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} </script> </div> </header> </div> <article id="card-huey-newton-featured" class="card media image large tone-news featured top" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/huey-newton" data-timestamp="1471866310" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/huey-newton" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004602151" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004602151" class="photo media media-100000004602151 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004602151" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Huey P. Newton was surrounded by the news media as he arrived at Philadelphia International Airport in 1970." data-mediaviewer-credit="Rusty Kennedy/Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Huey P. Newton was surrounded by the news media as he arrived at Philadelphia International Airport in 1970.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Rusty Kennedy/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h1 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="huey-newton">Hero, Criminal or Both: Huey P. Newton Pushed Black Americans to <span class='nbsp'>Fight Back</span></a> </h1> <a href="huey-newton" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-22 07:45:10 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-22T07:45:10-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 22, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:45 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As many Americans protested the police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., two years ago, members of the Huey P. Newton Gun Club carried their rifles on a march in Dallas. And last month, in response to more police shootings, they took them to another rally in Dallas in which five officers were fatally shot by a veteran of the Army Reserve, not a club member.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Dallas club began in 2014 after an officer there killed an unarmed black man and wounded a child with a stray bullet but was not disciplined. The club’s members made it their mission to patrol their neighborhoods, keeping an eye on the police and others.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The name <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/812589.html?pageNumber=29=1&rpm=true">Huey P. Newton</a> can elicit cries of “hero” or “criminal,” and the space in between reflects the distance in racial perspectives that the United States has failed to bridge since Newton helped found the Black Panthers 50 years ago, when the civil rights struggle was moving beyond the South to black neighborhoods in the North and West.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Newton advocated armed self-defense in black communities, where the organization also provided social services. They would patrol the streets, guns drawn, turning them on drug dealers and police officers alike.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“We’ve never advocated violence, violence is inflicted upon us,” Newton told <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/07/08/80492204.html?pageNumber=28=1&rpm=true">The Times in 1970</a>, one month after a California court overturned his conviction for killing a police officer in Oakland, Calif., where the Panthers originated. “But we do believe in self-defense for ourselves and for black people.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h4ypqCYPduI?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Expressing a willingness to defend oneself with weapons was hardly revolutionary. When Frederick Douglass was asked in 1850 what he believed to be the best response to the Fugitive Slave Act, he replied, “A good revolver.” And Malcolm X advocated the same.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Black Panthers, which never grew beyond a few thousand members, tried to combine socialism and black nationalism. Its charter called for full employment, decent housing, and the end of police brutality.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Unlike black separatists, the Panthers welcomed all races and found wealthy liberals willing to give them money. But the group’s social programs — like a breakfast program for schoolchildren and clothing and food drives — came undone partly by the corruption of the leadership.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Historians have detailed its mistreatment of female members, extortion, drug dealing, embezzlement and murder. At least 19 Panthers were killed in shootouts with one another, the authorities or other black revolutionaries.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">While “by any means necessary” became a mantra of the group, J. Edgar Hoover’s F.B.I. also did whatever possible to target the Panthers. As many members went off to prison and the group dwindled, Newton became a despotic and paranoid drug addict, wielding dictatorial powers with a small coterie, and knocking off anyone in his way.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">While the Panthers’ time of influence ended quickly, Newton never escaped the organization. In 1980, he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. But he was <a href="../../../../../1989/08/23/us/huey-newton-killed-was-a-co-founder-of-black-panthers.html">shot to death on Aug. 22, 1989</a>, in a <a href="../../../../../1989/08/26/us/arrest-in-murder-of-huey-newton.html">crack cocaine deal gone bad</a>. He was 47, a victim of the same streets he had once tried to make safe.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/861889.html?pageNumber=1"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Huey Newton Killed; Was a Co-Founder of Black Panthers ”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/812589.html?pageNumber=29"><em><strong>Read the article “Huey Newton Symbolized the Rising Black Anger of a Generation”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Adeel Hassan"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Adeel Hassan" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Adeel Hassan</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="huey-newton" data-title="Hero, Criminal or Both: Huey P. Newton Pushed Black Americans to Fight Back" data-description="Huey P. Newton, who helped found the Black Panthers, argued that black Americans needed to arm and defend themselves." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="huey-newton" data-author="Adeel Hassan" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <h3 id="continued" class="divider"> <span>Continued</span> </h3> <style>.nocontent.robots-nocontent #card-huey-newton { display: none !important; }</style> <div class="nocontent robots-nocontent"> <article id="card-farewell" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/farewell" data-timestamp="1473277252" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/farewell" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004630833" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004630833" class="photo media media-100000004630833 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004630833" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Clockwise from top left: Judy Garland, Bruce Lee, Yves Saint Laurent, Princes Diana, Louis Armstrong, Alice Coachman, Robert Kennedy, and Emmett Till." data-mediaviewer-credit="Terry Fincher/Getty Images;, via Reuters; Jacques Langevin, via Associated Press; Press Association, via Associated Press; Erich Auerbach, via Getty Images; Damon Winter, via The New York Times; John Lent, via Associated Press;, via Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Clockwise from top left: Judy Garland, Bruce Lee, Yves Saint Laurent, Princes Diana, Louis Armstrong, Alice Coachman, Robert Kennedy, and Emmett Till.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Terry Fincher/Getty Images;, via Reuters; Jacques Langevin, via Associated Press; Press Association, via Associated Press; Erich Auerbach, via Getty Images; Damon Winter, via The New York Times; John Lent, via Associated Press;, via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="farewell">Farewell</a> </h2> <a href="farewell" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-09-07 15:40:52 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-09-07T15:40:52-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">September 7, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 3:40 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Thanks for joining us this summer as we revisited some of the 200,000 memorable lives featured in The New York Times’s archive. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">We wandered back into a <a href="christopher-mccandless">fatal Alaskan odyssey</a> and <a href="judy-garland">over the rainbow</a>. We heard the echoes of shots that reverberated in <a href="medgar-evers-civil-rights">America</a> and around the <a href="archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war">world</a>. We mingled with <a href="billy-the-kid">criminals</a>, <a href="robert-kennedy">leaders</a>, <a href="stonewall-delarverie-pine">protesters</a>, <a href="frida-kahlo">artists</a> and <a href="jesse-owens">athletes</a>, many who forever changed their <a href="henri-cartier-bresson-photography">professions</a>. We relived the <a href="../../../../projnects/cp/obituaries/archives/moon-neil-armstrong-nasa">first steps on the moon</a> and the speech that <a href="india-pakistan">divided India and Pakistan</a>. And we asked <a href="anderson-cooper">Anderson Cooper</a>, <a href="cory-booker-frederick-douglass">Cory Booker</a>, <a href="dominique-dawes-mother-angelica">Dominique Dawes</a>, <a href="tom-brokaw">Tom Brokaw</a> and <a href="david-petraeus">David H. Petraeus</a> whom from our archives they would dine with, and why. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">You can find more fascinating New York Times obituaries, year round, <a href="../../../../../section/obituaries">here</a> and on our <a href="https://twitter.com/nytobits">Twitter feed</a>. Click <a href="../../../notable-deaths/2016">here</a> for the continuing feature “Notable Deaths of 2016”, and if you want to revisit some of the most momentous obituaries to have appeared in The Times, you might look for <a href="//nytbookofthedead.com/thebook/">“The Book of the Dead,”</a> a compilation of obituaries dating back to the newspaper’s founding in 1851. It will be available for preorder and will appear on store shelves in October. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">We welcome your feedback about Not Forgotten <a href="feedback?module=ConversationPieces&region=Body&action=click&pgtype=article">here</a>. We hope you enjoyed it. </p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="-Shreeya Sinha "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="-Shreeya Sinha " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">-Shreeya Sinha </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="farewell" data-title="Farewell" data-description="We wandered back into a fatal Alaskan odyssey and mingled with criminals, leaders, protesters, artists and athletes. We h..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="farewell" data-author="-Shreeya Sinha " data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/09/07/obituaries/nf-obits-final-combo/nf-obits-final-combo-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-princess-diana" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/princess-diana" data-timestamp="1472644109" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/princess-diana" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004618636" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004618636" class="photo media media-100000004618636 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004618636" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Princess Diana and Prince Charles on their wedding day in London in 1981." data-mediaviewer-credit="Press Association, via Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Princess Diana and Prince Charles on their wedding day in London in 1981.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Press Association, via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="princess-diana">Princess Diana, Who Was Beloved, Yet Troubled by <span class='nbsp'>Her Crown</span></a> </h2> <a href="princess-diana" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-31 07:48:29 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-31T07:48:29-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 31, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:48 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1997/08/31/885134.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">died young</a>. She died violently. She was a global celebrity in the broadest sense, a woman of startling charisma who became famous when she married the heir to the English throne and even more famous when she divorced him and embarked on a life of her own. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the sudden death of Diana, the Princess of Wales, alongside her lover in a fiery car crash in a Paris tunnel on Aug. 31, 1997, elevated her into something else entirely: a symbol of a nation’s emotional and generational conflicts, a blank slate on which an entire people — and to some extent, the world at large — could project their own fears, prejudices and passions. Britain went a little crazy. For a few disorienting weeks, everything seemed up for grabs, including the monarchy itself. </p> <figure id="media-100000004618638" class="photo media media-100000004618638 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004618638" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-superJumbo.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-3/nf-obits-diana-3-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Mourners gathered at a memorial for Princess Diana outside Kensington Palace after her death in 1997." data-mediaviewer-credit="Santiago Lyon/Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Mourners gathered at a memorial for Princess Diana outside Kensington Palace after her death in 1997.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Santiago Lyon/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She was born Lady Diana Spencer, the daughter of an earl, in 1961. Althorp, her childhood home, was a stately, drafty pile, crammed with priceless works of art. Her childhood was privileged but lonely — her parents had a terrible divorce — and her education indifferent. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In fact, nothing remarkable at all happened to Diana until, at age 19, she married Charles, the Prince of Wales, in view of thousands of strangers (millions, if you count the television audience), wearing a voluminous puffball of a dress that drowned her slender frame. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">If the wedding was a gossamer fairy tale, the marriage was a real-life nightmare. Diana was emotional, fragile, needy, anorexic, bulimic; Charles came from the stiff-upper-lip school of interpersonal relations and had a longtime (married) girlfriend, Camilla Parker-Bowles. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Charles and Diana had two sons. She eventually found various lovers, too. Their divorce was shocking and unprecedented, but it freed Diana to look elsewhere for love, and she soon took up with a man named Dodi al-Fayed, a rich playboy whose father owned Harrod’s department store. They died together in a high-speed chase in Paris, fleeing from paparazzi pursuing them in cars and motorcycles after a date. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Britain went into deep shock, wondering aloud whether it had helped cause Diana’s death by not appreciating her enough in life. The power of the emotion — and the frenzy whipped up by the tabloid newspapers — all but forced Queen Elizabeth to break with centuries of tradition and protocol and make a public address to the nation. Elton John sang at the funeral. Men, women and children lined the streets and wept as Diana’s coffin went by. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Diana is nearly as vivid a figure in death as in life. She lives on in her sons, William and Harry, who have talked in recent years about her effect on them. William’s wife, Kate, a future queen of England — this would take some time, because both Elizabeth and Charles, the current heir, would have to die before William inherits the throne — wears the massive sapphire and diamond engagement ring that Charles gave to Diana, and that William in turn gave to her.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1997/08/31/885134.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Diana Killed in a Car Accident in Paris”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sarah Lyall"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sarah Lyall" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sarah Lyall</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="princess-diana" data-title="Princess Diana, Who Was Beloved, Yet Troubled by Her Crown" data-description="Princess Diana, whose title and troubles made her a symbol of a nation's emotional and generational conflicts, died on Au..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="princess-diana" data-author="Sarah Lyall" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/31/world/nf-obits-diana-2/nf-obits-diana-2-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-christopher-mccandless" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/christopher-mccandless" data-timestamp="1472568361" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/christopher-mccandless" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004602316" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004602316" class="photo media media-100000004602316 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004602316" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Christopher McCandless in front of the bus near Denali National Park in Alaska." data-mediaviewer-credit="Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Christopher McCandless in front of the bus near Denali National Park in Alaska.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Christopher Johnson McCandless Memorial Foundation </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="christopher-mccandless">Christopher McCandless, Whose Alaskan Odyssey Ended <span class='nbsp'>in Death</span></a> </h2> <a href="christopher-mccandless" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-30 10:46:01 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-30T10:46:01-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 30, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:46 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“No one is yet certain who he was,” said an <a href="../../../../../1992/09/13/us/dying-in-the-wild-a-hiker-recorded-the-terror.html">Associated Press article that appeared in The New York Times</a> on Sept. 13, 1992. “But his diary and two notes found at the camp tell a wrenching story of his desperate and progressively futile efforts to survive.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The young man in question was Christopher McCandless. His identity was not confirmed for weeks, but in time he would become internationally famous as a bold, or very imprudent, figure.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. McCandless died alone in an abandoned bus on the Stampede Trail, a desolate stretch of backcountry near Denali, in August 1992. He was surrounded by his meager provisions: a .22-caliber rifle; some well-worn and annotated paperbacks; a camera and five rolls of exposed film; and the diary, 113 cryptic notes on the back pages of a book that identified edible plants.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Before Mr. McCandless died, from starvation aggravated by accidental poisoning, he had survived for more than 110 days on nothing but a 10-pound sack of rice and what he could hunt and forage in the unforgiving taiga. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Jon Krakauer, at the time a freelance writer, heard about Mr. McCandless’s story from an editor at Outside magazine who had read the Associated Press piece. The editor wanted Mr. Krakauer to write a long article about Mr. McCandless on a tight deadline, and he delivered.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But after the story ran, Mr. Krakauer needed to learn more.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I decided I wanted to write this book because I felt like there was a lot more to tell; there was a lot I hadn’t discovered,” Mr. Krakauer said in a telephone interview.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Over the next few years he dug into Mr. McCandless’s life and discovered a complicated, compelling story. He chronicled Mr. McCandless’s travels and lonely death in “Into the Wild” (1996), a national best-seller that has since sold millions of copies in the United States. A film based on the book, starring Emile Hirsch as Mr. McCandless and directed by Sean Penn, was released in 2008.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. McCandless’s story continues to fascinate, confound and infuriate readers two decades after “Into the Wild” was first published. Mr. Krakauer said it was by far his best-selling work, adding, “I get more hate mail from this book than probably from anything else.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He’s this Rorschach test: People read into him what they see,” he said of Mr. McCandless. “Some people see an idiot, and some people see themselves. I’m the latter, for sure.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. McCandless came from a well-off family on the East Coast. He graduated from Emory University with honors, then disappeared in 1990. He donated virtually all the money in his bank account to Oxfam, a charity dedicated to fighting poverty, then drove west before abandoning his car and burning the cash he had left. He deserted his family and a privileged life without looking back.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. McCandless canoed into Mexico, hitchhiked north and worked odd jobs along the way. He often roamed alone, but left an impression on many of the friends he made along the way. An older man named Ron Franz even offered to adopt him; Mr. McCandless gently turned him down.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He never contacted his parents, Walt and Billie McCandless, or his sister, Carine. His parents were worried, but knew that long, improvised jaunts were nothing new for their son.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He was always an adventuresome, pretty self-contained individual,” <a href="//chrisspurpose.org/">Walt McCandless said in an interview</a>. “And it’s important to realize that the trip he didn’t come back from wasn’t his first adventure.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Some readers see Mr. McCandless’s rejection of materialism and his embrace of the natural world as romantic, taking him for a contemporary Thoreau. Many others, especially native Alaskans, have argued that he must have been mentally ill, suicidal or hubristic, and that it was irresponsible for Mr. Krakauer to glorify his story.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Walt McCandless and Mr. Krakauer both disagreed with that assessment.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 2014 Mr. McCandless’s sister Carine published “The Wild Truth,” a memoir that depicted a physically abusive, chaotic childhood that both siblings were forced to conceal.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Chris made his choices, and he accepted accountability,” Ms. McCandless said in an interview. But she said she does feel her parents should accept some blame.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">"I do hold them accountable for his disappearance,” she said. “I think for him to leave in that extreme way, to go without telling anyone where he was — I do hold them accountable for his disappearance, but not for his death.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Walt and Billie McCandless said they did not want to comment on the memoir.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He was a tortured soul; he did what he had to do,” said Mr. Krakauer, who wrote the foreword to “The Wild Truth,” adding: “He suffered as a young man, and he did what he had to do to escape it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By the time Mr. McCandless died, he seemed to have found a measure of peace, according to one of his last notes, scrawled inside a paperback copy of “Education of a Wandering Man,” a memoir by the novelist Louis L’Amour. It said:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I HAVE HAD A HAPPY LIFE AND THANK THE LORD. GOODBYE AND MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1992/09/13/us/dying-in-the-wild-a-hiker-recorded-the-terror.html"><em><strong>Read the article “Dying in the Wild, a Hiker Recorded the Terror”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1996/01/04/books/books-of-the-times-taking-risk-to-its-logical-extreme.html"><em><strong>Read the review “Taking Risk to Its ‘Logical’ Extreme”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>An earlier version of this article, using information from Mr. Krakauer’s publisher, misstated the number of copies of "Into the Wild” that have been sold. It is several million, not “nearly two million.”</em></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="christopher-mccandless" data-title="Christopher McCandless, Whose Alaskan Odyssey Ended in Death" data-description="Christopher McCandless broke from his past and died of starvation in the Alaskan back country. The writer Jon Krakauer w..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="christopher-mccandless" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-mccandless/nf-obits-mccandless-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57c572e361646d0d80000000"></div> <article id="card-michael-jackson" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/michael-jackson" data-timestamp="1472472176" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/michael-jackson" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004613881" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004613881" class="photo media media-100000004613881 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004613881" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Michael Jackson performing during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVII in 1993." data-mediaviewer-credit="George Rose/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Michael Jackson performing during the halftime show of Super Bowl XXVII in 1993.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> George Rose/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="michael-jackson">Long May He Reign: Michael Jackson, the ‘King <span class='nbsp'>of Pop’</span></a> </h2> <a href="michael-jackson" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-29 08:02:56 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-29T08:02:56-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 29, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:02 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When <a href="../../../../../2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html">Michael Joseph Jackson</a> was born into a large family in a small house in Gary, Ind., on Aug. 29, 1958, no one could have imagined that he would become perhaps the most recognizable entertainer on the planet. On the king of pop’s birthday, Not Forgotten takes you back through his life and music.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Jackson’s rise was swift. By the time he was 10, he and his brothers were pop sensations performing as the Jackson 5. The group had four No. 1 Motown hits in a little more than a year, including “I Want You Back,” all of which featured Michael’s ebullient high-pitched voice.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s3Q80mk7bxE?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0"allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By 20, Jackson wanted to break away from his overbearing father, his demanding siblings and the Jackson 5 sound. His first solo album, “Off the Wall,” may be the quintessential recording of the disco era. It featured “Don’t Stop ’Til You Get Enough,” for which Jackson sang with a flirtatious falsetto.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yURRmWtbTbo?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Jackson’s next album was “Thriller,” which was released in 1982 and became the best-selling album of all time. It won eight Grammy Awards, spent two years on the Billboard album chart and sold more than 100 million copies around the world. Jackson’s dancing and innovative music videos, especially the one for the title track “Thriller,” helped redefine the medium and open MTV to black musicians.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sOnqjkJTMaA?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0"allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Five years later, “Bad” was released. It was also hugely successful, with five No. 1 singles and a video for the title track that was directed by Martin Scorsese.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dsUXAEzaC3Q?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0"allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After “Bad” the bizarre details of Jackson’s personal life often overshadowed his abilities as a musician and entertainer. His other albums include “Dangerous” (1991) and “HIStory,” and although they all did well commercially they never approached the world-beating success of “Thriller.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F2AitTPI5U0?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0"allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Jackson died on June 25, 2009, from an <a href="../../../../../2011/11/08/us/doctor-found-guilty-in-michael-jacksons-death.html">overdose of the anesthetic propofol</a>. There was a worldwide outpouring of grief. Radio stations played marathons of his music. And fans were left to decide which Jackson they would remember, as the pop music critic Jon Pareles wrote in an <a href="../../../../../2009/06/26/arts/music/26pareles.html?action=click&contentCollection=Music&module=RelatedCoverage&region=Marginalia&pgtype=article">appraisal in The New York Times</a>:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The unsurpassed entertainer, the gifted and driven song-and-dance man who wielded rhythm, melody, texture and image to create and promote the best-selling album of all time, “Thriller”? Or the bizarre figure he became after he failed in his stated ambition to outsell “Thriller,” and after the gleaming fantasy gave way to tabloid revelations, bitter rejoinders and the long public silence he was scheduled to break next month?</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">How do you remember Jackson? Tell us using #tellnyt.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2009/06/26/arts/music/26jackson.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “A Star Idolized and Haunted, Michael Jackson Dies at 50”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="michael-jackson" data-title="Long May He Reign: Michael Jackson, the ‘King of Pop’" data-description="Revisit the life and music of the singer, songwriter and dancer, and share with us how you remember him. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="michael-jackson" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/27/arts/nf-obits-jackson-1/nf-obits-jackson-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-emmett-till" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/emmett-till" data-timestamp="1472394927" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/emmett-till" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004607928" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004607928" class="photo media media-100000004607928 layout-vertical" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004607928" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="A family photo shows Emmett Till in Chicago, about six months before he was killed in August 1955 while visiting relatives in Mississippi." data-mediaviewer-credit="Via Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">A family photo shows Emmett Till in Chicago, about six months before he was killed in August 1955 while visiting relatives in Mississippi.