufA kiYYuA" id="main-content"><article id="article-container" class="cSIRdq fGfecV juqOJT fZHQsB cpIvtD dposoq"><section class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB"><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fXjkDo"><h2 class="gsjAMe jcofsB">Research Articles</h2><h1 class="jRYqXe cOicxU fGeoMI">You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing</h1><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp hYZFkb frarrB"><span id="article-authors" class="mBgaT gsjAMe">Authors</span><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF gBxyZZ kSmiQp jvZfOb"><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp dRCFAU kdHsXs"><ul aria-labelledby="article-authors" class="fPSBzf gasSYy bLTRfp"><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Rob Johnson<a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="mailto:rob.johnson@research-consulting.com" aria-label="Email Rob Johnson" title="Email Rob Johnson" class="bUyOMB jcnSTv"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:0.8em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#mail-filled"></use></svg></a></li><li class="jdiOWc eCmivB">Elle Malcolmson</li></ul></div><button class="bZRhvx jzuiJt fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ gzHjnz ddgCQn hDGJaH dYGObl AHTHu AHTHd gNnTtK kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd eXJFak" title="Toggle author information panel" aria-label="Toggle author information panel" aria-controls="article-authors-bios" aria-expanded="false"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em;--svg-height:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div></div><div id="article-authors-bios"></div><div><h2 id="abstract" class="frarrB gsjAMe">Abstract</h2><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY"><p>This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015–2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.</p></div></div><div class="fPSBzf deTnQX"><span id="article-keywords" class="gsjAMe">Keywords:</span><ul aria-labelledby="article-keywords"><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=learned societies">learned societies</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=scholarly publishing">scholarly publishing</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=open access">open access</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=libraries">libraries</a></span></li><li class="nVRGN kBHUWh"><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/search?q=sustainability">sustainability</a></span></li></ul></div><div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div>Year: 2024</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a href="/en/27/volume/37/issue/1">Volume 37</a></span><div>Page/Article: 16</div><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664">DOI: 10.1629/uksg.664</a></span></div></div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#send"></use></svg><span>Submitted on May 11, 2024</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#check-circle"></use></svg><span>Accepted on Jul 8, 2024</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#note"></use></svg><span>Published on Oct 15, 2024</span></div></div><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#quick-reference-all"></use></svg><span>Peer Reviewed</span></div><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#attribution"></use></svg><span class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC">CC Attribution 4.0</a></span></div></div></div><div class="fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT"><div class="hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj"><div id="metrics-widget" class="hjuNYN cqNQxY fXbTFI bdGsBn byVAeH tuwIP ctLSKb fnpDaH iiIMzD hYZFkb lblIpm iKtpBp hPkmye cnqKQp BFFJM caMmJY ijCakx bKGsFL hZTwFm hBRKmo dKYHSy HxTwI kddXPj! fjcOwn fWwgUP hwFGSe fKVlRM iJiXGQ ifUNXL cSvVXO cHxRzq goizbz"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="dTmsfw"><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY"><div class="kCkdZx dOTQVs iOtMSR WdXym brPewL gWhLoO qLgTi ciJhqS ibCwtb jGKNKW dMDgBc jCPwxW jYADwv enxAPC aEZgq kPJDhF bpiJH jKFBiG dAINnd eTBihp dWEByn ersonm hKWGrC kGSwJ kGrTuD hbVqJu dfWHWr UnCJu lkmdsW gPuyWR ioFMdR gXYQWv eWDFUl jXGYvB jJcaKz kqFIvj dBuRhU jpPGqC eMKZco srYym jyhLpj iEhJMT eoWnUn kUksiv ewxzDg ilhdUd wgPZv jdquTd fNRizL fqrWkL kBzhbE ihrJwh fquMDB fgRgOF COqHq jIHmpV gjIiWD kvpqeI kGzIpw iRJLOP hGMvRu lbdeBI fMaRD juIcfJ cucZgT eRwyIu lmWXWU bDJvJj iuOgCK iLoSRl fUGxRt kgsySf dgpYOt gSgsEu"><div xmlns:tei="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" id="xml-article"> <div id="middle" class="article-body"> <div> <h2 id="introduction" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Introduction</h2> <p>Learned societies play a pivotal role in shaping the scholarly publishing landscape, having contributed significantly to academic discourse for centuries. While learned societies engage in a multitude of activities, publishing remains a cornerstone for many societies in the United Kingdom, often serving as a vital revenue stream that underpins fulfilment of their missions. The evolution of scholarly communication, marked by the shift towards open access and the growing dominance of large commercial publishers, has called into question the future role of societies in publishing. However, the impact of these changes on the society publishing landscape is not well understood, with attempts to raise concerns about the health of society publishing often reliant on anecdotal evidence.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B1" data-scroll="#B1" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B1" class="scroll-link">1</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015–2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing nature of society publishing. Specifically, it sets out to answer the following three research questions:</p> <ol class="numbered-list"> <li>Have UK learned societies chosen to outsource more of their publishing activities to third parties since 2015?</li> <li>How has the choice of outsourced publisher for UK learned societies changed since 2015?</li> <li>How have UK learned societies’ revenues from publishing changed since 2015?</li> </ol> <p>By exploring these questions, this study aims to contribute insights into the adaptive strategies of learned societies amidst the evolving landscape of scholarly publishing. It also aims to alert other stakeholders, including researchers, librarians and funders, to the potential adverse consequences of this changing landscape for the health of learned societies and the academic disciplines they represent.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="literature-review" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Literature review</h2> <p>Learned societies are charitable organizations which support academics and the dissemination of knowledge within a particular subject area or academic field. Publishing enables learned societies to further their missions by sharing knowledge,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B2" data-scroll="#B2" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B2" class="scroll-link">2</a></button></strong></span> and, while only a minority publish peer-reviewed scholarly journals, societies are widely acknowledged as playing an important role in the scholarly publishing landscape.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B3" data-scroll="#B3" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B3" class="scroll-link">3</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>Scholarly publishing has been undertaken by societies for centuries, with the first scientific journals being established in the seventeenth century. Fyfe has charted the history of society publishing in the UK, including the entry and growing dominance of commercial publishers within the publishing ecosystem since the end of World War II.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B4" data-scroll="#B4" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B4" class="scroll-link">4</a></button></strong></span> This period saw scholarly publishing shift from an often-subsidized mechanism for knowledge dissemination, to one which could generate a profit. In 2009 there were estimated to be at least 1,000 learned and professional societies in the UK<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B5" data-scroll="#B5" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B5" class="scroll-link">5</a></button></strong></span> but a 2015 study by Johnson and Fosci identified only 279 learned societies that published peer-reviewed academic content.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B6" data-scroll="#B6" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B6" class="scroll-link">6</a></button></strong></span> However, for this subset of societies, publishing can be highly significant in revenue terms.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B7" data-scroll="#B7" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B7" class="scroll-link">7</a></button></strong></span> While some societies maintain publishing programmes at a financial loss,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B8" data-scroll="#B8" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B8" class="scroll-link">8</a></button></strong></span> Treadway and Greaves’ 2023 study of around 30 UK learned societies found that journal publishing represented between 30% and 70% of their income.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B9" data-scroll="#B9" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B9" class="scroll-link">9</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>The surpluses generated from society publishing are used to support other activities that serve their communities. These activities may include career development support for members, support programmes for students and early career researchers, educational resources and grants to support member activities, organizing scientific meetings, bringing evidence to decision makers to support evidence-based policy and running discipline-based special interest groups.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B10" data-scroll="#B10" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B10" class="scroll-link">10</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>Publishing is just one aspect of societies’ activities, with many affected by the loss of access to premises and revenue from events during the Covid-19 pandemic, in addition to moving to online and digital operations.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B11" data-scroll="#B11" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B11" class="scroll-link">11</a></button></strong></span> In a publishing context, rising costs and technical requirements in a digital era have been accompanied by changes in how journals are sold, from individual copies and institutional subscriptions to vast multi-year collections and transformative agreements with library consortia. Negotiating such agreements poses a particular challenge for smaller society publishers with limited resources and market reach.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B12" data-scroll="#B12" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B12" class="scroll-link">12</a></button></strong></span> Open access requirements through funder mandates and initiatives such as Plan S further complicate matters,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B13" data-scroll="#B13" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B13" class="scroll-link">13</a></button></strong></span> while growth in preprints also poses a threat to subscription revenues.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B14" data-scroll="#B14" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B14" class="scroll-link">14</a></button></strong></span> As a result, the publishing landscape has become increasingly diverse and complex, with Wise and Estelle identifying 27 different publishing models relevant to society publishers.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B15" data-scroll="#B15" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B15" class="scroll-link">15</a></button></strong></span> Meanwhile, the scholarly journals market as a whole is shrinking in real terms,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B16" data-scroll="#B16" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B16" class="scroll-link">16</a></button></strong></span> while open access publishing is increasingly dominated by large commercial publishers and has been characterized by Shu and Larivière as an ‘oligopolistic market’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B17" data-scroll="#B17" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B17" class="scroll-link">17</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>One way for societies to ease these challenges is to outsource some or all publishing activity to a third-party publisher, traditionally one of the large commercial players or an established university press. The benefits of outsourcing include reduced technology and infrastructure costs, a predictable and stable income, access to deals which may otherwise be unavailable to a small society publisher, global reach, access to expertise, improved marketing and communication and support with transitioning to open access publishing. Yet outsourcing can bring its own challenges, including loss of editorial control, reputational risk, negative perceptions from others around independence and ownership of journals, limited influence and control over technology and software, and competition from other journals published by the partner.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B18" data-scroll="#B18" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B18" class="scroll-link">18</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>The literature suggests this is a uniquely challenging time for learned society publishers. On the one hand, recent calls for a ‘community-based scholarly communication system’ and growing concerns over research integrity may open up new opportunities for societies to maintain a leading role in publishing.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B19" data-scroll="#B19" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B19" class="scroll-link">19</a></button></strong></span> On the other, as Fyfe has argued, ‘societies with a clear local or national identity may not be the best structures to manage a future of science communication that should be open, diverse and equitable and operate on a global scale’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B20" data-scroll="#B20" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B20" class="scroll-link">20</a></button></strong></span> By analysing the publishing models UK learned societies have adopted in recent years, and assessing the impact on their revenues, this article aims to help society leaders and other stakeholders make informed decisions about their future role in scholarly communication.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="methodology" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Methodology</h2> <p>For the present study, we began with a dataset of 279 UK-based learned societies previously identified in 2015 as having ‘an active peer-reviewed publication (i.e. academic journals or conference proceedings with an ISSN)’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B21" data-scroll="#B21" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B21" class="scroll-link">21</a></button></strong></span> Prepared as part of a Universities UK project to monitor the transition to open access in the United Kingdom, the dataset listed publicly available information on each society’s number of published journals, publishing partner(s) where publishing was outsourced and total incoming resources (based on their most recent published financial statements).<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B22" data-scroll="#B22" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B22" class="scroll-link">22</a></button></strong></span> Societies were also categorized by disciplinary focus using the classifications adopted by the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF), i.e. disciplines falling under panel A (which equates, roughly speaking, to medicine and life sciences), panel B (maths, physics, natural sciences, and engineering), panel C (social sciences), and panel D (arts and humanities).<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B23" data-scroll="#B23" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B23" class="scroll-link">23</a></button></strong></span> This classification is necessarily subjective and should be considered indicative only, as several societies have a multidisciplinary focus.</p> <p>For the purposes of updating the dataset, we began by capturing the latest publicly available information for each of the original 279 learned societies. We first identified whether each learned society was still in existence, as evidenced by an active website and/or continuing registration with either the Charity Commission for England and Wales or the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. Where no such evidence could be found, or definitive evidence was found that a society was no longer in existence, the society was listed as ‘dissolved’. For those learned societies still in existence, we identified if they still had ‘an active peer-reviewed publication’ and, if so, recorded how many peer-reviewed publications were associated with the society, retaining the numbering system from the 2015 dataset (1, 2 or 3+). Where publishing of one or more peer-reviewed journals was outsourced, we captured the publisher(s) names. We used this data to assign each society to a publishing model in both 2015 and 2023, using the following typology:</p> <ul class="list"> <li>wholly self-published</li> <li>self-published and outsourced to one publisher</li> <li>self-published and outsourced to multiple publishers</li> <li>wholly outsourced to one publisher</li> <li>wholly outsourced to multiple publishers.</li> </ul> <p>Updated financial information on total incoming resources and (where available) income from publishing was initially sought only for the 50 largest societies by revenue. As this sample was found to be dominated by societies in the life and natural sciences, additional financial data was sought for the ten largest societies in social sciences and the five largest in the arts and humanities to provide insights into a wider range of disciplines. In all cases this information was derived from statutory financial statements since all societies, whether registered charities or companies, are required to provide this information annually, and make it publicly available. Statutory financial statements must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP), ensuring some degree of comparability between societies.</p> <p>For analysis purposes we introduced the concept of a ‘publishing relationship’ which identified each unique publishing relationship between a society and a publishing partner (in the format society-publishing partner), regardless of the number of journals published within that publishing relationship. For example, a society self-publishing two journals (society-society) was counted as one publishing relationship; a society self-publishing one journal (society-society) and outsourcing one journal to publisher A (society-publisher A) and two journals to publisher B (society-publisher B) was counted as three publishing relationships.</p> <div> <h3 id="limitations" tabindex="-1">Limitations</h3> <p>One of the limitations of this study, as with the 2015 study, is its reliance on data extracted from publicly available information sources. Some information and content were unavailable due to membership logins or paywalls (such as journal publisher, scope and whether content was professional, peer-reviewed or a combination of both). Where information was unclear or not readily apparent, we made the assumption that there had been no changes since 2015. This provides consistency with the initial study but risks perpetuating errors from 2015. The incidence of unavailability of data was low and does not affect the overall findings of this study. No attempt was made to search for any newly formed learned societies or to identify existing societies that had started publishing since 2015.</p> <p>A key limitation is that the information disclosed on societies’ publishing revenues is frequently minimal (if it is disclosed at all), can be time-consuming to extract from financial statements and may not be directly comparable between societies. Most data on publishing revenues was taken from societies’ financial statements for periods ending in the 2014 and 2022 calendar years. However, in a small number of cases it was necessary to rely on financial statements for time periods ending one or two years either side of these dates, meaning there is some inconsistency in the time spans considered. Due to these constraints, the sample of societies for which data on publishing revenues has been obtained is small and is also biased towards the largest UK learned societies, meaning the findings may not be representative of the wider population.</p> <p>It is also acknowledged that net revenue from publishing would be a better indicator of underlying financial performance than total publishing revenues. However, this study’s reliance on publicly available information necessitates the use of the latter, since the former is considered commercially sensitive and not publicly disclosed by most societies.</p> <p>In interpreting data on publishing revenues, it must also be noted that our reliance on two data points does not allow trends to be observed and creates a risk that the results are distorted by single year variations. Much also depends on the precise terms of the agreement between the society and any third-party publisher, and many publishers also operate websites and provide other services to societies which may be invisible from an accounting perspective but can be of vital importance in practice. Furthermore, this study has focussed solely on arrangements for the publication of peer-reviewed scholarly journals and conference proceedings and has not considered the publication of monographs, which are of greater importance for many societies and scholars in the arts, humanities and social sciences.</p> <p>Finally, we note that the study focuses on UK learned societies publishing in the English language. While there are parallels with certain other countries, most notably the United States which has a broadly comparable mix of commercial, university press and society publishers, the UK is not representative of scholarly publishing in other regions and languages. For example, Late et al. found that between 2011 and 2017 Finnish learned societies published 87% of journal articles by scholars working in Finnish universities, and highlighted that commercial publishers play very little role in domestic journal publishing.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B24" data-scroll="#B24" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B24" class="scroll-link">24</a></button></strong></span> Meanwhile, in Latin America the vast majority of journals are open access and published by universities, with learned society and commercial publishers playing a much less significant role in the publishing landscape.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B25" data-scroll="#B25" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B25" class="scroll-link">25</a></button></strong></span> The findings of this study are therefore unlikely to be generalizable beyond the United Kingdom.</p> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="findings" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Findings</h2> <p>Of the original 279 UK-based learned societies identified in 2015, two were removed as having been included in error, three had been dissolved and seven had ceased publication. <span class="xref"><a href="#F1">Figure 1</a></span> shows the numbers of societies by discipline, indicating that most societies with peer-reviewed publications are found in medicine and life sciences and arts and humanities. There are remarkably few changes in the numbers of journals published, with the exception of the medicine and life sciences. In these disciplines (which have typically seen the highest levels of open access adoption)<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B26" data-scroll="#B26" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B26" class="scroll-link">26</a></button></strong></span> a number of societies publishing a single journal in 2015 had launched additional titles by 2023. Review of these societies’ web pages confirms that the new titles were open access journals launched alongside a society’s existing subscription or hybrid journal.</p> <div id="F1"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:R6gj4rjttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx jTWvec bXmwCQ" aria-label="Open viewer"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57d7038d8.png" alt=""/><div class="jXSfKH fSnJqw cWnAnw jJQbUA"><div class="elufQH biMsBw xULSZ bVQpjJ iprOUu eBeqpk fagWSd bgTIyZ hoverButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.6em;--svg-height:2.6em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#expand-content"></use></svg></div></div></button></div> <div class="caption"> <span class="label">Figure 1 </span><span class="capture-id"><p>UK learned societies’ publishing activity by disciplinary area (277 societies, 2015 and 2023)</p></span> </div> <p>A notable finding is the much higher number of societies which have ceased to publish peer-reviewed journals in the social sciences (seven) compared with the other three discipline groupings (three in total). This finding appears to bear out the cautionary observation made in 2015 by Johnson and Fosci, ‘The challenge of OA affects societies across all discipline areas, but perhaps most in jeopardy are small and medium-sized societies in the social sciences, which are often highly dependent on publishing revenues, but lack the scale and the external research funding to allow them to experiment or make the transition to a gold OA model’.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B27" data-scroll="#B27" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B27" class="scroll-link">27</a></button></strong></span></p> <div> <h3 id="the-decline-of-self-publication" tabindex="-1">The decline of self-publication</h3> <p>The Sankey diagram in <span class="xref"><a href="#F2">Figure 2</a></span> illustrates changes in the publishing model used by the 277 societies in our dataset between 2015 and 2023. The most striking finding is a rapid decline in the number of wholly self-published societies, from 68 in 2015 to only 44 in 2023. The bulk of this decline relates to 17 formerly self-published societies who by 2023 had moved to an outsourced model with a single publishing partner. A further five of the self-published societies in 2015 have ceased publication entirely, one has been dissolved and two have chosen to combine self-publication and outsourcing. The pattern of societies ceasing to publish journals in their own right holds true across the disciplinary spectrum, with eight such societies in medicine and life sciences, seven in engineering and natural sciences, three in social sciences and five in arts and humanities.