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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-First-stage_boot_loader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-stage_boot_loader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>First-stage boot loader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-stage_boot_loader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-stage_boot_loader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-stage_boot_loader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Second-stage boot loader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-stage_boot_loader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_and_multi-stage_boot_loaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_and_multi-stage_boot_loaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Embedded and multi-stage boot loaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_and_multi-stage_boot_loaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Network booting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bootloader</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A5%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9" title="محمل إقلاع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمل إقلاع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বুট লোডার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুট লোডার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Загрузчык аперацыйнай сістэмы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Загрузчык аперацыйнай сістэмы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_manager" title="Boot manager – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Boot manager" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader_(programari)" title="Bootloader (programari) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bootloader (programari)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buudilaadur" title="Buudilaadur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Buudilaadur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargador_de_arranque" title="Cargador de arranque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cargador de arranque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="برنامه‌ی راه‌انداز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنامه‌ی راه‌انداز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargeur_d%27amor%C3%A7age" title="Chargeur d'amorçage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chargeur d'amorçage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xestor_de_arranque" title="Xestor de arranque – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xestor de arranque" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" title="Boot loader – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" title="Boot loader – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מנהל אתחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהל אתחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" title="Boot loader – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ブートローダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブートローダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_rozruchowy" title="Program rozruchowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program rozruchowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carregador_de_inicializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Carregador de inicialização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carregador de inicialização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qallariy_chaqnaq" title="Qallariy chaqnaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qallariy chaqnaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Загрузчик операционной системы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрузчик операционной системы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" title="Boot loader – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagonski_nalagalnik" title="Zagonski nalagalnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zagonski nalagalnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_loader" title="Boot loader – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ynnistyslataaja" title="Käynnistyslataaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käynnistyslataaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="บูตโหลดเดอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บูตโหลดเดอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ny%C3%BCkleyici" title="Önyükleyici – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önyükleyici" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%ACnh_t%E1%BA%A3i_kh%E1%BB%9Fi_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng" title="Trình tải khởi động – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trình tải khởi động" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Bootloader" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q836795#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software responsible for starting the Computer and Load other software to the CPU memory</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_(2015).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/220px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/330px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/440px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>GNU GRUB, a popular open source bootloader</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7,Vista_and_XP.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png/220px-Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png/330px-Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png/440px-Windows_Boot_Manager_with_Windows_7%2CVista_and_XP.