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="emmett-till">Emmett Till, Whose Martyrdom Launched the Civil <span class='nbsp'>Rights Movement</span></a> </h2> <a href="emmett-till" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-28 10:35:27 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-28T10:35:27-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 28, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:35 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Emmett Louis Till was born on July 25, 1941, on Chicago’s South Side and was nicknamed Bobo because of his fun-loving, cheerful disposition while growing up in the segregated middle-class neighborhood. When he was 14 he went to Mississippi to spend the summer with his cousins, and his mother gave him his father’s signet ring as a gift.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On Aug. 24, 1955, after an exhausting day of picking cotton in the scorching Delta sun, Till and his cousins went to a local store run by a poor white couple in their 20s, Roy and Carolyn Bryant. Ms. Bryant was working alone in the store when Till went in to buy bubblegum. It is not clear what happened inside, but soon afterward Ms. Bryant stormed out, presumably to get a pistol from her car parked outside. Till, unaware of the danger, whistled, and his cousins, now panicked, quickly drove him away.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Bryant later claimed that Till had flirted with her on a dare. The details would later change depending on when she told the story.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Four days later, around 2:30 a.m., Ms. Bryant’s husband, Roy, and his half brother J. W. Milam pounded on the door of the <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/22/83374325.html?pageNumber=64=1&rpm=true">Wright family home</a> where Till was staying with a pistol. Bryant announced that they were “looking for the boy that did the talking.” Forcing their way in, according to a <a href="//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/p_wrights.html">PBS documentary</a> about Till, they roused Till from sleep, marched him to their car and sped away.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/02/92639014.html?pageNumber=37=1&rpm=true">Till’s disfigured body</a> was found three days later, “the most celebrated race-sex case since Scottsboro was born,” the journalist William Bradford Huie <a href="//www.emmetttillmurder.com/look-what/">wrote in Look magazine</a>. His body was so mutilated that it could be identified only by the silver signet ring, still on his finger.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Someone is going to pay for this,” Till’s mother wailed, according to an <a href="//www.anb.org/articles/15/15-01388.html">American National Biography web page</a> about her. She demanded that her son’s body be returned to Chicago for an open-coffin funeral. “I wanted the world to see,” she said.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Till’s body, unembalmed, was displayed publicly for four days. People left in tears. Some fainted.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The murder became a rallying point for the nascent civil rights movement. The Rev. Jesse Jackson called it the movement’s “Big Bang.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“More than 100,000 people saw his body lying in that casket,” he <a href="../../../../../2003/01/07/us/mamie-mobley-81-dies-son-emmett-till-slain-in-1955.html">told The New York Times</a> in 2003.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/24/83374336.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Bryant brothers were found not guilty</a>. After the acquittal, they kissed their wives, lit cigars and posed for pictures. And later, protected from double jeopardy, they boasted about how they had murdered Till.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Till’s mother, Mamie Till Mobley, turned to the federal government to no avail. She tried to meet with President Dwight D. Eisenhower, but he refused. J. Edgar Hoover, the director of the F.B.I. at the time, <a href="//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/peopleevents/p_parents.html">declined to make the killing a federal case</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“There has been no allegation made,” he said, “that the victim Emmett Till has been subjected to the deprivation of any right or privilege which is secured and protected by the Constitution and the laws of the United States.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Till case became emblematic of a history of violence toward African-Americans and of the country’s legacy of white supremacy. It provoked international outrage and pressure on political leaders in the United States. Young black Americans grasped the precariousness of their own lives, and figures like the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Medgar Evers and many others were galvanized to press the fight on the front lines. Ms. Till Mobley became a teacher and civil rights activist herself, as did many whites.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As Mr. Jackson said, “Emmett’s murder broke the emotional chains of Jim Crow.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/24/83374336.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the article “Mississippi Jury Acquits 2 Accused in Youth’s Killing”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1955/09/18/91366170.html?pageNumber=179=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the article “Racial Issues Stirred by Mississippi Killing”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Darold Cuba"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Darold Cuba" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Darold Cuba</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="emmett-till" data-title="Emmett Till, Whose Martyrdom Launched the Civil Rights Movement" data-description="Emmett Till was just 14 when he was murdered for allegedly whistling at a white woman. Outrage at his death and the acqui..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="emmett-till" data-author="Darold Cuba" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/24/us/nf-obits-emmett-till/nf-obits-emmett-till-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-friedrich-nietzsche" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/friedrich-nietzsche" data-timestamp="1472178259" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/friedrich-nietzsche" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004602317" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004602317" class="photo media media-100000004602317 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004602317" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 150%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche." data-mediaviewer-credit="Hulton Archive/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Hulton Archive/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="friedrich-nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche, a Philosophical Renegade Whose <span class='nbsp'>Ideas Endured</span></a> </h2> <a href="friedrich-nietzsche" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-25 22:24:19 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-25T22:24:19-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 25, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:24 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Friedrich Nietzsche, the rebel of 19th-century philosophy who died 116 years ago on Aug. 25, would probably recognize some of his ideas in modern society.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Nietzsche wrote with the confidence and vehemence of any pundit. He posited extreme precursors to moral relativism and self-actualization, two ideas that have become prevalent during the last few decades. His often-aphoristic writing style would be perfect for Twitter, where there are many accounts in his name.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Whether he would be pleased about how his ideas have influenced our culture is another matter, but it would be very difficult to argue that they have not. Perhaps the most well-known example is the frequently made accusation that his writings fostered a sense of Teutonic racial superiority that <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/04/104644422.html?pageNumber=20=1&rpm=true">Germany</a> and then <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/10/15/85165932.html?pageNumber=130=1&rpm=true">Hitler</a> would use to justify embarking on two world wars, even though Nietzsche himself had repudiated his nationality and claimed to be descended from Polish nobles.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His ideas might seem more familiar to us now, but at his death they were controversial, even shocking.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Nietzsche was largely influenced by the pessimism of Schopenhauer, and his writings, full of revolutionary opinions, were fired with a fearless iconoclasm which surpassed the wildest dreams of contemporary free thought,” The New York Times wrote <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/08/26/108279648.html?pageNumber=7=1&rpm=true">after he died on Aug. 25, 1900</a>. “His doctrines, however, were inspired by lofty aspirations, while the brilliancy of his thought and diction and the epigrammatic force of his writings commanded even the admiration of his most pronounced enemies, of which he had many.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Those enemies included organized religion, especially Christianity, democracy, mediocrity, nationalism and women. Nietzsche railed against these and other adversaries on pages often densely packed with allusions, symbolism and language closer to romantic poetry than fusty metaphysics. Here is a sampling of his best-known writings:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Out of life’s school of war: What does not kill me, makes me stronger. — “Twilight of the Idols”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And when you look long into an abyss, the abyss also looks into you. — “Beyond Good and Evil”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">God is dead! God remains dead! And we have killed him! How shall we console our selves, the most murderous of all murderers? — “The Gay Science”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Unlike many of his philosophical predecessors, Nietzsche did not argue for a specific weltanschauung, or worldview, even though his writings may suggest one. He distrusted any thinker who proposed a comprehensive system for interpreting the world, and he often wrote in a manner that allowed for multiple interpretations.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/05/07/104932970.html?pageNumber=28=1&rpm=true">critical examination of his work</a> in The New York Times in 1910 explained his approach:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Nietzsche is not a philosopher in the strict and technical sense of the word. He has no system or consistent body of thought professing to explain all aspects of the universe. He does not expressly deal with epistemology, ontology or, indeed, with metaphysics in general. He concentrates himself on the moral and aesthetic aspects of things, on their “values,” as is now the custom to say, owing to Nietzsche himself, who introduced the term; and he does so with a literary force and artistic power of presentation which makes his writings specially stimulating and is really the cause of his comparative popularity.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Nietzsche’s originality may have stemmed from consideration, then renunciation. He was born on Oct. 15, 1844, the son of a Lutheran minister. His father died when he was young, and his mother hoped he would join the church, but by the time he went to the University of Bonn (he later moved to the University of Leipzig) he had decided to study the classics and pursue a career in philology. He earned a professorship in Greek at the University of Basel in Switzerland when he was just 24 and became inspired by Richard Wagner and Arthur Schopenhauer.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By the late 1870s Nietzsche had retired from his professorship, broken off his relationship with Wagner and tried to wrest his philosophy from Schopenhauer’s shadow.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He worked tirelessly throughout the 1880s, producing what became “The Gay Science,” “Beyond Good and Evil” and “Thus Spoke Zarathustra,” but his physical and mental health declined. His <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/08/26/108279648.html?pageNumber=7=1&rpm=true">Times obituary</a> said that when he died he had “been hopelessly insane” since 1889.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But his ideas endured, and have since intrigued innumerable thinkers. The following description of Nietzsche’s impact, from a <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/04/104644422.html?pageNumber=20=1&rpm=true">Times review of several books about his life in 1915</a>, remains as true now as it was a century ago.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“No thinker of modern times comes more unexpectedly and with less traceable connection with the general lines of European thought: in the philosophic world he is indeed a bolt from the blue.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/08/26/108279648.html?pageNumber=7"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Prof. Nietzsche Dead”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1944/10/15/85165932.html?pageNumber=130"><em><strong>Read the article “The Nietzsche the Nazis Don’t Know”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="friedrich-nietzsche" data-title="Friedrich Nietzsche, a Philosophical Renegade Whose Ideas Endured" data-description="Friedrich Nietzsche, a singular philosopher with the style of a romantic poet, influenced the past century in ways he cou..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="friedrich-nietzsche" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-nietzsche/nf-obits-nietzsche-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57bf5ee361646d5163000000"></div> <article id="card-aaliyah" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/aaliyah" data-timestamp="1472152172" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/aaliyah" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004610859" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004610859" class="photo media media-100000004610859 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004610859" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 141%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Aaliyah performing on “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno” in 2001." data-mediaviewer-credit="Kevin Winter/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Aaliyah performing on “The Tonight Show with Jay Leno” in 2001.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Kevin Winter/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="aaliyah">Aaliyah, Whose Soaring Career Was Cut Short by <span class='nbsp'>a Tragedy</span></a> </h2> <a href="aaliyah" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-25 15:09:32 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-25T15:09:32-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 25, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 3:09 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She was the princess of R&B, a Grammy-nominated singer and actress whose glassy vocals against synthetic soundscapes pioneered a new genre. But she was also a girl next door, a teenager with her own street style who rose above the vulgarity of other stars.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Aaliyah Dana Haughton died 15 years ago along with eight other passengers of a small airplane that <a href="../../../../../2001/09/08/arts/music/08AALI.html?pagewanted=all">crashed</a> in the Bahamas. She was 22, but she had already reached a level of fame few could achieve in a lifetime.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Born in Brooklyn and raised in Detroit, Aaliyah was raised for stardom. At 11, she sang on stage with Gladys Knight. True to its title, her debut album, “Age Ain’t Nothing but a Number,” was released when she was 15. It was produced by the R&B giant R. Kelly and included chart toppers like “Back and Forth” and “At Your Best (You Are Love).” It went platinum, selling more than a million copies. In one of her more gossip-provoking moments, it was widely reported that she had secretly married R. Kelly, who was in his late 20s. Their marriage was annulled.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/W8kZmWegXRc?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At the beginning of her senior year of high school in 1996, she released her second album, “One in a Million,” with help from the star producer-songwriter duo Timbaland and Missy Elliot. Timbaland’s trademark fusion of hip-hop and electronic music featured twitchy, complex syncopated beats and start-stop rhythms that complemented Aaliyah’s precocious, sultry voice. That album sold two million copies.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The collaboration with Timbaland took her to new heights in 1998 with “Are You That Somebody,“ recorded for the “Dr. Dolittle” soundtrack. The song, which the critic Simon Reynolds called “the most radical pop single” of the year, earned Aaliyah the first of her five Grammy Award nominations.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In The Times, Kelefa Sanneh wrote, “Where most divas insist on being the center of the song, she knew how to disappear into the music, how to match her voice to the bass line — it was sometimes difficult to tell one from the other.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kjDM0Fz5ccU?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Aaliyah’s acting career took off in 2000 with a lead part in “Romeo Must Die.” Her hit single on the soundtrack, “Try Again,” earned her another Grammy nomination. She also had a title role in the film “Queen of the Damned,” which was released after her death.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/aRcAvsZgjXA?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Aaliyah died on her way back to Miami from Abaco Island, where she had finished working on the video for her latest album’s third single, “Rock the Boat,” directed by Hype Williams.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/A5AAcgtMjUI?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0"allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2001/08/27/arts/aaliyah-22-singer-who-first-hit-the-charts-at-14.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Aaliyah, 22, Singer Who First Hit the Charts at 15”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2001/09/02/arts/a-pioneer-briefly-of-a-new-sound.html"><em><strong>Read the review “A Pioneer, Briefly, Of a New Sound”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Shreeya Sinha"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Shreeya Sinha" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Shreeya Sinha</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="aaliyah" data-title="Aaliyah, Whose Soaring Career Was Cut Short by a Tragedy" data-description="The princess of R&amp;B released her first album at 15 and helped pioneer a new sound with chart-topping hits before her ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="aaliyah" data-author="Shreeya Sinha" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/26/arts/nf-obits-aaliyah-1/nf-obits-aaliyah-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-truman-capote" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/truman-capote" data-timestamp="1472126742" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/truman-capote" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004602320" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004602320" class="photo media media-100000004602320 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004602320" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 119%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Truman Capote in 1971." data-mediaviewer-credit="Ernie Sisto/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Truman Capote in 1971.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Ernie Sisto/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="truman-capote">‘In Cold Blood,’ Truman Capote’s Achievement <span class='nbsp'>and Undoing</span></a> </h2> <a href="truman-capote" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-25 08:05:42 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-25T08:05:42-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 25, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:05 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1959, Truman Capote stumbled on a <a href="../../../../../books/97/12/28/home/capote-headline.html">short article</a> in The New York Times about a gruesome quadruple murder at a Kansas farm. He soon realized that it was the story he had been waiting to write for 20 years.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When he began writing professionally, Capote, who died 32 years ago today, theorized that journalism and creative writing could come together in the form of what he called the “<a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/01/16/121594047.html?pageNumber=193=1&rpm=true">nonfiction novel</a>.” The subject had to be right, however; with journalism underpinning such a novel, the pitfall was that it could quickly date itself. Crime, he decided, could be the perfect vehicle.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The human heart being what it is, murder was a theme not likely to darken and yellow with time,” he told <a href="../../../../../books/97/12/28/home/capote-interview.html">George Plimpton in a 1966 interview</a> in The New York Times.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The first people he shared his nonfiction novel idea with, he said, thought of it as merely a remedy for writer’s block. Capote disagreed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Reporting can be made as interesting as fiction, and done as artistically,” he told Plimpton.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Accompanied by his childhood friend <a href="../../../../../2016/02/20/arts/harper-lee-dies.html?_r=0">Harper Lee</a>, the author of “To Kill a Mockingbird,” Capote made his way to Kansas to investigate the murders of the Clutter family. Their trip resulted in “In Cold Blood,” which made his name synonymous with the true crime genre.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By then he was 35 and had already achieved fame and fortune with his fiction, which included <a href="../../../../../books/97/12/28/home/capote-voices.html">“Other Voices, Other Rooms”</a> and <a href="../../../../../books/97/12/28/home/capote-tiffanys.html">“Breakfast at Tiffany’s.”</a> But “In Cold Blood,” which reconstructed in stark detail the murders at the Clutter farm, was a radical departure for him.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The killers, Perry Smith and Dick Hickock, both of them ex-convicts, had intended to rob the family, which they knew to be well-off. But they were surprised to find almost no money in the house; everyone but the robbers, it seemed, knew that the farm owner, Herbert Clutter, paid only with checks.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Before arriving at the farm, Smith and Hickock had agreed that no witnesses could be left behind, whether or not the robbery was successful. The Clutters were tied up in separate rooms and killed at close range by shotgun blasts. Herbert Clutter’s throat was also slit.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In Cold Blood” started as a series of articles for The New Yorker, based on six years of research and interviews that, Capote said, were transcribed from memory without the use of tape recorders or notes. Made into a book, it became a national best seller, despite assertions that it is not entirely factual. And it brought Capote even more financial and social success.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The book, disturbing and gory, took its toll on him, though. He told Plimpton that if he had known what was waiting for him in Kansas, he would have “driven straight on. Like a bat out of hell.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Capote formed a bond with Perry Smith; though strikingly different, they both had endured turbulent childhoods. “Each looked at each other and saw, or thought he saw, the man he might have been,” Gerald Clarke wrote in “Capote,” his biography of the writer published in 1988. <a href="../../../../../2014/02/03/movies/philip-seymour-hoffman-actor-dies-at-46.html">(Philip Seymour Hoffman</a> won a best-actor Oscar for his performance as the title character in the 2005 film “Capote.”)</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/D_c-vPB1nxc" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Capote knew that before he could finish his book, the ending — the executions of the two convicted murderers — had to happen. In 1965, when the killers were hanged, the conflict he felt “tore him apart,” Mr. Clarke said in an email.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Capote told Plimpton: “I’m still very much haunted by the whole thing. I have finished the book, but in a sense I haven’t finished it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Capote lived in a “heavy-drinking generation,” as Mr. Clarke described it, but after the publication of “In Cold Blood,” his drinking got worse, and he started using drugs. Once slender, he deteriorated into a “paunchy” man, as his <a href="../../../../../1984/08/26/obituaries/truman-capote-is-dead-at-59-novelist-of-style-and-clarity.html">Times obituary</a> noted in 1984.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In July 1978 Capote was interviewed on Stanley Siegel’s live television talk show (shown at 4:36 below). Siegel, who <a href="../../../../../2016/01/13/arts/television/stanley-siegel-a-riveting-and-irrepressible-talk-show-host-dies-at-79.html">died last January</a>, asked the obviously inebriated Capote what would happen to him if he did not give up alcohol and drugs.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The obvious answer is that eventually I’ll kill myself,” he replied.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rwL-j97m4zk" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He was not able to kick his destructive habits. Six years later, a <a href="../../../../../1984/08/26/obituaries/truman-capote-is-dead-at-59-novelist-of-style-and-clarity.html">coroner attributed his death</a>, at 59, to liver failure.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At a <a href="../../../../../1984/09/26/obituaries/storytelling-and-song-mark-memorial-for-truman-capote.html">1984 memorial service</a>, Robert L. Bernstein, chairman of Random House at the time, said Capote had lived “a colorful life, a complicated life, sometimes a turbulent life.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1984/08/26/obituaries/truman-capote-is-dead-at-59-novelist-of-style-and-clarity.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Truman Capote Is Dead at 59; Novelist of Style and Clarity”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Medea Giordano"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Medea Giordano" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Medea Giordano</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="truman-capote" data-title="‘In Cold Blood,’ Truman Capote’s Achievement and Undoing" data-description="The nonfiction novel &quot;In Cold Blood&quot; made Truman Capote's career but may have ruined his life." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="truman-capote" data-author="Medea Giordano" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-capote/nf-obits-capote-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-huey-newton" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/huey-newton" data-timestamp="1471866310" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/huey-newton" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004602151" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004602151" class="photo media media-100000004602151 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004602151" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 69%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Huey P. Newton was surrounded by the news media as he arrived at Philadelphia International Airport in 1970." data-mediaviewer-credit="Rusty Kennedy/Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Huey P. Newton was surrounded by the news media as he arrived at Philadelphia International Airport in 1970.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Rusty Kennedy/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="huey-newton">Hero, Criminal or Both: Huey P. Newton Pushed Black Americans to <span class='nbsp'>Fight Back</span></a> </h2> <a href="huey-newton" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-22 07:45:10 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-22T07:45:10-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 22, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:45 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As many Americans protested the police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Mo., two years ago, members of the Huey P. Newton Gun Club carried their rifles on a march in Dallas. And last month, in response to more police shootings, they took them to another rally in Dallas in which five officers were fatally shot by a veteran of the Army Reserve, not a club member.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Dallas club began in 2014 after an officer there killed an unarmed black man and wounded a child with a stray bullet but was not disciplined. The club’s members made it their mission to patrol their neighborhoods, keeping an eye on the police and others.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The name <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/812589.html?pageNumber=29=1&rpm=true">Huey P. Newton</a> can elicit cries of “hero” or “criminal,” and the space in between reflects the distance in racial perspectives that the United States has failed to bridge since Newton helped found the Black Panthers 50 years ago, when the civil rights struggle was moving beyond the South to black neighborhoods in the North and West.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Newton advocated armed self-defense in black communities, where the organization also provided social services. They would patrol the streets, guns drawn, turning them on drug dealers and police officers alike.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“We’ve never advocated violence, violence is inflicted upon us,” Newton told <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/07/08/80492204.html?pageNumber=28=1&rpm=true">The Times in 1970</a>, one month after a California court overturned his conviction for killing a police officer in Oakland, Calif., where the Panthers originated. “But we do believe in self-defense for ourselves and for black people.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h4ypqCYPduI?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Expressing a willingness to defend oneself with weapons was hardly revolutionary. When Frederick Douglass was asked in 1850 what he believed to be the best response to the Fugitive Slave Act, he replied, “A good revolver.” And Malcolm X advocated the same.