</p> <div id="F2"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:R6cgj4rjttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx jTWvec bXmwCQ" aria-label="Open viewer"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57edee50f.png" alt=""/><div class="jXSfKH fSnJqw cWnAnw jJQbUA"><div class="elufQH biMsBw xULSZ bVQpjJ iprOUu eBeqpk fagWSd bgTIyZ hoverButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.6em;--svg-height:2.6em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#expand-content"></use></svg></div></div></button></div> <div class="caption"> <span class="label">Figure 2 </span><span class="capture-id"><p>Changes in UK learned societies’ publishing model (277 societies, 2015–2023)</p></span> </div> </div> <div> <h3 id="a-complex-outsourcing-landscape" tabindex="-1">A complex outsourcing landscape</h3> <p>Another trend observable in <span class="xref"><a href="#F2">Figure 2</a></span> is the growing tendency for societies to outsource to multiple publishers rather than having a single partner. In 2015 only five societies outsourced their publishing to multiple partners and only two combined self-publishing with outsourcing. By 2023, these figures had roughly tripled in both cases, to 17 and six societies, respectively. In total, the number of outsourcing relationships identified in the dataset has increased from 214 in 2015 to 242 in 2023.</p> <p><span class="xref"><a href="#T1">Table 1</a></span> shows how the position of key publishing partners for UK societies has changed over the period 2015 to 2023. Wiley has seen a reduction in its number of society partners while Taylor & Francis has seen a significant increase following its 2015 acquisition of Maney Publishing. Cambridge University Press (CUP), Oxford University Press (OUP), Sage and Elsevier have all increased the number of societies they work with. However, as societies are now more likely to outsource to multiple publishers rather than a single partner, we can infer that the financial value of each publisher-society relationship is likely to be lower in 2023 than it was in 2015. As a result, what looks like growth in large publishers’ market share in <span class="xref"><a href="#T1">Table 1</a></span> may simply be a case of running to stand still.</p> <div id="T1"><div class="table-wrapper"> <div class="caption"> <p class="label">Table 1</p> <p>Publishers with 10+ relationships with UK learned societies – number of partnerships in 2015 and 2023</p> </div> <div class="table-scroll"><table width="100%" class="bm"><tr><th align="left" valign="top">Publisher</th><th align="center" valign="top">Number of UK society partners (2015)</th><th align="center" valign="top">Number of UK society partners (2023)</th><th align="center" valign="top">Change</th></tr><tr><td valign="top" colSpan="4"><hr/></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Wiley</td><td valign="top" align="right">59</td><td valign="top" align="right">53</td><td valign="top" align="right">–6</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Taylor & Francis <em>(including Maney Publishing in 2023)</em> </td><td valign="top" align="right">37</td><td valign="top" align="right">53</td><td valign="top" align="right">16</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Cambridge University Press</td><td valign="top" align="right">32</td><td valign="top" align="right">42</td><td valign="top" align="right">10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Oxford University Press</td><td valign="top" align="right">23</td><td valign="top" align="right">29</td><td valign="top" align="right">6</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Maney Publishing <em>(pre-acquisition by Taylor & Francis in 2015)</em> </td><td valign="top" align="right">17</td><td valign="top" align="right">–</td><td valign="top" align="right">–17</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">Elsevier</td><td valign="top" align="right">14</td><td valign="top" align="right">17</td><td valign="top" align="right">3</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left">SAGE</td><td valign="top" align="right">13</td><td valign="top" align="right">21</td><td valign="top" align="right">8</td></tr></table></div> <div class="caption"></div> </div></div> <p><span class="xref"><a href="#F3">Figure 3</a></span> provides further context for this data, showing the publishing relationships for all 277 societies in 2015 and 2023. It indicates that, while the journals market as a whole is increasingly dominated by a small number of commercial players,<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B28" data-scroll="#B28" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B28" class="scroll-link">28</a></button></strong></span> the trend is towards greater diversity of publishing partners for UK learned societies.</p> <div id="F3"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:Rcegj4rjttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx jTWvec bXmwCQ" aria-label="Open viewer"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e582807854.png" alt=""/><div class="jXSfKH fSnJqw cWnAnw jJQbUA"><div class="elufQH biMsBw xULSZ bVQpjJ iprOUu eBeqpk fagWSd bgTIyZ hoverButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.6em;--svg-height:2.6em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#expand-content"></use></svg></div></div></button></div> <div class="caption"> <span class="label">Figure 3 </span><span class="capture-id"><p>Changes in UK learned societies’ publishing partnerships (277 societies, 2015–2023)</p></span> </div> <p>The number of different partners used by UK learned societies rose from 17 in 2015 to 25 in 2023 and, as <span class="xref"><a href="#F4">Figure 4</a></span> illustrates, this increase is being driven primarily by partnerships with university presses and, to a lesser extent, other societies, rather than new commercial entrants. In total, a dozen new publishers have entered the society market since 2015, while two commercial publishers (Bloomsbury and Emerald) have exited and two (Maney and Co-Action) have been acquired by Taylor & Francis, reflecting significant market consolidation over the period considered in our dataset.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B29" data-scroll="#B29" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B29" class="scroll-link">29</a></button></strong></span> Among the new entrants, two (Frontiers and Wolters Kluwer) are commercial, three are university presses (UCL, Bristol and Chicago) and six are existing society publishers. Significantly, all 12 of these new entrants only partner with a single society at present.</p> <div id="F4"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:Riegj4rjttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx jTWvec bXmwCQ" aria-label="Open viewer"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5aa8825d8.png" alt=""/><div class="jXSfKH fSnJqw cWnAnw jJQbUA"><div class="elufQH biMsBw xULSZ bVQpjJ iprOUu eBeqpk fagWSd bgTIyZ hoverButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.6em;--svg-height:2.6em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#expand-content"></use></svg></div></div></button></div> <div class="caption"> <span class="label">Figure 4 </span><span class="capture-id"><p>Society-publisher relationships by publisher business model (2015 and 2023)</p></span> </div> </div> <div> <h3 id="revenues-lagging-inflation" tabindex="-1">Revenues lagging inflation</h3> <p>To aid understanding of the drivers of change within the society publishing market we also sought to assess how societies’ revenues from publishing have evolved since 2014. Only 21 of the 50 largest societies by revenue in our dataset disclose their publishing revenues, and these figures are subject to a number of significant caveats, as outlined in the methodology section. Nevertheless, the data presented in <span class="xref"><a href="#F5">Figure 5</a></span> allows some broad conclusions to be drawn as to the health of UK society publishing. Firstly, most societies (15 out of 21) have suffered a real-terms decline in their revenues from publishing over the last decade or so. While some fluctuations in publishing revenues may be attributable to foreign exchange movements, the British pound weakened significantly against a basket of international currencies between 2014 and 2022.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B30" data-scroll="#B30" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B30" class="scroll-link">30</a></button></strong></span> This weakening would have served to increase publishing revenues generated in other currencies on their translation into pound sterling, and so currency movements do not account for the decline and may, in fact, have masked its severity. In some cases, an apparent decline may also reflect a shift from self-publication (where a society’s financial statements disclose the gross revenues from publishing) to an outsourced relationship (where a society only reports the net revenues received from its partner). However, of the five societies reporting the steepest decline in their publication revenues only one had moved from self-publication to outsourcing, with one remaining self-published and the other three outsourcing to the same partners as in 2023. Notably, all five are in medicine and life sciences, being the disciplines in which open access publication is most widely adopted.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B31" data-scroll="#B31" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B31" class="scroll-link">31</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>By contrast, of the six societies which have succeeded in growing their revenues above inflation, four are in engineering and natural sciences (the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, the Royal Society and the Institution of Engineering and Technology). The other two are the British Academy, which derives only 1% of its income from publishing, and the Society of Endocrinology, for which the most recent publicly available financial data relates to the year ended 31 December 2020, meaning it may be distorted by the Covid-19 pandemic. <span class="xref"><a href="#F5">Figure 5</a></span> illustrates a correlation between a society’s reliance on its publishing revenue and its ability to grow those revenues, though the small sample size and wide variation in the nature of the societies considered means such findings must be treated with caution. A review of the underlying data further reinforces the importance of scale: the ten largest societies disclosing publishing revenues saw a median growth of 17% (mean growth: 8%), while the 11 smaller societies saw a median decline of 20% (mean decline: 22%).</p> <div id="F5"><button type="button" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="radix-:R8ggj4rjttsmtnqfja:" data-state="closed" class="bZRhvx jTWvec bXmwCQ" aria-label="Open viewer"><img src="https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5ac88d843.png" alt=""/><div class="jXSfKH fSnJqw cWnAnw jJQbUA"><div class="elufQH biMsBw xULSZ bVQpjJ iprOUu eBeqpk fagWSd bgTIyZ hoverButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:2.6em;--svg-height:2.6em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#expand-content"></use></svg></div></div></button></div> <div class="caption"> <span class="label">Figure 5 </span><span class="capture-id"><p>Changes in publishing revenue (2014–2022) and share of 2022 revenues derived from publishing – 21 UK societies</p></span> </div> <p>We also reviewed changes in publication revenues for the ten largest social science societies, and the five largest in arts and humanities. Trends within these disciplines are harder to discern given the small sample size, inconsistent disclosure of publication revenues and greater significance of monograph publication for some of these societies. However, as noted by Johnson and Fosci, social science societies appear particularly exposed to changes in the marketplace as they are more likely to be dependent on a single journal for a significant share of their revenues.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B32" data-scroll="#B32" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B32" class="scroll-link">32</a></button></strong></span></p> </div> </div> <div> <h2 id="discussion" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Discussion</h2> <p>The overall picture emerging from our analysis is a sobering one, albeit with some bright spots. As a whole, the significance of UK learned society publishers within global scholarly communication is waning as the centre of gravity of the world’s research shifts eastwards and market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B33" data-scroll="#B33" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B33" class="scroll-link">33</a></button></strong></span> The very largest UK society publishers in the natural and life sciences have been able to achieve sustained growth and journal reputation and prestige remain the most important determinants of authors’ behaviour.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B34" data-scroll="#B34" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B34" class="scroll-link">34</a></button></strong></span> However, those societies lacking scale or brand recognition have seen their revenues progressively squeezed.</p> <p>Amongst all this, the influence of the global pandemic on the publishing landscape cannot be ignored. On the one hand, in many disciplines restrictions resulted in reductions or cessation of research due to lack of access to premises, people and materials. On the other, the increased time available to many researchers and the urgency of the research questions posed by SARS-CoV-2 led to a sharp increase in published output, much of it openly accessible.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B35" data-scroll="#B35" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B35" class="scroll-link">35</a></button></strong></span> The trend towards increased scale and complexity in scholarly publishing long predates the pandemic but it undoubtedly led to its acceleration, while simultaneously weakening the financial position of the academic institutions and libraries on which publishers depend.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B36" data-scroll="#B36" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B36" class="scroll-link">36</a></button></strong></span></p> <p>Not apparent in our data, but amply evidenced in the literature, are the additional costs associated with the transition to open access, which are likely to have put pressure on societies’ margins from publishing even in cases where revenue has grown.<span class="xref"><strong><button data-state="closed" class="AxjtU foDtdn bbYXSC dxVcBS"><a href="#B37" data-scroll="#B37" rel="footnote" id="main-text-B37" class="scroll-link">37</a></button></strong></span> While many societies cite these costs as necessitating a transition from self-publication to outsourcing, our findings suggest such a move may take them only as far as the fire from the frying pan. Of eight societies that were self-published in both 2015 and 2023 and for which we gathered data on publication revenues, all but one were able to grow their revenues from publishing, with a median growth figure of 21%, roughly in line with inflation (mean growth: 12%). By contrast, of the seven societies that had outsourced their publishing in both 2015 and 2023, five saw an outright decline in their revenues, with a median reduction across all seven of 30% (mean decline: 31%).</p> <p>The numbers considered in this analysis are small and there are a range of factors which may explain the difference in observed financial performance between self-published and outsourced societies. Large societies are more likely to self-publish, for example, so the difference may reflect the benefits of scale rather than self-publication. The relative decline in revenues for societies with publishing partners may partly reflect the generous terms some societies were able to negotiate with commercial publishers in the early 2010s, which have not been sustained into the 2020s. Furthermore, many societies, as not-for-profit entities committed to the dissemination of knowledge, may consider a reduction in revenues an acceptable price to pay for increased access to the research published in their journals. Nevertheless, given the difficulty of extricating a society from a big deal and the falling value attached to society journals, these data should give independent society publishers contemplating a move towards outsourcing pause for thought.</p> <p>Meanwhile, the appearance of so many new publishing partners for societies would appear to be a double-edged sword. The willingness of new university presses and other societies to act as publishing partners is to be welcomed, but their inability or unwillingness (to date) to take on multiple society partners is likely to be attributable to the same reason that commercial players have not made further inroads into the UK society market. A society journal is no longer the ticket to riches that it once was, and the fear on all sides is that as the transition to open access proceeds its value will be only further eroded. A key question over the coming years will be which of the many ‘single society’ publishing partners quietly exit the UK society market and which seek to increase their presence.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="conclusion" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Conclusion</h2> <p>One conclusion from our work is that change in the society publishing landscape happens slowly. In 2015, 175 societies, or 63% of the total, published a single peer-reviewed journal. By 2023, 157 of these 175 societies continued to publish a single journal, despite all the changes in the external environment over this period. A second conclusion is that, though slow, change is occurring. This is evident in the declining number of self-publishing societies, the increased complexity of the outsourcing landscape and the failure of most societies’ publishing revenues to keep pace with inflation.</p> <p>Within this context, inertia poses the greatest threat to many societies, with a progressive erosion of their subscription revenues the most likely result. The role played by open access in these changes cannot be discounted. It would appear no coincidence that societies in medicine and life sciences, where open access publication is most prevalent, are also those that have seen the sharpest decline in revenues. Societies in engineering, the natural sciences and the social sciences look set to tread a similar path over the coming years. Societies in the humanities – mostly small, with low levels of reliance on publishing revenues and the slowest rate of progress towards open access – are perhaps the least exposed to changes in the publishing landscape, but low-output, highly selective journals in all disciplines face an uncertain future.</p> <p>For policymakers and librarians, this article sheds light on an unintended consequence of the transition to open access. In the context of growing concerns over research integrity, now further exacerbated by the rise of generative artificial intelligence, the role learned societies can play as arbiters of quality in their disciplines appears increasingly important. Yet societies’ ability to play this role is increasingly threatened by the erosion of their publishing revenues and a narrow focus on driving down the cost per publication. In the future, more nuanced approaches to assessing the ‘value’ provided by publishers may be needed, considering a broader range of factors including a publisher’s community governance, openness, equity, (not-)for-profit status, and potentially indicators of publication integrity such as rejection rates.</p> <p>Finally, our findings should provide encouragement to society publishers that outsourcing to a large commercial publisher is not the only viable strategy and may even lead to worse financial outcomes than remaining independent. Societies are now able to access a much wider range of potential publishing partners, collaborators and service providers than they were a decade ago, including other societies and university presses whose missions and values are more likely to align with their own. Yet leveraging these opportunities is likely to require an investment of management time and financial resources that will not be feasible or even desirable for all societies. Where publishing is a marginal part of a society’s activities or its appetite for risk is low, the logical approach may still be to divest what is an increasingly complex operation offering uncertain future returns. But for those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.</p> </div> </div> <div id="back" class="article-references"> <div> <h2 id="data-accessibility-statement" tabindex="-1">Data accessibility statement</h2> <p>This article references the following publicly available datasets:</p> <p>R. Johnson et al., “Dataset of UK learned society publishers 2015–2023,” Dataset, Zenodo last modified May 12, 2024, Version v3, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10257806">https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10257806</a>.</p> <p>Rob Johnson, “Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies – List of UK Learned Societies,” Dataset, figshare, 2015, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1</a>.</p> </div> <div class="capture-id"> <h2 id="acknowledgements" class="article-division" tabindex="-1">Acknowledgements</h2> <p>The authors would like to thank Ruby Porter and Ellie Cox for their assistance with the data collection exercise on which this article is based. The authors acknowledge the use of ChatGPT 3.5 (Open AI, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://chat.openai.com">https://chat.openai.com</a>) to improve the academic tone and accuracy of language, including grammatical structures, punctuation and vocabulary, within this article. The output generated was reviewed and modified further by the authors to ensure it represented our desired tone and style of writing.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="abbreviations-and-acronyms" tabindex="-1">Abbreviations and Acronyms</h2> <p>A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other <em>Insight</em>s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL and then select the ‘full list of industry A&As’ link: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa">http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa</a>.</p> </div> <div> <h2 id="competing-interests" tabindex="-1">Competing interests</h2> <p>The authors are consultants working in the field of research and scholarly communication and have provided consultancy services to a number of the publishers and societies mentioned in this article.</p> </div> <div id="references"> <h2 id="references" tabindex="-1">References</h2> <ol class="reference-list"> <li id="B1"> <a href="#B1" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Angela Cochran, “Plan S Cited as a Major Reason Many Self-Published Societies Moved to Commercial Partners,” <em>Tweet, Twitter</em> (X), 9 July 2023, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/acochran12733/status/1678055514167562247">https://twitter.com/acochran12733/status/1678055514167562247</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B1" data-scroll="#main-text-B1" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B2"> <a href="#B2" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Quan-Hoang Vuong, “Plan S, Self-Publishing, and Addressing Unreasonable Risks of Society Publishing,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 64–68, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1274">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1274</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B2" data-scroll="#main-text-B2" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B3"> <a href="#B3" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Phill Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 43–46, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1273">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1273</a> (accessed 4 September 2024); Elina Late et al., “The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 5–13, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1270">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1270</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B3" data-scroll="#main-text-B3" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B4"> <a href="#B4" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Aileen Fyfe, “From Philanthropy to Business: The Economics of Royal Society Journal Publishing in the Twentieth Century,” <em>Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science</em> 78, no. 1 (3 August 2022): 115–42, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0021">https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0021</a> (accessed 4 September 2024); Aileen Fyfe, “Self-Help for Learned Journals: Scientific Societies and the Commerce of Publishing in the 1950s,” <em>History of Science</em> 60, no. 2 (1 June 2022): 255–79, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275321999901">https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275321999901</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B4" data-scroll="#main-text-B4" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B5"> <a href="#B5" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Sally Morris and Sue Thorn, “Learned Society Members and Open Access,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 22, no. 3 (2009): 221–39, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1087/2009308">https://doi.org/10.1087/2009308</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B5" data-scroll="#main-text-B5" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B6"> <a href="#B6" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Rob Johnson and Mattia Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 28, no.4 (2015): 274–281, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1087/20150406">https://doi.org/10.1087/20150406</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B6" data-scroll="#main-text-B6" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B7"> <a href="#B7" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Jane Winters and Aileen Fyfe, “Learned Societies, Humanities Publishing, and Scholarly Communication in the UK,” in <em>Reassembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access</em> (The MIT Press, 2020), <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/4933/chapter/625181/Learned-Societies-Humanities-Publishing-and">https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/4933/chapter/625181/Learned-Societies-Humanities-Publishing-and</a> (accessed 4 September 2024). DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11885.003.0034">https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11885.003.0034</a><a href="#main-text-B7" data-scroll="#main-text-B7" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B8"> <a href="#B8" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Richard Dodenhoff, “Why I Value Non-Profit Society Scholarly Publishing,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 69–70, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1275">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1275</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B8" data-scroll="#main-text-B8" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B9"> <a href="#B9" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Jon Treadway and Sarah Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose: The Future Direction for UK Learned Societies,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 36, no. 2 (2023): 323–25, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1513">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1513</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B9" data-scroll="#main-text-B9" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B10"> <a href="#B10" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Emilie Aimé, Erika L. Newton, and Catherine Hill, “Publishing Perspectives from the British Ecological Society: Partnership, Community, Collaboration, and Innovation,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 52–56, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1268">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1268</a> (accessed 4 September 2024); Edith Holmes, “Society Publishing: It’s All about the Community You Serve,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 61–63, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1269">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1269</a> (accessed 4 September 2024); Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen.”