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Windows bootloader</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bootloader</b>, also spelled as <b>boot loader</b><sup id="cite_ref-GRUB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRUB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-systemd_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systemd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or called <b>bootstrap loader</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> that is responsible for <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a> a computer. If it also provides an interactive menu with multiple boot choices then it's often called a <b>boot manager</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-systemd_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systemd-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a computer is turned off, its software‍—‌including operating systems, application code, and data‍—‌remains stored on <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>. When the computer is powered on, it typically does not have an operating system or its loader in <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (RAM). The computer first executes a relatively small program stored in <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> (ROM, and later <a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#NOR_flash" title="Flash memory">NOR flash</a>) along with some needed data, to initialize RAM (especially on x86 systems), to access the nonvolatile device (usually <a href="/wiki/Device_file#Block_devices" title="Device file">block device</a>, e.g., NAND flash) or devices from which the operating system programs and data can be loaded into RAM. </p><p>Some earlier computer systems, upon receiving a boot signal from a human operator or a peripheral device, may load a very small number of fixed instructions into memory at a specific location, initialize at least one CPU, and then point the CPU to the instructions and start their execution. These instructions typically start an input operation from some peripheral device (which may be switch-selectable by the operator). Other systems may send hardware commands directly to peripheral devices or I/O controllers that cause an extremely simple input operation (such as "read sector zero of the system device into memory starting at location 1000") to be carried out, effectively loading a small number of boot loader instructions into memory; a completion signal from the I/O device may then be used to start execution of the instructions by the CPU. </p><p>Smaller computers often use less flexible but more automatic boot loader mechanisms to ensure that the computer starts quickly and with a predetermined software configuration. In many desktop computers, for example, the bootstrapping process begins with the CPU executing software contained in ROM (for example, the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> of an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> or an <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>) at a predefined address (some CPUs, including the Intel <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">x86 series</a>, are designed to execute this software after reset without outside help). This software contains rudimentary functionality to search for devices eligible to participate in booting, and load a small program from a special section (most commonly the <a href="/wiki/Boot_sector" title="Boot sector">boot sector</a>) of the most promising device, typically starting at a fixed <a href="/wiki/Entry_point" title="Entry point">entry point</a> such as the start of the sector. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First-stage_boot_loader">First-stage boot loader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: First-stage boot loader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Specific plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>focuses too much on specific examples</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit">improve this section</a> by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Provide_context_for_the_reader" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">sources that evaluate within a broader context</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A first-stage bootloader is a compact 512-byte program that resides in the <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">master boot record</a> (MBR) and executes when a computer starts. Running in 16-bit real mode at address 0x7C00, it performs minimal <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardware_initialization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hardware initialization (page does not exist)">hardware initialization</a>, sets up a basic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_environment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Execution environment (page does not exist)">execution environment</a>, and locates the second-stage bootloader. Its primary challenge lies in accomplishing these tasks within strict size constraints while handling potential hardware failures. The bootloader must navigate disk structures, often implementing <a href="/wiki/FAT_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT file system">FAT file system</a> support, and manage the delicate transition from the BIOS startup state to a stable environment for the next boot stage. </p><p>Boot loaders may face peculiar constraints, especially in size; for instance, on the earlier IBM PC and compatibles, a boot sector should typically work with 510 bytes of code (or less) and in only 32 KiB<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msakamoto-mbr_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msakamoto-mbr-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later relaxed to 64 KiB<sup id="cite_ref-BBS_101_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBS_101-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of system memory and only use instructions supported by the original <a href="/wiki/Intel_8088" title="Intel 8088">8088</a>/<a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">8086</a> processors. The first stage of PC boot loaders (FSBL, first-stage boot loader) located on <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">fixed disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disk_enclosure" title="Disk enclosure">removable drives</a> must fit into the first 446 <a href="/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">bytes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">master boot record</a> in order to leave room for the default 64-byte <a href="/wiki/Disk_partitioning#Partition_table" title="Disk partitioning">partition table</a> with four partition entries and the two-byte <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#Programming_considerations" title="Master boot record">boot signature</a>, which the BIOS requires for a proper boot loader — or even less, when additional features like more than four partition entries (up to 16 with 16 bytes each), a <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#Disk_identity" title="Master boot record">disk signature</a> (6 bytes), a <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#DISK_TS" title="Master boot record">disk timestamp</a> (6 bytes), an <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#AAP" title="Master boot record">Advanced Active Partition</a> (18 bytes) or special <a href="/wiki/Multi-booting" title="Multi-booting">multi-boot</a> loaders have to be supported as well in some environments. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk_variants#Superfloppy" title="Floppy disk variants">superfloppy</a> <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">volume boot records</a>, up to 59 bytes are occupied for the <a href="/wiki/BIOS_parameter_block" title="BIOS parameter block">extended BIOS parameter block</a> on <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#FAT12" title="File Allocation Table">FAT12</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#Initial_FAT16" title="File Allocation Table">FAT16</a> volumes since DOS 4.0, whereas the <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#FAT32" title="File Allocation Table">FAT32</a> EBPB introduced with DOS 7.1 requires even 87 bytes, leaving only 423 bytes for the boot loader when assuming a sector size of 512 bytes. Microsoft boot sectors, therefore, traditionally imposed certain restrictions on the boot process. For example, the boot file had to be located at a fixed position in the root directory of the file system and stored within consecutive sectors,<sup id="cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conditions taken care of by the <code><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">SYS</a></code> command and slightly relaxed in later versions of DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boot loader was then able to load the first three sectors of the file into memory, which happened to contain another embedded boot loader able to load the remainder of the file into memory.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Microsoft added <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a> and FAT32 support, they switched to a boot loader reaching over <i>two</i> physical sectors, using 386 instructions for size reasons. At the same time, other vendors managed to squeeze much more functionality into a single boot sector without relaxing the original constraints on only minimal available memory (32 KiB) and processor support (8088/8086).<sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_707-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, DR-DOS boot sectors are able to locate the boot file in the FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32 file systems, and load it into memory as a whole via <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-head-sector" title="Cylinder-head-sector">CHS</a> or LBA, even if the file is not stored in a fixed location and in consecutive sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_File-size_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_File-size-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_707-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> can not only load multiple <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> from a non-volatile device, they can also initialize system hardware for the loaded operating systems. </p><p>Examples of first-stage bootloaders include <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">coreboot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second-stage_boot_loader">Second-stage boot loader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Second-stage boot loader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="SECOND-STAGE"></span> Second-stage bootloaders operate without the strict 512-byte limitation of their first-stage counterparts. They execute in a more sophisticated environment, typically ranging from 8KB to several megabytes in size. This expanded space allows implementation of complex features including multiple filesystem support, runtime configuration, and bootloader menu interfaces. Second-stage bootloaders perform comprehensive hardware initialization. They query and configure various system components including <a href="/wiki/Memory_controller" title="Memory controller">memory controllers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interrupt_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="Interrupt controller">interrupt controllers</a>, and essential peripherals. Modern implementations often handle <a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a> tables, USB controller initialization, and preliminary graphics setup. Second-stage boot loaders, such as <a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a>, <a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_6_startup_process#Windows_Boot_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT 6 startup process">BOOTMGR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syslinux" class="mw-redirect" title="Syslinux">Syslinux</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a> or <a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a>, are not themselves operating systems, but are able to load an operating system properly and transfer execution to it; the operating system subsequently initializes itself and may load extra <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>. The second-stage boot loader does not need drivers for its own operation, but may instead use generic storage access methods provided by system firmware such as the BIOS or <a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a>, though typically with restricted hardware functionality and lower performance.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Second-stage implementations can include interactive user interfaces, allowing boot option selection and parameter modification. They handle kernel loading, including processing of <a href="/wiki/Initial_ramdisk" title="Initial ramdisk">initrd/initramfs</a> images, and can pass boot parameters to the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. Many implement modular designs supporting loadable modules for additional functionality. These choices can include different operating systems (for <a href="/wiki/Multi-booting" title="Multi-booting">dual or multi-booting</a> from different partitions or drives), different versions of the same operating system (in case a new version has unexpected problems), different operating system loading options (e.g., booting into a rescue or <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode" title="Safe mode">safe mode</a>), and some standalone programs that can function without an operating system, such as memory testers (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Memtest86" class="mw-redirect" title="Memtest86">memtest86+</a>), a basic shell (as in GNU GRUB), or even