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Black Panthers, which never grew beyond a few thousand members, tried to combine socialism and black nationalism. Its charter called for full employment, decent housing, and the end of police brutality.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Unlike black separatists, the Panthers welcomed all races and found wealthy liberals willing to give them money. But the group’s social programs — like a breakfast program for schoolchildren and clothing and food drives — came undone partly by the corruption of the leadership.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Historians have detailed its mistreatment of female members, extortion, drug dealing, embezzlement and murder. At least 19 Panthers were killed in shootouts with one another, the authorities or other black revolutionaries.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">While “by any means necessary” became a mantra of the group, J. Edgar Hoover’s F.B.I. also did whatever possible to target the Panthers. As many members went off to prison and the group dwindled, Newton became a despotic and paranoid drug addict, wielding dictatorial powers with a small coterie, and knocking off anyone in his way.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">While the Panthers’ time of influence ended quickly, Newton never escaped the organization. In 1980, he earned a Ph.D. in philosophy. But he was <a href="../../../../../1989/08/23/us/huey-newton-killed-was-a-co-founder-of-black-panthers.html">shot to death on Aug. 22, 1989</a>, in a <a href="../../../../../1989/08/26/us/arrest-in-murder-of-huey-newton.html">crack cocaine deal gone bad</a>. He was 47, a victim of the same streets he had once tried to make safe.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/861889.html?pageNumber=1"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Huey Newton Killed; Was a Co-Founder of Black Panthers ”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1989/08/23/812589.html?pageNumber=29"><em><strong>Read the article “Huey Newton Symbolized the Rising Black Anger of a Generation”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Adeel Hassan"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Adeel Hassan" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Adeel Hassan</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="huey-newton" data-title="Hero, Criminal or Both: Huey P. Newton Pushed Black Americans to Fight Back" data-description="Huey P. Newton, who helped found the Black Panthers, argued that black Americans needed to arm and defend themselves." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="huey-newton" data-author="Adeel Hassan" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/20/us/nf-obits-newton/nf-obits-newton-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57b9ec4161646d539f000000"></div> <article id="card-alice-coachman" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/alice-coachman" data-timestamp="1471606854" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/alice-coachman" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004599543" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004599543" class="photo media media-100000004599543 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004599543" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 134%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Alice Coachman was the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal, in the high jump at the 1948 Games in London." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Alice Coachman was the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal, in the high jump at the 1948 Games in London.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="alice-coachman">Alice Coachman, Who Won a Gold Medal but Came Home <span class='nbsp'>to Segregation</span></a> </h2> <a href="alice-coachman" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-19 07:40:54 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-19T07:40:54-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 19, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:40 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>During the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Not Forgotten is resurfacing obituaries about some of the greatest Olympic athletes of all time</em>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Go anyplace and people will tell you <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/09/09/99795460.html?pageNumber=20=1&rpm=true">Wilma Rudolph</a> was the first black woman to win a medal — it’s not true,” Alice Coachman said in 1997.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Coachman was in a position to know. A very good position: 5 feet 6⅛ inches on her first attempt of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_high_jump">high jump</a> at the 1948 Olympic Games in London.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">That set an Olympic record and — because Coachman had achieved it on the first try — earned her the gold medal. Dorothy Tyler of Britain, who cleared 5-6⅛ on her second try, had to settle for silver.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When Coachman died in 2014, at 90, the fact that she was the first black woman to win an Olympic gold medal was the <a href="../../../../../2014/07/15/sports/alice-coachman-90-dies-groundbreaking-medalist.html">salient point of her obituary</a> in The New York Times.</p> <figure id="media-100000004599545" class="photo media media-100000004599545 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004599545" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-superJumbo.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-2/nf-obits-coachman-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Alice Coachman in 2012." data-mediaviewer-credit="Damon Winter/The New York Times"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Alice Coachman in 2012.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Damon Winter/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sixty-six years earlier, however, The Times had not even mentioned the fact in its dispatch from London. The correspondent, <a href="../../../../../1987/01/28/obituaries/allison-danzig-88-times-writer-dies.html">Allison Danzig</a>, barely noted that Coachman had set a record. In fact, he cast her victory not as a triumph for American women but as a “<a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/08/08/96430453.html?pageNumber=133=1&rpm=true">disappointment</a>” to Tyler’s British fans.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Coachman attributed Rudolph’s pre-eminence in the public mind to the fact that the 1960 Olympics in Rome, where Rudolph won three gold medals, were televised. Viewers could see with their own eyes what newspaper reporters and radio commentators of earlier eras did not necessarily emphasize.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Coachman was treated almost as a nonperson on her homecoming to Albany, Ga., forced to use a side door of the auditorium where she was being honored. The mayor refused to shake her hand.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Racism is not the only explanation for Coachman’s relative invisibility until recent years, however. Some of it had to do with one of her gifts.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Modesty.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“From the very first gold medal I won in 1939, my <a href="../../../../../1995/04/27/sports/sports-of-the-times-good-things-happening-for-one-who-decided-to-wait.html">mama used to stress being humble</a>,” Coachman told <a href="../../../../../by/william-c-rhoden">William C. Rhoden</a> of The Times in 1995. “You’re no better than anyone else.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And Wembley Stadium in London was the end of the line. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I had accomplished what I wanted to do,” Coachman said in explaining why she retired as an athlete after the London Olympics. “It was time for me to start looking for a husband. That was the climax. I won the gold medal. I proved to my mother, my father, my coach and everybody else that I had gone to the end of my rope.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At the Olympics, maybe. The truth is that her career as an exemplar was just beginning.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2014/07/15/sports/alice-coachman-90-dies-groundbreaking-medalist.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Alice Coachman, 90, Dies; First Black Woman to Win Olympic Gold ”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="David W. Dunlap"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="David W. Dunlap" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">David W. Dunlap</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="alice-coachman" data-title="Alice Coachman, Who Won a Gold Medal but Came Home to Segregation" data-description="Alice Coachman became the first black woman to win a gold medal, at the 1948 Olympics in London, then returned to racism ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="alice-coachman" data-author="David W. Dunlap" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/sports/nf-obits-coachman-1/nf-obits-coachman-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" data-timestamp="1471451983" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004595645" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004595645" class="photo media media-100000004595645 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004595645" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="The retired Olympic gymnast would dine with the superstar of religious broadcasting. " data-mediaviewer-credit="Victoria Will/Associated Press; William F. Campbell/The Life Images Collection, via Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The retired Olympic gymnast would dine with the superstar of religious broadcasting. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Victoria Will/Associated Press; William F. Campbell/The Life Images Collection, via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="dominique-dawes-mother-angelica">Breaking Bread: Dominique Dawes and <span class='nbsp'>Mother Angelica</span></a> </h2> <a href="dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-17 12:39:43 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-17T12:39:43-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 17, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">12:39 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, and whose obituary was published in The New York Times, who would it be, and why that person? Not Forgotten is asking that question of a variety of influential people this summer in a series of posts called <a href="anderson-cooper">Breaking Bread</a>.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Today we have <a href="//www.dominiquedawes.com">Dominique Dawes</a>, the first African-American female gymnast to win an individual medal. Nicknamed “Awesome Dawesome,” she went on to compete in three Olympics.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">If I could choose to have dinner with somebody who has passed away, I would choose to dine with Mother Angelica.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2016/03/29/us/mother-mary-angelica-who-founded-catholic-tv-network-dies-at-92.html">Mother Angelica</a> was the nun who founded the largest religious network, Eternal Word Television Network, starting with only $200. She is the only woman to have founded and led a cable network for over 20 years.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I’d invite Mother Angelica to my home and have her sit at the head of our table, alongside my husband and two baby girls. The meal I’d cook would be soul food (I grew up on it), consisting of chitlins, collard greens, cheese grits and candied yams. Mother Angelica would understand this meal: She was raised around blacks and poor Italians in a tough Canton, Ohio, neighborhood. She knew people, she understood their plights, she was one of them!</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And she knew resilience most of all, raised by a single mother from an early age after her father had abandoned them.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UMqka3XgHuw?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I’d ask her to say the blessing, then proceed to ask her a few things about her life and about fortitude. A priest once told me that it’s very difficult to have a relationship with your Heavenly Father after your earthly father has abandoned you. I often wondered how she overcame this abandonment, learned to forgive her father and ultimately trust in God?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She was a cloistered nun, in a convent, yet she was seen by hundreds of millions of people worldwide as the host of a series on EWTN. How was she able to embrace both of these so very opposite vocations? (I am an introvert by nature, and performing in front of millions during the Olympic Games gave me anxiety, as does speaking at events in front of thousands now.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Over dinner, I’d be fascinated to hear from Mother Angelica about how she channeled her own pain into a larger purpose. And I would ask her how I might help others, whether they suffer from anxiety, depression, addiction, physical ailments or the pain of abandonment or divorce. Her whole life, after all, was dedicated to helping others, especially the disenfranchised.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mother Angelica, I would ask, how can we here on earth emulate what you did, even in a smaller way, offering help to others in a world that so desperately needs it?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2016/03/29/us/mother-mary-angelica-who-founded-catholic-tv-network-dies-at-92.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Mother Mary Angelica, Who Founded Catholic TV Network, Dies at 92”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Dominique Dawes"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Dominique Dawes" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Dominique Dawes</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" data-title="Breaking Bread: Dominique Dawes and Mother Angelica" data-description="The retired Olympic gymnast would dine with the founder of the largest Catholic television network in the country. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="dominique-dawes-mother-angelica" data-author="Dominique Dawes" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/19/obituaries/nf-obits-bread-dawes/nf-obits-bread-dawes-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-babe-ruth" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/babe-ruth" data-timestamp="1471348146" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/babe-ruth" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004586299" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004586299" class="photo media media-100000004586299 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004586299" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="The Sultan of Swat slammed one out during an exhibition game with the Boston Braves in St. Petersburg, Fla., in 1929." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The Sultan of Swat slammed one out during an exhibition game with the Boston Braves in St. Petersburg, Fla., in 1929.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="babe-ruth">Babe Ruth, the Slugger Who Went From Boyhood Chaos to <span class='nbsp'>Baseball Stardom</span></a> </h2> <a href="babe-ruth" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-16 07:49:06 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-16T07:49:06-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 16, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:49 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Sultan of Swat. The Caliph of Clout. The Great Bambino. When baseball fans hear these monikers, nearly 70 years after <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/08/17/94947426.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Babe Ruth died on Aug. 16, 1948</a>, they’re taken back to the golden age of baseball, when one charismatic player ruled the sport by smacking more home runs than entire teams, changing the game in the process.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But before Ruth tantalized fans with his prodigious power, he was practically helpless. From the time he was 7 years old, Ruth grew up in St. Mary’s Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory and orphanage for children in Baltimore. He might have amounted to nothing without the help of one dedicated mentor.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">George Herman Ruth Jr. was born in Baltimore on Feb. 6, 1895. His mother was the former Katherine Schamberger. He was a rambunctious child who routinely skipped school, drank and taunted local police officers around his home. He became so unruly that his parents sent him to St. Mary’s, a notoriously strict institution, although he pleaded with them not to.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At St. Mary’s, Ruth had to adhere to a grinding schedule of school, prayer and work, which left no time for carousing. His parents had signed over custodial rights to the school and essentially washed their hands of him, leaving Ruth alone and desperately in need of a father figure.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Then he met Brother Matthias, a brawny, 6-foot-6 disciplinarian and assistant athletic director at St. Mary’s, who took to Ruth immediately. Matthias was widely credited with introducing Ruth to baseball. They spent hours together honing Ruth’s skills, both as a hitter and a left-handed pitcher.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“It was at St. Mary’s that I met and learned to love the greatest man I’ve ever known,” Ruth wrote about Matthias in his 1948 autobiography, “The Babe Ruth Story.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ruth learned to play during the dead-ball era of the early 20th century, when hitters swung down on the ball, kept it inside the park and relied on speed as their greatest asset. Baseball was strategic, built on grounders, bunts and stolen bases instead of power.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Matthias had a different approach. He belted majestic fly balls deep into the St. Mary’s outfield. The impressionable Ruth copied Matthias’s approach, which led to his unprecedented gift for hitting bombs.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Word of Ruth’s talents spread, and Jack Dunn, owner of the minor league Baltimore Orioles, came to watch him play. Dunn was so impressed that he became Ruth’s legal guardian in order to sign the 19-year-old. On his arrival in the clubhouse, Orioles players referred to the burly Ruth as “Jack’s newest babe,” coining one of the great nicknames in American sports history.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ruth’s career with the Orioles was short. That summer he was acquired by the Boston Red Sox, for whom he would win his first three championships as a pitcher and an outfielder.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the Red Sox made a grave mistake when they sold Ruth to the rival New York Yankees in 1920. Many bleacher historians blame this error for the Red Sox’ 86-year championship drought — the so-called Curse of the Bambino.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ruth played 15 seasons with the Bombers, amassing four more championships. His records include a .690 slugging percentage and 714 career home runs, a record that stood until Henry Aaron broke it on April 8, 1974.</p> <figure id="media-100000004586300" class="photo media media-100000004586300 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004586300" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-superJumbo.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-2/nf-obits-baberuth-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Babe Ruth signed his new contract with Colonel Jacob Ruppert in 1934. He played 15 seasons with the Yankees." data-mediaviewer-credit="The New York Times"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Babe Ruth signed his new contract with Jacob Ruppert in 1934, the last of the 15 seasons he played with the Yankees.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ruth’s place in baseball’s pantheon was apparent to anyone who saw him play. He was part of baseball’s first Hall of Fame class, in 1936, the year after he retired. An inveterate cigar smoker, he learned he had throat cancer a decade later and <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/08/17/94947426.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">died from the disease on this day in 1948</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His Yankees teammate Joe Dugan probably summed up Ruth’s larger-than-life stature best, elevating it to myth: “To understand him you had to understand this: He wasn’t human.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/08/17/94947426.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Babe Ruth, Baseball Idol, Dies at 53 After Lingering Illness”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Mathew Brownstein"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Mathew Brownstein" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Mathew Brownstein</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="babe-ruth" data-title="Babe Ruth, the Slugger Who Went From Boyhood Chaos to Baseball Stardom" data-description="Before Babe Ruth tantalized fans with hundreds of home runs, he had to survive a tough childhood in an orphanage. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="babe-ruth" data-author="Mathew Brownstein" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-baberuth-1/nf-obits-baberuth-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57b2330861646d65db000003"></div> <article id="card-teofilo-stevenson" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/teofilo-stevenson" data-timestamp="1471293508" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/teofilo-stevenson" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004584849" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004584849" class="photo media media-100000004584849 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004584849" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 70%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Teófilo Stevenson going to work on a Soviet opponent, Pyotr Zaev, to win their heavyweight bout at the Moscow Olympics in 1980." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Teófilo Stevenson going to work on a Soviet opponent, Pyotr Zaev, to win their heavyweight bout at the Moscow Olympics in 1980.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="teofilo-stevenson">Teófilo Stevenson, Boxer Who Chose Country <span class='nbsp'>Over Wealth</span></a> </h2> <a href="teofilo-stevenson" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-15 16:38:28 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-15T16:38:28-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 15, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 4:38 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>During the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Not Forgotten is resurfacing obituaries about some of the greatest Olympic athletes of all time. Before tonight’s gold medal heavyweight match, between Russia’s Evgeny Tishchenko and Kazakhstan’s Vassiliy Levit, we revisit one of Olympic boxing’s most talented pugilists</em>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Most boxers battle for the title, money and acclaim. Teófilo Stevenson rejected all of that for his country.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Stevenson, who stood 6 feet 5 inches, weighed 220 pounds and battered opponents with a deft left jab and a sledgehammer straight right, won three consecutive Olympic heavyweight gold medals for Cuba, in 1972 in Munich, 1976 in Montreal and 1980 in Moscow.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His 1980 victory made him the first Olympic boxer to earn three consecutive gold medals in the same division. But he might have had a chance for another: Stevenson was still a tremendous fighter when Cuba boycotted the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. He won the last of his three amateur boxing world titles two years later at the age of 34.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After his first two medals, boxing promoters were practically slavering at the potential ticket sales of a Cold War-era match between Stevenson, a product of Communist Cuba, and <a href="../../../../../2016/06/04/sports/muhammad-ali-dies.html?_r=0">Muhammad Ali</a>, who died in June at 74.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eAFvQUyA470?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But athletes in Fidel Castro’s Cuba were not permitted to compete professionally, so Stevenson would have had to defect in order to fight Ali. He was not willing to do so, even though promoters promised him $1 million or more.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I will not leave my country for one million dollars or for much more than that,” Stevenson said in an article, headlined “<a href="//www.si.com/vault/1974/03/18/619268/hed-rather-be-red-than-rich">He’d Rather Be Red Than Rich</a>,” in Sports Illustrated in 1974. “What is a million dollars against eight million Cubans who love me?”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ali told <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1976/08/05/75638100.html?pageNumber=52">The New York Times</a> in 1976 that he thought Stevenson was a promising amateur fighter but that he was probably not ready for the pros.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I saw him get a little tired in round three against the last guy he fought,” Ali said. “Imagine if he had to fight 15 hard rounds against bad people like me or George Foreman or Joe Frazier or Ken Norton, somebody who would put pressure on him.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ali said that Stevenson’s passing up such a lucrative payday was a big mistake.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He’s going to fight me, we’re workin’ on it.” Ali said. “He needs money. He’s real poor. If he’s offered $2 million and don’t take it, he’s a damn fool.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Stevenson never took the bait. He had remained a promising amateur at his <a href="../../../../../2012/06/13/sports/teofilo-stevenson-cuban-boxing-great-dead-at-60.html">death, in Havana on June 11, 2012</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">(The next Olympic boxer to win three Olympic gold medals in the same weight class was Stevenson’s countryman, Felix Savon, who won the heavyweight medal from 1992 until 2000.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I didn’t need the money because it was going to mess up my life,” Stevenson told The Chicago Tribune in 2003. “For professional boxers, the money is a trap. You make a lot of money, but how many boxers in history do we know that died poor? The money always goes into other people’s hands.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2012/06/13/sports/teofilo-stevenson-cuban-boxing-great-dead-at-60.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Teófilo Stevenson, Cuban Boxing Great, Dies at 60”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="teofilo-stevenson" data-title="Teófilo Stevenson, Boxer Who Chose Country Over Wealth " data-description="Even after three gold medals, country came before glory for Teófilo Stevenson." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="teofilo-stevenson" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/sports/nf-obits-stevenson/nf-obits-stevenson-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-india-pakistan" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/india-pakistan" data-timestamp="1471203521" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/india-pakistan" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004586701" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004586701" class="photo media media-100000004586701 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004586701" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/15/obituaries/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/15/obituaries/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/15/obituaries/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/15/obituaries/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/15/obituaries/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah/nf-obits-nehrugandhijinnah-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah." data-mediaviewer-credit="Central Press/Getty Images; Bert Brandt, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Jawaharlal Nehru, Mohandas Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Central Press/Getty Images; Bert Brandt, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="india-pakistan">The ‘Tryst With Destiny’ Speech That Divided India <span class='nbsp'>and Pakistan</span></a> </h2> <a href="india-pakistan" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-14 15:38:41 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-14T15:38:41-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 14, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 3:38 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">While the world was consumed with war in the first half of the 1940s, three men were subsumed with growing unrest across India, with the fates of tens of millions of their compatriots in their hands.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">This day — a moment, really — in history belongs to these leaders: Mohandas Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At the stroke of midnight on <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/08/15/104328682.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true">Aug. 15, 1947</a>, power over one-fifth of humanity was transferred from Britain to the newly independent countries of India and Pakistan. But there was a fatal flaw: There were no borders.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Indians had struggled for decades to rid themselves of British rule, galvanized by the nonviolent movement led by Gandhi. Their efforts were kept in check by ruthless military force, but by the end of World War II, Britain lacked the will and the means to defeat the campaign. They reluctantly relinquished India after 200 years, leaving the country at the brink of implosion.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah were divided on what should happen once the British left. Gandhi, more an idealist than a realist, wanted an undivided nation; he chose to remain out of government.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The British negotiated with the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, who believed that a separate state was the only way to protect the rights of Muslims, who were a minority; and the (mostly Hindu) Indian National Congress, led by Nehru, who grudgingly went along with the British decision to divide India on the basis of religion.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Cyril Radcliffe, who had never been to Asia, arrived in India 36 days before the date of the partition to draw the lines to split one of world’s largest and most ethnically diverse countries. On Aug. 9, he finished drawing the map, but the British viceroy, his superior, kept it a secret. He didn’t want the British to be blamed for any ensuing violence. But it prolonged the uncertainty for millions and very likely increased the loss of life to come.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Shortly before the clock struck midnight on Aug. 15, 1947, Nehru, Gandhi’s successor at the helm of the independence movement and India’s first prime minister, was inside Parliament in New Delhi delivering an address recognized as one of the greatest of the 20th century.