<a href="#main-text-B10" data-scroll="#main-text-B10" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B11"> <a href="#B11" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Treadway and Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose.”<a href="#main-text-B11" data-scroll="#main-text-B11" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B12"> <a href="#B12" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen.”<a href="#main-text-B12" data-scroll="#main-text-B12" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B13"> <a href="#B13" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Vuong, “Plan S, Self-Publishing, and Addressing Unreasonable Risks of Society Publishing,”; Treadway and Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose.”.<a href="#main-text-B13" data-scroll="#main-text-B13" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B14"> <a href="#B14" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Andrea Chiarelli et al., “Accelerating Scholarly Communication: The Transformative Role of Preprints,” (Zenodo, 24 September 2019), DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357727">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357727</a> (accessed 4 September 2024); Richard Sever, “Biomedical Publishing: Past Historic, Present Continuous, Future Conditional,” <em>PLOS Biology</em> 21, no. 10 (3 October 2023): e3002234, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002234">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002234</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B14" data-scroll="#main-text-B14" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B15"> <a href="#B15" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle, “How Society Publishers Can Accelerate Their Transition to Open Access and Align with Plan S,” <em>Learned Publishing</em> 33, no. 1 (2020): 14–27, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1272">https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1272</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B15" data-scroll="#main-text-B15" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B16"> <a href="#B16" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Dan Pollock and Heather Staines, “News & Views: Is the Real Value of Our Industry Shrinking?,” <em>Delta Think</em> (blog), 17 January 2024, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://deltathink.com/news-views-is-the-real-value-of-our-industry-shrinking/">https://deltathink.com/news-views-is-the-real-value-of-our-industry-shrinking/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B16" data-scroll="#main-text-B16" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B17"> <a href="#B17" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Fei Shu and Vincent Larivière, “The Oligopoly of Open Access Publishing,” <em>Scientometrics</em> 129, no. 1 (1 January 2024): 519–36, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04876-2">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04876-2</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B17" data-scroll="#main-text-B17" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B18"> <a href="#B18" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Aimé, Newton, and Hill, “Publishing Perspectives from the British Ecological Society’; Late et al., ‘The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing.”<a href="#main-text-B18" data-scroll="#main-text-B18" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B19"> <a href="#B19" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Bodo Stern and Johan Rooryck, “Introducing the ‘Towards Responsible Publishing’ Proposal from cOAlition S,” <em>Plan S</em> (blog), 31 October 2023, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.coalition-s.org/blog/introducing-the-towards-responsible-publishing-proposal-from-coalition-s/">https://www.coalition-s.org/blog/introducing-the-towards-responsible-publishing-proposal-from-coalition-s/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B19" data-scroll="#main-text-B19" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B20"> <a href="#B20" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Aileen Fyfe, “Le Società Scientifiche Hanno Bisogno Delle Riviste e Viceversa?,” <em>Recenti Progressi in Medicina</em> 114, no. 3 (1 March 2023): 154–56, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.recentiprogressi.it/archivio/3981/articoli/39639/">https://www.recentiprogressi.it/archivio/3981/articoli/39639/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B20" data-scroll="#main-text-B20" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B21"> <a href="#B21" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” 275.<a href="#main-text-B21" data-scroll="#main-text-B21" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B22"> <a href="#B22" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Rob Johnson, “Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies – List of UK Learned Societies,” 24 September 2015, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1">https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B22" data-scroll="#main-text-B22" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B23"> <a href="#B23" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Research England, “Units of Assessment – REF 2021,” REF2021 Research Excellence Framework, Worldwide, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://2021.ref.ac.uk/panels/units-of-assessment/index.html">https://2021.ref.ac.uk/panels/units-of-assessment/index.html</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B23" data-scroll="#main-text-B23" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B24"> <a href="#B24" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Late et al., “The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing.”<a href="#main-text-B24" data-scroll="#main-text-B24" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B25"> <a href="#B25" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Fernanda Beigel et al., “OLIVA: The Scientific Production Indexed in Latin America and the Caribbean. Disciplinary Diversity, Institutional Collaboration, and Multilingualism in SciELO and Redalyc (1995–2018),” SciELO Preprints, 22 August 2022, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4637">https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4637</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B25" data-scroll="#main-text-B25" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B26"> <a href="#B26" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Bo-Christer Björk and Timo Korkeamäki, “Adoption of the Open Access Business Model in Scientific Journal Publishing: A Cross-Disciplinary Study,” <em>College & Research Libraries</em> 81, no. 7 (3 November 2020), DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.7.1080">https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.7.1080</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B26" data-scroll="#main-text-B26" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B27"> <a href="#B27" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” 280.<a href="#main-text-B27" data-scroll="#main-text-B27" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B28"> <a href="#B28" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>David Crotty, “Quantifying Consolidation in the Scholarly Journals Market,” <em>The Scholarly Kitchen</em> (blog), 30 October 2023, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/10/30/quantifying-consolidation-in-the-scholarly-journals-market/">https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/10/30/quantifying-consolidation-in-the-scholarly-journals-market/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B28" data-scroll="#main-text-B28" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B29"> <a href="#B29" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Crotty, “Quantifying Consolidation in the Scholarly Journals Market.”<a href="#main-text-B29" data-scroll="#main-text-B29" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B30"> <a href="#B30" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“British Pound Effective Exchange Rates for 1983 to 2024 from the Bank for International Settlements,” Pound Sterling Live, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/bank-of-england-spot/historical-effective-exchange-rates/GBP-history">https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/bank-of-england-spot/historical-effective-exchange-rates/GBP-history</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B30" data-scroll="#main-text-B30" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B31"> <a href="#B31" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Björk and Korkeamäki, “Adoption of the Open Access Business Model in Scientific Journal Publishing.”<a href="#main-text-B31" data-scroll="#main-text-B31" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B32"> <a href="#B32" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies.”<a href="#main-text-B32" data-scroll="#main-text-B32" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B33"> <a href="#B33" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>David A. Reinstein, “The Strain on Academic Publishing,” <em>LSE Impact of Social Sciences</em> (blog), 23 October 2023, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/10/23/the-strain-on-academic-publishing/">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/10/23/the-strain-on-academic-publishing/</a>.<a href="#main-text-B33" data-scroll="#main-text-B33" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B34"> <a href="#B34" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Jennifer Rowley et al., “Factors Influencing Researchers’ Journal Selection Decisions,” <em>Journal of Information Science</em> 48, no. 3 (1 June 2022): 321–35, DOI: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551520958591">https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551520958591</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B34" data-scroll="#main-text-B34" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B35"> <a href="#B35" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>“Uptake of Open Access,” <em>STM</em> (blog), International Association of STM Publishers, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.stm-assoc.org/oa-dashboard/uptake-of-open-access/">https://www.stm-assoc.org/oa-dashboard/uptake-of-open-access/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B35" data-scroll="#main-text-B35" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B36"> <a href="#B36" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Charlie Rapple and Christopher Daley, “How Has COVID-19 Affected Research Funding, Publishing and Library Budgets? Or, Finding the Truth in the Gap Between Perception and Reality,” <em>The Scholarly Kitchen</em> (blog), 24 March 2021, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/03/24/how-has-covid-19-affected-research-funding-publishing-and-library-budgets-or-finding-the-truth-in-the-gap-between-perception-and-reality/">https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/03/24/how-has-covid-19-affected-research-funding-publishing-and-library-budgets-or-finding-the-truth-in-the-gap-between-perception-and-reality/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B36" data-scroll="#main-text-B36" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> <li id="B37"> <a href="#B37" rel="footnote" style="display:none"></a><p>Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle, “Learned Societies, the Key to Realising an Open Access Future?,” <em>LSE Impact of Social Sciences</em> (blog), 24 June 2019, <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/">https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/</a> (accessed 4 September 2024).<a href="#main-text-B37" data-scroll="#main-text-B37" class="scroll-link"> <svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-width:1.5em"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward"></use></svg></a></p> </li> </ol> </div> </div> <div id="article-level-0-end-metadata" class="fm"> </div> </div> </div></div></div></section></article></main><aside class="lfpFOb fiuYUG kvsxzu fZULLI eAZrqn bsEVTl jzuiJt dDHwAh bympqB klDsRy"><section style="--extra-height:5rem" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB lnopcr eIiEcR eAZrqn faYEqN gWzzAr JCara bympqB iUHufA hJIWyj" data-no-padding="true"><div dir="ltr" data-orientation="horizontal"><div role="tablist" aria-orientation="horizontal" class="fPSBzf cgzmzJ dXscgu" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" style="outline:none"><button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-toc" data-state="active" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-toc" class="bZRhvx dclGjS hYZFkb fgbdHr ddAjyo kdHsXs iiYJRg gfxUHM jaxCjk dBwzdG gsjAMe kghvgt ftkVga fagWSd hmEmdR hwUhUp dgihsQ dPDtDQ dJUmhj dolfgN hblLYA bQczTr hFYGLr cZrzMw gMoMzF dyTZGO enqMWn fBFwEN kiLcDA dXENQP htxIvu jfiBIV eHTTJO kDjVHE iJRWrr fhiMPc ftxADP" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item=""><span class="mBgaT">Table of</span> Contents</button><button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-annotations" data-state="inactive" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-annotations" class="bZRhvx dclGjS hYZFkb fgbdHr ddAjyo kdHsXs iiYJRg gfxUHM jaxCjk dBwzdG gsjAMe kghvgt ftkVga fagWSd hmEmdR hwUhUp dgihsQ dPDtDQ dJUmhj dolfgN hblLYA bQczTr hFYGLr cZrzMw gMoMzF dyTZGO enqMWn fBFwEN kiLcDA dXENQP htxIvu jfiBIV eHTTJO kDjVHE iJRWrr fhiMPc ftxADP" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item="">Annotations & Comments</button><button type="button" role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-related" data-state="inactive" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-related" class="bZRhvx dclGjS hYZFkb fgbdHr ddAjyo kdHsXs iiYJRg gfxUHM jaxCjk dBwzdG gsjAMe kghvgt ftkVga fagWSd hmEmdR hwUhUp dgihsQ dPDtDQ dJUmhj dolfgN hblLYA bQczTr hFYGLr cZrzMw gMoMzF dyTZGO enqMWn fBFwEN kiLcDA dXENQP htxIvu jfiBIV eHTTJO kDjVHE iJRWrr fhiMPc ftxADP" tabindex="-1" data-orientation="horizontal" data-radix-collection-item="">Related Articles</button></div><div data-state="active" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-toc" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-toc" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq iXlXYP" style="animation-duration:0s"><section aria-labelledby="table-of-contents" class="ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB"><nav id="table-of-contents" aria-label="Table of contents"><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb bpGbVy fjKWZo"><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abstract" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abstract</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#introduction" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Introduction</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#literature-review" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Literature review</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#methodology" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Methodology</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-methodology"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-methodology" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#findings" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Findings</a><button class="bZRhvx fPSBzf jwcOfF jzuiJt kSmiQp eIlUJG joQJaA frzzzL" aria-label="Open" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" aria-controls="menu-findings"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX" viewBox="0 0 960 960" style="--svg-height:1.5rem"><use href="/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#angle-down"></use></svg></button></div><ol class="fPSBzf iLbQFp fZAeZb" id="menu-findings" aria-hidden="true"></ol></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#discussion" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Discussion</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#conclusion" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Conclusion</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#data-accessibility-statement" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Data accessibility statement</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#acknowledgements" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Acknowledgements</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#abbreviations-and-acronyms" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Abbreviations and Acronyms</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#competing-interests" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">Competing interests</a></div></li><li><div class="fPSBzf kSmiQp"><a href="#references" class="lmZmzR bSRIfX">References</a></div></li></ol></nav></section></div><div data-state="inactive" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-annotations" hidden="" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-annotations" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq iXlXYP"></div><div data-state="inactive" data-orientation="horizontal" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-trigger-related" hidden="" id="radix-:R1bjttsmtnqfja:-content-related" tabindex="0" class="gWzzAr dsKHtw jIwvFq iXlXYP"></div></div></section></aside></div></div></div><footer class="dnRxZk dnSljD WnGpL cMUiCk" role="contentinfo"><div class="fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd"><div class="fPSBzf gSKPcF gfYZhR iLmUhe gTGxWI fxrXxc gNePfr"><ul class="fPSBzf gasSYy fZAeZb fyiDWM"><li class="jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs">E-ISSN: 2048-7754</li><li class="jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs">Published by <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.uksg.org/" class="nVRGN">UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press</a></li><li class="jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs"><a href="/en/about/tandc">Terms and Conditions</a></li><li class="jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs"><a href="/en/about/privacypolicy">Privacy Policy</a></li></ul><div class="AMuyK gsjAMe cbkwRf" aria-hidden="true">v.1.7.10</div></div><div class="jrJYcx gNePfr"><div class="eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu"><p></p><p class="p1"><span class="s1"><br/></span></p></div></div></div></footer></div></div><div role="region" aria-label="Notifications (F8)" tabindex="-1" style="pointer-events:none"><ol tabindex="-1" class="iIqYNX hHXHME hdAwi hTzkMi fPSBzf iLbQFp dKLBtz cEyWZ kyyOli AxjtB hEzNkW cCOcnz diIxfU cknCFZ"></ol></div><script src="https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/chunks/webpack-5f8f22573339759c.js" async=""></script><script>(self.__next_f=self.__next_f||[]).push([0]);self.__next_f.push([2,null])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/7b9ca6a1d31c5662-s.p.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n2:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/931105f8d96e7f26-s.p.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n3:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/a9b61b60c2d733b4-s.p.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n4:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/dba81c1208da12ee-s.p.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n5:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/media/fbdbe464b9e5cc95-s.p.woff2\",\"font\",{\"crossOrigin\":\"\",\"type\":\"font/woff2\"}]\n6:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/93ea90fcaa5f3f71.css\",\"style\"]\n7:HL[\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/144c1fd4ef98b227.css\",\"style\"]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"8:I[83922,[],\"\"]\nb:I[77773,[],\"\"]\nc:I[89427,[],\"\"]\nd:I[13353,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"Listeners\"]\ne:I[88251,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"\"]\nf:I[36092,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"sta"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"tic/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"DirectionProvider\"]\n10:I[44727,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"ToastProvider\"]\n11:I[17328,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"TooltipProvider\"]\n15:I[67239,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"857\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/error-4a3fb62161c52349.js\"],\"default\"]\n17:I[28276,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e0"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"ProgressBar\"]\n1a:I[66201,[\"3185\",\"static/chunks/app/layout-ea2e52b0fa160b95.js\"],\"NotFound\"]\n1c:I[46544,[\"2902\",\"static/chunks/ac157fc0-366cb6bd953505ea.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"9570\",\"static/chunks/9570-3a14b18b00c68dfa.js\",\"6470\",\"static/chunks/app/global-error-f36ce471940189c4.js\"],\"default\"]\n1d:[]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"0:[null,[\"$\",\"$L8\",null,{\"buildId\":\"W9UNbQP5VsCST6e1EieB_\",\"assetPrefix\":\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10\",\"initialCanonicalUrl\":\"/articles/10.1629/uksg.664?_rsc=13r6v\",\"initialTree\":[\"\",{\"children\":[[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],{\"children\":[\"(with-layout)\",{\"children\":[\"articles\",{\"children\":[[\"slug\",\"10.1629/uksg.664\",\"c\"],{\"children\":[\"__PAGE__\",{}]}]}]}]}]},\"$undefined\",\"$undefined\",true],\"initialSeedData\":[\"\",{\"children\":[[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],{\"children\":[\"(with-layout)\",{\"children\":[\"articles\",{\"children\":[[\"slug\",\"10.1629/uksg.664\",\"c\"],{\"children\":[\"__PAGE__\",{},[[\"$L9\",\"$La\"],null],null]},[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"segmentPath\":[\"children\",[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],\"children\",\"(with-layout)\",\"children\",\"articles\",\"children\",[\"slug\",\"10.1629/uksg.664\",\"c\"],\"children\"],\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$undefined\",\"notFoundStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"styles\":null}],null]},[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"segmentPath\":[\"children\",[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],\"children\",\"(with-layout)\",\"children\",\"articles\",\"children\"],\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$undefined\",\"notFoundStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"styles\":null}],null]},[[[\"$\",\"$Ld\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"$Le\",null,{\"defer\":true,\"data-domain\":\"insights.uksg.org\",\"src\":\"/js/data.js?v=1.7.10\",\"strategy\":\"afterInteractive\"}],[\"$\",\"$Lf\",null,{\"dir\":\"ltr\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L10\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L11\",null,{\"children\":[\"$L12\",\"$L13\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp fFqvHQ iQzceQ\",\"children\":[\"$L14\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf iLbQFp kdHsXs\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"kdHsXs fPSBzf hYZFjI\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"segmentPath\":[\"children\",[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],\"children\",\"(with-layout)\",\"children\"],\"error\":\"$15\",\"errorStyles\":[],\"errorScripts\":[],\"template\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$L16\",\"notFoundStyles\":[],\"styles\":null}],[\"$\",\"$L17\",null,{}]]}],\"$L18\"]}]]}]]}]}]}]],null],null]},[[\"$\",\"html\",null,{\"lang\":\"en\",\"dir\":\"ltr\",\"className\":\"__variable_aa7923 __variable_c8c987 __variable_cfa1be\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"head\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"link\",null,{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"/api/theme\"}],[\"\",\"\"]]}],[\"$\",\"body\",null,{\"children\":\"$L19\"}]]}],null],null]},[[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"segmentPath\":[\"children\"],\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":[\"$\",\"$L1a\",null,{}],\"notFoundStyles\":[],\"styles\":[[\"$\",\"link\",\"0\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/93ea90fcaa5f3f71.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"1\",{\"rel\":\"stylesheet\",\"href\":\"https://journal-assets.ubiquity.press/1.7.10/_next/static/css/144c1fd4ef98b227.css\",\"precedence\":\"next\",\"crossOrigin\":\"$undefined\",\"nonce\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],null],null],\"couldBeIntercepted\":false,\"initialHead\":[false,\"$L1b\"],\"globalErrorComponent\":\"$1c\",\"missingSlots\":\"$W1d\"}]]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1e:I[55182,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"ScrollingLink\"]\n1f:I[8637,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"1203\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/layout-291719221175fa30.js\"],\"Client\"]\n20:I[32762,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"MobileNavigationProvider\"]\n21:I[3442,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chun"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"Client\"]\n22:I[8206,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"Client\"]\n23:I[2849,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"NavigationItem\"]\n24:I[69030,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/11"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"27-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"4234\",\"static/chunks/4234-fb9c1acc2b371b97.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"6119\",\"static/chunks/6119-8d5f113a46034f92.js\",\"89\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/not-found-ba5937b1b7e640e9.js\"],\"Search\"]\n28:I[86115,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"3949\",\"static/chunks/3949-3c3bd673b9d2b60b.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"5882\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/page-34976d889b43ba68.js\"],\"Image\"]\n29:I[23471,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"1127\",\"static/chunks/1127-d8925b8fb7c53bb5.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"3949\",\"static/chunks/3949-3c3bd673b9d2b60b.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1215\",\"static/chunks/1215-911a51b09f3fad1c.js\",\"5882\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/page-34976d889b43ba68.js\"],\"UnoptimizedImage\"]\n12:[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"href\":\"#main-content\",\"className\":\"ehNJZJ jqBZST cqpRXP hlbrRo lfeeXs jTaQWn dqRAIK MFSzt bbOHxg\",\"children\":\"Skip to main content\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]\n16:[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHy"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"G hbybOd fPSBzf izYtHj jWrpcl\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"tabIndex\":-1,\"className\":\"kdHsXs dXscgu fZULLI iUHufA kiYYuA\",\"id\":\"main-content\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"aria-labelledby\":\"page-heading\",\"className\":\"ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB\",\"data-no-padding\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"id\":\"page-heading\",\"className\":\"xNKXN gsjAMe jaxCjk jwcObW\",\"tabIndex\":-1,\"children\":\"Not Found\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"The page you were looking for doesn't exist.\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.