games (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_PC_booter_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of PC booter games">List of PC booter games</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some boot loaders can also load other boot loaders; for example, GRUB loads BOOTMGR instead of loading Windows directly. Usually, a default choice is preselected with a time delay during which a user can press a key to change the choice; after this delay, the default choice is automatically run so normal booting can occur without interaction. They may also handle compression, cryptographic verification, and chain-loading of other bootloaders. The boot process can be considered complete when the computer is ready to interact with the user, or the operating system is capable of running system programs or application programs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embedded_and_multi-stage_boot_loaders">Embedded and multi-stage boot loaders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Embedded and multi-stage boot loaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Embedded"></span><span class="anchor" id="MULTI-STAGE"></span> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a> must boot immediately. For example, waiting a minute for a <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS navigation device</a> to start is generally unacceptable. Therefore, such devices have software systems in ROM or <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> so the device can begin functioning immediately; little or no loading is necessary, because the loading can be precomputed and stored on the ROM when the device is made. </p><p>Large and complex systems may have boot procedures that proceed in multiple phases until finally the operating system and other programs are loaded and ready to execute. Because operating systems are designed as if they never start or stop, a boot loader might load the operating system, configure itself as a mere process within that system, and then irrevocably transfer control to the operating system. The boot loader then terminates normally as any other process would. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Network_booting">Network booting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Network booting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network booting</a></div> <p>Most computers are also capable of booting over a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. In this scenario, the operating system is stored on the disk of a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a>, and certain parts of it are transferred to the client using a simple protocol such as the <a href="/wiki/Trivial_File_Transfer_Protocol" title="Trivial File Transfer Protocol">Trivial File Transfer Protocol</a> (TFTP). After these parts have been transferred, the operating system takes over the control of the booting process. </p><p>As with the second-stage boot loader, network booting begins by using generic network access methods provided by the network interface's boot ROM, which typically contains a <a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a> (PXE) image. No drivers are required, but the system functionality is limited until the operating system kernel and drivers are transferred and started. As a result, once the ROM-based booting has completed it is entirely possible to network boot into an operating system that itself does not have the ability to use the network interface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial_Program_Load" class="mw-redirect" title="Initial Program Load">Initial Program Load</a> (IPL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_PC_DOS_Contiguous_files_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS#5.00" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS 5.0</a> manual incorrectly states that the system files no longer need to be contiguous. However, for the boot process to work the system files still need to occupy the first two directory entries and the first three sectors of <code><a href="/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" title="IBMBIO.COM">IBMBIO.COM</a></code> still need to be stored contiguously. <code><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">SYS</a></code> continues to take care of these requirements.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_707-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_707_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">As an example, while the extended functionality of DR-DOS <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBRs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">boot sectors</a> compared to their <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> counterparts could still be achieved utilizing conventional <a href="/wiki/Program_optimization" title="Program optimization">code optimization</a> techniques up to <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS#After_Novell" title="DR-DOS">7.05</a>, for the addition of <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing">LBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#FAT32" title="File Allocation Table">FAT32</a> and <a href="/wiki/NEWLDR" class="mw-redirect" title="NEWLDR">LOADER</a> support the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS#After_Novell" title="DR-DOS">7.07</a> sectors had to resort to <a href="/wiki/Self-modifying_code" title="Self-modifying code">self-modifying code</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcode</a>-level programming, controlled utilization of <a href="/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)" title="Side effect (computer science)">side effects</a>, multi-level data/code <a href="/wiki/Machine_code#Overlapping_instructions" title="Machine code">overlapping</a> and algorithmic <a href="/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function)" title="Fold (higher-order function)">folding</a> techniques to squeeze everything into a single physical sector, as it was a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward</a>- and cross-compatibility with other operating systems in <a href="/wiki/Multi-booting" title="Multi-booting">multi-boot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chain_loading" title="Chain loading">chain load</a> scenarios.