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/F-NoElQulgw" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially,” he began.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Nearing the conclusion, he said, “There is no resting for any one of us till we redeem our pledge in full, till we make all the people of India what destiny intended them to be.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Those stirring words met the occasion, but had no effect on the swirling chaos on the ground as mobs sought on their own to determine the religious makeup of towns and villages. Communities that had lived together for centuries viciously turned on each other. The borders were announced two days after independence: Hindu-majority India flanked by Muslim-majority West Pakistan and East Pakistan.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Up to 15 million people moved across the two borders in less than a year, one of the fastest mass migrations in history. Millions of Muslims fled India, most heading west. About the same number of Hindus and Sikhs went mostly east into the new India. About one million people were killed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On Jan. 30, 1948, Gandhi, who remained the strongest advocate for peace, was <a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/big/0130.html">assassinated</a> by a Hindu extremist who opposed his ideology.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gandhi’s death “left all India stunned and bewildered as to the direction that this newly independent nation would take without its ‘Mahatma’ (Great Teacher),” wrote The New York Times. Jinnah, who “brought about, almost single-handed, one of the most sweeping political transformations of the century in Asia,” The Times wrote, died the same year, on <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/09/12/171357322.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Sept. 11, 1948</a>. Nehru ruled for 17 years and died on <a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/big/0527.html">May 27, 1964</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Those hastily drawn borders by the British became the focus of four wars and seven decades of animosity between India and Pakistan. For many millions on the subcontinent today, all the promise that came with independence remains unfulfilled.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><div class="nytint-callout-container light-theme"> <link href="https://int.nyt.com/apps/formacist/assets/embedded_form-c458d3b359c0f0dc2ab99544c99060ac.css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" /> <style type="text/css"> </p> <h1>{ max-width: 100%; } .viewport-small-20 # { width: 540px; margin-left: 45px; } .viewport-medium-10 # { width: 570px; margin-left: 60px; } .viewport-medium-50 # { width: 540px; } .viewport-large # { width: 540px; } .viewport-large-10 # { margin-left: 60px; } .viewport-large-40 # { margin-left: 75px; } .embedded-callout-headline { display: none; } .story.theme-main .interactive .embedded-callout-headline .interactive-headline { display: none; } </style> <form id="nytint-callout-form"> <div id="nytint-form-part-0"> <div class="nytint-formacist-freeform"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Were you, a family member or your community personally affected by the partition of India? 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O. Scott. And the only thing faster than Williams’s mouth was his mind.</span> <span class="credit"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> <span itemprop="director">By Adam Freelander</span> </span> </figcaption> </figure> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="image">https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/08/11/obituaries/WILLIAMS-hp-slideshow-slide-TMXO/WILLIAMS-hp-slideshow-slide-TMXO-facebookJumbo-v4.jpg</span> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="robin-williams">Robin Williams, Whose Films Ranged From Oscar-Winning <span class='nbsp'>to Outrageous</span></a> </h2> <a href="robin-williams" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-11 07:53:20 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-11T07:53:20-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 11, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:53 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Robin Williams, an indefatigable, improvisational genius, arrived on screens as an alien and left as an Academy Award-winning actor. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After his <a href="../../../../../2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html">death</a>, two years ago today, The New York Times described him like this: </p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Onstage he was known for ricochet riffs on politics, social issues and cultural matters both high and low; tales of drug and alcohol abuse; lewd commentaries on relations between the sexes; and lightning-like improvisations on anything an audience member might toss at him. His gigs were always rife with frenetic, spot-on impersonations that included Hollywood stars, presidents, princes, prime ministers, popes and anonymous citizens of the world. His irreverence was legendary and uncurtailable.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">We remember Williams with some of our favorite scenes and lines (some of which contain strong language), and encourage readers to do the same on Twitter using #tellnyt.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../2014/08/13/arts/television/on-tv-a-super-sized-performer-breaking-out-of-a-small-box.html">“Mork and Mindy”</a></strong> — 1978 </br> <em>“NA-NUU, NA-NUU”</em></p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0_GSU5pj_Rc?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Williams broke through to mainstream audiences on this quirky sitcom, in which he played Mork from Ork, a sweet, goofy alien who befriends a young Colorado woman. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../1988/01/25/movies/in-robin-williams-s-world-delight-is-a-many-sided-thing.html">“Good Morning, Vietnam”</a></strong> — 1987 </br> <em>“What is the demilitarized zone? Sounds like something from the ‘Wizard of Oz.’ Oh no, don’t go in there.”</em> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Erf2iFHG44M?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Williams earned an Academy Award nomination for playing Adrian Cronauer, a chatty Armed Forces Radio host in Saigon in the 1960s. “This is the first role that calls upon me to do what I do best — me,” he <a href="../../../../../1988/01/25/movies/in-robin-williams-s-world-delight-is-a-many-sided-thing.html">said</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9E0CE7DC1138F932A25752C1A964958260">“Aladdin”</a></strong> — 1992 </br> <em>“Rick ’em, rack ’em, rock ’em, rake! Stick that sword into that snake!”</em> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/grVzHu-_LcU?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He voiced an unforgettably zany blue genie in the 1992 Walt Disney feature. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../1994/01/06/arts/robin-williams-seriously-speaking.html">“Mrs. Doubtfire”</a></strong> — 1993 </br> <em>“Off your Mercedes, dear, you own that big expensive car out there? Oh, dear. Well, they say a man who has to buy a big car like that is trying to compensate for smaller genitals.”</em> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/7hsAbjmNpKU?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Williams played an actor who cross-dressed as a British housekeeper to spend more time with his children in this 1993 family comedy. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9C00EFD7123DF936A35751C1A961958260">“Good Will Hunting”</a></strong> — 1997 </br> <em>“You’re an orphan, right? Do you think I know the first thing about how hard your life has been, how you feel, who you are, because I read ‘Oliver Twist?’ Does that encapsulate you?”</em> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qM-gZintWDc?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Williams’s Oscar-winning turn as a therapist working with a troubled prodigy, played by Matt Damon, offered him a rare serious role that took advantage of his wide-ranging talents. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><strong><a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9A0DE2D71E3BF93AA15750C0A9649C8B63">“Death to Smoochy”</a></strong> — 2002 </br> <em>“Even when you’re squeaky clean, you can still fall in the mud.”</em> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cdq9eGOJ62U?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Williams starred in this black comedy as Rainbow Randolph, a children’s TV show host who is fired for taking bribes and replaced by an upstanding performer played by Edward Norton. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2014/08/12/movies/robin-williams-oscar-winning-comedian-dies-at-63.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Robin Williams, Oscar-Winning Comedian, Dies at 63”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Shreeya Sinha"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Shreeya Sinha" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Shreeya Sinha</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="robin-williams" data-title="Robin Williams, Whose Films Ranged From Oscar-Winning to Outrageous" data-description="He arrived on screens as an alien and left as an Academy Award-winning actor. Scenes from his wide-ranging work. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="robin-williams" data-author="Shreeya Sinha" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2014/08/11/obituaries/WILLIAMS-hp-slideshow-slide-TMXO/WILLIAMS-hp-slideshow-slide-TMXO-facebookJumbo-v4.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57ab5c7e61646d22c5000000"></div> <article id="card-babe-didrikson-zaharias" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/babe-didrikson-zaharias" data-timestamp="1470830329" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/babe-didrikson-zaharias" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004579309" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004579309" class="photo media media-100000004579309 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004579309" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Babe Didrikson was adept at many sports, including track, baseball and golf." data-mediaviewer-credit="Allsport/Hulton Archive, Associated Press, Hulton Archive/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Babe Didrikson was adept at many sports, including track, baseball and golf.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Allsport/Hulton Archive, Associated Press, Hulton Archive/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="babe-didrikson-zaharias">No Matter the Game, Babe Didrikson Zaharias Played <span class='nbsp'>to Win</span></a> </h2> <a href="babe-didrikson-zaharias" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-10 07:58:49 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-10T07:58:49-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 10, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:58 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>During the Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, Not Forgotten is resurfacing obituaries about some of the greatest Olympic athletes of all time</em>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//baynedm.com/122/">Babe Didrikson</a> preferred victory to humility. In 1933, after she had won three medals at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, she <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/01/05/99202045.html?pageNumber=25=1&rpm=true">told The New York Times reporter Arthur J. Daley</a> that there was no other woman “who rivals me very closely as an athlete.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Didrikson backed up her swagger; There was seemingly no sport she could not master. After her world record-breaking performance at the women’s track and field national championships in 1931, an <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1931/07/26/118216128.html?pageNumber=109=1&rpm=true">article</a> in The New York Times described her as a “feminine athletic marvel” who was as adept at “swimming, boxing, tennis, baseball and basketball as she is in track.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She was born Mildred Ella Didriksen (she later changed the “e” to an “o”) on June 26, 1911, in Port Arthur, Tex., but went by Babe because, even as a youth, she could supposedly hit a baseball like Ruth. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1932, she competed at the Amateur Athletic Union’s national track and field championships, which, at the time, served as Olympic qualifiers. Some teams had as many as 22 athletes, but Didrikson performed solo in all of the events as a publicity stunt for her sponsor. She won five individual events, tied in a sixth and won the championships single-handed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At the 1932 Games, <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1932/08/05/100783373.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Didrikson won gold medals</a> in both the javelin throw and the high hurdles. In the high jump, she cleared 5 feet 5 inches, the same as gold medalist Jean Shiley. But she was disqualified on her final jump and awarded the silver medal after a judge ruled her technique had violated Olympic rules, even though the issue had not been raised in earlier rounds. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The fact that Didrikson won only three medals also deserves an asterisk. Women were limited to three Olympic track and field events in 1932, so Didrikson could possibly have won more had she been allowed to compete.</p> <figure id="media-100000004579343" class="photo media media-100000004579343 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004579343" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-superJumbo.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/10/sports/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2/nf-obits-babe-didrikson-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Babe Didrikson Zaharias with her trophy after winning the Helen Lee Doherty Women’s Invitational Championship golf tournament in 1947." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Babe Didrikson Zaharias with her trophy after winning the Helen Lee Doherty Women’s Invitational Championship golf tournament in 1947.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Didrikson’s success at the Olympics had made her internationally famous, but by the time she <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/28/86699648.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">died, on Sept. 27, 1956</a>, she was also known as a champion golfer. She had only taken up the sport in 1935, but had tackled it with the same drive she brought to all of her athletic endeavors. She met her future husband, the professional wrestler George Zaharias, when they were paired to play golf together at a tournament. She took his surname when they <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1938/12/24/98223016.html?pageNumber=18=1&rpm=true">married in 1938</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“At least part of Mrs. Zaharias’ success could be attributed to her powers of concentration and diligence,” her <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/28/86699648.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">obituary in The Times</a> said. “When she decided to center her attention on golf, she tightened up her game by driving as many as 1,000 balls a day and playing until her hands were so sore, they had to be taped. She developed an aggressive, dramatic style, hitting down sharply and crisply on her iron shots like a man and averaging 240 yards off the tee with her woods.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As an amateur golfer, Zaharias once won 14 tournaments in a row. She helped found the <a href="//www.lpga.com/tcp/historytcp">Ladies’ Professional Golf Association</a> and won 31 tournaments on tour. She also <a href="//www.worldgolfhalloffame.org/babe-zaharias/">won 10 majors</a>, including victories at the women’s United States Open in 1948, 1950 and 1954.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Zaharias beat Betty Hicks by 12 strokes in the 1954 United States Open, an astonishing margin considering that Zaharias had been treated for colon cancer in 1953 and had undergone a colostomy.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/qek8naOgVRo" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Zaharias became a spokeswoman for cancer awareness and toured for as long as she could, but the disease returned. She died from it in September 1956.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I think that every one of us feels sad that finally she had to lose this last one of all her battles,” President Dwight D. Eisenhower said at the time. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Associated Press named Zaharias the Woman Athlete of the Year six times and the World’s Greatest Woman Athlete of the First Half of the 20th Century. Sports Illustrated lauded her as the woman Athlete of the 20th Century in individual sports. These accolades came decades after the sportswriter Grantland Rice first called her “Wonder Girl.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the comedian Bob Hope may have expressed Zaharias’s talents best with a self-deprecating comment he made when they played in a charity tournament together.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I hit the ball like a girl,” Hope said, “and she hits it like a man.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/09/28/86699648.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Babe Zaharias Dies; Athlete Had Cancer”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="babe-didrikson-zaharias" data-title="No Matter the Game, Babe Didrikson Zaharias Played to Win" data-description="Babe Didrikson Zaharias, who became world famous after winning three medals at the 1932 Olympics, was known as a fierce c..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="babe-didrikson-zaharias" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/09/obituaries/nf-obits-babe-didrikson/nf-obits-babe-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-jesse-owens" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jesse-owens" data-timestamp="1470659544" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jesse-owens" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004567312" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004567312" class="photo media media-100000004567312 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004567312" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 80%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Jesse Owens at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Jesse Owens at the 1936 Summer Olympic Games in Berlin.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="jesse-owens">Jesse Owens: A Chilly Reception in Nazi Germany, Then <span class='nbsp'>Olympic Glory</span></a> </h2> <a href="jesse-owens" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-08 08:32:24 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-08T08:32:24-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 8, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:32 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>During the <a href="../../../../../news-event/rio-olympics-2016">Olympic Games</a> in Rio de Janeiro, Not Forgotten is resurfacing obituaries about some of the greatest Olympic athletes of all time.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A few seconds, perhaps a fraction of a second, can mean the difference between victory and defeat, between becoming a legend or leaving as a footnote.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“People come out to see you perform, and you’ve got to give them the best you have within you,” the great track and field star Jesse Owens once said. “A lifetime of training, for just 10 seconds.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yet that lifetime of training, which propelled Owens into the history books with his performance in the 1936 Games in Berlin, seemed for a time as if it might be of little use. With the rise of Nazi Germany roiling Europe, the Amateur Athletic Union remained divided in 1935 over whether to allow American athletes to compete in Berlin; it ultimately approved their participation, but only by a narrow vote.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I wanted no part of politics,” Owens said. “And I wasn’t in Berlin to compete against any one athlete. The purpose of the Olympics, anyway, was to do your best.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The A.A.U. wasn’t the only organization involved in a moral tug of war over the Olympics. Owens, who was black, was encouraged by some civil rights groups to boycott the games. After deciding to go, he found a chilly reception in Germany, where claims of Aryan supremacy were central to Nazi ideology. He was called racial epithets and subjected to other mistreatment.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/yf6ryOWfYN4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">To the dismay of Hitler and the Nazis, Owens went on to win four gold medals — in the long jump, 100-meter dash, the 200-meter dash and the 4x100 meter relay — more than any other American track and field athlete in a single Olympic Games. His long jump record, of 8.13 meters, would not be surpassed for 25 years.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I had jumped into another rare kind of stratosphere — one that only a handful of people in every generation are lucky enough to know,” Owens said of his accomplishments.</p> <figure id="media-100000004567319" class="photo media media-100000004567319 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004567319" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-2/nf-obits-owens-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="New Yorkers lined the streets to welcome Owens back from the Olympics in September 1936."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">New Yorkers lined the streets to welcome Owens back from the Olympics in September 1936.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The son of a sharecropper and grandson of a slave, James Cleveland Owens was born on Sept. 12, 1913, in Alabama and moved with his family as child to Cleveland. Sickly in his youth, he went by the nickname J.C., and a teacher’s misunderstanding during a roll call would lead to his being called Jesse for the rest of his life.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Owens broke records at the junior high school, high school and collegiate level in the 1920s and ‘30s. But it was his time at Ohio State University that proved crucial in his development.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For all his record-breaking Olympic success overseas, his return home was sobering. President Franklin D. Roosevelt didn’t acknowledge his achievements, a snub that stung Owens. Unlike modern-day athletes who can be paid handsomely through endorsements and other commercial deals, Owens had to take myriad jobs to support his family. He later became a motivational speaker and public relations representative.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1976, President Gerald R. Ford awarded him the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor given to civilians in the United States. Owens died from complications related to lung cancer on March 31, 1980.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Several movies have been made about his life, including this year’s “Race,” starring Stephan James. In a review of the film, which he called “studiously uplifting,” <a href="../../../../../2016/02/19/movies/stephen-hopkins-race-movie.html">Stephen Holden wrote in The Times</a>, “Long before television elevated black sports heroes into gods, there were athletes like Jesse Owens who paved the way.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe title="New York Times Video - Embed Player" width="1106" height="676" frameborder="0" scrolling="no" allowfullscreen="true" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" id="nyt_video_player" src="https://static01.nyt.com/video/players/offsite/index.html?videoId=100000004216901"></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In Rio, the heirs of Owens, like Usain Bolt of Jamaica and Allyson Felix of the United States, are looking to carve their own names in Olympic history, propelled by the chance for glory, pride for country and perhaps, as Owens had expressed, a simple love for the sport.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I always loved running — it was something you could do by yourself and under your own power,” he said. “You could go in any direction, fast or slow as you wanted, fighting the wind if you felt like it, seeking out new sights just on the strength of your feet and the courage of your lungs.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/bday/0912.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Jesse Owens Dies of Cancer at 66”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Tamara Best "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Tamara Best " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Tamara Best </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="jesse-owens" data-title="Jesse Owens: A Chilly Reception in Nazi Germany, Then Olympic Glory " data-description="Owens faced a moral tug of war and ultimately decided to participate in the 1936 Games in Hitler's Berlin. He won four go..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="jesse-owens" data-author="Tamara Best " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/sports/nf-obits-owens-1/nf-obits-owens-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-adam-yauch-beastie-boys" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/adam-yauch-beastie-boys" data-timestamp="1470396835" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/adam-yauch-beastie-boys" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004567235" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004567235" class="photo media media-100000004567235 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004567235" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Adam Yauch, known as MCA, of the Beastie Boys performed in Serbia in 2009." data-mediaviewer-credit="Marko Djurica/Reuters" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Adam Yauch, known as MCA, of the Beastie Boys performed in Serbia in 2009.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Marko Djurica/Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="adam-yauch-beastie-boys">Adam Yauch, Who, With His Bandmates the Beastie Boys, Made <span class='nbsp'>Hip-Hop Mainstream</span></a> </h2> <a href="adam-yauch-beastie-boys" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-05 07:33:55 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-05T07:33:55-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 5, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:33 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For the nearly 30 years that Adam Yauch’s scratchy voice blared through boomboxes, and later earbuds, he and his hip-hop group, the Beastie Boys, changed the face of music. And four years after Yauch’s death at age 47, they can’t, they won’t and they don’t stop having an influence on their beloved city: New York.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yauch, known as MCA, was born 52 years ago on this day in Brooklyn. He was a “New York kid” with “just enough crazy,” according to his longtime bandmate Adam Horovitz (Ad-Rock), and hung out at Palmetto Playground (renamed Adam Yauch Park) in Brooklyn Heights. He attended Edward R. Murrow High School in the borough’s Midwood neighborhood and spent two years at Bard College in the early 1980s.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/eBShN8qT4lk"0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Man, living at home is such a drag/Now your mom threw away your best porno mag (Busted!)/You gotta fight for your right to party”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1983, Yauch’s hard-core punk band, which also included Michael Diamond (Mike D), morphed into an unlikely hip-hop trio: white Brooklynites rapping about girls, vandalism and, of course, their right to party. The Beastie Boys’ slapstick was “greeted by some hip-hop purists as a novelty act,” Jon Pareles, the New York Times music critic, wrote after Yauch’s death. “They were Jewish bohemians, not ghetto survivors; they were jokers, not battlers.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Their album “Licensed to Ill” (1986) exposed suburban fans of rock radio to hip-hop. It became the first hip-hop album to reach No. 1 on the Billboard chart, and its hit song “No Sleep Till Brooklyn” became a popular slogan that echoed from radios and appeared on T-shirts across New York. </p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Born and bred in Brooklyn the U.S.A./They call me Adam Yauch but I’m M.C.A.</p> </blockquote> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/07Y0cy-nvAg"0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Three years later, the album “Paul’s Boutique” became a hip-hop staple: a “seamless set of provocative samples and rhymes — a rap opera, if you will,” Rolling Stone magazine said at the time.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Beastie Boys’ rhymes never became too serious, but they did mature. Yauch became a supporter of feminism and a practicing Buddhist, creating the Milarepa Fund to support Tibetan independence from China. A series of Tibetan Freedom Concerts raised awareness for his cause.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I want to say a little something that’s long overdue/The disrespect to women has got to be through</p> </blockquote> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Xf1YF_MH1xc"0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yauch (pronounced “yowk”) also spoke out against any backlash against Islam in 1998, long before talk of a Muslim immigration ban. “I think that another thing America needs to think about is our racism, racism that comes from the United States towards Muslim people and towards Arabic people,” he said, adding, “The United States has to start respecting people in the Middle East.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 2004, the Beastie Boys offered a post-Sept. 11 tribute to their city with the album “To the Five Boroughs.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Offstage, Yauch, Horovitz and Diamond were businessmen, too. In 1992, they started Grand Royal, their label and magazine. Yauch also directed many of the Beastie Boys’ music videos and started Oscilloscope Laboratories in New York to produce and distribute independent films.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I burn the competition like a flame thrower/My rhymes they age like wine as I get older”</p> </blockquote> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed//WdgLMslbDuY "0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br> </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In his 40s, Yauch missed the Beastie Boys’ 2012 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: He had received a diagnosis of salivary gland cancer three years before and remained too ill to attend. He died on May 4, 2012, but was still able to record “Hot Sauce Committee Part Two,” a 2011 album that fittingly references the 1980s New York that gave rise to Yauch and his band of pranksters-turned-legends.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2012/05/05/arts/music/adam-yauch-a-founder-of-the-beastie-boys-dies-at-47.