\"}]]}]}]}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"19:[\"$\",\"$L1f\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"messages\":{\"general\":{\"site_title\":{\"short\":\"{journal}\",\"long\":\"{page} | {journal}\"},\"loading_message\":\"Loading…\",\"skip_to_main_content\":\"Skip to main content\"},\"header\":{\"primary_navigation\":{\"home\":\"Home\",\"label\":\"Main navigation\",\"show_submenu\":\"Show submenu for {title}\"},\"secondary_navigation\":{\"label\":\"Secondary navigation\",\"account\":\"Account\",\"language\":\"Language\"},\"search\":{\"label\":\"Search\",\"placeholder\":\"Search…\",\"submit\":\"Submit\"},\"navigation_toggle\":{\"open\":\"Open navigation\",\"close\":\"Close navigation\"}},\"banner\":{\"label\":\"Brand navigation\",\"society_logo\":\"Society logo\",\"journal_logo\":\"{journalName} logo\",\"press_logo\":\"Press logo\",\"start_submission\":\"Start Submission\",\"become_a_reviewer\":\"Become a Reviewer\",\"home_link\":\"Journal Home\"},\"footer\":{\"eissn\":\"E-ISSN: {eissn}\",\"print_issn\":\"Print ISSN: {pissn}\",\"published_by\":\"Published by \u003clink\u003e{pressName}\u003c/link\u003e\",\"terms_and_conditions\":\"Terms and Conditions\",\"privacy_policy\":\"Privacy Policy\",\"cookies\":\"Cookies\",\"version\":\"v.{version}\"},\"home\":{\"carousel\":{\"title\":\"Latest news\"},\"current_issue\":{\"title\":\"Current Issue\",\"display\":{\"with_title\":\"{issue} \u003cspan\u003e{title}\u003c/span\u003e\"}},\"announcements\":{\"title\":\"Announcements\",\"view_all\":\"More announcements\",\"announcement\":{\"read_more\":\"Read more \u003chidden\u003eabout {title}\u003c/hidden\u003e\",\"date_published\":\"Published on \u003ctime\u003e{date}\u003c/time\u003e\"}},\"sidebar\":{\"latest_articles\":\"Latest articles\",\"popular_articles\":\"Popular articles\",\"conversations\":{\"title\":\"Conversations\",\"twitter_handle\":\"@{handle}\"},\"no_articles\":\"There are no articles to show.\",\"load_error\":\"There was an error loading the articles.\"}},\"announcements\":{\"title\":\"Announcements\",\"empty\":\"There are no announcements to show.\",\"announcement\":{\"date_published\":\"Published on \u003ctime\u003e{date}\u003c/time\u003e\"}},\"contact\":{\"title\":\"Contact\",\"description\":\"Complete the form below to get in touch. All fields are required.\",\"form\":{\"label\":\"Contact form\",\"fields\":{\"recipient\":\"Recipient:\",\"sender\":\"Sender's email address:\",\"subject\":\"Subject:\",\"message\":\"Your message:\",\"captcha\":\"Captcha\",\"submit\":\"Send\"},\"errors\":{\"recipient_required\":\"Please select a recipient.\",\"recipient_invalid\":{\"bad_email\":\"This recipient has an invalid email address.\",\"not_an_option\":\"This recipient is not a valid option.\"},\"sender_required\":\"Please enter your email address.\",\"sender_invalid\":\"Please enter a valid email address.\",\"subject_required\":\"Please enter a subject.\",\"message_required\":\"Please enter a message.\",\"captcha_required\":\"Please complete the captcha.\"},\"error\":{\"title\":\"Something went wrong\",\"message\":\"Your request wasn't submitted, please try again.\"},\"success\":\"Your message has been sent successfully.\"},\"sidebar\":{\"title\":\"Journal Contacts\",\"mailing_address\":\"Mailing Address\",\"principal_contact\":\"Principal Contact\",\"additional_contacts\":\"Additional Contacts\",\"support_contact\":{\"title\":\"Support Contact\",\"message\":\"For technical support please \u003clink\u003esubmit your request online\u003c/link\u003e.\"},\"methods\":{\"label\":\"Contact methods\",\"email\":\"Email\"}}},\"search\":{\"title\":{\"default\":\"Search\",\"with_query\":\"{query} - Search\"},\"results\":{\"title\":\"Search Results\",\"query\":\"Searching for: \u003cstrong\u003e{query}\u003c/strong\u003e\",\"empty\":\"Sorry, no results found.\"}},\"articles\":{\"title\":\"Articles\",\"filters\":{\"title\":\"Filters:\",\"per_page\":\"Show:\",\"taxonomy\":\"Taxonomies:\",\"collections\":\"Collections:\",\"type\":\"Article Types:\",\"submit\":\"Filter\",\"toggle_button\":\"Toggle options\",\"selected_count\":\"{count, plural, one {1 selected} other {# selected}}\",\"total\":\"{count, plural, one {1 article.} other {# articles.}}\",\"clear\":\"Clear all filters\"},\"empty\":\"No articles found.\"},\"article\":{\"header\":{\"label\":\"Article actions\",\"reading_text\":\"\u003clabel\u003eReading:\u003c/label\u003e \u003ctitle\u003e\u003c/title\u003e\",\"download\":\"Download\",\"font_size\":{\"increase\":\"Increase font size\",\"decrease\":\"Decrease font size\"},\"citation\":{\"label\":\"Cite this article\",\"copy\":{\"label\":\"Copy\",\"success\":\"Copied!\"},\"formats\":{\"harvard\":\"Harvard\",\"mla\":\"MLA\",\"apa\":\"APA\",\"chicago\":\"Chicago\",\"nlm\":\"NLM\",\"vancouver\":\"Vancouver\",\"ama\":\"AMA\",\"oscola\":\"OSCOLA\",\"ieee\":\"IEEE\"},\"export\":{\"label\":\"Export to:\",\"endnote\":\"Endnote\",\"mendeley\":\"Mendeley\",\"papers\":\"Papers\",\"procite\":\"ProCite\",\"reference_manager\":\"Reference Manager\",\"refworks\":\"Refworks\",\"zotero\":\"Zotero\",\"bibtex\":\"BibTeX\",\"ris_file\":\"RIS File\",\"error\":{\"title\":\"Unable to export citation\",\"message\":\"Please try again later\"}}},\"print\":\"Print\",\"alt_display\":{\"display\":\"Alt. Display\",\"label\":\"Alternative display\"},\"share\":\"Share:\"},\"collection\":\"Collection:\",\"taxonomy\":\"Taxonomy:\",\"authors\":{\"label\":\"Authors\",\"view_all\":{\"more\":\"{count, plural, one {Show 1 more author} other {Show # more authors}}\",\"less\":\"Show fewer authors\"},\"email_label\":\"Email {authorName}\",\"bios\":{\"toggle_label\":\"Toggle author information panel\"},\"search_links\":{\"label\":\"Search for author on\",\"this_site\":\"This Site\",\"google_scholar\":\"Google Scholar\"}},\"abstract\":\"Abstract\",\"keywords\":\"Keywords:\",\"year\":\"Year: {year}\",\"volume_issue\":{\"volume_issue\":\"Volume: {volume} Issue: {issue}\",\"volume\":\"Volume {volume}\",\"issue\":\"Issue {issue}\"},\"pages\":\"Page/Article: {pages}\",\"doi\":\"DOI: {doi}\",\"date_submitted\":\"Submitted on {date}\",\"date_accepted\":\"Accepted on {date}\",\"date_published\":\"Published on {date}\",\"peer_reviewed\":\"Peer Reviewed\",\"versions\":\"Versions: {list}\",\"copyright\":{\"label\":\"© {year} {holder}\",\"license\":\"{copyrightLabel}. {licenseDescription}\"},\"sidebar\":{\"table_of_contents\":\"\u003chidden\u003eTable of\u003c/hidden\u003e Contents\",\"annotations\":\"Annotations \u0026 Comments\",\"related_articles\":\"Related Articles\"}},\"collections\":{\"title\":\"Collections\",\"card\":{\"view_link\":\"View articles\"},\"view_all\":\"View all collections\",\"search\":{\"label\":\"Search Collections\",\"placeholder\":\"Search Collection Title\",\"empty\":\"Sorry, no results found.\"},\"empty\":\"There are no collections at this time. Please check back later.\"},\"article_print\":{\"warning\":\"This page is for printing. If you wish to read this article, please \u003clink\u003evisit its full version\u003c/link\u003e.\"},\"collection\":{\"launch_date\":\"Collection launched: {date}\",\"articles\":{\"title\":\"Articles\",\"empty\":\"There are no articles to show.\"}},\"collection_card\":{\"label\":\"Collection\"},\"issue_archive\":{\"title\":{\"default\":\"Issue Archive\",\"with_year\":\"Issue Archive ({year})\"},\"empty\":\"No issues found.\",\"card\":{\"volume_issue\":\"Volume {volume} ({issue})\",\"volume\":\"Volume {volume}\",\"issue\":\"Issue {issue}\"},\"filters\":{\"title\":\"Filter by Year\",\"clear\":\"Clear Filter\"}},\"issue\":{\"share\":\"Share:\",\"download\":{\"title\":\"Download issue: \u003cdropdown\u003e\u003c/dropdown\u003e\",\"label\":\"Download\"},\"empty\":\"No articles found.\"},\"about\":{\"title\":\"About\"},\"authorship_guidelines\":{\"title\":\"Authorship Guidelines\"},\"competing_interests\":{\"title\":\"Competing Interests\"},\"correction_policy\":{\"title\":\"Correction and Retraction Policy\"},\"editorial_policies\":{\"title\":\"Editorial Policies\"},\"editorial_team\":{\"title\":\"Editorial Team\"},\"privacy_policy\":{\"title\":\"Privacy Policy\"},\"research_integrity\":{\"title\":\"Research Integrity\"},\"submission_guidelines\":{\"title\":\"Submission Guidelines\",\"submitting_online\":{\"title\":\"Submitting an Article Online\",\"info\":\"To submit an article online, and to check the status of your submission, you need to have an account with the journal.\",\"register\":\"Don't have an account? \u003clink\u003eRegister here.\u003c/link\u003e\",\"submissions_closed\":\"This journal is currently closed for new submissions.\",\"start_submission\":\"Start Submission\"},\"article_types\":{\"title\":\"Article Types\",\"peer_reviewed\":\"This section is peer reviewed.\"},\"author_guidelines\":{\"title\":\"Author Guidelines\"},\"submission_checklist\":{\"title\":\"Submission Preparation Checklist\"},\"copyright_notice\":{\"title\":\"Copyright Notice\"},\"privacy_statement\":{\"title\":\"Privacy Statement\"},\"publication_fees\":{\"title\":\"Publication Fees\",\"table\":{\"section\":\"Section\",\"apc\":\"APC\",\"error\":\"Sorry, the APC information is currently unavailable, please check later.\"}},\"sidebar\":{\"start_submission\":\"Start Submission\"}},\"terms_and_conditions\":{\"title\":\"Terms and Conditions\"},\"not_found\":{\"title\":\"Not Found\",\"message1\":\"The page you were looking for doesn't exist.\",\"message2\":\"You may have mistyped the address or the page may have moved.\"},\"error\":{\"title\":\"Something went wrong\",\"message\":\"An error has occurred.\",\"error_report_received\":\"We have been notified of this error and will work to resolve it as soon as possible.\",\"retry\":\"Try again\"},\"metrics_widget\":{\"sessions\":{\"title\":\"Views\",\"line_graph\":\"Views over time\",\"definitions\":{\"reads\":\"Reads\",\"sessions\":\"Sessions\"}},\"downloads\":{\"title\":\"Downloads\",\"line_graph\":\"Downloads over time\",\"definitions\":{\"downloads\":\"Downloads\"}},\"annotations\":{\"title\":\"Annotations\",\"line_graph\":\"Annotations over time\",\"definitions\":{\"annotations\":\"Annotations\"}},\"citations\":{\"title\":\"Citations\",\"line_graph\":\"Citations over time\",\"definitions\":{\"citations\":\"Citations\"}},\"tweets\":{\"title\":\"Tweets\",\"line_graph\":\"Tweets over time\",\"definitions\":{\"tweets\":\"Tweets\"}},\"references\":{\"title\":\"Online Media\",\"wikipedia\":\"Wikipedia\",\"wordpress\":\"WordPress\",\"definitions\":{\"wikipedia\":\"Wikipedia\",\"wordpress\":\"WordPress\"}},\"footer\":{\"definitions\":\"OPERAS Definitions:\",\"google_scholar\":\"Search on Google Scholar\"}},\"carousel\":{\"pause\":\"Stop animation\",\"play\":\"Start animation\",\"previous\":\"Previous slide\",\"next\":\"Next slide\",\"item\":\"Item slide\",\"slide_label\":\"Slide {current} of {total}\"},\"cookies\":{\"banner\":{\"title\":\"We use cookies to ensure the best possible experience.\",\"read_more\":\"Read more in our Cookie Policy.\",\"configure\":\"Cookie Preferences\",\"accept_all\":\"Allow all cookies\"},\"preferences\":{\"title\":\"Cookie Preferences\",\"description\":\"We use cookies across the website to optimise its performance. You can review your cookie preferences below, and amend them at any time.\",\"essential_cookies\":{\"title\":\"Essential Cookies\",\"description\":\"Certain cookies are considered essential, as they are used solely to maintain our web pages. Essential cookies are used to keep you logged in, anonymously track errors that might occur, and help maintain site stability and functionality.\\n\\nThese cookies can not be disabled.\"},\"analytics_and_tracking\":{\"title\":\"Analytics \u0026 Tracking\",\"description\":\"Analytics cookies are used to measure how many people visit each page, and what options they click on, in order to maintain and improve website performance.\"},\"save\":\"Save Preferences\",\"saved\":\"Preferences saved\"},\"cookies\":{\"preferences\":\"Stores your explicitly-chosen site preferences, such as cookies (which also prevents the banner from re-appearing)\",\"_ga\":\"Distinguishes users\",\"_gid\":\"Distinguishes users\",\"_gat\":\"Throttles request rates\"},\"providers\":{\"google_analytics\":\"Google Analytics\"},\"table\":{\"name\":\"Name\",\"purpose\":\"Purpose\",\"expires\":\"Expires\"},\"expiries\":{\"persistent\":\"Persistent\",\"session\":\"Session\",\"minute\":\"{count, plural, one {1 minute} other {# minutes}}\",\"hour\":\"{count, plural, one {1 hour} other {# hours}}\",\"day\":\"{count, plural, one {1 day} other {# days}}\",\"week\":\"{count, plural, one {1 week} other {# weeks}}\",\"month\":\"{count, plural, one {1 month} other {# months}}\",\"year\":\"{count, plural, one {1 year} other {# years}}\"}},\"modal\":{\"close\":\"Close\"},\"pagination\":{\"label\":\"Pagination\",\"previous\":\"Previous page\",\"next\":\"Next page\",\"page\":\"\u003chidden\u003ePage\u003c/hidden\u003e {page}\"},\"social_links\":{\"label\":\"Share\",\"blog\":\"Journal blog\",\"email\":\"Email\",\"facebook\":{\"label\":\"Facebook\",\"like\":\"Like on Facebook\",\"share\":\"Share on Facebook\"},\"instagram\":{\"label\":\"Instagram\",\"follow\":\"Follow on Instagram\"},\"linkedin\":{\"label\":\"LinkedIn\",\"follow\":\"Follow on LinkedIn\",\"share\":\"Share on LinkedIn\"},\"mailing_list\":{\"label\":\"Mailing list\",\"follow\":\"Join Mailing List\"},\"rss\":{\"label\":\"RSS\",\"follow\":\"Follow via RSS\"},\"twitter\":{\"label\":\"X (formerly Twitter)\",\"follow\":\"Follow on X (formerly Twitter)\",\"share\":\"Share on X (formerly Twitter)\"},\"mastodon\":{\"label\":\"Mastodon\",\"follow\":\"Follow on Mastodon\",\"share\":\"Share on Mastodon\"},\"orcid\":{\"label\":\"ORCID\"}},\"article_card\":{\"collection\":\"Collection: {name}\",\"download\":\"Download\",\"author_names\":{\"ampersand\":\"{firstAuthor} \u0026 {secondAuthor}\",\"et_al\":\"{firstAuthor} et al.\"}},\"image_modal\":{\"open\":\"Open viewer\",\"modal_label\":\"Image viewer\"},\"volume_issue_year\":{\"volume_issue_year\":\"Volume {volume} - Issue {issue} - {year}\",\"volume_issue\":\"Volume {volume} - Issue {issue}\",\"volume_year\":\"Volume {volume} - {year}\",\"issue_year\":\"Issue {issue} - {year}\",\"volume\":\"Volume {volume}\",\"issue\":\"Issue {issue}\",\"year\":\"{year}\"},\"volume_issue_pages\":{\"volume_issue_pages\":\"\u003clink\u003e\u003cvolume\u003e\u003c/volume\u003e(\u003cissue\u003e\u003c/issue\u003e)\u003c/link\u003e: \u003cpages\u003e\u003c/pages\u003e\",\"volume_issue\":\"\u003clink\u003e\u003cvolume\u003e\u003c/volume\u003e(\u003cissue\u003e\u003c/issue\u003e)\u003c/link\u003e\",\"volume_pages\":\"\u003clink\u003e\u003cvolume\u003e\u003c/volume\u003e\u003c/link\u003e: \u003cpages\u003e\u003c/pages\u003e\",\"issue_pages\":\"\u003clink\u003e(\u003cissue\u003e\u003c/issue\u003e)\u003c/link\u003e: \u003cpages\u003e\u003c/pages\u003e\",\"volume\":\"\u003clink\u003e\u003cvolume\u003e\u003c/volume\u003e\u003c/link\u003e\",\"volume_label\":\"Volume {volume}\",\"issue\":\"\u003clink\u003e(\u003cissue\u003e\u003c/issue\u003e)\u003c/link\u003e\",\"issue_label\":\"Issue {issue}\",\"pages\":\"\u003cpages\u003e\u003c/pages\u003e\",\"pages_label\":\"Page {pages}\"},\"table_of_contents\":{\"label\":\"Table of contents\",\"child_toggle\":{\"open\":\"Open\",\"close\":\"Close\"}},\"auth\":{\"title\":\"This website is password protected\",\"subtitle\":\"Please enter the password for access\",\"password\":\"Password\",\"submit\":\"Submit\",\"errors\":{\"400\":\"Please enter a password\",\"401\":\"Incorrect password\",\"500\":\"Something went wrong, please try again later\"}},\"license\":{\"by/3\":\"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\",\"by-nd/3\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + NoDerivatives 3.0 license.\",\"by-sa/3\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike 3.0 license.\",\"by-nc/3\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial 3.0 license.\",\"by-nc-nd/3\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives 3.0 license.\",\"by-nc-sa/3\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike 3.0 license.\",\"by/4\":\"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\",\"by-nd/4\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + NoDerivatives 4.0 license.\",\"by-sa/4\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + ShareAlike 4.0 license.\",\"by-nc/4\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial 4.0 license.\",\"by-nc-nd/4\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives 4.0 license.\",\"by-nc-sa/4\":\"This article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + ShareAlike 4.0 license.\"}},\"children\":[\"$\",\"$Lb\",null,{\"parallelRouterKey\":\"children\",\"segmentPath\":[\"children\",[\"locale\",\"en\",\"d\"],\"children\"],\"error\":\"$undefined\",\"errorStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"errorScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"template\":[\"$\",\"$Lc\",null,{}],\"templateStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"templateScripts\":\"$undefined\",\"notFound\":\"$undefined\",\"notFoundStyles\":\"$undefined\",\"styles\":null}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"13:[\"$\",\"$L20\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L21\",null,{\"navigation\":[{\"id\":41,\"path\":\"#\",\"title\":\"About\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[{\"id\":42,\"path\":\"/about\",\"title\":\"About The Journal\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":43,\"path\":\"/about/editorialteam\",\"title\":\"Editorial Team\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":44,\"path\":\"/about/editorialpolicies\",\"title\":\"Editorial Policies\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":45,\"path\":\"/contact\",\"title\":\"Contact\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]}]},{\"id\":46,\"path\":\"/about/submissions\",\"title\":\"Submissions\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":47,\"path\":\"#\",\"title\":\"Content\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[{\"id\":48,\"path\":\"/articles\",\"title\":\"Articles\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":49,\"path\":\"/issue/archive\",\"title\":\"Issue Archive\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":50,\"path\":\"/collections\",\"title\":\"Collections\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]}]},{\"id\":51,\"path\":\"/about/researchintegrity\",\"title\":\"Research Integrity\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]}]}],[\"$\",\"header\",null,{\"className\":\"hdAwi jihWLy QrPbC dxQZVV eRDgxk hYZFkb hKOdYC\",\"role\":\"banner\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd hYZFjI\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp hYZFjI\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"nav\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFjI jzuiJt\",\"aria-label\":\"Main navigation\",\"role\":\"navigation\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFjI ddgODW iFHQrk\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L22\",null,{\"className\":\"$undefined\"}]}],[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFjI fPSBzf gasSYy DxzXz\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"link\":\"/\",\"text\":\"Home\"}]}],[[\"$\",\"li\",\"41\",{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"link\":\"#\",\"text\":\"About\",\"items\":[{\"id\":42,\"path\":\"/about\",\"title\":\"About The Journal\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":43,\"path\":\"/about/editorialteam\",\"title\":\"Editorial Team\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":44,\"path\":\"/about/editorialpolicies\",\"title\":\"Editorial Policies\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":45,\"path\":\"/contact\",\"title\":\"Contact\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]}]}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"46\",{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"link\":\"/about/submissions\",\"text\":\"Submissions\",\"items\":[]}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"47\",{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"link\":\"#\",\"text\":\"Content\",\"items\":[{\"id\":48,\"path\":\"/articles\",\"title\":\"Articles\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":49,\"path\":\"/issue/archive\",\"title\":\"Issue Archive\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]},{\"id\":50,\"path\":\"/collections\",\"title\":\"Collections\",\"has_content\":false,\"children\":[]}]}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"51\",{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"link\":\"/about/researchintegrity\",\"text\":\"Research Integrity\",\"items\":[]}]}]]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp hYZFjI gfYZhR hYZFjI\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L24\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"nav\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFjI jzuiJt\",\"aria-label\":\"Secondary navigation\",\"role\":\"navigation\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf hYZFjI\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dxQZVV emXUeb dteTcv\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L23\",null,{\"icon\":[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"$undefined\",\"--svg-height\":\"1.8rem\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#user\"}]]}],\"link\":\"https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/login\",\"text\":\"Account\"}]}],\"$L25\"]}]}]]}]]}]}]}]]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"18:[\"$\",\"footer\",null,{\"className\":\"dnRxZk dnSljD WnGpL cMUiCk\",\"role\":\"contentinfo\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gSKPcF gfYZhR iLmUhe gTGxWI fxrXxc gNePfr\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gasSYy fZAeZb fyiDWM\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs\",\"children\":\"E-ISSN: 2048-7754\"}],null,[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs\",\"children\":[\"Published by \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"link0\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"http://www.uksg.org/\",\"className\":\"nVRGN\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs\",\"children\":\"$L26\"}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"jTWvec dnSllV gsjAMe laIefu fGTWQI dKPlAR BPKqe hXRGtd sCmsf jJXaLs\",\"children\":\"$L27\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"AMuyK gsjAMe cbkwRf\",\"aria-hidden\":true,\"children\":\"v.1.7.10\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"jrJYcx gNePfr\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",\"0\",{\"children\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"p1\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"s1\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"br\",null,{\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}]]}]}]]}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"14:[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"role\":\"banner\",\"aria-label\":\"Brand navigation\",\"style\":{\"--background-color\":\"#000000\"},\"className\":\"cgzmzJ jzuiJt jTWvec khUvGh iUOdJy jAiawZ kZkQEG\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L28\",null,{\"alt\":\"Homepage image\",\"draggable\":false,\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/homepageImage_en_US.jpg?t=1732741440000\",\"fill\":true,\"priority\":true,\"className\":\"cTcFKg AbfqN jTWvec dclGjS\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd hYZFjI\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gSKPcF hYZFjI gghXdw\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gfRcrW kSmiQp gSKPcF kdHsXs\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp gawJKF\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"gjOgkU\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"http://www.uksg.org\",\"className\":\"fSleVc cGFOJB\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L29\",null,{\"alt\":\"Society Logo\",\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/societyLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000\",\"className\":\"jgYBYS eAZrpM\"}]}]}],[\"$L2a\",[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"gsjAMe dOmORn jXeOnb cGFOJB jaxCjk bJTIBI iTTIjY\",\"data-hidden\":true,\"children\":\"Insights\"}]]]}],null]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp gfRcrW gjOgkU\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/submission/wizard\",\"className\":\"gmypTc fgMeiS gCwJCQ\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR kjrdr dQuwsf iZjDhc kvgHnk bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"disabled\":\"$undefined\",\"type\":null,\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"2rem\",\"--svg-height\":\"2rem\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"Start Submission\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://account.insights.uksg.org/index.php/up-j-i/submission/wizard\",\"className\":\"gmypTc fgMeiS gCwJCQ\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR kjrdr dQuwsf iZjDhc kvgHnk bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"disabled\":\"$undefined\",\"type\":null,\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"2rem\",\"--svg-height\":\"2rem\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"Become a Reviewer\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"gjOgkU\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://www.ubiquitypress.com\",\"className\":\"fSleVc cGFOJB\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L29\",null,{\"alt\":\"Ubiquity Press logo\",\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pressLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000\",\"className\":\"jgYBYS eAZrpM dWKhYY\"}]}]}]]}]]}]}]]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2b:I[10561,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"default\"]\n25:null\n26:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/about/tandc\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"Terms and Conditions\"}]\n27:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/about/privacypolicy\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"Privacy Policy\"}]\n2a:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/\",\"aria-label\":\"Journal Home\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"href\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"fSleVc cGFOJB\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L29\",null,{\"alt\":\"Journal Name Logo\",\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/pageHeaderLogoImage_en_US.png?t=1732741440000\",\"className\":\"jgYBYS eAZrpM\"}]}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2c:I[44236,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"ArticleProvider\"]\n2e:I[88354,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"FontSizeListener\"]\n2f:I[71967,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"AltDisplayListener\"]\n30:I[85090,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Dropdown\"]\n31:I[41094,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Client\"]\n32:I[11537,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-481"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"0504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"FontSize\"]\n33:I[27790,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Client\"]\n35:I[54809,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Client\"]\n37:I[63135,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"AltDisplay\"]\n39:I[89120,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"AuthorsProvider\"]\n3a:I[33495,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"AuthorsList\"]\n3b:I[27350,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\""])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"ShowAllToggle\"]\n3c:I[79635,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"BiosToggle\"]\n3d:I[8435,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Bios\"]\n45:I[27256,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\""])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Tooltip\"]\n46:I[45687,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Client\"]\n47:I[40518,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"TableScrollListener\"]\n48:I[41009,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db6"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"49c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"MathJaxListener\"]\n49:I[31052,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"TexMathListener\"]\n4a:I[78481,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"WithTooltip\"]\n4c:I[25685,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\""])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"FeatherlightReplacement\"]\n4f:I[73390,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"Client\"]\n50:\"$Sreact.fragment\"\n2d:T533,\u003cp\u003eThis study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015\u0026ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend toward"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"s increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.