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_DR-DOS_File-size-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_DR-DOS_File-size_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is one exception to the rule that <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">VBRs</a> will load the whole <code><a href="/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" title="IBMBIO.COM">IBMBIO.COM</a></code> file into memory: If the <code>IBMBIO.COM</code> file is larger than some 29 KB, trying to load the whole file into memory would result in the boot loader to <a href="#Paul_1997_ODA3">overwrite</a> the <a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">stack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computing)" title="Relocation (computing)">relocated</a> disk parameter table (DPT/FDPB). Therefore, a <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS#After_Novell" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS 7.07</a> VBR would only load the first 29 KB of the file into memory, relying on another loader embedded into the first part of <code>IBMBIO.COM</code> to check for this condition and load the remainder of the file into memory by itself if necessary. This does not cause compatibility problems, as <code>IBMBIO.COM</code>'s size never exceeded this limit in previous versions without this loader. Combined with a dual entry structure this also allows the system to be loaded by a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> VBR, which would load only the first three sectors of the file into memory.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GRUB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRUB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/index.html">"GNU GRUB - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=GNU+GRUB+-+GNU+Project+-+Free+Software+Foundation+%28FSF%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgrub%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-systemd-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-systemd_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-systemd_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/systemd-boot/">"systemd-boot"</a>. <i>www.freedesktop.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.freedesktop.org&rft.atitle=systemd-boot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedesktop.org%2Fwiki%2FSoftware%2Fsystemd%2Fsystemd-boot%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_1997_OD-A3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_1997_OD-A3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="Paul_1997_ODA3"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1997" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (2 October 1997) [29 September 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031004074600/http://www-student.informatik.uni-bonn.de/~frinke/ibmbioa3.zip">"Caldera OpenDOS 7.01/7.02 Update Alpha 3 IBMBIO.COM - README.TXT and BOOT.TXT - A short description of how OpenDOS is booted"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-bonn.de/~uzs180/download/ibmbioa3.zip">the original</a> on 4 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caldera+OpenDOS+7.01%2F7.02+Update+Alpha+3+IBMBIO.COM+-+README.TXT+and+BOOT.TXT+-+A+short+description+of+how+OpenDOS+is+booted&rft.date=1997-10-02&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-bonn.de%2F~uzs180%2Fdownload%2Fibmbioa3.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225154705/http://mirror.macintosharchive.org/max1zzz.co.uk/+Windows%20&%20DOS/DOS/System/Novell/Support/Bins/Op702src.zip">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-msakamoto-mbr-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msakamoto-mbr_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakamoto2010" class="citation web cs1">Sakamoto, Masahiko (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glamenv-septzen.net/en/view/6">"Why BIOS loads MBR into 7C00h in x86?"</a>. <i>glamenv-septzen.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glamenv-septzen.net&rft.atitle=Why+BIOS+loads+MBR+into+7C00h+in+x86%3F&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.aulast=Sakamoto&rft.aufirst=Masahiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glamenv-septzen.net%2Fen%2Fview%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBS_101-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBS_101_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompaq_computer_corporationPhoenix_technologies_ltdIntel_corporation1996" class="citation web cs1">Compaq computer corporation; Phoenix technologies ltd; Intel corporation (11 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acpica.org/sites/acpica/files/specsbbs101.pdf">"BIOS boot specification 1.01"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BIOS+boot+specification+1.01&rft.date=1996-01-11&rft.au=Compaq+computer+corporation&rft.au=Phoenix+technologies+ltd&rft.au=Intel+corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facpica.org%2Fsites%2Facpica%2Ffiles%2Fspecsbbs101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duncan_1988_MS-DOS_Encyclopedia_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZbikowskiAllenBallmerBorman1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zbikowski" title="Mark Zbikowski">Zbikowski, Mark</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Allen" title="Paul Allen">Allen, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" title="Steve Ballmer">Ballmer, Steve</a>; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Gates, Bill</a>; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; <a href="/wiki/Marc_McDonald" title="Marc McDonald">McDonald, Marc</a>; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; <a href="/wiki/Bob_O%27Rear" title="Bob O'Rear">O'Rear, Bob</a>; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; <a href="/wiki/Tim_Paterson" title="Tim Paterson">Paterson, Tim</a>; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a>; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". <i>The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2</i>. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Letwin, Gordon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Petzold" title="Charles Petzold">Petzold, Charles</a>; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55615-049-0"><bdi>1-55615-049-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/87-21452">87-21452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16581341">16581341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technical+advisors&rft.btitle=The+MS-DOS+Encyclopedia%3A+versions+1.0+through+3.2&rft.place=Redmond%2C+Washington%2C+USA&rft.edition=Completely+reworked&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16581341&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F87-21452&rft.isbn=1-55615-049-0&rft.aulast=Zbikowski&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Allen%2C+Paul&rft.au=Ballmer%2C+Steve&rft.au=Borman%2C+Reuben&rft.au=Borman%2C+Rob&rft.au=Butler%2C+John&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Chuck&rft.au=Chamberlain%2C+Mark&rft.au=Chell%2C+David&rft.au=Colee%2C+Mike&rft.au=Courtney%2C+Mike&rft.au=Dryfoos%2C+Mike&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Rachel&rft.au=Eckhardt%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Evans%2C+Eric&rft.au=Farmer%2C+Rick&rft.au=Gates%2C+Bill&rft.au=Geary%2C+Michael&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Bob&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+Doug&rft.au=Johnson%2C+James+W.