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Rapper Conquered Music World in ’80s With Beastie Boys”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Carla Correa"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Carla Correa" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Carla Correa</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="adam-yauch-beastie-boys" data-title="Adam Yauch, Who, With His Bandmates the Beastie Boys, Made Hip-Hop Mainstream" data-description="The New York City rapper Adam Yauch, one of the Beastie Boys, helped make hip-hop the musical force that it has become to..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="adam-yauch-beastie-boys" data-author="Carla Correa" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-yauch/nf-obits-yauch-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57a3947f61646d399f000000"></div> <article id="card-hans-christian-andersen" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/hans-christian-andersen" data-timestamp="1470311706" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/hans-christian-andersen" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004567155" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004567155" class="photo media media-100000004567155 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004567155" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 118%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Hans Christian Andersen in the garden of Religheden, near Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1869." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Hans Christian Andersen in the garden of Religheden, near Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1869.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="hans-christian-andersen">Sprung From Poverty, the Tales of Hans Christian <span class='nbsp'>Andersen Endure</span></a> </h2> <a href="hans-christian-andersen" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-04 07:55:06 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-04T07:55:06-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 4, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:55 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/08/05/79248536.html?pageNumber=4=1&rpm=true">Hans Christian Andersen</a>, whose fairy tales endure more than a century after his death on this day in 1875, had a childhood as difficult as those of his plucky protagonists.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Born on April 2, 1805, in Odense, Denmark, Andersen grew up in stark poverty, but his father, a shoemaker, cultivated his imagination.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“On Sundays he made me panoramas, theatres, and transformation pictures, and he would read me pieces out of Holberg’s plays and stories from the ‘Thousand and One Nights,’” Andersen was quoted as saying in his <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/08/05/79248536.html?pageNumber=4=1&rpm=true">obituary</a> in The New York Times. “And those were the only moments in which I remember him as looking really cheerful, for in his position as an artisan he did not feel happy.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Andersen found beauty in his humble surroundings.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“A single little room, its floor space almost completely taken up by the shoemaker’s workbench, the bed, and the turn-up bench on which I slept, comprised my childhood home,” he wrote in his autobiography, translated as “The Fairy Tale of My Life.” “But the walls were covered with pictures, on the chest of drawers there stood beautiful cups, glasses, and knickknacks, and above the workbench, by the window, there was a shelf with books and songs.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Andersen was a solitary child who spent most of his time making costumes for puppets and enacting plays on a model stage his father had built for him. He headed for Copenhagen when he was just a teenager.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His first play was soon produced by a theater there, and he went on to write poems, novels and, of course, children’s stories.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The hovels of Andersen’s childhood were far behind him, but he retained his gift for spinning magic from the mundane. Many of his stories featured children who persevered in the face of ridicule, ignorance and evil.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Versions of his tales, which include “The Ugly Duckling,” “The Emperor’s New Clothes” and “The Princess and the Pea,” remain childhood favorites. Other yarns inspired films like “The Little Mermaid,” “Thumbelina” and “Frozen,” which was originally and very loosely based on the stories he collectively titled “The Snow Queen.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In time, Andersen became famous and traveled around Europe, meeting celebrities like Charles Dickens. So the opening line of his autobiography is hardly hyperbolic. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“My life is a lovely story,” he wrote, “happy and full of incident.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1875/08/05/79248536.html?pageNumber=4=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Hans Christian Andersen”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="hans-christian-andersen" data-title="Sprung From Poverty, the Tales of Hans Christian Andersen Endure" data-description="Hans Christian Andersen’s stories, which were partially rooted in his difficult childhood, endure more than a century aft..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="hans-christian-andersen" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/08/04/arts/nf-obits-andersen/nf-obits-andersen-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-henri-cartier-bresson-photography" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/henri-cartier-bresson-photography" data-timestamp="1470223378" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/henri-cartier-bresson-photography" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004564907" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004564907" class="photo media media-100000004564907 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004564907" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 133%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Henri Cartier-Bresson was master of the “decisive moment,” his concept of capturing a split second that reveals a larger truth." data-mediaviewer-credit="Charles Platiau/Reuters" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Henri Cartier-Bresson was master of the “decisive moment,” his concept of capturing a split second that reveals a larger truth.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Charles Platiau/Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="henri-cartier-bresson-photography">Henri Cartier-Bresson, Whose “Decisive Moment” Shaped <span class='nbsp'>Modern Photography</span></a> </h2> <a href="henri-cartier-bresson-photography" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-03 07:22:58 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-03T07:22:58-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 3, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:22 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When <a href="../../../../../topic/person/henri-cartierbresson">Henri Cartier-Bresson</a> first picked up a tiny Leica 35mm film camera in 1931, he began a visual journey that would revolutionize 20th-century photography.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His camera could be wielded so discreetly that it enabled him to photograph while being virtually unseen by others — a near invisibility that turned photojournalism into a primary source of information and photography into a recognized art form.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Cartier-Bresson’s concept of the “decisive moment” — a split second that reveals the larger truth of a situation — shaped modern street photography and set the stage for hundreds of photojournalists to bring the world into living rooms through magazines such as Life and Look. In 1947, he and Robert Capa helped create the photographer-owned cooperative photo agency Magnum.</p> <figure id="media-100000004564912" class="photo media media-100000004564912 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004564912" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4/nf-obits-cartierbresson-4-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="A street scene in the southern French town of Hyères in 1932."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos, courtesy Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">A street scene in the southern French town of Hyères in 1932.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos, courtesy Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Though he often focused on the human condition in his photographs, Cartier-Besson would often look at his contact sheets or prints upside down to judge the images separate from any social content. They stood as rigorous compositions on their own.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His signature shooting technique was to find a visually arresting setting for a photograph and then patiently wait for that decisive moment to unfurl. In his <a href="../../../../../2004/08/04/arts/henri-cartierbresson-artist-who-used-lens-dies-at-95.html">obituary in The New York Times</a> in 2004 — Cartier-Bresson had died on Aug. 3 — the critic Michael Kimmelman noted that Cartier-Bresson was equally adept at responding instantly to changing circumstance.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Photographers and others who saw him work talked about his swift and nimble ability to snap a picture undetected,” he wrote. “(Sometimes he even masked the shiny metal parts of his camera with black tape.) They also admired his coolness under pressure. The director Louis Malle remembered that, despite all the turmoil at the peak of the student protests in Paris in May 1968, Mr. Cartier-Bresson took photographs at the rate of only about four an hour.”</p> <figure id="media-100000004564913" class="photo media media-100000004564913 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004564913" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/-nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3/nf-obits-cartierbresson-3-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Sunday on the banks of the river Marne, taken in 1938."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos, courtesy Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Sunday on the banks of the river Marne taken in 1938.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Henri Cartier-Bresson/Magnum Photos, courtesy Fondation Henri Cartier-Bresson </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">With the primacy of digital photography and social media in the 21st century, slow, painstaking image-making is becoming a relic. Photographers and their images now move at a pace as fast as the events swirling around them. Technological advances in cameras and methods of distribution have heralded in a new visual era, not unlike what Cartier-Bresson’s Leica did almost a century ago.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Photographs are no longer rare artifacts, nor primarily a means of learning about the exotic or unknown. They arrive instantaneously on our phones every day from every corner of the world and from all kinds of people. With a smart phone, everyone is a photographer, and images compete for crowd approval on social media channels like Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Which raises questions on this anniversary of Cartier-Bresson’s death: Do these changes make a master’s carefully constructed images irrelevant? Or are they even more instructive today? Respond on Twitter using the hashtag #tellnyt.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2004/08/04/arts/henri-cartierbresson-artist-who-used-lens-dies-at-95.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Henri Cartier-Bresson, Artist Who Used Lens, Dies at 95”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2010/04/09/arts/design/09cartier.html"><em><strong>Read the review “A Photographer Whose Beat Was the World”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="James Estrin"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="James Estrin" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">James Estrin</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="henri-cartier-bresson-photography" data-title="Henri Cartier-Bresson, Whose “Decisive Moment” Shaped Modern Photography " data-description="Cartier-Bresson’s concept of the split second that reveals the larger truth of a situation set the stage for hundreds of ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="henri-cartier-bresson-photography" data-author="James Estrin" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2/nf-obits-cartierbresson-2-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-james-baldwin" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/james-baldwin" data-timestamp="1470175281" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/james-baldwin" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004564875" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004564875" class="photo media media-100000004564875 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004564875" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 65%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="The writer James Baldwin at his home in France in 1979." data-mediaviewer-credit="Ralph Gatti/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The writer James Baldwin at his home in France in 1979.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Ralph Gatti/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="james-baldwin">James Baldwin, Who Wrote for Equality at <span class='nbsp'>All Costs</span></a> </h2> <a href="james-baldwin" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-02 18:01:21 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-02T18:01:21-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 2, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 6:01 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">James Baldwin, whose cutting, unequivocal writing about race relations helped make America more equal than it was before, was born on this day in 1924, according to many accounts. The Times wrote in his <a href="../../../../../1987/12/02/obituaries/james-baldwin-eloquent-writer-in-behalf-of-civil-rights-is-dead.html">obituary</a> on Dec. 1, 1987: </p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Baldwin’s prose, with its apocalyptic tone — a legacy of his early exposure to religious fundamentalism — and its passionate yet distanced sense of advocacy, seemed perfect for a period in which blacks in the South lived under continual threat of racial violence and in which civil-rights workers faced brutal beatings and even death.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Here are some of his most prescient lines: </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>I imagine one of the reasons people cling to their hates so stubbornly is because they sense, once hate is gone, they will be forced to deal with pain.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>What is ghastly and really almost hopeless in our racial situation now is that the crimes we have committed are so great and so unspeakable that the acceptance of this knowledge would lead, literally, to madness. The human being, then, in order to protect himself, closes his eyes, compulsively repeats his crimes, and enters a spiritual darkness which no one can describe.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Only white Americans can consider themselves to be expatriates. Once I found myself on the other side of the ocean, I could see where I came from very clearly, and I could see that I carried myself, which is my home, with me. You can never escape that. I am the grandson of a slave, and I am a writer. I must deal with both.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>I was a maverick, a maverick in the sense that I depended on neither the white world nor the black world. That was the only way I could’ve played it. I would’ve been broken otherwise. I had to say, ‘A curse on both your houses.’ The fact that I went to Europe so early is probably what saved me. It gave me another touchstone — myself.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1987/12/02/obituaries/james-baldwin-eloquent-writer-in-behalf-of-civil-rights-is-dead.html?pagewanted=1"><em><strong>Read the obituary “James Baldwin, Eloquent Writer In Behalf of Civil Rights, Is Dead”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../books/98/03/29/specials/baldwin-english.html"><em><strong>Read the article “If Black English Isn’t a Language, Then Tell Me, What Is?”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="james-baldwin" data-title="James Baldwin, Who Wrote for Equality at All Costs" data-description="The great African-American writer and activist, remembered through his own words. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="james-baldwin" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/03/arts/nf-obits-baldwin/nf-obits-baldwin-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57a0c7e461646d57d3000000"></div> <article id="card-alexander-graham-bell" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/alexander-graham-bell" data-timestamp="1470138503" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/alexander-graham-bell" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004563689" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004563689" class="photo media media-100000004563689 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004563689" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 126%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Alexander Graham Bell in an undated photo." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Alexander Graham Bell in an undated photo.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="alexander-graham-bell">Alexander Graham Bell, Who Sparked a New Era <span class='nbsp'>of Communication</span></a> </h2> <a href="alexander-graham-bell" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-02 07:48:23 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-02T07:48:23-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 2, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:48 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On March 10, 1876, Professor <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/03/99050024.html?pageNumber=11=1&rpm=true">Alexander Graham Bell</a> stood in a Boston boarding house holding a receiving device connected to a series of wires that ran into an adjacent room. There, his assistant, <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1934/12/15/94587326.html?pageNumber=14=1&rpm=true">Thomas A. Watson</a>, waited patiently, clutching another receiver to his ear.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Bell spoke into his end of the contraption, and Watson heard his voice in the receiver: “Mr. Watson! Come here! I want—!”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Watson dashed into the adjoining room gasping: “I heard you! I heard you!”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">From that experiment using just a few feet of wire would grow an industry that would transform the world. Through the likes of the American Bell Telephone Company and its successor, AT&T (known colloquially as Ma Bell), what was once Bell’s “toy” became a communications goliath made up of billions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure carrying tens of millions of calls every day.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Alexander Graham Bell — who died at 75 on this day in 1922 at his estate in Nova Scotia in Canada — was fascinated by speech, sound and communication from a very young age. He was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland, to Alexander Melville Bell and Eliza Grace Symonds Bell, who was deaf. He was homeschooled by his father, a phoneticist and the developer of Visible Speech, a series of symbols designed to aid the deaf in oration</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Bell moved to Boston in the early 1870s and there used methods that he had learned from his father to teach deaf students. His techniques proved so useful that he eventually taught them to others as a professor at the Boston University School of Oratory.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">During these years he continued his research into sound at the university, experimenting with electricity. He hired Watson, an electrical designer and mechanic, for his electrical expertise. Soon they were collaborating on acoustic telegraphy, hoping to transmit a human voice by means of pulses along a telegraph wire.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Bell was granted a patent for the telephone — No. 174,465 — on March 7, 1876. An “Improvement in Telegraphy,” the documents stated. The patent, however, proved controversial from the start.</p> <figure id="media-100000004563691" class="photo media media-100000004563691 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004563691" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-2/nf-obits-bell-2-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his telephone at the Lyceum Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1877." data-mediaviewer-credit="Three Lions/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his telephone at the Lyceum Hall in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1877.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Three Lions/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Even though Bell is known as the father of telephony, his claim as its inventor has been challenged repeatedly in hundreds of legal cases, some of which have appeared before the United States Supreme Court. Throughout, though, Bell’s patent was upheld.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I may perhaps take credit for having blazed a trail for others who came after me,” Bell, who was humble by nature, once said, “but when I look at the phenomenal developments of the telephone and at the great system that bears my name, I feel that the credit for these developments is due to others rather than myself.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He would go on to undertake important work in fields such as hydrofoils and aeronautics; make early advances in the creation of the metal detector; and develop a wireless telephone, called the photophone.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Summarizing the part Bell had played in the building of an increasingly interconnected society, The New York Times in 1947, to signify the 100th anniversary of Bell’s birth, asked readers to jump back and put themselves in the shoes of a mid-1800s parent encouraging a child to imagine the possibilities that might lie ahead.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“If in the middle of the last century,” The Times said, “our fathers had read to their children a tale about a charming princess who summoned an equally charming prince to her rescue over a copper wire with the aid of some wonderful lamps in which magical filaments glowed, there would have been cries of admiration. Well, fairy tales have a way of coming true in science and invention. And Bell’s telephone is one of them.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/08/03/99050024.html?pageNumber=11=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Dr. Bell, Inventor of Telephone, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Jack Williams"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Jack Williams" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Jack Williams</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="alexander-graham-bell" data-title="Alexander Graham Bell, Who Sparked a New Era of Communication" data-description="Alexander Graham Bell's contraption of receivers connected to a series of wires forever changed the way people communicat..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="alexander-graham-bell" data-author="Jack Williams" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/02/us/nf-obits-bell-1/nf-obits-bell-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" data-timestamp="1470053386" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004557617" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004557617" class="photo media media-100000004557617 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004557617" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Yves Saint Laurent surrounded by some of his models in 1984." data-mediaviewer-credit="Jacques Langevin/Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Yves Saint Laurent surrounded by some of his models in 1984.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Jacques Langevin/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="yves-saint-laurent-models-couture">Yves Saint Laurent, Who Changed the Color <span class='nbsp'>of Couture</span></a> </h2> <a href="yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-08-01 08:09:46 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-08-01T08:09:46-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">August 1, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:09 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I often wonder what Yves Saint Laurent, who was born on this day in 1936, would think of the modern fashion world.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">This is in part because his name has been in the news recently, given the upheaval at the brand he built, where yet another <a href="../../../../../2016/04/05/fashion/anthony-vaccarello-yves-saint-laurent.html">creative director</a> will debut a newish vision for the label next month.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But it’s also because many of the issues currently front and center — not just in fashion but also in the wider conversation about the social contract — were causes that he championed. In fact, he never saw them as causes per se, but rather as simply part of the definition of what it meant to be modern.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2016/02/19/fashion/fashion-week-diversity-zac-posen-xuly-bet.html">Diversity</a>? Saint Laurent was among the first designers to embrace black models on the runway, claiming such women as Iman, Katoucha Niane and Dalma Callado as his muses. Naomi Campbell credits him with getting her her first French Vogue cover.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yet every season, we still seem to have the same discussion about the color myopia of the industry.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The power of pantsuits? He understood what they could mean for women back in 1966, when he unveiled his first Le Smoking: a tuxedo for women worn with a ruffled white shirt and a satin cummerbund. The idea shocked the world then. The New York socialite Nan Kempner was turned away from Le Cote Basque for wearing hers, only to return having divested herself of the trousers and wearing the jacket as a mini-dress. (That was, somehow, more acceptable to the management.)</p> <figure id="media-100000004559789" class="photo media media-100000004559789 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004559789" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-master768.jpg, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-superJumbo.jpg" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-mediumThreeByTwo225.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/29/obituaries/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2/nf-yves-saint-laurent-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Yves Saint Laurent's first tuxedo with pants."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Fondation Pierre Bergé/Yves Saint Laurent"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Yves Saint Laurent’s first tuxedo with pants.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Fondation Pierre Bergé/Yves Saint Laurent </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But trouser suits were the dress of choice at the just-concluded Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia, and wearing them <a href="../../../../../2016/07/28/fashion/hillary-clinton-theresa-may-michelle-obama-power-dressing.html">Hillary Clinton</a> has built the second stage of her public life, taking Saint Laurent’s vision beyond fashion history to history, full stop.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The democratization of fashion? Saint Laurent popularized the idea of high fashion ready-to-wear, introducing Rive Gauche, his Left Bank boutique and off-the-rack collection, in 1966. He was the first couturier to make his clothes available to consumers beyond the gilded doors of the haute salons. Now e-commerce has moved the dial even further, and for the first time this season three designers (Tom Ford, Tommy Hilfiger and <a href="../../../../../2016/02/05/fashion/burberry-announces-a-see-now-buy-now-system-for-new-collections.html">Burberry</a>) will be showing clothes that can be bought the next day, instead of six months down the line.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">So maybe Mr. Saint Laurent, who <a href="../../../../../2008/06/02/fashion/02laurent.html">died on June 1, 2008</a>, would be rolling his eyes. Maybe he would be laughing. Probably he would be both frustrated and proud: at how far we’ve come, and how much further we have to go.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2008/06/02/fashion/02laurent.html"><em><strong>Read the article “Yves Saint Laurent, Giant of Couture, Dies at 71”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Vanessa Friedman"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Vanessa Friedman" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Vanessa Friedman</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" data-title="Yves Saint Laurent, Who Changed the Color of Couture" data-description="The designer was an early champion of black models and a proponent of pantsuits." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="yves-saint-laurent-models-couture" data-author="Vanessa Friedman" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/01/arts/nf-obits-saintlaurent/nf-obits-saintlaurent-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-otto-hahn" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/otto-hahn" data-timestamp="1469705813" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/otto-hahn" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004537011" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004537011" class="photo media media-100000004537011 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004537011" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 120%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Otto Hahn said after World War II that he had opposed Nazism. " data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Otto Hahn said after World War II that he had opposed Nazism. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="otto-hahn">Otto Hahn, the Nobel-Winning Chemist Whose Discovery Was Used <span class='nbsp'>in Hiroshima</span></a> </h2> <a href="otto-hahn" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-28 07:36:53 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-28T07:36:53-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 28, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:36 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“A new phenomenon in physics” that could generate 200 million volts of energy was reported in a wire service dispatch on Page 2 of The New York Times on <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/01/29/91547988.html?pageNumber=2&rpm=true&zoom=16">Jan. 29, 1939</a>. Otto Hahn, the paper reported, had discovered that the uranium atom could be split, a conclusion, he acknowledged, that “violated all previous experience in the field of nuclear physics.