\u003c/p\u003e34:{\"id\":\"64281a38b46a026025ae88db8a57dec5b5957f01\",\"bound\":null}\n36:T533,\u003cp\u003eThis study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015\u0026ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.\u003c/p\u003e3e:T528,This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015–2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1," of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.4b:T422,For the purposes of updating the dataset, we began by capturing the latest publicly available information for each of the original 279 learned societies. We first identified whether each learned society was still in existence, as evidenced by an active website and/or continuing registration with either the Charity Commission for England and Wales or the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator. Where no such evidence could be found, or definitive evidence was found that a society was no longer in existence, the society was listed as ‘dissolved’. For those learned societies still in existence, we identified if they still had ‘an active peer-reviewed publication’ and, if so, recorded how many peer-reviewed publications were associated with the society, retaining the numbering system from the 2015 dataset (1, 2 or 3+). Where publishing of one or more peer-reviewed jou"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"rnals was outsourced, we captured the publisher(s) names. We used this data to assign each society to a publishing model in both 2015 and 2023, using the following typology:4d:T420,The numbers considered in this analysis are small and there are a range of factors which may explain the difference in observed financial performance between self-published and outsourced societies. Large societies are more likely to self-publish, for example, so the difference may reflect the benefits of scale rather than self-publication. The relative decline in revenues for societies with publishing partners may partly reflect the generous terms some societies were able to negotiate with commercial publishers in the early 2010s, which have not been sustained into the 2020s. Furthermore, many societies, as not-for-profit entities committed to the dissemination of knowledge, may consider a reduction in revenues an acceptable price to pay for increased access to the research published in their journals. Nevertheless, given the difficulty of extricating a society from a big deal and the falling value attached to society journals, these data should give independent society publishers contemplating a move towards outsourcing pause for thought.4e:T428,Finally, our findings should provide encouragement to society publishers that outsourcing to a large commercial publisher is not the only viable strategy and may even lead to worse financial outcomes than remaining independent. Societies are now able to access a much wider range of potential publishing partners, collaborators and service providers than they were a decade ago, including other societies and university presses whose missions and values are more likely to align with their own. Yet leveraging these opportunities is likely to require an investment of management time and financial resources that will not be feasible or even desirable for all societies. Where publishing is a marginal part of a society’s activities or its appetite for risk is low, the logical approach may still be t"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"o divest what is an increasingly complex operation offering uncertain future returns. But for those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence."])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"a:[\"$\",\"$L2c\",null,{\"article\":{\"publication_id\":662,\"submission_id\":664,\"date_submitted\":\"2024-05-11T15:32:25+00:00\",\"date_accepted\":\"2024-07-08T10:29:14+00:00\",\"date_published\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\",\"peer_reviewed\":true,\"submission_locale\":\"en_US\",\"copyright\":{\"holder\":\"The Author(s)\",\"year\":\"2024\"},\"versions\":[{\"id\":662,\"date_published\":\"2024-10-15\"}],\"doi\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\",\"pages\":\"16\",\"title\":\"You don\u0026rsquo;t know what you\u0026rsquo;ve got till it\u0026rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\",\"thumb\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/articles/662/submission_664_662_articleThumbnail_en_US.gif\",\"pdf_link\":\"\",\"html_link\":\"\",\"collections\":[],\"taxonomy\":null,\"xml_link\":\"\",\"subtitle\":\"\",\"abstract\":\"$2d\",\"competing_interests\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe authors are consultants working in the field of research and scholarly communication and have provided consultancy services to\u003cbr /\u003ea number of the publishers and societies mentioned in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"cite\":\"\",\"license\":{\"holder\":\"The Author(s)\",\"name\":\"CC Attribution 4.0\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"link\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\",\"description\":\"\"},\"keywords\":[\"learned societies\",\"scholarly publishing\",\"open access\",\"libraries\",\"sustainability\"],\"authors\":[{\"first_name\":\"Rob\",\"last_name\":\"Johnson\",\"institution\":\"Managing Director, Research Consulting\",\"country\":\"GB\",\"email\":\"rob.johnson@research-consulting.com\",\"bio\":\"\",\"corresponding\":true,\"social\":{\"twitter\":\"\",\"linkedin\":\"\",\"instagram\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7126-2954\"},\"fullName\":\"Rob Johnson\"},{\"first_name\":\"Elle\",\"last_name\":\"Malcolmson\",\"institution\":\"Analyst, Research Consulting\",\"country\":\"GB\",\"email\":\"elle.malcolmson@research-consulting.com\",\"bio\":\"\",\"corresponding\":false,\"social\":{\"twitter\":\"\",\"linkedin\":\"\",\"instagram\":\"\",\"orcid\":\"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4590-223X\"},\"fullName\":\"Elle Malcolmson\"}],\"galleys\":[{\"label\":\"PDF\",\"language\":\"en_US\",\"genre_id\":13,\"link\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57b1f0469.pdf\",\"downloadLink\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\"},{\"label\":\"XML\",\"language\":\"en_US\",\"genre_id\":13,\"link\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57cec920a.xml\",\"downloadLink\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\"}],\"section\":\"Research Articles\",\"issue\":{\"description\":\"\",\"cover_image\":\"\",\"title\":{\"value\":\"\",\"show\":false},\"issue_id\":27,\"current\":true,\"volume\":{\"show\":true,\"value\":37},\"number\":{\"show\":false,\"value\":\"1\"},\"year\":{\"show\":true,\"value\":2024},\"galleys\":[],\"date_published\":\"2024-01-09T13:11:39+00:00\"},\"previous_article_id\":635,\"next_article_id\":669,\"slug\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\"},\"toc\":[{\"id\":\"introduction\",\"title\":\"Introduction\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"literature-review\",\"title\":\"Literature review\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"methodology\",\"title\":\"Methodology\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"id\":\"limitations\",\"title\":\"Limitations\",\"level\":3}]},{\"id\":\"findings\",\"title\":\"Findings\",\"level\":2,\"children\":[{\"id\":\"the-decline-of-self-publication\",\"title\":\"The decline of self-publication\",\"level\":3},{\"id\":\"a-complex-outsourcing-landscape\",\"title\":\"A complex outsourcing landscape\",\"level\":3},{\"id\":\"revenues-lagging-inflation\",\"title\":\"Revenues lagging inflation\",\"level\":3}]},{\"id\":\"discussion\",\"title\":\"Discussion\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"conclusion\",\"title\":\"Conclusion\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"data-accessibility-statement\",\"title\":\"Data accessibility statement\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"acknowledgements\",\"title\":\"Acknowledgements\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"abbreviations-and-acronyms\",\"title\":\"Abbreviations and Acronyms\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"competing-interests\",\"title\":\"Competing interests\",\"level\":2},{\"id\":\"references\",\"title\":\"References\",\"level\":2}],\"pageUrl\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"pageTitle\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2e\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"$L2f\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp hYZFkb\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"header\",null,{\"role\":\"banner\",\"aria-label\":\"Article actions\",\"className\":\"lnopcr lhXSug eUAgTg ikkoWx EcxBh gIDjUM flMHLe dIRmro jzuiJt\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"gfRcrW hYZFjI hYZFkb fPSBzf gSKPcF kSmiQp ibJVd uZgXJ\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"laSFif fSleVc hKdQOC\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"xYowz gsjAMe djPRwn jaxCjk dXscgu bfEVTN\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",\"label0\",{\"className\":\"dBzTEE\",\"children\":[\"Reading:\"]}],\" \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"title0\",{\"title\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\",\"children\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp lbetWH jzuiJt\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI dnRKKj\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L30\",null,{\"trigger\":[\"$\",\"button\",null,{\"className\":\"cmumxy PSPAS dZZFJt ettQnR fyXYnh dQRKDx glnUqO bLfbKO bZRhvx jTWvec fEVEmD kSmiQp legDhJ cbkwRf ddgCQn gKedlK gsjAMe coXRbg kghvgt jHhPMr fagWSd bXCDPN kehQYR hGCZrx CKHnj bxwBwu ikyWUw gfXorT bfnUYz fuJFTK gYfDcK kCVDmt hYZFjI jGfYie coXRbg iNqhRs\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"disabled\":\"$undefined\",\"type\":\"button\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"$undefined\",\"--svg-height\":\"2rem\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#download\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"cERSkX bgTIyZ iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd jXSfKH hWgZTB fPSBzf kSmiQp legDhJ jcLwpP\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX hpyMOi\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"2rem\",\"--svg-height\":\"2rem\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#progress-activity\"}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"iprOUu jHhPMr fagWSd dXscgu cbkwRf iteyqJ eXuSAm\",\"data-loading\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"gjOgkU\",\"children\":\"Download\"}]}]]}],\"triggerAsChild\":true,\"align\":\"end\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L31\",\"/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\",{\"item\":{\"label\":\"PDF\",\"language\":\"en_US\",\"link\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\"}}],[\"$\",\"$L31\",\"/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\",{\"item\":{\"label\":\"XML\",\"language\":\"en_US\",\"link\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\"}}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"ddgODW\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"a\",\"/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\",{\"href\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\",\"children\":[\"PDF (US English)\",false]}],[\"$\",\"a\",\"/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\",{\"href\":\"/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\",\"children\":[\"XML (US English)\",false]}]]}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L32\",null,{\"action\":\"increase\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L32\",null,{\"action\":\"decrease\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L33\",null,{\"submissionId\":664,\"volume\":\"37\",\"issue\":\"1\",\"year\":\"2024\",\"pages\":\"16\",\"citations\":[{\"content\":\"Johnson, R. and Malcolmson, E. (0AD) ‘You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing’, \u003ci\u003eInsights: the UKSG journal\u003c/i\u003e, {volume}({issue}), p. {page}. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664.\",\"display_name\":\"Harvard\"},{\"content\":\"Johnson, Rand E Malcolmson. “You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing”. \u003ci\u003eInsights: The UKSG Journal\u003c/i\u003e, vol. {volume}, no. {issue}, 0AD, p. {page}, doi:10.1629/uksg.664.\",\"display_name\":\"MLA\"},{\"content\":\"Johnson, R., \u0026amp; Malcolmson, E. (0AD). You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing. \u003ci\u003eInsights: The UKSG Journal\u003c/i\u003e, \u003ci\u003e{volume}\u003c/i\u003e({issue}), {page}. https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"display_name\":\"APA\"},{\"content\":\"Johnson, Rob, and Elle Malcolmson. 0AD. “You Don’t Know What You’ve Got till It’s Gone: The Changing Landscape of UK Learned Society Publishing”. \u003ci\u003eInsights: The UKSG Journal\u003c/i\u003e {volume} ({issue}): {page}. https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664.\",\"display_name\":\"Chicago\"},{\"content\":\"1. Johnson R, Malcolmson E. You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing. Insights: the UKSG journal. 0AD;{volume}({issue}):{page}. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"display_name\":\"NLM\"},{\"content\":\"1. Johnson R, Malcolmson E. You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing. Insights: the UKSG journal. 0AD;{volume}({issue}):{page}. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"display_name\":\"Vancouver\"},{\"content\":\"1. Johnson R, Malcolmson E. You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing. \u003ci\u003eInsights: the UKSG journal\u003c/i\u003e. 0AD;{volume}({issue}):{page}. doi:10.1629/uksg.664\",\"display_name\":\"AMA\"},{\"content\":\"Johnson R and Malcolmson E, ‘You Don’t Know What You’ve Got till It’s Gone: The Changing Landscape of UK Learned Society Publishing’ (0AD) {volume} Insights: the UKSG journal {page} DOI: https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"display_name\":\"OSCOLA\"},{\"content\":\"[1]R. Johnson and E. Malcolmson, “You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing”, \u003ci\u003eInsights: the UKSG journal\u003c/i\u003e, vol. {volume}, no. {issue}, p. {page}, 0AD, doi: 10.1629/uksg.664.\",\"display_name\":\"IEEE\"}],\"serverAction\":\"$F34\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ hKdQOC\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L35\",null,{\"article\":{\"publication_id\":662,\"submission_id\":664,\"date_submitted\":\"2024-05-11T15:32:25+00:00\",\"date_accepted\":\"2024-07-08T10:29:14+00:00\",\"date_published\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\",\"peer_reviewed\":true,\"submission_locale\":\"en_US\",\"copyright\":\"$a:props:article:copyright\",\"versions\":\"$a:props:article:versions\",\"doi\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\",\"pages\":\"16\",\"title\":\"You don\u0026rsquo;t know what you\u0026rsquo;ve got till it\u0026rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\",\"thumb\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/articles/662/submission_664_662_articleThumbnail_en_US.gif\",\"pdf_link\":\"\",\"html_link\":\"\",\"collections\":\"$a:props:article:collections\",\"taxonomy\":null,\"xml_link\":\"\",\"subtitle\":\"\",\"abstract\":\"$36\",\"competing_interests\":\"\u003cp\u003eThe authors are consultants working in the field of research and scholarly communication and have provided consultancy services to\u003cbr /\u003ea number of the publishers and societies mentioned in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\",\"cite\":\"\",\"license\":\"$a:props:article:license\",\"keywords\":\"$a:props:article:keywords\",\"authors\":\"$a:props:article:authors\",\"galleys\":\"$a:props:article:galleys\",\"section\":\"Research Articles\",\"issue\":\"$a:props:article:issue\",\"previous_article_id\":635,\"next_article_id\":669,\"slug\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\"},\"baseUrl\":\"https://insights.uksg.org\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L37\",null,{}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp hYZFjI hmEmdR hwUhUp dXEMsC dAeywj jvKdHa cqRTIH fSVfCJ\",\"children\":\"$L38\"}]]}]]}]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fckcjI hkIdtl eAZrqn dTPHyG hbybOd fPSBzf izYtHj jWrpcl dmebCG\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"main\",null,{\"tabIndex\":-1,\"className\":\"kdHsXs dXscgu fZULLI iUHufA kiYYuA\",\"id\":\"main-content\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"article\",null,{\"id\":\"article-container\",\"className\":\"cSIRdq fGfecV juqOJT fZHQsB cpIvtD dposoq\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB\",\"data-no-padding\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp fXjkDo\",\"children\":[null,null,[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"gsjAMe jcofsB\",\"children\":\"Research Articles\"}],[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"jRYqXe cOicxU fGeoMI\",\"children\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\"}],[\"$\",\"$L39\",null,{\"authors\":[\"$a:props:article:authors:0\",\"$a:props:article:authors:1\"],\"limit\":15,\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp hYZFkb frarrB\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"id\":\"article-authors\",\"className\":\"mBgaT gsjAMe\",\"children\":\"Authors\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf gSKPcF gBxyZZ kSmiQp jvZfOb\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp dRCFAU kdHsXs\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L3a\",null,{\"controller\":\"article-authors\"}],[\"$\",\"$L3b\",null,{}]]}],[\"$\",\"$L3c\",null,{\"controls\":\"article-authors-bios\"}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"id\":\"article-authors-bios\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L3d\",null,{}]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"id\":\"abstract\",\"className\":\"frarrB gsjAMe\",\"children\":\"Abstract\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"$3e\"}]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf deTnQX\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"id\":\"article-keywords\",\"className\":\"gsjAMe\",\"children\":\"Keywords:\"}],[\"$\",\"ul\",null,{\"aria-labelledby\":\"article-keywords\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",\"0\",{\"className\":\"nVRGN kBHUWh\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L3f\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"nVRGN kBHUWh\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L40\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"nVRGN kBHUWh\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L41\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"nVRGN kBHUWh\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L42\"}]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"4\",{\"className\":\"nVRGN kBHUWh\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L43\"}]}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":\"Year: 2024\"}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":\"$L44\"}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":\"Page/Article: 16\"}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"DOI: 10.1629/uksg.664\"}]}]]}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf iLbQFp gBxyZZ kSmiQp hZMpBL dpIsHn ldVkre jjIdTr caeGBz iZlhVq fFsbiy ZlJQT\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#send\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"children\":\"Submitted on May 11, 2024\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#check-circle\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"children\":\"Accepted on Jul 8, 2024\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#note\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"children\":\"Published on Oct 15, 2024\"}]]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"hYZFkb legDhJ fPSBzf gasSYy dxKKNQ dAeywj\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#quick-reference-all\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"children\":\"Peer Reviewed\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"fPSBzf kSmiQp flSamE\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"svg\",null,{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#attribution\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"span\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L45\",null,{\"asChild\":true,\"label\":\"© 2024 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"CC Attribution 4.0\"}]}]}]]}]]}]]}],[[\"$\",\"$L46\",\"664\",{\"operasFilesUrl\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/operas\",\"serviceCode\":\"up-j-i\",\"articleTitle\":\"You don\u0026rsquo;t know what you\u0026rsquo;ve got till it\u0026rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\",\"articleSubmissionId\":664}]]]}]]}],[[\"$\",\"$L47\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"$L48\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"$L49\",null,{}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"dTmsfw\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"eSEnRK erRRVO dNXUQo cjzFSm JUYHF bqmeqr bInrdi dCSLQl jhQjpY ibCwtb cEaIEN hpftSi jYADwv fSrteL gCaouQ bpiJH fMDMgT euvmnb dWEByn lhewWf kzWhjJ kGrTuD dINDpi cMEHgi joaZnP ckxHlM enUkly grOQmn gNPIvT jERTDL cwBrTF jCafsy eKfPsn kDvOvm eNYtiW jBYKcI wQfnp juzEmB epmuvM jxASez dxaDoa hAMuHi jBBExG nTSai fRdekv fnFPHJ gJNujC kEWxAo bHjWUJ eMxTUw dlxxQW dvknbV fFtpRP dxzIlt iEgVSh fckrva grndIc kmqrqt krLtwY cCAxWr kVhtyM iztRDP liMYqy ovoga fZVqxR bIDaVq ihfBBT jcxVWj kmBHnL dESszd eubqet kIepeo iacOaP cTSgTJ jLLntq fUakio fwHzea dkXDMO bnuHOn knxlOo gAofhl igxpLC kKUitp klpVDy iLBNjq dwlUMG ixJHCD kyIBgn thMLB iVlhWp jEryfO dPhvLs eGCfDJ kjJSbn bBqmsj xxWbw hxHqQC qmLyI udWtD dLDUgN fNBxGI eFsFfP gKssyu iBLeSY\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"kCkdZx dOTQVs iOtMSR WdXym brPewL gWhLoO qLgTi ciJhqS ibCwtb jGKNKW dMDgBc jCPwxW jYADwv enxAPC aEZgq kPJDhF bpiJH jKFBiG dAINnd eTBihp dWEByn ersonm hKWGrC kGSwJ kGrTuD hbVqJu dfWHWr UnCJu lkmdsW gPuyWR ioFMdR gXYQWv eWDFUl jXGYvB jJcaKz kqFIvj dBuRhU jpPGqC eMKZco srYym jyhLpj iEhJMT eoWnUn kUksiv ewxzDg ilhdUd wgPZv jdquTd fNRizL fqrWkL kBzhbE ihrJwh fquMDB fgRgOF COqHq jIHmpV gjIiWD kvpqeI kGzIpw iRJLOP hGMvRu lbdeBI fMaRD juIcfJ cucZgT eRwyIu lmWXWU bDJvJj iuOgCK iLoSRl fUGxRt kgsySf dgpYOt gSgsEu\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",\"0\",{\"xmlns:tei\":\"http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0\",\"xmlns:oasis\":\"http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table\",\"id\":\"xml-article\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"middle\",\"className\":\"article-body\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"introduction\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Introduction\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"Learned societies play a pivotal role in shaping the scholarly publishing landscape, having contributed significantly to academic discourse for centuries. While learned societies engage in a multitude of activities, publishing remains a cornerstone for many societies in the United Kingdom, often serving as a vital revenue stream that underpins fulfilment of their missions. The evolution of scholarly communication, marked by the shift towards open access and the growing dominance of large commercial publishers, has called into question the future role of societies in publishing. However, the impact of these changes on the society publishing landscape is not well understood, with attempts to raise concerns about the health of society publishing often reliant on anecdotal evidence.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B1\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B1\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B1\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B1\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"1\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015–2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing nature of society publishing. Specifically, it sets out to answer the following three research questions:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ol\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"numbered-list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Have UK learned societies chosen to outsource more of their publishing activities to third parties since 2015?\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"How has the choice of outsourced publisher for UK learned societies changed since 2015?\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"How have UK learned societies’ revenues from publishing changed since 2015?\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"By exploring these questions, this study aims to contribute insights into the adaptive strategies of learned societies amidst the evolving landscape of scholarly publishing. It also aims to alert other stakeholders, including researchers, librarians and funders, to the potential adverse consequences of this changing landscape for the health of learned societies and the academic disciplines they represent.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"literature-review\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Literature review\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"Learned societies are charitable organizations which support academics and the dissemination of knowledge within a particular subject area or academic field. Publishing enables learned societies to further their missions by sharing knowledge,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B2\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B2\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"2\"}]}]}],\" and, while only a minority publish peer-reviewed scholarly journals, societies are widely acknowledged as playing an important role in the scholarly publishing landscape.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B3\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"3\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"Scholarly publishing has been undertaken by societies for centuries, with the first scientific journals being established in the seventeenth century. Fyfe has charted the history of society publishing in the UK, including the entry and growing dominance of commercial publishers within the publishing ecosystem since the end of World War II.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B4\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B4\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B4\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"4\"}]}]}],\" This period saw scholarly publishing shift from an often-subsidized mechanism for knowledge dissemination, to one which could generate a profit. In 2009 there were estimated to be at least 1,000 learned and professional societies in the UK\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B5\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B5\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B5\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B5\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"5\"}]}]}],\" but a 2015 study by Johnson and Fosci identified only 279 learned societies that published peer-reviewed academic content.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B6\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B6\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B6\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B6\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"6\"}]}]}],\" However, for this subset of societies, publishing can be highly significant in revenue terms.