&rft.au=Kermaani%2C+Kaamel&rft.au=King%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Koch%2C+Reed&rft.au=Landowski%2C+James&rft.au=Larson%2C+Chris&rft.au=Lennon%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Lipkie%2C+Dan&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Marc&rft.au=McKinney%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Martin%2C+Pascal&rft.au=Mathers%2C+Estelle&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Bob&rft.au=Melin%2C+David&rft.au=Mergentime%2C+Charles&rft.au=Nevin%2C+Randy&rft.au=Newell%2C+Dan&rft.au=Newell%2C+Tani&rft.au=Norris%2C+David&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Mike&rft.au=O%27Rear%2C+Bob&rft.au=Olsson%2C+Mike&rft.au=Osterman%2C+Larry&rft.au=Ostling%2C+Ridge&rft.au=Pai%2C+Sunil&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Tim&rft.au=Perez%2C+Gary&rft.au=Peters%2C+Chris&rft.au=Petzold%2C+Charles&rft.au=Pollock%2C+John&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Rubin%2C+Darryl&rft.au=Ryan%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Schulmeisters%2C+Karl&rft.au=Shah%2C+Rajen&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Barry&rft.au=Short%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Slivka%2C+Ben&rft.au=Smirl%2C+Jon&rft.au=Stillmaker%2C+Betty&rft.au=Stoddard%2C+John&rft.au=Tillman%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Whitten%2C+Greg&rft.au=Yount%2C+Natalie&rft.au=Zeck%2C+Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span> (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/reference/microsoft/mspl13/msdos/encyclopedia/">[2]</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chappell_1994_DOS-Internals_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChappell1994" class="citation book cs1">Chappell, Geoff (January 1994). "Chapter 2: The system footprint". In Schulman, Andrew; Pedersen, Amorette (eds.). <i>DOS Internals</i>. The Andrew Schulman programming series (1st printing, 1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-60835-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-60835-9"><bdi>978-0-201-60835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+The+system+footprint&rft.btitle=DOS+Internals&rft.series=The+Andrew+Schulman+programming+series&rft.edition=1st+printing%2C+1st&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994-01&rft.isbn=978-0-201-60835-9&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span> (xxvi+738+iv pages, 3.5"-floppy <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421200111/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/9/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/DOS_Internals.zip">[3]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111608/https://www.pcjs.org/pubs/pc/programming/DOS_Internals/">[4]</a>) Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111742/http://www.geoffchappell.com/notes/dos/internals/">[5]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111853/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/1/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/crtdrvr">[6]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222111945/https://gopher.tildeverse.org/gopher.viste.fr/1/programming/PC/DOS/DOS%2520Internals/xmswatch">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosch_1991_SYS-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosch_1991_SYS_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosch1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Rosch, Winn L. (12 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT250">"DR DOS 5.0 - The better operating system?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. Vol. 10, no. 3. pp. 241–246, 257, 264, 266. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190725223320/https://books.google.nl/books?id=YxFTezF9-sMC&pg=PT250&lpg=PT250&redir_esc=y%23v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>[…] <code><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">SYS</a></code> has been improved under <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS#DR_DOS_5.0" title="DR-DOS">DR DOS 5.0</a> so you don't have to worry about leaving the first cluster free on a disk that you want to make bootable. The DR DOS system files can be located anywhere on the disk, so any disk with enough free space can be set to boot your system. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=DR+DOS+5.0+-+The+better+operating+system%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=241-246%2C+257%2C+264%2C+266&rft.date=1991-02-12&rft.aulast=Rosch&rft.aufirst=Winn+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYxFTezF9-sMC%26pg%3DPT250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. The source attributes this to the <code>SYS</code> utility while in fact this is a feature of the advanced bootstrap loader in the boot sector. <code>SYS</code> just plants this sector onto the disk.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2001" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (17 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2001/01/17/02:29:47">"FAT32 in DR-DOS"</a>. <i>opendos@delorie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006205537/http://www.delorie.com/opendos/archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2001%2F01%2F17%2F02%3A29%3A47">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>[…] The <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> boot sector […] searches for the <code><a href="/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" title="IBMBIO.COM">IBMBIO.COM</a></code> (<a href="/wiki/DRBIOS.SYS" class="mw-redirect" title="DRBIOS.SYS">DRBIOS.SYS</a>) file and then loads the *whole* file into memory before it passes control to it. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendos%40delorie&rft.atitle=FAT32+in+DR-DOS&rft.date=2001-01-17&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delorie.com%2Fopendos%2Farchives%2Fbrowse.cgi%3Fp%3Dopendos%2F2001%2F01%2F17%2F02%3A29%3A47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2002_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2002" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (20 February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos/2002/02/20/16:17:57">"Can't copy"</a>. <i>opendos@delorie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006211007/http://www.delorie.com/opendos//archives/browse.cgi?p=opendos%2F2002%2F02%2F20%2F16%3A17%3A57">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>[…] The <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> boot sector loads the whole <code><a href="/wiki/IBMBIO.COM" title="IBMBIO.COM">IBMBIO.COM</a></code> file into memory before it executes it. It does not care at all about the <code><a href="/wiki/IBMDOS.COM" title="IBMDOS.COM">IBMDOS.COM</a></code> file, which is loaded by <code>IBMBIO.COM</code>. […] The DR-DOS boot sector […] will find the […] kernel files as long as they are logically stored in the root directory. Their physical location on the disk, and if they are fragmented or not, is don't care for the DR-DOS boot sector. Hence, you can just copy the kernel files to the disk (even with a simply <code><a href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">COPY</a></code>), and as soon as the boot sector is a DR-DOS sector, it will find and load them. Of course, it is difficult to put all this into just 512 bytes, the size of a single sector, but this is a major convenience improvement if you have to set up a DR-DOS system, and it is also the key for the DR-DOS multi-OS <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record#NEWLDR" title="Master boot record">LOADER</a> utility to work. The <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> kernel files must reside on specific locations, but the DR-DOS files can be anywhere, so you don't have to physically swap them around each time you boot the other OS. Also, it allows to upgrade a DR-DOS system simply by copying the kernel files over the old ones, no need for <code><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">SYS</a></code>, no difficult setup procedures as required for MS-DOS/<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a>. You can even have multiple DR-DOS kernel files under different file names stored on the same drive, and LOADER will switch between them according to the file names listed in the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">BOOT.LST</a> file. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendos%40delorie&rft.atitle=Can%27t+copy&rft.date=2002-02-20&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delorie.com%2Fopendos%2F%2Farchives%2Fbrowse.cgi%3Fp%3Dopendos%2F2002%2F02%2F20%2F16%3A17%3A57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2017_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2017" class="citation web cs1">Paul, Matthias R. (14 August 2017) [7 August 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-76925.html#pid76925">"The continuing saga of Windows 3.1 in enhanced mode on OmniBook 300"</a>. <i>MoHPC - the museum of HP calculators</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006204718/http://hpmuseum.org/forum/thread-8774-post-76925.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>[…] the <a href="/wiki/DR-DOS" title="DR-DOS">DR-DOS</a> <code><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">FDISK</a></code> does not only partition a disk, but can also format the freshly created volumes and initialize their boot sectors in one go, so there's no risk to accidentally mess up the wrong volume and no need for <code><a href="/wiki/Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">FORMAT</a> /S</code> or <code><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">SYS</a></code>. Afterwards, you could just copy over the remaining DR-DOS files, including the system files. It is important to know that, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>/<a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a>, DR-DOS has "smart" boot sectors which will actually "mount" the file-system to search for and load the system files in the root directory instead of expecting them to be placed at a certain location. Physically, the system files can be located anywhere and also can be fragmented. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoHPC+-+the+museum+of+HP+calculators&rft.atitle=The+continuing+saga+of+Windows+3.1+in+enhanced+mode+on+OmniBook+300&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Matthias+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhpmuseum.org%2Fforum%2Fthread-8774-post-76925.html%23pid76925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070515104908/http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windowsnt/4/server/reskit/en-us/resguide/troubles.mspx?mfr=true">"Chapter 6 - Troubleshooting startup and disk problems"</a>. <i>Windows NT server resource kit</i>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/resources/documentation/windowsnt/4/server/reskit/en-us/resguide/troubles.mspx?mfr=true">the original</a> on 15 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+-+Troubleshooting+startup+and+disk+problems&rft.btitle=Windows+NT+server+resource+kit&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fresources%2Fdocumentation%2Fwindowsnt%2F4%2Fserver%2Freskit%2Fen-us%2Fresguide%2Ftroubles.mspx%3Fmfr%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coreboot.org/Tint">"Tint"</a>. coreboot<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tint&rft.pub=coreboot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coreboot.org%2FTint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABootloader" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bootloader&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.osdev.org/Bootloader">Bootloader - OSDev Wiki</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">Board support package</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">Cross compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_hypervisor" title="Embedded hypervisor">Embedded hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">Memory footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Boot loaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UClibc" title="UClibc">uClibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietlibc" title="Dietlibc">dietlibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_GLIBC" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded GLIBC">Embedded GLIBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LwIP" title="LwIP">lwIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almquist_shell" title="Almquist