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the breathtaking disclosure was delivered with a major caveat: The practical application of the discovery, if any, would take 25 years.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">That prediction, as it turned out, was off by a long shot. Less than seven years later, as a direct result of Hahn’s discovery, the United States dropped <a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/big/0806.html">two atomic bombs</a> on Japan to end World War II.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/07/29/76957465.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Hahn died in Germany</a> on July 28, 1968, his Times obituary was featured on Page 1. By then, the significance of the Nobel Prize-winning chemist’s original finding was well established: He had, the article said, “discovered that the atom could be split, paving the way for the nuclear bomb” in a “discovery that changed the course of 20th-century history.”</p> <figure id="media-100000004537129" class="photo media media-100000004537129 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004537129" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/world/nf-obits-hahn-2/nf-obits-hahn-2-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="The equipment used by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Hulton Archive/Getty Images"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The equipment used by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Hulton Archive/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Hahn made his discovery in his laboratory at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, working with his assistant, Fritz Strassmann. (Strassman’s predecessor, Lise Meitner, had been fired by the institute because she was Jewish. Hahn said after the war that he had opposed Nazism.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the process of splitting the uranium-235 atom would not be labeled nuclear fission until later, and Hahn himself, as a chemist rather than a physicist, initially described his discovery in the most equivocal terms.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By May 1940, it had become clear why scientists were reluctant to discuss the atom-splitting and the energy it released — a development they “regarded as ushering in the long dreamed of age of atomic power, and, therefore, as one of the greatest if not the greatest discovery in modern science,” the reporter William Laurence wrote in The Times.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The main reason they were silent, Laurence explained, was “the tremendous implications this discovery bears on the possible outcome of the European war,” which by then had already begun.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Hahn later said that he had never believed that his discovery would have military implications. “I am a scientist,” he said, “and like all scientists am interested only in discovery and not application.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He later became an antiwar activist who opposed nuclear proliferation and expressed his fears in this rhyme:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">To smash the simple atom</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">All mankind was intent</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Now any day</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The atom may</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Return the compliment.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/07/29/76957465.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Otto Hahn, Nobel Winner, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sam Roberts "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sam Roberts " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sam Roberts </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="otto-hahn" data-title="Otto Hahn, the Nobel-Winning Chemist Whose Discovery Was Used in Hiroshima " data-description="The German chemist discovered that the atom could be split, paving the way for a nuclear bomb and changing the course of ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="otto-hahn" data-author="Sam Roberts " data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/28/world/nf-obits-hahn-1/nf-obits-hahn-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5798dd8661646d6c82000000"></div> <article id="card-george-gallup" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/george-gallup" data-timestamp="1469532962" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/george-gallup" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004536958" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004536958" class="photo media media-100000004536958 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004536958" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 74%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="George Gallup, right, director of the American Institute for Public Opinion, and the institute’s chief statistician, Edward G. Benson, in Princeton, N.J., in 1941." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">George Gallup, right, director of the American Institute for Public Opinion, and the institute’s chief statistician, Edward G. Benson, in Princeton, N.J., in 1941.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="george-gallup">George Gallup, Pollster Who Found the Pulse <span class='nbsp'>of Democracy</span></a> </h2> <a href="george-gallup" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-26 07:36:02 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-26T07:36:02-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 26, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:36 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">American elections — and the American electorate — grow more complex and confounding every campaign cycle. This year’s presidential contest, featuring one of the most experienced politicians ever to seek the White House and a showman who has never served a day in the military or elected office, has befuddled even the most experienced observers.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1984/07/28/obituaries/george-h-gallup-is-dead-at-82-pioneer-in-public-opinion-polling.html">George H. Gallup</a>, one of the founders of public opinion research, would have reveled in the challenges presented by the personalities — the two most unpopular major party candidates to win their parties’ nominations — and by the seemingly contradictory views of the public about the state of the nation.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Gallup, who <a href="../../../../../1984/07/28/obituaries/george-h-gallup-is-dead-at-82-pioneer-in-public-opinion-polling.html">died 32 years ago this week at age 82</a>, could not, and probably would not, tell you who he thought would win in November. But he could tell you what forces were driving public opinion, from fear of crime and terrorism to a widespread unease about rapid cultural and demographic changes.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And he most certainly would have pointed out the flaws in a presidential primary system that produced two candidates with such high negative ratings and so many voters in despair.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Dr. Gallup had a major conviction that the whole election process in the nation was way off on a wrong track, and he argued that the people wanted major reforms — including abolishing the Electoral College, a single national primary, confining campaigning to a month or two in the fall, and national funding of the campaign,” Frank Newport, editor in chief of the Gallup Organization, wrote in an email. “He no doubt would be feeling ever more strongly about these convictions in today’s environment.”</p> <figure id="media-100000004536956" class="photo media media-100000004536956 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004536956" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-mediumThreeByTwo225.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/nf-obits-galllup-alt/nf-obits-galllup-alt-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Dr. George Gallup at the NBC studios in New York in 1968." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">George Gallup at the NBC studios in New York in 1968.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Gallup, an Iowan with a commanding presence and a bone-crushing grip, would also undoubtedly have strong feelings about the profound changes roiling the polling industry. His organization <a href="../../../../../1984/07/28/us/an-appreciation-the-man-who-made-polling-what-it-is.html">pioneered many of the advances in measuring public opinion</a>, including use of the telephone rather than mail or face-to-face interviews. That technology is now under scrutiny, as more and more pollsters are turning to the internet and mobile devices to conduct surveys. (Gallup and The New York Times rely almost exclusively on telephone polling, but are experimenting with reaching the public in other ways.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Last year Gallup announced that it would not conduct so-called horse race polls (“If the election were held today, … ?”) this election cycle. A Gallup poll famously predicted that Thomas E. Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in 1948, and the firm’s final poll in 2012 badly overestimated Mitt Romney’s share of the vote. The company instead is now focusing on the mood of the public, taking, as Mr. Gallup called it in one of his book titles, “<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Pulse-Democracy-Public-Opinion-Poll-Works/dp/0837104394">The Pulse of Democracy</a>.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1984/07/28/obituaries/george-h-gallup-is-dead-at-82-pioneer-in-public-opinion-polling.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “George H. Gallup Is Dead at 82; Pioneer in Public Opinion Polling”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1984/07/28/us/an-appreciation-the-man-who-made-polling-what-it-is.html"><em><strong>Read the article “The Man Who Made Polling What It Is”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="John M. Broder"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="John M. Broder" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">John M. Broder</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="george-gallup" data-title="George Gallup, Pollster Who Found the Pulse of Democracy" data-description="George H. Gallup pioneered better public polling techniques and helped make polls a critical part of the electoral proces..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="george-gallup" data-author="John M. Broder" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/26/us/nf-obits-gallup/nf-obits-gallup-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" data-timestamp="1469446585" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004546840" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004546840" class="photo media media-100000004546840 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004546840" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Hillary Clinton with her mother, Dorothy Rodham, a survivor and striver." data-mediaviewer-credit="Jason Reed/Reuters" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Hillary Clinton with her mother, Dorothy Rodham, a survivor and striver.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Jason Reed/Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton">Dorothy Rodham, the Iron Will Behind <span class='nbsp'>Hillary Clinton</span></a> </h2> <a href="dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-25 07:36:25 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-25T07:36:25-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 25, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:36 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When Hillary Clinton formally clinches the Democratic presidential nomination this week in front of television cameras and a crowd of thousands, one vital influence will be conspicuously absent: her mother, <a href="../../../../../2011/11/02/us/dorothy-rodham-mother-of-hillary-clinton-dies-at-92.html">Dorothy Rodham</a>, whose quintessentially American story of resilience is woven into the fabric of her candidacy.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“No one had a bigger influence on my life or did more to shape the person I became,” Mrs. Clinton wrote in her 2014 memoir, “<a href="//bit.ly/2agq3P1">Hard Choices</a>.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When she claimed victory over Senator Bernie Sanders in the race for the nomination, she <a href="//www.vox.com/2016/6/8/11880172/hillary-clinton-historic-victory-speech">invoked</a> her mother again, saying, “I wish she could see her daughter become the Democratic Party’s nominee.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mrs. Clinton’s mother, the former Dorothy Emma Howell, was born on June 4, 1919, into poverty and neglect on the same day that Congress passed the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. (It was sent to states for ratification and took <a href="//learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/aug-26-1920-19th-amendment-takes-effect-giving-women-the-vote">effect</a> 14 months later.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dorothy’s parents fought violently in the house in Chicago that they shared with four other families. Her father, a firefighter, was granted a divorce and custody of the two children after Dorothy’s mother never showed up in court to fight accusations of abandonment and abuse. Dorothy and her little sister were sent on a cross-country train to live with their grandparents in California. Dorothy was 8, her sister was 3.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Their grandmother was old-fashioned and strict. She preferred black Victorian dress and tolerated no disobedience — Dorothy was not allowed to attend parties or have visitors. After she went trick-or-treating one Halloween, she was confined to her bedroom for a year, let out only to go to school.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At 14, Dorothy escaped her grandmother’s strict domain for the unforgiving America of the Great Depression. She cooked, cleaned and nannied for a family in San Gabriel, Calif., in exchange for room, board and $3 a week. She lived in near abject poverty, but in that household Dorothy learned what family was.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">With her adopted family’s support and help from influential teachers, she eventually graduated from high school. Mrs. Clinton would later <a href="https://hillaryspeeches.com/hard-choices/excerpt/">reflect</a> on the small acts of kindness that helped her mother survive, like the teacher in elementary school who noticed that Dorothy couldn’t afford milk. The teacher brought an extra carton of milk every day, then asked: “Dorothy, I can’t drink this other carton of milk. Would you like it?’”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After graduating in 1937, Dorothy was lured back to Chicago by her mother, who told her that her new husband would pay for Dorothy’s tuition at Northwestern University. But her mother lied: She brought Dorothy back to work as a housekeeper. Heartbroken, Dorothy eventually found secretarial work.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I’d hoped so hard that my mother would love me that I had to take the chance and find out,” Dorothy told her daughter <a href="//bit.ly/2agq31x">when asked</a> why she returned home. “When she didn’t, I had nowhere else to go.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1942, Dorothy married <a href="../../../../../1993/04/09/obituaries/hugh-rodham-dies-after-stroke-father-of-hillary-clinton-was-82.html">Hugh Ellsworth Rodham</a>, a conservative Republican who operated a small drapery business. They raised three children — Hillary Diane, Hugh Jr. and Tony — in the leafy suburb of Park Ridge, Ill. Mr. Rodham exerted a <a href="../../../../../2015/07/20/us/politics/hillary-clinton-draws-scrappy-determination-from-a-tough-combative-father.html">tough influence</a> on his daughter while passing on to her his distinctively <a href="//bit.ly/29YWYH9">boisterous laugh</a> — one that could “turn heads in a restaurant and send cats running from the room,” she wrote.</p> <figure id="media-100000004547112" class="photo media media-100000004547112 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004547112" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-mediumThreeByTwo440.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt/nf-obits-rodham-2-alt-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Hillary Rodham during her 1969 commencement at Wellesley College."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Wellesley College Archives, via Reuters"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Hillary Rodham during her 1969 commencement at Wellesley College.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Wellesley College Archives, via Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dorothy Rodham raised her daughter to stand her ground and <a href="//bit.ly/2akrwGN">hit back</a> if necessary, Mrs. Clinton wrote. In 1965, after Hillary Rodham had entered Wellesley College as a civic-minded Republican and had become plagued by doubts about remaining there, her mother bucked her up. “You can’t quit,” she quoted her mother as saying. “You’ve got to see through what you’ve started.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The war in Vietnam and the turmoil of the civil rights movement led Mrs. Clinton to undergo a political transformation. She graduated as an <a href="../../../../../2007/09/05/us/politics/05clinton.html">antiwar Democrat</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">During her unsuccessful 2008 campaign for the presidential nomination, Mrs. Clinton was fiercely protective of her mother’s privacy. In the 2016 race, she has made her mother’s struggle part of the <a href="../../../../../2015/06/13/us/politics/story-of-hillary-clintons-mother-forms-emotional-core-of-campaign.html">emotional core</a> of her campaign.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/kNLwH8AEa7Q?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Later in life, Dorothy Rodham resumed her education by taking college courses. She died on Nov. 1, 2011, while her daughter was secretary of state. Mrs. Clinton <a href="//www.vogue.com/865125/hillary-clinton-book-hard-choices">wrote</a>: </p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mom measured her own life by how much she was able to help us and serve others. I knew if she was still with us, she would be urging us to do the same. Never rest on your laurels. Never quit. Never stop working to make the world a better place. That’s our unfinished business.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2011/11/02/us/dorothy-rodham-mother-of-hillary-clinton-dies-at-92.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Dorothy Rodham, Mother and Mentor of Hillary Clinton, Is Dead at 92”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Shreeya Sinha"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Shreeya Sinha" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Shreeya Sinha</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" data-title="Dorothy Rodham, the Iron Will Behind Hillary Clinton" data-description="She was sent away at 8, escaped to the unforgiving America of the Great Depression at 14 and eventually got herself throu..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="dorothy-rodham-hillary-clinton" data-author="Shreeya Sinha" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/25/us/nf-obits-rodham/nf-obits-rodham-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" data-timestamp="1469187611" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004544730" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004544730" class="photo media media-100000004544730 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004544730" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 128%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Cassius Marcellus Clay was as well known for his private activities as for his public ones." data-mediaviewer-credit="Mathew B. Brady, via Library of Congress" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Cassius Marcellus Clay was as well known for his private activities as for his public ones.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Mathew B. Brady, via Library of Congress </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="cassius-clay-muhammad-ali">Long Before Muhammad Ali, Another Cassius Clay Was Larger <span class='nbsp'>Than LIfe</span></a> </h2> <a href="cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-22 07:40:11 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-22T07:40:11-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 22, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:40 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">This is the story of Cassius Marcellus Clay — not <em>that</em> Cassius Clay, the heavyweight fighter and luminous worldwide presence best known as <a href="../../../../../2016/06/04/sports/muhammad-ali-dies.html">Muhammad Ali</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">This story is about the original Cassius Clay: the 19th-century scion of a slaveholding family who became a belligerent emancipationist, globe-trotting statesman, unsparing duelist, early Republican and larger-than-life American eccentric.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">It was for that Cassius Clay, who died on July 22, 1903, at the Kentucky plantation house where he had been born 92 years earlier, that Ali’s father and, by extension, Ali himself were named.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A firebrand publisher, Yale-educated lawyer, Kentucky state legislator, major general in the Union Army, survivor of multiple assassination attempts and the United States minister to Russia under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, General Clay was as well known for his private activities as for his public ones.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/23/290334022.html?pageNumber=7&rpm=true&zoom=16">obituary</a> in The New York Times, published on July 23, 1903, is remarkable for a level of catty candor rarely seen in American news obituaries of the era — traditionally staid, reverential documents — and, very likely, of any era.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He was found desperately ill, and has had every care,” the opening paragraph reads. “His children, long estranged by reason of his eccentricities, were again able to be with him, and were at the bedside when death ensued.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Things get more delicious from there.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">There was General Clay’s prolific dueling, which left him with a tangle of scars on his face and body but left his opponents far worse off: He was said to have slain more men in duels than anyone else in the country.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On one occasion, caught without his pistol, General Clay was shot above the heart by a would-be assassin. He forestalled further ado by slicing off the assailant’s nose and ears with a Bowie knife.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Then there was General Clay’s precipitate divorce from his first wife of 45 years, Mary Jane Warfield, and his equally precipitate second marriage — made, he insisted, on populist political grounds — to a 15-year-old servant girl. He was 84 at the time.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In 1837 he had married his first wife, Miss Warfield, a member of an aristocratic family of slave holders,” the Times obituary said. “Years afterward, when he had become an ardent disciple of Tolstoï, he came to the conclusion that he ought to wed a ‘daughter of the people.’ ”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And so he did, taking Dora Richardson as his bride in 1894. “Gen. Clay Weds Pretty Dora,” a headline in The Times proclaimed. “His Children Were Unable to Prevent Their Aged Parent’s Marriage.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Young Dora, who evidently had little say in the matter of her betrothal, did not take kindly to being yoked to a man more than five times her age. She ran away repeatedly from home and from the boarding school to which her husband sent her.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The fact that he supplied her with the most beautiful French gowns and lavished money upon her, she did not consider compensation for the teasing she got at the hands of her fellow-pupils,” The Times said. “In two months he had to take her back home, still uneducated.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After four years of Dora’s comings and goings, which were avidly covered in the newspapers, General Clay divorced her.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She remarried “a worthless young mountaineer,” The Times reported, but after he was killed in a railway accident, the general tried vigorously to win back “his peasant wife,” as he fondly called her.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In this endeavor, unlike most others, he did not succeed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The youngest son of Gen. Green Clay and the former Sally Lewis, Cassius Marcellus Clay was born on Oct. 19, 1810, at White Hall, his family’s mansion near Richmond, Ky.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His father (1757-1828) had been a hero of the Revolutionary War and was a general in the War of 1812; Henry Clay, the United States senator and statesman, was a cousin. Both of Cassius’ parents were from the Southern landed gentry, making the family among the wealthiest landowners in the state.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At Yale, Cassius Clay heard a speech by the famed abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and was converted to the cause. Returning home after earning a law degree in 1832, he established a practice in Lexington, served three terms in the Kentucky General Assembly and was a captain in the 1st Kentucky Cavalry in the Mexican War.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1844, he freed his own slaves and the next year started The True American, an emancipationist newspaper published in Lexington.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His proposals for gradually ending slavery, which he also promulgated in public lectures, did not go over well in Kentucky. He kept a cannon on hand to protect the newspaper office from looming mobs and weathered several more attempts on his life.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">General Clay, who in the 1850s helped establish the Republican Party, was a friend and staunch supporter of Abraham Lincoln. After the outbreak of the Civil War, he organized the Cassius M. Clay Battalion, a corps of several hundred volunteers charged with protecting the White House.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1861, Lincoln appointed him minister to Russia, a post he held through the following year and again from 1863 to 1869. Dispatched to St. Petersburg, General Clay was instrumental in brokering the deal that in 1867 let the United States purchase Alaska.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The general’s later life was a sorry state of affairs. Barricaded in White Hall with a veritable arsenal beside him, he pined for the faithless Dora and worried obsessively that enemies, real and imagined, were coming to kill him.</p> <figure id="media-100000004545006" class="photo media media-100000004545006 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004545006" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/21/obituaries/nf-obits-cassiusmclay/nf-obits-cassiusmclay-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Frida Kahlo’s 1939 oil painting “The Two Fridas."" data-mediaviewer-credit=""><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">In 1903, The New York Times ran two articles pondering the level of General Clay’s mental health. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“<a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/04/102011362.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Gen. Clay May Be Insane</a>,” a headline in The Times declared on July 4, 1903, followed, five days later, by the more definitive “<a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/09/102012017.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Gen. Clay Decreed Insane</a>.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Though his sight became so much impaired that he could not shoot any longer,” The Times reported in his obituary, “he kept plenty of firearms at his elbow, and kept trained from a porthole in the wall the same brass cannon he had caused to be built to protect his printing office.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the vital legacy of General Clay’s early life has endured down the years. He fathered a string of children — as many as 10 in some estimates — most with his first wife, although at least one with a St. Petersburg mistress. Two daughters, Mary Barr Clay (1839-1924) and Laura Clay (1849-1941), became leaders of the women’s suffrage movement.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1853, he donated the land for what became Berea College in Berea, Ky. Established two years later, it was the first interracial and coeducational college in the South, open to blacks and to women from its inception.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">General Clay was buried in Richmond Cemetery, in Richmond, Ky., and his funeral was newsworthy for the racially mixed crowd in attendance.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Never was a more striking scene witnessed on the way to Richmond, where the funeral services were to be held,” a contemporary newspaper account read. “From every humble Negro cottage along the roadside and at every cross roads, the mothers and large children carrying those who were too little to walk, the Negroes were lined up to pay their last respects to the man whom they honored as the Abraham Lincoln of Kentucky.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In the end, then, its garrulous chronicle of its subject’s peccadilloes notwithstanding, the obituary of Cassius Marcellus Clay is every inch a requiem for a heavyweight.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/07/23/290334022.html?pageNumber=7&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Cassius M. Clay Dead”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Margalit Fox"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Margalit Fox" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Margalit Fox</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" data-title="Long Before Muhammad Ali, Another Cassius Clay Was Larger Than LIfe" data-description="The 19th-century scion of a slaveholding family became a belligerent emancipationist, globe-trotting statesman, unsparing..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="cassius-clay-muhammad-ali" data-author="Margalit Fox" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/22/us/nf-obits-cassiusclay/nf-obits-cassiusclay-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5791207c61646d45a7000001"></div> <article id="card-moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" data-timestamp="1468988073" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004539980" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004539980" class="photo media media-100000004539980 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004539980" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-master495-v2.png 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-master768-v2.png 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-jumbo-v2.png 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-superJumbo-v2.png 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 94%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-superJumbo-v2.png" data-mediaviewer-caption="The front page of The New York Times from July 21, 1969." data-mediaviewer-credit="The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The front page of The New York Times from July 21, 1969.