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B7\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B7\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B7\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B7\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"7\"}]}]}],\" While some societies maintain publishing programmes at a financial loss,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B8\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B8\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B8\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B8\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"8\"}]}]}],\" Treadway and Greaves’ 2023 study of around 30 UK learned societies found that journal publishing represented between 30% and 70% of their income.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"11\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B9\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B9\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B9\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B9\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"9\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"The surpluses generated from society publishing are used to support other activities that serve their communities. These activities may include career development support for members, support programmes for students and early career researchers, educational resources and grants to support member activities, organizing scientific meetings, bringing evidence to decision makers to support evidence-based policy and running discipline-based special interest groups.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B10\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B10\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B10\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B10\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"10\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"Publishing is just one aspect of societies’ activities, with many affected by the loss of access to premises and revenue from events during the Covid-19 pandemic, in addition to moving to online and digital operations.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B11\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B11\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B11\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B11\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"11\"}]}]}],\" In a publishing context, rising costs and technical requirements in a digital era have been accompanied by changes in how journals are sold, from individual copies and institutional subscriptions to vast multi-year collections and transformative agreements with library consortia. Negotiating such agreements poses a particular challenge for smaller society publishers with limited resources and market reach.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B12\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B12\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B12\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B12\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"12\"}]}]}],\" Open access requirements through funder mandates and initiatives such as Plan S further complicate matters,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B13\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B13\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B13\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B13\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"13\"}]}]}],\" while growth in preprints also poses a threat to subscription revenues.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B14\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B14\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B14\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B14\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"14\"}]}]}],\" As a result, the publishing landscape has become increasingly diverse and complex, with Wise and Estelle identifying 27 different publishing models relevant to society publishers.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B15\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B15\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B15\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B15\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"15\"}]}]}],\" Meanwhile, the scholarly journals market as a whole is shrinking in real terms,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"11\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B16\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B16\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B16\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B16\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"16\"}]}]}],\" while open access publishing is increasingly dominated by large commercial publishers and has been characterized by Shu and Larivière as an ‘oligopolistic market’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"13\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B17\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B17\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B17\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B17\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"17\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"One way for societies to ease these challenges is to outsource some or all publishing activity to a third-party publisher, traditionally one of the large commercial players or an established university press. The benefits of outsourcing include reduced technology and infrastructure costs, a predictable and stable income, access to deals which may otherwise be unavailable to a small society publisher, global reach, access to expertise, improved marketing and communication and support with transitioning to open access publishing. Yet outsourcing can bring its own challenges, including loss of editorial control, reputational risk, negative perceptions from others around independence and ownership of journals, limited influence and control over technology and software, and competition from other journals published by the partner.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B18\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B18\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B18\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B18\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"18\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"The literature suggests this is a uniquely challenging time for learned society publishers. On the one hand, recent calls for a ‘community-based scholarly communication system’ and growing concerns over research integrity may open up new opportunities for societies to maintain a leading role in publishing.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B19\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B19\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B19\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B19\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"19\"}]}]}],\" On the other, as Fyfe has argued, ‘societies with a clear local or national identity may not be the best structures to manage a future of science communication that should be open, diverse and equitable and operate on a global scale’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B20\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B20\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B20\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B20\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"20\"}]}]}],\" By analysing the publishing models UK learned societies have adopted in recent years, and assessing the impact on their revenues, this article aims to help society leaders and other stakeholders make informed decisions about their future role in scholarly communication.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"methodology\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Methodology\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"For the present study, we began with a dataset of 279 UK-based learned societies previously identified in 2015 as having ‘an active peer-reviewed publication (i.e. academic journals or conference proceedings with an ISSN)’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B21\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B21\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B21\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B21\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"21\"}]}]}],\" Prepared as part of a Universities UK project to monitor the transition to open access in the United Kingdom, the dataset listed publicly available information on each society’s number of published journals, publishing partner(s) where publishing was outsourced and total incoming resources (based on their most recent published financial statements).\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B22\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B22\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B22\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B22\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"22\"}]}]}],\" Societies were also categorized by disciplinary focus using the classifications adopted by the UK’s Research Excellence Framework (REF), i.e. disciplines falling under panel A (which equates, roughly speaking, to medicine and life sciences), panel B (maths, physics, natural sciences, and engineering), panel C (social sciences), and panel D (arts and humanities).\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B23\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B23\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B23\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B23\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"23\"}]}]}],\" This classification is necessarily subjective and should be considered indicative only, as several societies have a multidisciplinary focus.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"$4b\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ul\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"wholly self-published\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"self-published and outsourced to one publisher\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"self-published and outsourced to multiple publishers\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"wholly outsourced to one publisher\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"wholly outsourced to multiple publishers.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"Updated financial information on total incoming resources and (where available) income from publishing was initially sought only for the 50 largest societies by revenue. As this sample was found to be dominated by societies in the life and natural sciences, additional financial data was sought for the ten largest societies in social sciences and the five largest in the arts and humanities to provide insights into a wider range of disciplines. In all cases this information was derived from statutory financial statements since all societies, whether registered charities or companies, are required to provide this information annually, and make it publicly available. Statutory financial statements must be prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting practice (GAAP), ensuring some degree of comparability between societies.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"For analysis purposes we introduced the concept of a ‘publishing relationship’ which identified each unique publishing relationship between a society and a publishing partner (in the format society-publishing partner), regardless of the number of journals published within that publishing relationship. For example, a society self-publishing two journals (society-society) was counted as one publishing relationship; a society self-publishing one journal (society-society) and outsourcing one journal to publisher A (society-publisher A) and two journals to publisher B (society-publisher B) was counted as three publishing relationships.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"limitations\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Limitations\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"One of the limitations of this study, as with the 2015 study, is its reliance on data extracted from publicly available information sources. Some information and content were unavailable due to membership logins or paywalls (such as journal publisher, scope and whether content was professional, peer-reviewed or a combination of both). Where information was unclear or not readily apparent, we made the assumption that there had been no changes since 2015. This provides consistency with the initial study but risks perpetuating errors from 2015. The incidence of unavailability of data was low and does not affect the overall findings of this study. No attempt was made to search for any newly formed learned societies or to identify existing societies that had started publishing since 2015.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"A key limitation is that the information disclosed on societies’ publishing revenues is frequently minimal (if it is disclosed at all), can be time-consuming to extract from financial statements and may not be directly comparable between societies. Most data on publishing revenues was taken from societies’ financial statements for periods ending in the 2014 and 2022 calendar years. However, in a small number of cases it was necessary to rely on financial statements for time periods ending one or two years either side of these dates, meaning there is some inconsistency in the time spans considered. Due to these constraints, the sample of societies for which data on publishing revenues has been obtained is small and is also biased towards the largest UK learned societies, meaning the findings may not be representative of the wider population.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"It is also acknowledged that net revenue from publishing would be a better indicator of underlying financial performance than total publishing revenues. However, this study’s reliance on publicly available information necessitates the use of the latter, since the former is considered commercially sensitive and not publicly disclosed by most societies.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"In interpreting data on publishing revenues, it must also be noted that our reliance on two data points does not allow trends to be observed and creates a risk that the results are distorted by single year variations. Much also depends on the precise terms of the agreement between the society and any third-party publisher, and many publishers also operate websites and provide other services to societies which may be invisible from an accounting perspective but can be of vital importance in practice. Furthermore, this study has focussed solely on arrangements for the publication of peer-reviewed scholarly journals and conference proceedings and has not considered the publication of monographs, which are of greater importance for many societies and scholars in the arts, humanities and social sciences.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"Finally, we note that the study focuses on UK learned societies publishing in the English language. While there are parallels with certain other countries, most notably the United States which has a broadly comparable mix of commercial, university press and society publishers, the UK is not representative of scholarly publishing in other regions and languages. For example, Late et al. found that between 2011 and 2017 Finnish learned societies published 87% of journal articles by scholars working in Finnish universities, and highlighted that commercial publishers play very little role in domestic journal publishing.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B24\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B24\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B24\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B24\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"24\"}]}]}],\" Meanwhile, in Latin America the vast majority of journals are open access and published by universities, with learned society and commercial publishers playing a much less significant role in the publishing landscape.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B25\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B25\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B25\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B25\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"25\"}]}]}],\" The findings of this study are therefore unlikely to be generalizable beyond the United Kingdom.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"findings\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Findings\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"Of the original 279 UK-based learned societies identified in 2015, two were removed as having been included in error, three had been dissolved and seven had ceased publication. \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F1\",\"children\":\"Figure 1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" shows the numbers of societies by discipline, indicating that most societies with peer-reviewed publications are found in medicine and life sciences and arts and humanities. There are remarkably few changes in the numbers of journals published, with the exception of the medicine and life sciences. In these disciplines (which have typically seen the highest levels of open access adoption)\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B26\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B26\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B26\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B26\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"26\"}]}]}],\" a number of societies publishing a single journal in 2015 had launched additional titles by 2023. Review of these societies’ web pages confirms that the new titles were open access journals launched alongside a society’s existing subscription or hybrid journal.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"F1\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4c\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57d7038d8.png\",\"alt\":\"\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Figure 1 \"}],[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"UK learned societies’ publishing activity by disciplinary area (277 societies, 2015 and 2023)\"}]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"A notable finding is the much higher number of societies which have ceased to publish peer-reviewed journals in the social sciences (seven) compared with the other three discipline groupings (three in total). This finding appears to bear out the cautionary observation made in 2015 by Johnson and Fosci, ‘The challenge of OA affects societies across all discipline areas, but perhaps most in jeopardy are small and medium-sized societies in the social sciences, which are often highly dependent on publishing revenues, but lack the scale and the external research funding to allow them to experiment or make the transition to a gold OA model’.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B27\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B27\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B27\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B27\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"27\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"the-decline-of-self-publication\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"The decline of self-publication\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"The Sankey diagram in \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F2\",\"children\":\"Figure 2\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" illustrates changes in the publishing model used by the 277 societies in our dataset between 2015 and 2023. The most striking finding is a rapid decline in the number of wholly self-published societies, from 68 in 2015 to only 44 in 2023. The bulk of this decline relates to 17 formerly self-published societies who by 2023 had moved to an outsourced model with a single publishing partner. A further five of the self-published societies in 2015 have ceased publication entirely, one has been dissolved and two have chosen to combine self-publication and outsourcing. The pattern of societies ceasing to publish journals in their own right holds true across the disciplinary spectrum, with eight such societies in medicine and life sciences, seven in engineering and natural sciences, three in social sciences and five in arts and humanities.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"F2\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4c\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e57edee50f.png\",\"alt\":\"\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Figure 2 \"}],[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Changes in UK learned societies’ publishing model (277 societies, 2015–2023)\"}]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"13\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"a-complex-outsourcing-landscape\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"A complex outsourcing landscape\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"Another trend observable in \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F2\",\"children\":\"Figure 2\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" is the growing tendency for societies to outsource to multiple publishers rather than having a single partner. In 2015 only five societies outsourced their publishing to multiple partners and only two combined self-publishing with outsourcing. By 2023, these figures had roughly tripled in both cases, to 17 and six societies, respectively. In total, the number of outsourcing relationships identified in the dataset has increased from 214 in 2015 to 242 in 2023.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",\"0\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#T1\",\"children\":\"Table 1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" shows how the position of key publishing partners for UK societies has changed over the period 2015 to 2023. Wiley has seen a reduction in its number of society partners while Taylor \u0026 Francis has seen a significant increase following its 2015 acquisition of Maney Publishing. Cambridge University Press (CUP), Oxford University Press (OUP), Sage and Elsevier have all increased the number of societies they work with. However, as societies are now more likely to outsource to multiple publishers rather than a single partner, we can infer that the financial value of each publisher-society relationship is likely to be lower in 2023 than it was in 2015. As a result, what looks like growth in large publishers’ market share in \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#T1\",\"children\":\"Table 1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" may simply be a case of running to stand still.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"T1\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"table-wrapper\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Table 1\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"Publishers with 10+ relationships with UK learned societies – number of partnerships in 2015 and 2023\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"table-scroll\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"table\",null,{\"width\":\"100%\",\"className\":\"bm\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"tr\",\"1\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"th\",\"1\",{\"align\":\"left\",\"valign\":\"top\",\"children\":\"Publisher\"}],[\"$\",\"th\",\"3\",{\"align\":\"center\",\"valign\":\"top\",\"children\":\"Number of UK society partners (2015)\"}],[\"$\",\"th\",\"5\",{\"align\":\"center\",\"valign\":\"top\",\"children\":\"Number of UK society partners (2023)\"}],[\"$\",\"th\",\"7\",{\"align\":\"center\",\"valign\":\"top\",\"children\":\"Change\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"$\",\"td\",null,{\"valign\":\"top\",\"colSpan\":\"4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"5\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":\"Wiley\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"59\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"53\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"–6\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"7\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":[\"Taylor \u0026 Francis \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"(including Maney Publishing in 2023)\"}],\"\\n\"]}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"37\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"53\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"16\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"9\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":\"Cambridge University Press\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"32\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"42\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"10\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"11\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":\"Oxford University Press\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"23\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"29\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"6\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"13\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":[\"Maney Publishing \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"(pre-acquisition by Taylor \u0026 Francis in 2015)\"}],\"\\n\"]}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"17\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"–\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"–17\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"15\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":\"Elsevier\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"14\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"17\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"3\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"tr\",\"17\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"td\",\"1\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"left\",\"children\":\"SAGE\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"3\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"13\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"5\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"21\"}],[\"$\",\"td\",\"7\",{\"valign\":\"top\",\"align\":\"right\",\"children\":\"8\"}]]}]]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}],\"\\n\"]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"span\",\"0\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F3\",\"children\":\"Figure 3\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" provides further context for this data, showing the publishing relationships for all 277 societies in 2015 and 2023. It indicates that, while the journals market as a whole is increasingly dominated by a small number of commercial players,\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B28\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B28\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B28\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B28\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"28\"}]}]}],\" the trend is towards greater diversity of publishing partners for UK learned societies.