shell">Almquist shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitBake" title="BitBake">BitBake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buildroot" title="Buildroot">Buildroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusyBox" title="BusyBox">BusyBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEmbedded" title="OpenEmbedded">OpenEmbedded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-alone_shell" title="Stand-alone shell">Stand-alone shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toybox" title="Toybox">Toybox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yocto_Project" title="Yocto Project">Yocto Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly language</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Communication_Access_Programming_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communication Access Programming Language (page does not exist)">CAPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C" title="Embedded C">Embedded C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_C%2B%2B" title="Embedded C++">Embedded C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_Java" title="Embedded Java">Embedded Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISRA_C" title="MISRA C">MISRA C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPython" title="MicroPython">MicroPython</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_lightweight_web_browsers" title="Comparison of lightweight web browsers">Lightweight browsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="List of open-source hardware">List of open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_robotics" title="Open-source robotics">Open-source robotics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firmware_and_booting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firmware_and_booting" title="Template:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firmware_and_booting" title="Template talk:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firmware_and_booting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firmware and booting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firmware_and_booting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows" title="Booting process of Windows">Windows</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_9x#Boot_sequence" title="Architecture of Windows 9x">9x</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Windows_NT" class="mw-redirect" title="Booting process of Windows NT">NT</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Linux</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Android</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/100px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/150px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Computers" title="Firmware">firmware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_firmware" title="Open-source firmware">Open-source firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification" title="MultiProcessor Specification">MultiProcessor Specification</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Legacy Plug and Play</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARC_(specification)" title="ARC (specification)">AlphaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRM_firmware" title="SRM firmware">SRM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">SFI</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SeaBIOS" title="SeaBIOS">SeaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award BIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIBIOS">AMIBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">InsydeH2O</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LinuxBoot" title="LinuxBoot">LinuxBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid firmware bootloader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bootloaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootloaders">Bootloaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Implementations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acronis_OS_Selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronis OS Selector">Acronis OS Selector</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootManager" class="mw-redirect" title="BootManager">BootManager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX (Apple)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Linux)" title="BootX (Linux)">BootX (Linux)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loadlin" title="Loadlin">loadlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpeniBoot" title="OpeniBoot">OpeniBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RedBoot" title="RedBoot">RedBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFIt" title="REFIt">rEFIt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/XOSL" title="XOSL">xOSL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plop_Boot_Manager" title="Plop Boot Manager">Plop Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MILO_(bootloader)" title="MILO (bootloader)">MILO</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki//boot/" title="/boot/">/boot/</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">flashrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">fwupd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Odin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)#Heimdall" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Heimdall</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bus_Pirate" title="Bus Pirate">Bus Pirate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FTDI" title="FTDI">ft2232</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network boot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GPXE" title="GPXE">gPXE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remote_Initial_Program_Load" title="Remote Initial Program Load">Remote Initial Program Load</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-ring" title="Wake-on-ring">Wake-on-ring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROM variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">Boot ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ROM_image" title="ROM image">ROM image</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devicetree" title="Devicetree">Devicetree</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Instant-on" title="Instant-on">Instant-on</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">Power-on self-test</a></span></li> 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