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="moon-neil-armstrong-nasa">When Men First Walked on the Moon: A <span class='nbsp'>Moment Relived</span></a> </h2> <a href="moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-20 00:14:33 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-20T00:14:33-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 20, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">12:14 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">July 20,1969 — a date that lives in my memory as the great divide, the B.C. to A.D., in my journalism career. It was the day of the first walk on the moon by humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, and I covered the event for The Times from mission control in Houston.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I began my <a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/big/0720.html">front-page article</a> with a sentence as simple as it was astonishing:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Men have landed and walked on the moon.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Two Americans, astronauts of Apollo 11, steered their fragile four-legged lunar module safely and smoothly to the historic landing yesterday at 4:17:40 P.M., Eastern daylight time.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Neil A. Armstrong, the 38-year-old civilian commander, radioed to earth and the mission control room here:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Houston, Tranquility Base here. The Eagle has landed.”</p> </blockquote> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/cwZb2mqId0A?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Just think, the 50th anniversary of the first moon walk is only three years away. Although I am now 82, my doctors seem to think I have a good chance of still being around for it. I doubt I will be up to the dawn-to-dawn workdays and multiple deadlines of yore, but a bit of the remembered excitement should be a tonic.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sadly, <a href="../../../../../2012/08/26/science/space/neil-armstrong-dies-first-man-on-moon.html">Neil Armstrong</a> will be absent. He died on Aug. 25, 2012. (<a href="../../../../../2009/06/21/magazine/21fob-q4-t.html">Mr. Aldrin</a> is living and so is the third astronaut, <a href="//www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/collins-m.pdf">Michael Collins</a>.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Armstrong obituary I wrote ran above the fold on the front page on Sunday, Aug. 26, 2012. As I wrote it, I felt the old surge of Apollo emotion returning. Ever so briefly, I was young again, responding to a deadline and waiting presses.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In the <a href="../../../../../2012/08/26/science/space/neil-armstrong-dies-first-man-on-moon.html">obituary</a>, I continued the exchange between Armstrong and mission control:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Roger, Tranquillity,” mission control replied. “We copy you on the ground. You’ve got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We’re breathing again. Thanks a lot.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The same could have been said for hundreds of millions of people around the world watching on television.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">One reader that Sunday was a woman I had known and been fond of more than 50 years ago. She was still a space buff and in an email praised the obit. One thing led to another and in our rediscovery we dispelled creeping loneliness in favor of love. Today we are together.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../learning/general/onthisday/big/0720.html"><em><strong>Read the article “Men Walk On Moon”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2012/08/26/science/space/neil-armstrong-dies-first-man-on-moon.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Neil Armstrong, First Man on the Moon, Dies at 82”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="John Noble Wilford"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="John Noble Wilford" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">John Noble Wilford</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" data-title="When Men First Walked on the Moon: A Moment Relived" data-description="What it was like to cover the first moon landing 47 years ago and Neil Armstrong's death." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="moon-neil-armstrong-nasa" data-author="John Noble Wilford" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/19/us/moon/moon-facebookJumbo-v3.png" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-bruce-lee" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/bruce-lee" data-timestamp="1468987849" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/bruce-lee" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004533280" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004533280" class="photo media media-100000004533280 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004533280" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 133%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Bruce Lee remains an icon of global popular culture." data-mediaviewer-credit="Agence France-Presse — Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Bruce Lee remains an icon of global popular culture.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Agence France-Presse — Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="bruce-lee">A Fighter's Fighter, <span class='nbsp'>Bruce Lee</span></a> </h2> <a href="bruce-lee" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-20 00:10:49 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-20T00:10:49-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 20, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">12:10 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Before <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/07/21/90455204.html?pageNumber=30&rpm=true&zoom=16">Bruce Lee</a> sprang into martial arts movies in the early 1970s, the average actor in a kung fu film may have been better prepared to deliver a Shakespearean soliloquy than a roundhouse kick.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In our early action films, we used actors who knew little about fighting,” <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/06/16/99148819.html?pageNumber=14&rpm=true&zoom=16">Raymond Chow</a>, one of the producers behind “<a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9500E3D71631E63BBC4052DFBE668388669EDE">Enter the Dragon</a>” and other movies that starred Lee, said in an interview in 1973. “We had to use various camera tricks. But the audiences can tell the difference. It knows a real fighter when it sees one. That’s why Bruce Lee is such a hit.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/72OD9b1ABik?t=17srel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Born in San Francisco and raised in Hong Kong, Lee was a fighter’s fighter. He began studying martial arts in earnest as a teenager, augmenting his fighting with strength training and dancing. In time he developed his own style, <a href="//www.brucelee.com/about">Jeet Kune Do</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Acting was in Lee’s blood. His father, Lee Hoi-Chuen, appeared in Cantonese opera and films, and Lee started acting as a boy. He appeared in Chinese films and the short-lived 1960s American television series “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pBr2dIeDphU">The Green Hornet</a>,” playing the title character’s assistant, Kato, in their crime-fighting exploits. Kato was a valet and martial arts master, a supporting character who became popular in Hong Kong, where the show was known as “<a href="//www.newsweek.com/bruce-lee-king-fu-martial-arts-390811">The Kato Show</a>.” Kato’s popularity helped Lee land a movie deal with Chow’s Golden Harvest studio.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Lee’s precise, powerful yet seemingly effortless grace and presence before the camera made him an international star.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Enter the Dragon,” one of the first martial arts movies produced by a Hollywood studio, was Lee’s best-known film. Lee did his own stunts, helped write the script and choreographed the fight scenes. In the film he played a martial arts master who infiltrates a criminal’s island fortress by agreeing to fight in a tournament. The film transfixed audiences around the world and cleaned up at the box office. Here’s one of the movie’s many memorable fight scenes.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/WVgiu0p-qpU?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Lee did not live to see the film’s success. He <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/07/21/90455204.html?pageNumber=30&rpm=true&zoom=16">died at 32 on July 20, 1973</a>, after being found unconscious on the floor of his Hong Kong apartment, just days before “Enter the Dragon” had its premiere.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Rumors that he had been murdered by gangsters added to his mystique, but the cause of death was thought to be a <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/09/04/90475355.html?pageNumber=29&rpm=true&zoom=16">brain edema</a>, possibly resulting from an adverse reaction to medication. More than <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/07/26/90458268.html?pageNumber=40&rpm=true&zoom=16">200 police officers had to bar thousands of screaming fans</a> from his funeral service.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Lee’s son Brandon also died in an untimely fashion: He was shot at 28 while filming the 1994 supernatural action movie “<a href="../../../../../1994/05/11/movies/review-film-eerie-links-between-living-and-dead.html">The Crow</a>” with a <a href="../../../../../1993/04/04/us/rumors-swirl-around-a-death-on-movie-set.html">gun that was supposed to contain blanks</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usdcpWXPaDY">Enter the Dragon</a>” and the rest of Lee’s career have made an indelible mark on popular culture. His other films, which include “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nc6KggoYUlg">The Big Boss</a>” and “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cS8ex1LlqpU">The Chinese Connection</a>,” have become part of the kung fu canon. They inspired the next generations of martial arts movie stars, like Jackie Chan and Jet Li, and helped open up Hollywood to Asian actors (although the <a href="../../../../../2016/04/23/opinion/why-wont-hollywood-cast-asian-actors.html">extent</a> to which that has <a href="../../../../../2016/05/29/movies/asian-american-actors-are-fighting-for-visibility-they-will-not-be-ignored.html">happened is questionable</a>).</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Films, documentaries and books have been made about Lee’s life, and <a href="../../../../../2009/12/12/business/global/12iht-lee.html">cultural references</a> to him abound. He has inspired video game characters, even entire games. Yellow outfits, like the jumpsuit he wore in “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zNROmKeHtM">Game of Death</a>,” a film that was released posthumously, were also worn by the lead character in Berry Gordy’s “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WSuhvTozLc">The Last Dragon</a>” and Uma Thurman in the climactic scenes of the first part of Quentin Tarantino’s martial arts epic, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a3aFv8IQb4s">Kill Bill Vol. 1</a>.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8zNROmKeHtM?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Lee earned a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and was named one of <a href="//content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054078,00.html">Time magazine’s 100 people of the century</a>. “Enter the Dragon” was added to the Library of Congress’s National Film Registry and labeled an American classic. A statue of Lee, poised to strike, on the Hong Kong waterfront still attracts throngs of fans.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Another poignant tribute appeared in <a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9500E3D71631E63BBC4052DFBE668388669EDE">Howard Thompson’s favorable review</a> of “Enter the Dragon,” which ran in The New York Times weeks after Lee’s death.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“On an adventure level, the performances are quite good. The one by Mr. Lee, not only the picture’s supermaster killer but a fine actor as well, is downright fascinating. Mr. Lee, who also staged the combats, died very recently. Here he could not be more alive.”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../movie/review?res=9500E3D71631E63BBC4052DFBE668388669EDE"><em><strong>Read the review of “Enter the Dragon”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="bruce-lee" data-title="A Fighter's Fighter, Bruce Lee" data-description="The indomitable martial artist died at 32 before the release of his first Hollywood film, “Enter the Dragon.”" data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="bruce-lee" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/20/us/nf-obits-brucelee/nf-obits-brucelee-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-john-kennedy-jr" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/john-kennedy-jr" data-timestamp="1468665327" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/john-kennedy-jr" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004520359" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004520359" class="photo media media-100000004520359 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004520359" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="John F. Kennedy Jr. and his wife, Carolyn, arriving for a gala awards dinner in New York in 1999." data-mediaviewer-credit="Reuters" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">John F. Kennedy Jr. and his wife, Carolyn, arriving for a gala awards dinner in New York in 1999.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="john-kennedy-jr">John F. Kennedy Jr.: A Life Under a Microscope, <span class='nbsp'>Cut Short</span></a> </h2> <a href="john-kennedy-jr" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-16 06:35:27 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-16T06:35:27-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 16, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 6:35 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He made his <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/11/26/99971135.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">first appearance in The Times when he was one day old</a>, and undoubtedly has yet to make his last.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">From the start, every detail of his life hurtled round the world: his <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/12/09/99900199.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true">baptism</a>; his <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1960/12/26/99832604.html?pageNumber=10&rpm=true&zoom=16">first Christmas</a>; his first teeth, first steps and first haircut; the <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/06/01/97603241.html?pageNumber=11&rpm=true&zoom=16">box of stuffed animals he received</a> from Madame Charles de Gaulle; the time he <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/11/25/119428149.html?pageNumber=25&rpm=true&zoom=16">caught a cold</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The news media massed to chronicle his <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1961/11/25/119428149.html?pageNumber=25&rpm=true&zoom=16">first birthday</a>; his second; and, in untold, unforeseen numbers, <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/11/26/121700758.html?pageNumber=5&rpm=true">his third</a>, at which, clad in a tiny blue coat, he saluted his father’s <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/11/25/89604703.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true">passing coffin</a> in one of the most enduring images in history.</p> <figure id="media-100000004529072" class="photo media media-100000004529072 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004529072" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-mediumThreeByTwo225.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/14/us/nf-obits-kennedy-3/nf-obits-kennedy-3-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="John John with his father, President John F. Kennedy."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">John F. Kennedy Jr. saluting his father’s coffin on Nov. 25, 1963.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Years later <a href="../../../../../2015/04/18/nyregion/dan-farrell-photographer-who-captured-kennedy-funeral-salute-dies-at-84.html">that photograph</a> — taken on Nov. 25, 1963 — would stand as a dark augury of the son’s own life. For if John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was the charmed star of a late-20th-Century American fairy tale, he also turned out to be the protagonist of a story that ended, as it had for so many members of his family, swiftly, publicly and well before its time.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">John Jr. — known to legions of Americans by the tender twinned epithet John-John — <a href="../../../../../1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html">died at 38, even younger than his father had, on July 16, 1999</a>, when the small plane he was flying plunged into the sea off Martha’s Vineyard. His wife of barely a thousand days, Carolyn Bessette Kennedy, and her sister Lauren Bessette also died in the crash.</p> <figure id="media-100000004520360" class="photo media media-100000004520360 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004520360" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="John John with his father, President John F. Kennedy."" data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">John John with his father, President John F. Kennedy.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Like his father and uncles before him, the young John Kennedy (he eschewed the “F.” and the “Jr.”) could not have embodied the collective fantasy of the hero more thoroughly had he been assembled by consensus: He possessed wealth, charm, athleticism, prowess and dark good looks in no small measure — as close to a prince du sang as the American democracy would bear.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His adult exploits were chronicled no less voraciously than his childhood ones had been: his graduations from college and law school; his admission, after well-documented struggle, to the bar; his founding, in 1995, of George, a glossy magazine of politics and popular culture.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The public hung avidly on the sparkling bits: the parties; the celebrity girlfriends, among them Madonna, Sarah Jessica Parker and Daryl Hannah; the 1988 People magazine cover (<a href="//www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20099904,00.html">“The Sexiest Man Alive”</a>); and, in particular, his clandestine wedding to Ms. Bessette, a fashion publicist, in 1996, in a humble wood-frame chapel on a <a href="../../../../../1996/09/26/us/the-island-that-kept-a-wedding-a-secret.html">secluded island</a> off the Georgia coast.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But a darker thread ran through it all. By the time they died, Mr. Kennedy and his wife were reported to have been living apart. Ms. Bessette Kennedy — a golden-haired beauty fit for a prince — was said to be hotheaded and volatile. He wanted children; she did not. He embraced the limelight; she abhorred it.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The magazine, too, was in trouble, condemned by some media watchers as little more than bombast and already embarked on an economic decline. It ceased publication in 2001.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The couple’s last voyage appeared to have been a cautious stab at reconciliation, as they journeyed together to a Kennedy family wedding. They took off at dusk, amid hazy, erratic weather and limited visibility, with Mr. Kennedy — a relatively untried pilot who had been told by doctors not to fly because of a recent broken ankle — at the controls.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Hubris? Perhaps — concluding with the hero’s fall from the sky that such stories can entail.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Those whom the gods love die young,” the ancient Greek dramatist Menander wrote. In a 1962 speech he gave by the sea in Newport, R.I., Mr. Kennedy’s father — prophetically for the son — sounded a related theme:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I really don’t know why it is that all of us are so committed to the sea, except I think it is because in addition to the fact that the sea changes and the light changes, and ships change, it is because we all came from the sea. And it is an interesting biological fact that all of us have, in our veins the exact same percentage of salt in our blood that exists in the ocean, and, therefore, we have salt in our blood, in our sweat, in our tears. We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea, whether it is to sail or to watch it, we are going back from whence we came.”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1999/07/19/us/john-f-kennedy-jr-heir-to-a-formidable-dynasty.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “John F. Kennedy Jr., Heir to a Formidable Dynasty”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Margalit Fox"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Margalit Fox" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Margalit Fox</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="john-kennedy-jr" data-title="John F. Kennedy Jr.: A Life Under a Microscope, Cut Short" data-description="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr. was as close to a prince du sang as an American can be, and like his father he came to an unt..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="john-kennedy-jr" data-author="Margalit Fox" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/16/nyregion/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5786af9061646d156c000000"></div> <article id="card-billy-the-kid" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/billy-the-kid" data-timestamp="1468497716" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/billy-the-kid" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004507332" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004507332" class="photo media media-100000004507332 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004507332" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 134%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="This undated photograph shows who is thought to be the famed gunslinger Billy the Kid near the age of 18." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">This undated photograph shows who is thought to be the famed gunslinger Billy the Kid near the age of 18.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="billy-the-kid">An Outlaw by Any Name: Billy <span class='nbsp'>the Kid</span></a> </h2> <a href="billy-the-kid" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-14 08:01:56 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-14T08:01:56-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 14, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:01 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">William Henry McCarty Jr. was said to have been born in Manhattan in 1859 before birth certificates were routinely issued. He died in 1881 in New Mexico, which was still only a territory and did not yet furnish official death certificates. And, by the time he was dubbed Billy the Kid, just a few months before his death, he had already reached his majority and barely qualified for the moniker anymore.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But the nickname stuck.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Kid, a son of Irish immigrants who had fled the potato famine and then took Horace Greeley’s advice and went west, entered the pantheon of frontier folklore.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The first mention of the slim, beardless, blue-eyed desperado’s death in The Times was a one-paragraph article on July 19, 1881, under the headline “<a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/07/19/102752843.html?pageNumber=5&rpm=true&zoom=16">A Notorious Outlaw Killed</a>”: A fugitive “terror of New Mexico cattlemen,” identified only by his nickname, had been shot dead by Sheriff Pat Garrett of Lincoln County in a cabin at Fort Sumner five days earlier.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Also known as William H. Bonney and Henry Antrim, he had escaped from the county jail on April 28 while awaiting his hanging for murdering Garrett’s predecessor.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">According to one version, his mother had moved with her two sons to the Midwest, then to New Mexico to recover from tuberculosis. A <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/07/31/98914158.html?pageNumber=8&rpm=true&zoom=16">Times article</a> on July 31 said The Kid had been abused by his stepfather, Bill Antrim, and left home in Silver City at 15.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He became a hotel waiter, then a helper to a blacksmith, who “undertook to impose upon Billy,” and finally insinuated himself into the violent rivalry over beef contracts between Lincoln County cattlemen.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He killed at least a half-dozen people, but claimed to have murdered 21 during what The Times described as “his worse than worthless life.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Still, as recently as six years ago, Gov. Bill Richardson of New Mexico considered a posthumous pardon — to redeem a promise by Lew Wallace, the 19th-century territorial governor (and later the author of “Ben-Hur” ) of amnesty if The Kid would testify about a murder he had witnessed. He testified, but Wallace reneged, and Governor Richardson ultimately decided against a pardon.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Best to leave history alone,” said Susannah Garrett, a granddaughter of the sheriff.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/07/31/98914158.html?pageNumber=8&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the article “Billy the Kid’s Life and Death”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sam Roberts"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sam Roberts" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sam Roberts</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="billy-the-kid" data-title="An Outlaw by Any Name: Billy the Kid" data-description="The Times branded the violent cattle rustler Billy the Kid &quot;one of the worst characters this country has produced&qu..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="billy-the-kid" data-author="Sam Roberts" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-billykid/nf-obits-billykidd-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-frida-kahlo" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/frida-kahlo" data-timestamp="1468409170" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/frida-kahlo" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004507294" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004507294" class="photo media media-100000004507294 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004507294" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 144%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Frida Kahlo at her home in Mexico City in 1939." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Frida Kahlo at her home in Mexico City in 1939.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="frida-kahlo">Frida Kahlo, Whose Self-Portraits Spoke to <span class='nbsp'>the Soul</span></a> </h2> <a href="frida-kahlo" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-13 07:26:10 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-13T07:26:10-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 13, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:26 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/07/14/84126164.html?pageNumber=27&rpm=true&zoom=16">Frida Kahlo</a>, one of Mexico’s most important artists, understood the power of a selfie well before it became a pervasive part of popular culture. Kahlo’s paintings often shifted the viewer’s perspective beyond her self-portraits to offer personal and societal commentary, both subtle and overt.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I am happy to be alive as long as I can paint,” Kahlo said.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Some of her artistic themes were highlighted in “The Two Fridas,” a 1939 oil painting that shows two seated Kahlos holding hands. Near-mirror images, they reflect love and loss and ideas surrounding beauty. The two hold hands, connected by shared veins that flow to their exposed hearts. One heart appears to be broken, with blood splattered on Kahlo’s lap from a cut vein.The other is intact with blood pumped to a framed photo of <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/11/25/90857126.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Diego Rivera</a>, the celebrated muralist with whom Kahlo had a tumultuous marriage and had divorced that year. (The couple remarried the following year.) Together, the two Fridas suggest the physical and emotional toll of the divorce.</p> <figure id="media-100000004520258" class="photo media media-100000004520258 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004520258" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/09/arts/nf-obits-kahlo-2/nf-obits-kahlo-2-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Frida Kahlo’s 1939 oil painting “The Two Fridas."" data-mediaviewer-credit="All Rights Reserved 2016 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Frida Kahlo’s 1939 oil painting “The Two Fridas.”</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> All Rights Reserved 2016 Banco de México Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo Museums Trust, Mexico, D.F./Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Kahlo expressed herself in dress as well, using her raiment as both adornment and armor. She embraced traditional Tehuana clothing, which in her paintings was often interpreted as a symbol of female authority. The choice to wear it in self-portraiture was a nod to her own fortitude. The style’s floor length skirts also allowed Kahlo to conceal her damaged leg, a result of polio as a child. It was amputated later in life. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">If her clothing was an embrace of cultural identity, her signature unibrow and her wispy mustache were in some ways a rebuke to conventional standards of beauty.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A native of Coyoacán, Mexico, Kahlo began painting in 1926 while bedridden after sustaining life-altering injuries, including a broken spinal column, in a bus accident.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At her death on this day 62 years ago, she was well-known as an artist but nevertheless remained overshadowed by Rivera. The headline for her <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/07/14/84126164.html?pageNumber=27&rpm=true&zoom=16">obituary in The New York Times</a> said, “Frida Kahlo, Artist, Diego Rivera’s Wife.” Her work as a painter was mentioned almost as an aside.