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"11\",{\"id\":\"F3\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4c\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e582807854.png\",\"alt\":\"\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"13\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Figure 3 \"}],[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Changes in UK learned societies’ publishing partnerships (277 societies, 2015–2023)\"}]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"15\",{\"children\":[\"The number of different partners used by UK learned societies rose from 17 in 2015 to 25 in 2023 and, as \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F4\",\"children\":\"Figure 4\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" illustrates, this increase is being driven primarily by partnerships with university presses and, to a lesser extent, other societies, rather than new commercial entrants. In total, a dozen new publishers have entered the society market since 2015, while two commercial publishers (Bloomsbury and Emerald) have exited and two (Maney and Co-Action) have been acquired by Taylor \u0026 Francis, reflecting significant market consolidation over the period considered in our dataset.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B29\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B29\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B29\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B29\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"29\"}]}]}],\" Among the new entrants, two (Frontiers and Wolters Kluwer) are commercial, three are university presses (UCL, Bristol and Chicago) and six are existing society publishers. Significantly, all 12 of these new entrants only partner with a single society at present.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"17\",{\"id\":\"F4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4c\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5aa8825d8.png\",\"alt\":\"\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"19\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Figure 4 \"}],[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Society-publisher relationships by publisher business model (2015 and 2023)\"}]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"15\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h3\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"revenues-lagging-inflation\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Revenues lagging inflation\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"To aid understanding of the drivers of change within the society publishing market we also sought to assess how societies’ revenues from publishing have evolved since 2014. Only 21 of the 50 largest societies by revenue in our dataset disclose their publishing revenues, and these figures are subject to a number of significant caveats, as outlined in the methodology section. Nevertheless, the data presented in \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F5\",\"children\":\"Figure 5\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" allows some broad conclusions to be drawn as to the health of UK society publishing. Firstly, most societies (15 out of 21) have suffered a real-terms decline in their revenues from publishing over the last decade or so. While some fluctuations in publishing revenues may be attributable to foreign exchange movements, the British pound weakened significantly against a basket of international currencies between 2014 and 2022.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B30\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B30\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B30\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B30\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"30\"}]}]}],\" This weakening would have served to increase publishing revenues generated in other currencies on their translation into pound sterling, and so currency movements do not account for the decline and may, in fact, have masked its severity. In some cases, an apparent decline may also reflect a shift from self-publication (where a society’s financial statements disclose the gross revenues from publishing) to an outsourced relationship (where a society only reports the net revenues received from its partner). However, of the five societies reporting the steepest decline in their publication revenues only one had moved from self-publication to outsourcing, with one remaining self-published and the other three outsourcing to the same partners as in 2023. Notably, all five are in medicine and life sciences, being the disciplines in which open access publication is most widely adopted.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B31\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B31\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B31\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B31\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"31\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"By contrast, of the six societies which have succeeded in growing their revenues above inflation, four are in engineering and natural sciences (the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Institute of Physics, the Royal Society and the Institution of Engineering and Technology). The other two are the British Academy, which derives only 1% of its income from publishing, and the Society of Endocrinology, for which the most recent publicly available financial data relates to the year ended 31 December 2020, meaning it may be distorted by the Covid-19 pandemic. \",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L1e\",null,{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#F5\",\"children\":\"Figure 5\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]}],\" illustrates a correlation between a society’s reliance on its publishing revenue and its ability to grow those revenues, though the small sample size and wide variation in the nature of the societies considered means such findings must be treated with caution. A review of the underlying data further reinforces the importance of scale: the ten largest societies disclosing publishing revenues saw a median growth of 17% (mean growth: 8%), while the 11 smaller societies saw a median decline of 20% (mean decline: 22%).\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"F5\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4c\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"img\",null,{\"src\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-files/journals/1/articles/664/670e5ac88d843.png\",\"alt\":\"\",\"children\":\"$undefined\"}]}]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"caption\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"label\",\"children\":\"Figure 5 \"}],[\"$\",\"span\",\"2\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"p\",null,{\"children\":\"Changes in publishing revenue (2014–2022) and share of 2022 revenues derived from publishing – 21 UK societies\"}]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"We also reviewed changes in publication revenues for the ten largest social science societies, and the five largest in arts and humanities. Trends within these disciplines are harder to discern given the small sample size, inconsistent disclosure of publication revenues and greater significance of monograph publication for some of these societies. However, as noted by Johnson and Fosci, social science societies appear particularly exposed to changes in the marketplace as they are more likely to be dependent on a single journal for a significant share of their revenues.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B32\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B32\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B32\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B32\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"32\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"9\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"discussion\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Discussion\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"The overall picture emerging from our analysis is a sobering one, albeit with some bright spots. As a whole, the significance of UK learned society publishers within global scholarly communication is waning as the centre of gravity of the world’s research shifts eastwards and market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B33\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B33\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B33\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B33\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"33\"}]}]}],\" The very largest UK society publishers in the natural and life sciences have been able to achieve sustained growth and journal reputation and prestige remain the most important determinants of authors’ behaviour.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B34\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B34\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B34\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B34\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"34\"}]}]}],\" However, those societies lacking scale or brand recognition have seen their revenues progressively squeezed.\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"Amongst all this, the influence of the global pandemic on the publishing landscape cannot be ignored. On the one hand, in many disciplines restrictions resulted in reductions or cessation of research due to lack of access to premises, people and materials. On the other, the increased time available to many researchers and the urgency of the research questions posed by SARS-CoV-2 led to a sharp increase in published output, much of it openly accessible.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B35\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B35\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B35\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B35\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"35\"}]}]}],\" The trend towards increased scale and complexity in scholarly publishing long predates the pandemic but it undoubtedly led to its acceleration, while simultaneously weakening the financial position of the academic institutions and libraries on which publishers depend.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B36\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B36\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B36\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B36\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"36\"}]}]}]]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"Not apparent in our data, but amply evidenced in the literature, are the additional costs associated with the transition to open access, which are likely to have put pressure on societies’ margins from publishing even in cases where revenue has grown.\",[\"$\",\"span\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"xref\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"strong\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4a\",null,{\"scrollId\":\"B37\",\"linkProps\":{\"href\":\"#B37\",\"data-scroll\":\"#B37\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"id\":\"main-text-B37\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\"},\"children\":\"37\"}]}]}],\" While many societies cite these costs as necessitating a transition from self-publication to outsourcing, our findings suggest such a move may take them only as far as the fire from the frying pan. Of eight societies that were self-published in both 2015 and 2023 and for which we gathered data on publication revenues, all but one were able to grow their revenues from publishing, with a median growth figure of 21%, roughly in line with inflation (mean growth: 12%). By contrast, of the seven societies that had outsourced their publishing in both 2015 and 2023, five saw an outright decline in their revenues, with a median reduction across all seven of 30% (mean decline: 31%).\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"$4d\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"11\",{\"children\":\"Meanwhile, the appearance of so many new publishing partners for societies would appear to be a double-edged sword. The willingness of new university presses and other societies to act as publishing partners is to be welcomed, but their inability or unwillingness (to date) to take on multiple society partners is likely to be attributable to the same reason that commercial players have not made further inroads into the UK society market. A society journal is no longer the ticket to riches that it once was, and the fear on all sides is that as the transition to open access proceeds its value will be only further eroded. A key question over the coming years will be which of the many ‘single society’ publishing partners quietly exit the UK society market and which seek to increase their presence.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"11\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"conclusion\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Conclusion\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"One conclusion from our work is that change in the society publishing landscape happens slowly. In 2015, 175 societies, or 63% of the total, published a single peer-reviewed journal. By 2023, 157 of these 175 societies continued to publish a single journal, despite all the changes in the external environment over this period. A second conclusion is that, though slow, change is occurring. This is evident in the declining number of self-publishing societies, the increased complexity of the outsourcing landscape and the failure of most societies’ publishing revenues to keep pace with inflation.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"Within this context, inertia poses the greatest threat to many societies, with a progressive erosion of their subscription revenues the most likely result. The role played by open access in these changes cannot be discounted. It would appear no coincidence that societies in medicine and life sciences, where open access publication is most prevalent, are also those that have seen the sharpest decline in revenues. Societies in engineering, the natural sciences and the social sciences look set to tread a similar path over the coming years. Societies in the humanities – mostly small, with low levels of reliance on publishing revenues and the slowest rate of progress towards open access – are perhaps the least exposed to changes in the publishing landscape, but low-output, highly selective journals in all disciplines face an uncertain future.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":\"For policymakers and librarians, this article sheds light on an unintended consequence of the transition to open access. In the context of growing concerns over research integrity, now further exacerbated by the rise of generative artificial intelligence, the role learned societies can play as arbiters of quality in their disciplines appears increasingly important. Yet societies’ ability to play this role is increasingly threatened by the erosion of their publishing revenues and a narrow focus on driving down the cost per publication. In the future, more nuanced approaches to assessing the ‘value’ provided by publishers may be needed, considering a broader range of factors including a publisher’s community governance, openness, equity, (not-)for-profit status, and potentially indicators of publication integrity such as rejection rates.\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"9\",{\"children\":\"$4e\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"id\":\"back\",\"className\":\"article-references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"1\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"data-accessibility-statement\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Data accessibility statement\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"This article references the following publicly available datasets:\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"R. Johnson et al., “Dataset of UK learned society publishers 2015–2023,” Dataset, Zenodo last modified May 12, 2024, Version v3, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10257806\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10257806\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"Rob Johnson, “Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies – List of UK Learned Societies,” Dataset, figshare, 2015, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"capture-id\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"acknowledgements\",\"className\":\"article-division\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Acknowledgements\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"The authors would like to thank Ruby Porter and Ellie Cox for their assistance with the data collection exercise on which this article is based. The authors acknowledge the use of ChatGPT 3.5 (Open AI, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://chat.openai.com\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://chat.openai.com\"}],\") to improve the academic tone and accuracy of language, including grammatical structures, punctuation and vocabulary, within this article. The output generated was reviewed and modified further by the authors to ensure it represented our desired tone and style of writing.\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"abbreviations-and-acronyms\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Abbreviations and Acronyms\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":[\"A list of the abbreviations and acronyms used in this and other \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Insight\"}],\"s articles can be accessed here – click on the URL and then select the ‘full list of industry A\u0026As’ link: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"http://www.uksg.org/publications#aa\"}],\".\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"7\",{\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"competing-interests\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"Competing interests\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"p\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"The authors are consultants working in the field of research and scholarly communication and have provided consultancy services to a number of the publishers and societies mentioned in this article.\"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"9\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"h2\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"references\",\"tabIndex\":\"-1\",\"children\":\"References\"}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"ol\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"reference-list\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"1\",{\"id\":\"B1\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B1\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Angela Cochran, “Plan S Cited as a Major Reason Many Self-Published Societies Moved to Commercial Partners,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Tweet, Twitter\"}],\" (X), 9 July 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://twitter.com/acochran12733/status/1678055514167562247\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://twitter.com/acochran12733/status/1678055514167562247\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B1\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"3\",{\"id\":\"B2\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B2\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Quan-Hoang Vuong, “Plan S, Self-Publishing, and Addressing Unreasonable Risks of Society Publishing,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 64–68, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1274\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1274\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B2\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"B3\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B3\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Phill Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 43–46, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1273\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1273\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024); Elina Late et al., “The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 5–13, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"7\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1270\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1270\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"9\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B3\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"7\",{\"id\":\"B4\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B4\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Aileen Fyfe, “From Philanthropy to Business: The Economics of Royal Society Journal Publishing in the Twentieth Century,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Notes and Records: The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science\"}],\" 78, no. 1 (3 August 2022): 115–42, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0021\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2022.0021\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024); Aileen Fyfe, “Self-Help for Learned Journals: Scientific Societies and the Commerce of Publishing in the 1950s,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"History of Science\"}],\" 60, no. 2 (1 June 2022): 255–79, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"7\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275321999901\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0073275321999901\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"9\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B4\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B4\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"9\",{\"id\":\"B5\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B5\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Sally Morris and Sue Thorn, “Learned Society Members and Open Access,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 22, no. 3 (2009): 221–39, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1087/2009308\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1087/2009308\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B5\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B5\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"11\",{\"id\":\"B6\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B6\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Rob Johnson and Mattia Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 28, no.4 (2015): 274–281, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1087/20150406\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1087/20150406\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B6\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B6\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"13\",{\"id\":\"B7\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B7\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Jane Winters and Aileen Fyfe, “Learned Societies, Humanities Publishing, and Scholarly Communication in the UK,” in \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Reassembling Scholarly Communications: Histories, Infrastructures, and Global Politics of Open Access\"}],\" (The MIT Press, 2020), \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/4933/chapter/625181/Learned-Societies-Humanities-Publishing-and\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://direct.mit.edu/books/oa-edited-volume/4933/chapter/625181/Learned-Societies-Humanities-Publishing-and\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024). DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"5\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11885.003.0034\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11885.003.0034\"}],[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"6\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B7\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B7\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"15\",{\"id\":\"B8\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B8\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Richard Dodenhoff, “Why I Value Non-Profit Society Scholarly Publishing,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 69–70, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1275\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1275\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B8\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B8\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"17\",{\"id\":\"B9\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B9\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Jon Treadway and Sarah Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose: The Future Direction for UK Learned Societies,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 36, no. 2 (2023): 323–25, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1513\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1513\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B9\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B9\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"19\",{\"id\":\"B10\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B10\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Emilie Aimé, Erika L. Newton, and Catherine Hill, “Publishing Perspectives from the British Ecological Society: Partnership, Community, Collaboration, and Innovation,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 52–56, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1268\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1268\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024); Edith Holmes, “Society Publishing: It’s All about the Community You Serve,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"5\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 61–63, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"7\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1269\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1269\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024); Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"9\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B10\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B10\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"21\",{\"id\":\"B11\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B11\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Treadway and Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B11\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B11\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"23\",{\"id\":\"B12\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B12\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Jones, “A Report on the Future of Independent and Scholarly Publishing Webinar by the Scholarly Kitchen.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B12\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B12\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"25\",{\"id\":\"B13\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B13\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Vuong, “Plan S, Self-Publishing, and Addressing Unreasonable Risks of Society Publishing,”; Treadway and Greaves, “Plan S and Purpose.”.\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B13\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B13\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"27\",{\"id\":\"B14\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B14\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Andrea Chiarelli et al., “Accelerating Scholarly Communication: The Transformative Role of Preprints,” (Zenodo, 24 September 2019), DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357727\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3357727\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024); Richard Sever, “Biomedical Publishing: Past Historic, Present Continuous, Future Conditional,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"3\",{\"children\":\"PLOS Biology\"}],\" 21, no. 10 (3 October 2023): e3002234, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"5\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002234\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002234\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"7\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B14\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B14\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"29\",{\"id\":\"B15\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B15\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle, “How Society Publishers Can Accelerate Their Transition to Open Access and Align with Plan S,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Learned Publishing\"}],\" 33, no. 1 (2020): 14–27, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1272\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1002/leap.1272\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B15\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B15\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"31\",{\"id\":\"B16\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B16\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Dan Pollock and Heather Staines, “News \u0026 Views: Is the Real Value of Our Industry Shrinking?,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Delta Think\"}],\" (blog), 17 January 2024, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://deltathink.com/news-views-is-the-real-value-of-our-industry-shrinking/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://deltathink.com/news-views-is-the-real-value-of-our-industry-shrinking/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B16\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B16\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"33\",{\"id\":\"B17\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B17\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Fei Shu and Vincent Larivière, “The Oligopoly of Open Access Publishing,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Scientometrics\"}],\" 129, no. 1 (1 January 2024): 519–36, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04876-2\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-023-04876-2\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B17\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B17\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"35\",{\"id\":\"B18\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B18\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Aimé, Newton, and Hill, “Publishing Perspectives from the British Ecological Society’; Late et al., ‘The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B18\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B18\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"37\",{\"id\":\"B19\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B19\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Bodo Stern and Johan Rooryck, “Introducing the ‘Towards Responsible Publishing’ Proposal from cOAlition S,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Plan S\"}],\" (blog), 31 October 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://www.coalition-s.org/blog/introducing-the-towards-responsible-publishing-proposal-from-coalition-s/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://www.coalition-s.org/blog/introducing-the-towards-responsible-publishing-proposal-from-coalition-s/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B19\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B19\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"39\",{\"id\":\"B20\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B20\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Aileen Fyfe, “Le Società Scientifiche Hanno Bisogno Delle Riviste e Viceversa?,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Recenti Progressi in Medicina\"}],\" 114, no. 3 (1 March 2023): 154–56, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://www.recentiprogressi.it/archivio/3981/articoli/39639/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://www.recentiprogressi.it/archivio/3981/articoli/39639/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B20\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B20\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"41\",{\"id\":\"B21\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B21\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” 275.\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B21\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B21\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"43\",{\"id\":\"B22\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B22\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Rob Johnson, “Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies – List of UK Learned Societies,” 24 September 2015, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1476266.v1\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B22\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B22\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"45\",{\"id\":\"B23\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B23\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Research England, “Units of Assessment – REF 2021,” REF2021 Research Excellence Framework, Worldwide, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://2021.ref.ac.uk/panels/units-of-assessment/index.html\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://2021.ref.ac.uk/panels/units-of-assessment/index.html\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B23\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B23\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"47\",{\"id\":\"B24\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B24\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Late et al., “The Role of Learned Societies in National Scholarly Publishing.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B24\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B24\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"49\",{\"id\":\"B25\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B25\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Fernanda Beigel et al., “OLIVA: The Scientific Production Indexed in Latin America and the Caribbean. Disciplinary Diversity, Institutional Collaboration, and Multilingualism in SciELO and Redalyc (1995–2018),” SciELO Preprints, 22 August 2022, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4637\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1590/SciELOPreprints.4637\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B25\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B25\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"51\",{\"id\":\"B26\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B26\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Bo-Christer Björk and Timo Korkeamäki, “Adoption of the Open Access Business Model in Scientific Journal Publishing: A Cross-Disciplinary Study,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"College \u0026 Research Libraries\"}],\" 81, no. 7 (3 November 2020), DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.7.1080\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.5860/crl.81.7.1080\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B26\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B26\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"53\",{\"id\":\"B27\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B27\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies,” 280.\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B27\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B27\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"55\",{\"id\":\"B28\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B28\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"David Crotty, “Quantifying Consolidation in the Scholarly Journals Market,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"The Scholarly Kitchen\"}],\" (blog), 30 October 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/10/30/quantifying-consolidation-in-the-scholarly-journals-market/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2023/10/30/quantifying-consolidation-in-the-scholarly-journals-market/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B28\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B28\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"57\",{\"id\":\"B29\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B29\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Crotty, “Quantifying Consolidation in the Scholarly Journals Market.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B29\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B29\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"59\",{\"id\":\"B30\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B30\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“British Pound Effective Exchange Rates for 1983 to 2024 from the Bank for International Settlements,” Pound Sterling Live, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/bank-of-england-spot/historical-effective-exchange-rates/GBP-history\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/bank-of-england-spot/historical-effective-exchange-rates/GBP-history\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"3\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B30\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B30\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"61\",{\"id\":\"B31\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B31\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Björk and Korkeamäki, “Adoption of the Open Access Business Model in Scientific Journal Publishing.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B31\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B31\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"63\",{\"id\":\"B32\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B32\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Johnson and Fosci, “On Shifting Sands: Assessing the Financial Sustainability of UK Learned Societies.”\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B32\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B32\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"65\",{\"id\":\"B33\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B33\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"David A. Reinstein, “The Strain on Academic Publishing,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"LSE Impact of Social Sciences\"}],\" (blog), 23 October 2023, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/10/23/the-strain-on-academic-publishing/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2023/10/23/the-strain-on-academic-publishing/\"}],\".\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B33\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B33\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"67\",{\"id\":\"B34\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B34\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Jennifer Rowley et al., “Factors Influencing Researchers’ Journal Selection Decisions,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"Journal of Information Science\"}],\" 48, no. 3 (1 June 2022): 321–35, DOI: \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551520958591\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://doi.org/10.1177/0165551520958591\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B34\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B34\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"69\",{\"id\":\"B35\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B35\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"“Uptake of Open Access,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"STM\"}],\" (blog), International Association of STM Publishers, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://www.stm-assoc.org/oa-dashboard/uptake-of-open-access/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://www.stm-assoc.org/oa-dashboard/uptake-of-open-access/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B35\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B35\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"71\",{\"id\":\"B36\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B36\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Charlie Rapple and Christopher Daley, “How Has COVID-19 Affected Research Funding, Publishing and Library Budgets? Or, Finding the Truth in the Gap Between Perception and Reality,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"The Scholarly Kitchen\"}],\" (blog), 24 March 2021, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/03/24/how-has-covid-19-affected-research-funding-publishing-and-library-budgets-or-finding-the-truth-in-the-gap-between-perception-and-reality/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2021/03/24/how-has-covid-19-affected-research-funding-publishing-and-library-budgets-or-finding-the-truth-in-the-gap-between-perception-and-reality/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B36\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B36\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"li\",\"73\",{\"id\":\"B37\",\"children\":[\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"1\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#B37\",\"rel\":\"footnote\",\"style\":{\"display\":\"none\"},\"children\":[],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"2\",{\"children\":[\"Alicia Wise and Lorraine Estelle, “Learned Societies, the Key to Realising an Open Access Future?,” \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1\",{\"children\":\"LSE Impact of Social Sciences\"}],\" (blog), 24 June 2019, \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"3\",{\"target\":\"_blank\",\"rel\":\"noopener noreferrer\",\"href\":\"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/2019/06/24/learned-societies-the-key-to-realising-an-open-access-future/\"}],\" (accessed 4 September 2024).\",[\"$\",\"$L1e\",\"5\",{\"noMatchAs\":\"span\",\"href\":\"#main-text-B37\",\"data-scroll\":\"#main-text-B37\",\"className\":\"scroll-link\",\"children\":[\" \",[\"$\",\"svg\",\"1\",{\"aria-hidden\":true,\"className\":\"kXATDT fibjxV eAGTFX nVRGN cHjsHT\",\"viewBox\":\"0 0 960 960\",\"style\":{\"--svg-width\":\"1.5em\",\"--svg-height\":\"$undefined\"},\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"use\",null,{\"href\":\"/api/1.7.10/spritesheet#arrow-upward\"}]]}]],\"ref\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\",[\"$\",\"div\",\"5\",{\"id\":\"article-level-0-end-metadata\",\"className\":\"fm\",\"children\":\" \"}],\"\\n\"]}],\"\\n\"]}]}]}]]]}]}]}],[\"$\",\"aside\",null,{\"className\":\"lfpFOb fiuYUG kvsxzu fZULLI eAZrqn bsEVTl jzuiJt dDHwAh bympqB klDsRy\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"style\":{\"--extra-height\":\"5rem\"},\"className\":\"ljXGdG fdfVFM jrnjrZ cWkHOC cnsCBk fEzDZB lnopcr eIiEcR eAZrqn faYEqN gWzzAr JCara bympqB iUHufA hJIWyj\",\"data-no-padding\":true,\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L4f\",null,{\"trendMdId\":\"60833\"}]}]}]]}]]}]]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"51:T52c,This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015\u0026ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather than quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence.52:T52c,This study draws on a longitudinal dataset of 277 UK learned societies covering the period 2015\u0026ndash;2023 to provide evidence-based insights into the changing landscape of society publishing. It identifies a rapid decline in the number of self-published societies and an increasingly complex outsourcing landscape. New publishing partnerships are emerging with university presses and other not-for-profit entities rather than commercial publishers, while all but the largest UK societies have seen their publishing revenues decline in real terms since 2015. In general, UK learned society publishers are seeing their influence wane as market conditions favour publishing models focussed on quantity rather t"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"han quality. The decline of independent society publishers represents an unintended consequence of the transition to open access, but the trend towards increased outsourcing may be based on flawed assumptions. Analysis of financial data for a subset of 21 societies indicates that self-published societies have achieved sustained growth in their revenues from publishing while societies with publishing partners have seen a significant decline. For those societies with the means and the will to publish journals in their own right, this study bolsters the case for retaining, or even reclaiming, their independence."])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1b:[\"$\",\"$50\",\"03Sg4RTnAYkunDmi9-qSO\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"meta\",\"0\",{\"name\":\"viewport\",\"content\":\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"1\",{\"charSet\":\"utf-8\"}],[\"$\",\"title\",\"2\",{\"children\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"3\",{\"name\":\"description\",\"content\":\"Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org.\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"4\",{\"name\":\"DC.Creator\",\"content\":\"Rob Johnson\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"5\",{\"name\":\"DC.Creator\",\"content\":\"Elle Malcolmson\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"6\",{\"name\":\"DC.Description.abstract\",\"content\":\"$51\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"7\",{\"name\":\"DC.date\",\"content\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"8\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.available\",\"content\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"9\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.created\",\"content\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"10\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.dateAccepted\",\"content\":\"2024-07-08T10:29:14+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"11\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.dateCopyrighted\",\"content\":\"2024\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"12\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.dateSubmitted\",\"content\":\"2024-05-11T15:32:25+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"13\",{\"name\":\"DC.Description\",\"content\":\"$52\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"14\",{\"name\":\"DC.Format\",\"content\":\"text/html\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"15\",{\"name\":\"DC.Relation.hasFormat\",\"content\":\"PDF\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"16\",{\"name\":\"DC.Relation.hasFormat\",\"content\":\"XML\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"17\",{\"name\":\"DC.Relation.hasVersion\",\"content\":\"662\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"18\",{\"name\":\"DC.Identifier\",\"content\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"19\",{\"name\":\"DC.Identifier.identifier\",\"content\":\"10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"20\",{\"name\":\"DC.Date.issued\",\"content\":\"2024-01-09T13:11:39+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"21\",{\"name\":\"DC.Language\",\"content\":\"en-US\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"22\",{\"name\":\"DC.Language.language\",\"content\":\"en-US\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"23\",{\"name\":\"DC.Format.medium\",\"content\":\"text/html\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"24\",{\"name\":\"DC.Publisher.publisher\",\"content\":\"UKSG in association with Ubiquity Press\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"25\",{\"name\":\"DC.Source.source\",\"content\":\"https://insights.uksg.org//articles/10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"26\",{\"name\":\"DC.Title.title\",\"content\":\"You don\u0026rsquo;t know what you\u0026rsquo;ve got till it\u0026rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"27\",{\"name\":\"DC.Type.type\",\"content\":\"Text\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"28\",{\"name\":\"DC.Rights.rights\",\"content\":\"© 2024 The Author(s). This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license (unless stated otherwise) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"29\",{\"name\":\"DC.Rights.license\",\"content\":\"CC Attribution 4.0\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"30\",{\"name\":\"DC.rightsHolder\",\"content\":\"The Author(s)\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"31\",{\"name\":\"DC.Rights.rightsHolder\",\"content\":\"The Author(s)\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"32\",{\"name\":\"citation_title\",\"content\":\"You don\u0026rsquo;t know what you\u0026rsquo;ve got till it\u0026rsquo;s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"33\",{\"name\":\"citation_author\",\"content\":\"Rob Johnson\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"34\",{\"name\":\"citation_author\",\"content\":\"Elle Malcolmson\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"35\",{\"name\":\"citation_issn\",\"content\":\"2048-7754\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"36\",{\"name\":\"citation_publication_date\",\"content\":\"2024-10-15T13:07:26+00:00\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"37\",{\"name\":\"citation_journal_title\",\"content\":\"Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"38\",{\"name\":\"citation_volume\",\"content\":\"37\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"39\",{\"name\":\"citation_issue\",\"content\":\"1\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"40\",{\"name\":\"citation_pdf_url\",\"content\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/664/files/670e57b1f0469.pdf\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"41\",{\"name\":\"citation_xml_url\",\"content\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/664/files/670e57cec920a.xml\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"42\",{\"rel\":\"canonical\",\"href\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"43\",{\"rel\":\"alternate\",\"hrefLang\":\"en\",\"href\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"44\",{\"rel\":\"alternate\",\"hrefLang\":\"x-default\",\"href\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"45\",{\"property\":\"og:title\",\"content\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"46\",{\"property\":\"og:description\",\"content\":\"Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org.\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"47\",{\"property\":\"og:url\",\"content\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"48\",{\"property\":\"og:site_name\",\"content\":\"Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"49\",{\"property\":\"og:locale\",\"content\":\"en\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"50\",{\"property\":\"og:image\",\"content\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"51\",{\"property\":\"og:image:alt\",\"content\":\"thumbnail image\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"52\",{\"property\":\"og:image:width\",\"content\":\"600\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"53\",{\"property\":\"og:image:height\",\"content\":\"600\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"54\",{\"property\":\"og:locale:alternate\",\"content\":\"en-US\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"55\",{\"property\":\"og:type\",\"content\":\"article\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"56\",{\"name\":\"twitter:card\",\"content\":\"summary\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"57\",{\"name\":\"twitter:title\",\"content\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"58\",{\"name\":\"twitter:description\",\"content\":\"Insights: the UKSG journal (2048-7754) aims to support UKSG's mission to connect the information community and encourage the exchange of ideas on scholarly communication, specifically to:Provide a forum for the communication and exchange of ideas between the many stakeholders in the global knowledge community.Disseminate news, information and publications, and raise awareness of services that support the scholarly information sector.From 1988 to 2011, Insights was published as Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community. Serials has been fully digitised and is openly accessible at serials.uksg.org.\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"59\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image\",\"content\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/journalThumbnail_en_US.jpg\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"60\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image:alt\",\"content\":\"thumbnail image\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"61\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image:width\",\"content\":\"600\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"62\",{\"name\":\"twitter:image:height\",\"content\":\"600\"}],[\"$\",\"link\",\"63\",{\"rel\":\"icon\",\"href\":\"https://storage.googleapis.com/jnl-up-j-i-public/journals/1/favicon_en_US.png\"}],[\"$\",\"meta\",\"64\",{\"name\":\"next-size-adjust\"}]]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"9:null\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"53:I[28804,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"ShareRow\"]\n54:I[3452,[\"9908\",\"static/chunks/9908-8dfb154e01bd4715.js\",\"937\",\"static/chunks/937-56faa543247bdb56.js\",\"7797\",\"static/chunks/7797-ce28990958153370.js\",\"6324\",\"static/chunks/6324-1aea44757dc001dc.js\",\"7886\",\"static/chunks/7886-b608b9cf0a28e894.js\",\"3032\",\"static/chunks/3032-f1d5d139619a0615.js\",\"5098\",\"static/chunks/5098-f4db649c065519c2.js\",\"7287\",\"static/chunks/7287-f961f00a0aa95a02.js\",\"2079\",\"static/chunks/2079-c960e26283855bed.js\",\"4253\",\"static/chunks/4253-4d8a842b5815c314.js\",\"1226\",\"static/chunks/1226-667ee7fd8893f13b.js\",\"4669\",\"static/chunks/4669-4810504f8bc2920f.js\",\"8938\",\"static/chunks/app/%5Blocale%5D/(with-layout)/articles/%5B...slug%5D/page-f1c757df3efd52bd.js\"],\"ShareRowDropdown\"]\n3f:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/search?q=learned societies\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"learned societies\"}]\n40:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/search?q=scholarly publishing\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"scholarly publishing\"}]\n41:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/search?q=open access\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"open access\"}]\n42:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/search?q=libraries\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"child"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"ren\":\"libraries\"}]\n43:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/search?q=sustainability\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"sustainability\"}]\n44:[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"locale\":\"en\",\"localePrefixMode\":\"as-needed\",\"prefix\":\"/en\",\"href\":\"/27/volume/37/issue/1\",\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"children\":\"Volume 37\"}]\n38:[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"dnRKwx fPSBzf kSmiQp iiuxGT\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"eoqIDj gjOgkU\",\"children\":\"Share\"}],[\"$\",\"$L53\",null,{\"pageUrl\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"pageTitle\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\",\"className\":\"gjOgkU\"}],[\"$\",\"$L54\",null,{\"pageUrl\":\"https://insights.uksg.org/articles/10.1629/uksg.664\",\"pageTitle\":\"You don’t know what you’ve got till it’s gone: the changing landscape of UK learned society publishing | Insights\",\"className\":\"ddgODW fjfoJV XVbnb jWHstb\"}]]}]\n"])</script></body></html>