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By then her paintings had been exhibited and well-received in major cities like Mexico City, Paris and New York. In a 2007 retrospective in Mexico City, a Times review noted that it was through her lesser known works that Kahlo “emerges as an artist who gathered multiple influences into her own language.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After her death, as the feminist movement gathered steam, her work would often be seen as eclipsing Rivera’s thanks to a renewed interest in her unflinching portrayals of a woman’s mental state through the lens of her own life. (It was dramatized in the 2002 film “Frida,” with Salma Hayek in the title role.)</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c0swiNje8oQ?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her work today sells for millions of dollars, and her likeness has appeared on everything from T-shirts to beer bottles. As noted by Graham W. J. Beal, the former director of the Detroit Institute of Arts, in a <a href="../../../../../2015/05/10/style/frida-kahlo-is-having-a-moment.html?ref=fashion&smid=tw-nytstyles">Times article last year</a>, “Fridamania shows no signs of relenting.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1954/07/14/84126164.html?pageNumber=27&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Frida Kahlo, Artist, Diego Rivera’s Wife”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Tamara Best"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Tamara Best" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Tamara Best</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="frida-kahlo" data-title="Frida Kahlo, Whose Self-Portraits Spoke to the Soul" data-description="Frida Kahlo defined herself by her painting, especially when she painted herself. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="frida-kahlo" data-author="Tamara Best" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-kahlo/nf-obits-kahlo-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-laurence-olivier" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/laurence-olivier" data-timestamp="1468237138" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/laurence-olivier" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004507300" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004507300" class="photo media media-100000004507300 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004507300" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 112%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Sir Laurence Olivier as the title character in the 1955 film “Richard III.”" data-mediaviewer-credit="London Film Productions, via Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Sir Laurence Olivier as the title character in the 1955 film “Richard III.”</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> London Film Productions, via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="laurence-olivier">Laurence Olivier: <span class='nbsp'>Scene-Stealer Extraordinaire</span></a> </h2> <a href="laurence-olivier" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-11 07:38:58 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-11T07:38:58-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 11, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:38 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Is it safe?”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The query begins one of the movie’s most discomforting scenes. In it, a white-haired gent, moving with unhurried and ominous purpose, unpacks a set of dentistry implements and sets to work on a young man who is bound to a chair.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Is it safe?” he asks. “Is it safe?”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">To anyone who has ever visited a dentist, the episode that follows — the torment the older man visits on his baffled and terrified patient/prisoner, who is played by Dustin Hoffman — is almost unbearable to watch, in large part owing to the preternatural sang-froid of the tormenter. The film, from 1976, was “Marathon Man,” a thriller involving diamonds taken from Jews during World War II, a history student whose brother is a government agent and a fugitive Nazi war criminal — our brutal antagonist, Szell, a former concentration camp dentist played by <a href="../../../../../1989/07/12/obituaries/olivier-is-dead-after-6-decade-acting-career.html?pagewanted=all">Laurence Olivier</a>, who was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance and won a Golden Globe.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Knighted in 1947 and raised to a life peerage in 1970, Lord Olivier was, of course, one of the great theatrical performers — some say the greatest of all — of the 20th century, equally adept at comedy and tragedy, especially revered as a Shakespearean of charismatic intensity and daring physicality. But illness and age led him to retire from the stage in 1974; few, if any, people under 50 today saw him perform live. And though his indelible film roles go back decades — to Heathcliff in “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmuMd4FnnYo">Wuthering Heights”</a> (1939), Maxim de Winter in “Rebecca” (1940), Mr. Darcy in “Pride and Prejudice” (1940) and Hamlet (1948) — “Marathon Man” might well be the way younger filmgoers were introduced to Lord Olivier and the hyperbolic realism that characterized his work. His Szell was too cruel, too evil to be believed and yet memorably credible — frightfully, shudder-inducingly persuasive. Here’s the scene. Try to watch it.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/c-OviftusB8?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At his death at age 82, 27 years ago today on July 11, 1989, Mel Gussow’s authoritative <a href="../../../../../1989/07/12/obituaries/olivier-is-dead-after-6-decade-acting-career.html?pagewanted=all">obituary in The New York Times</a> gave ample testimony to his achievements both as an actor and director and as the founder and first artistic director of Britain’s National Theater. But perhaps inevitably, such a portrait feels a little musty, as though the man himself was a figure most alive in the distant past, a sepia-colored character to be revered — Lord Olivier, not Larry, as he was known to friends and colleagues — who could not be the technicolor movie villain whose villainy he so clearly relished embodying and enhancing.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He enjoyed playing good guys, too, of course, and did so, even in his dotage, with similar verve. In “The Boys From Brazil” (1978), he played a reverse role, a wise and wizened Nazi hunter modeled after Simon Wiesenthal who ends up face to face — and in mano a mano combat — with the Nazi doctor Josef Mengele, played by another actor beyond his matinee idol days, <a href="../../../../../2003/06/13/movies/gregory-peck-is-dead-at-87-film-roles-had-moral-fiber.html?pagewanted=all">Gregory Peck</a>. The scene in which they grapple bloodily over a gun as they await the arrival of a clone of Adolf Hitler (with a pack of trained dogs threatening to attack from behind a closed door) is one of Hollywood’s most outlandish climaxes, horrifically, blackly comic and, typical of any Olivier performance, not safe at all.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ai1Rp3g6WBI?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Bruce Weber "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Bruce Weber " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Bruce Weber </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="laurence-olivier" data-title="Laurence Olivier: Scene-Stealer Extraordinaire" data-description="Sir Laurence Olivier was one of the great theatrical performers — some say the greatest of all — of the 20th century, equ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="laurence-olivier" data-author="Bruce Weber " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/arts/nf-obits-olivier/nf-obits-olivier-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-577fdde361646d4fe3000001"></div> <article id="card-arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" data-timestamp="1467893277" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004500170" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004500170" class="photo media media-100000004500170 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004500170" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his garden in 1927." data-mediaviewer-credit="Fox Photos/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in his garden in 1927.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Fox Photos/Hulton Archive, via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes">Arthur Conan Doyle, the Spiritualist Behind the Rational <span class='nbsp'>Sherlock Holmes</span></a> </h2> <a href="arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-07 08:07:57 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-07T08:07:57-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 7, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:07 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/07/08/129130552.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s</a> most enduring creation was Sherlock Holmes, the logical detective who appeared in dozens of stories and four novels by Conan Doyle and who has more recently been portrayed in movies by Benedict Cumberbatch and Robert Downey Jr. Many would suspect that Conan Doyle, a trained physician who was often beseeched by the public to <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/02/02/106738309.html?pageNumber=5=1&rpm=true">apply his skills to real-life cases</a>, might have been as inflexibly rational as Holmes. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But by the end of his life, on <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/07/08/129130552.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">July 7, 1930</a>, Conan Doyle was a <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1923/04/05/105989735.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">fervent believer in spiritualism</a>, having spent decades researching ghosts, fairies and the paranormal. His fascination with the supernatural grew after his son Kingsley and his younger brother, Innes, battle-weary from service in World War I, died amid the worldwide influenza pandemic shortly after returning home.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Conan Doyle attended seances and wrote and lectured on spiritualism. He befriended <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1924/06/01/101600360.html?pageNumber=44=1&rpm=true">Harry Houdini</a>, the escape artist and magician, maintaining that Houdini had <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1927/11/15/95459023.html?pageNumber=20=1&rpm=true">psychic powers</a> even though Houdini himself denied it.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Their friendship ended soon after Houdini attended a seance at which Conan Doyle’s second wife, the former Jean Leckie, claimed to be channeling the spirit of Houdini’s beloved mother. Leckie produced several pages of automatic writing, in <a href="//www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/houdini/peopleevents/pande02.html">fluent English and signed with a cross</a>. Houdini was highly skeptical: His mother, a Jew, had been a rabbi’s wife and, as an immigrant from Hungary had a limited grasp of English.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Houdini <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/11/01/98519903.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">died on Halloween in 1926</a>, and Conan Doyle publicly maintained that <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1926/11/22/98523709.html?pageNumber=4=1&rpm=true">Houdini’s departed mother had predicted his death</a> at a seance. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By the time he died, Conan Doyle — after killing off Holmes in 1893, only to be forced by popular demand to revive him 10 years later — had forsaken Holmes for good.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Holmes is dead,” he said. “I have done with him.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/07/08/129130552.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Conan Doyle Dead From Heart Attack”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" data-title="Arthur Conan Doyle, the Spiritualist Behind the Rational Sherlock Holmes" data-description="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, remembered for creating the staunchly rational Sherlock Holmes, was also a devoted spiritualist...." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="arthur-conan-doyle-sherlock-holmes" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/07/arts/nf-obits-doyle/nf-obits-doyle-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-louis-armstrong" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/louis-armstrong" data-timestamp="1467803185" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/louis-armstrong" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004500151" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004500151" class="photo media media-100000004500151 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004500151" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 72%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Louis Armstrong performing with his band in Stockholm in 1952." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Louis Armstrong performing with his band in Stockholm in 1952.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="louis-armstrong">Louis Armstrong, the Entertainer Who <span class='nbsp'>Epitomized Jazz</span></a> </h2> <a href="louis-armstrong" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-06 07:06:25 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-06T07:06:25-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 6, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:06 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Was <a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9806E6DA113FEF34BC4F53DFB166838A669EDE">Louis Armstrong</a> the world’s most beloved entertainer, or was he the single most important musician in the history of jazz?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The answer is yes.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">To millions, Armstrong, who died 45 years ago today, was the human ray of sunshine with the mile-wide smile, the gravelly voice and the peerless way with a song — the man whose joyous rendition of “Hello, Dolly!,” recorded when he was in his 60s, momentarily ended the Beatles’ three-month reign at the top of the singles chart.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/l7N2wssse14?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">To jazz aficionados, he was also something more: the trumpet virtuoso with the boundless musical imagination who almost singlehandedly shifted the focus of jazz from collective improvisation to individual expression — the man whose playing on the remarkable <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SebmIELnZoQ">Hot Five and Hot Seven sessions</a>, recorded when he was in his 20s, virtually defined the art of the jazz solo.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Miles Davis said it was impossible to play anything on a horn that Armstrong hadn’t already played. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dizzy Gillespie put it this way: “His style was equally copied by saxophonists, trumpet players, pianists and all of the instrumentalists who make up the jazz picture.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The New York Times jazz critic John S. Wilson wrote in 1971 that Armstrong was “the root source that moved jazz onto the path along which it has developed for more than 45 years.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">There was nothing in Armstrong’s early years to suggest that he was destined for greatness. Born into poverty in New Orleans, he sang on street corners as a child and studied music while confined to the Colored Waifs’ Home for Boys. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He learned fast. Before he was out of his teens, he was a fixture on the New Orleans music scene; a few years later he moved to Chicago, where he made the records that changed jazz history. In due time he became the first jazz superstar, embraced by the world for his bravura playing, his ebullient singing and his larger-than-life personality.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Louis Armstrong died at his home in Queens on July 6, 1971. His <a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9806E6DA113FEF34BC4F53DFB166838A669EDE">front-page Times obituary</a> noted that “he had observed his 71st birthday on Sunday,” just two days earlier. That this quintessential American success story was born on July 4, 1900, always seemed too perfect to be true. And, as it turned out, it wasn’t true: According to later research, he had actually been born on Aug. 4, 1901.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Call it poetic license. The date he (and everyone else) celebrated was, as the old saying goes, close enough for jazz.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1971/07/07/79675134.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trumpeter and Singer, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines=" Peter Keepnews"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name=" Peter Keepnews" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person"> Peter Keepnews</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="louis-armstrong" data-title="Louis Armstrong, the Entertainer Who Epitomized Jazz" data-description="Was Louis Armstrong the world’s most beloved entertainer, or was he the single most important musician in the history of ..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="louis-armstrong" data-author=" Peter Keepnews" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/06/arts/nf-obits-armstrong/nf-obits-armstrong-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-july4-independence-birthday" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/july4-independence-birthday" data-timestamp="1467633342" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/july4-independence-birthday" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004505205" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004505205" class="photo media media-100000004505205 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004505205" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Clockwise from top left: Iva Toguri, a.k.a. Tokyo Rose; Calvin Coolidge and Louis B. Mayer; Rube Goldberg; Pauline and Esther Friedman, better known as Dear Abby and Ann Landers; and Meyer Lansky." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Clockwise from top left: Iva Toguri, a.k.a. Tokyo Rose; Calvin Coolidge and Louis B. Mayer; Rube Goldberg; Pauline and Esther Friedman, better known as Dear Abby and Ann Landers; and Meyer Lansky.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="july4-independence-birthday">The Fourth, a <span class='nbsp'>Star-Spangled Birthday</span></a> </h2> <a href="july4-independence-birthday" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-04 07:55:42 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-04T07:55:42-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 4, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:55 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Being born on Feb. 29 can prove to be confusing. Celebrating your birthday every Dec. 25 may leave you feeling shortchanged in the presents department. But if you’re an American born on the Fourth of July, you typically get the day off and are treated to a fireworks display, too. We culled our obituary files for people born that day to explore what, if anything, they had in common.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Were they more patriotic? Their ranks include <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1933/01/06/issue.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true">Calvin Coolidge</a>, the laconic 30th president; <a href="../../../../../1997/09/03/books/stephen-foster-s-world-truly-was-sad-and-dreary.html">Stephen Foster</a>, whose songs celebrated Americana; and <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/01/23/94233315.html?pageNumber=20&rpm=true&zoom=16">Stephen Mather</a>, the first director of the National Park Service.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">They do not, however, include <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1942/11/06/88506404.html?pageNumber=20&rpm=true">George M. Cohan</a>, the Yankee Doodle Dandy who, contrary to popular wisdom, was actually born on July 3.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The twin sister advice columnists <a href="../../../../../2002/06/23/us/ann-landers-advice-giver-to-the-millions-is-dead-at-83.html">Esther</a> and <a href="../../../../../2013/01/18/business/media/pauline-phillips-flinty-adviser-to-millions-as-dear-abby-dies-at-94.html">Pauline Friedman</a> (later known as Ann Landers and Abigail Van Buren) were born on the Fourth. So were the critic <a href="../../../../../1975/11/07/archives/lionel-trilling-70-critic-teacher-and-writer-dies-lionel-trilling.html">Lionel Trilling</a>, the author <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1864/05/20/80295047.html?pageNumber=4=true&zoom=16">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, the cartoonist <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1970/12/08/78228393.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Rube Goldberg</a>, the entertainment figures <a href="../../../../../2010/08/03/arts/music/03miller.html">Mitch Miller</a>, <a href="../../../../../1992/05/05/us/george-murphy-singer-and-actor-who-became-senator-dies-at-89.html">George Murphy</a> (later a senator), <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/09/07/93577192.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Gertrude Lawrence</a> (born in England) and <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1957/10/30/107173004.html?pageNumber=29&rpm=true&zoom=16">Louis B. Mayer</a> (born in what is now Belarus).</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Also, a collection of controversial characters shares that birthday, among them <a href="../../../../../2006/09/27/world/americas/27iht-obits.2953067.html">Tokyo Rose</a>, <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1983/01/16/168119.html?pageNumber=30&rpm=true&zoom=16">Meyer Lansky</a>, <a href="../../../../../2007/08/21/nyregion/21helmsley.html">Leona Helmsley</a> and <a href="../../../../../2010/07/14/sports/baseball/14steinbrenner.html">George Steinbrenner</a>.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For all the celebrities who were born on the Fourth of July, the holiday may be more famous for two adversaries who died on that date. In 1826, former President John Adams succumbed at 90 after supposedly uttering the last words, “Jefferson still survives.” In fact, Jefferson, 82, had died five hours earlier.</p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sam Roberts "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sam Roberts " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sam Roberts </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="july4-independence-birthday" data-title="The Fourth, a Star-Spangled Birthday" data-description="We culled our archives for people born on the Fourth of July to explore what, if anything, they had in common." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="july4-independence-birthday" data-author="Sam Roberts " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/07/04/obituaries/nf-obits-july4/nf-obits-july4-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5775869061646d12da000000"></div> <article id="card-medgar-evers-civil-rights" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/medgar-evers-civil-rights" data-timestamp="1467454475" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/medgar-evers-civil-rights" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004499916" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004499916" class="photo media media-100000004499916 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004499916" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 69%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Medgar Evers in Mississippi in 1955." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Medgar Evers in Mississippi in 1955.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="medgar-evers-civil-rights">Medgar Evers, Whose Assassination Reverberated Through the Civil <span class='nbsp'>Rights Movement</span></a> </h2> <a href="medgar-evers-civil-rights" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-07-02 06:14:35 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-07-02T06:14:35-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">July 2, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 6:14 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At 17, like many other Americans, <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/13/89925420.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Medgar Evers</a> enlisted in the Army during World War II. A star athlete in high school, he participated in the Allied invasion of Europe, rising to the rank of sergeant before his honorable discharge in 1946.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But for Evers, who was born on this day in 1925 to an African-American farming family in Decatur, Miss., even the segregated Army was more welcoming than the Jim Crow South to which he returned after the war.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The racial injustice there rankled so much that he resolved to fight it, becoming the first <a href="//www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-medgar-evers">field officer</a> for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in Mississippi. He recruited new members, championed school integration, encouraged blacks to vote and staged daring protests against racial inequality in the South. He also called for a new investigation of the murder of <a href="../../../../../topic/person/emmett-louis-till">Emmett Till</a>, a 14-year-old African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955, supposedly for flirting with a white woman.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Not surprisingly, intimidation and attempts on Evers’s life followed. People called his home threatening to shoot his family, and his house was firebombed. He did not back down.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“If I die, it will be in a good cause,” he told <a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C07E2DA1430EF3BBC4B52DFB0668388679EDE">The Times</a> in 1963. “I’ve been fighting for America just as much as the soldiers in Vietnam.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The battlefields of Europe did not stop Evers; those of Mississippi did. Early in the morning of June 12, 1963, a bullet from a rifle ripped through his back, the gunfire awakening his neighborhood and reverberating through the civil rights movement for decades. He was shot returning home from an N.A.A.C.P. meeting, only hours after President John F. Kennedy delivered a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7BEhKgoA86U">televised address</a> calling for <a href="//millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3375">equal rights for all American citizens</a>, regardless of race.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Evers managed to drag himself to his doorstep, where his wife, <a href="//www.naacp.org/pages/naacp-history-Myrlie-Evers-Williams">Myrlie</a>, an activist who later became chairman of the N.A.A.C.P.’s board, and their children found him. At the emergency room he was initially refused admittance because he was black, until his family explained who he was. He was 37 when he died less than an hour later.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../national/unpublished-black-history/the-morning-after-medgar-evers-is-killed">Claude Sitton</a>, the Times reporter who covered much of the civil rights movement in the South, reported that <a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C07E3DA1430EF3BBC4B52DFB0668388679EDE">dozens were arrested</a> in protests that erupted after Evers’s death.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As Evers once said, “You can kill a man, but you can’t kill an idea.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His murderer was <a href="../../../../../2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html">Byron De La Beckwith</a>, an avowed white supremacist. In 1964 two all-white, all-male juries deadlocked and refused to convict Beckwith. A second trial that year ended in a hung jury, and he spent most of his days as a free man.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1989 documents surfaced that indicated that jurors had been illegally screened, and Beckwith was brought to trial and convicted in 1994. He <a href="../../../../../2001/01/23/us/byron-de-la-beckwith-dies-killer-of-medgar-evers-was-80.html">died in prison in 2001</a>. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The outrage at Beckwith’s freedom led to more demonstrations nationwide and inspired numerous works of art, film and music, including Nina Simone’s protest song “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVQjGGJVSXc">Mississippi, Goddam</a>.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Two months later, in August 1963, the protests culminated with the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, a pivotal, galvanizing moment for the civil rights movement.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As a war veteran Evers was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, with full military honors, achieving in death what he had been denied in life — equality with his brothers-in-arms and his fellow citizens.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1963/06/13/89925420.html?rpm=true&pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the article “N.A.A.C.P. Leader Slain in Jackson; Protests Mount”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Darold Cuba "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Darold Cuba " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Darold Cuba </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="medgar-evers-civil-rights" data-title="Medgar Evers, Whose Assassination Reverberated Through the Civil Rights Movement" data-description="“You can kill a man, but you can’t kill an idea,&quot; he once said. Evers championed school integration, encouraged blac..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="medgar-evers-civil-rights" data-author="Darold Cuba " data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/07/02/us/nf-obits-evers/nf-obits-evers-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-upton-sinclair-meat-industry" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/upton-sinclair-meat-industry" data-timestamp="1467285758" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/upton-sinclair-meat-industry" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004490861" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004490861" class="photo media media-100000004490861 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004490861" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 77%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” remains an inspiration to journalists. " data-mediaviewer-credit="Hulton Archive/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Upton Sinclair’s book “The Jungle” remains an inspiration to journalists. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Hulton Archive/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="upton-sinclair-meat-industry">Upton Sinclair, Whose Muckraking Changed the <span class='nbsp'>Meat Industry</span></a> </h2> <a href="upton-sinclair-meat-industry" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-30 07:22:38 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-30T07:22:38-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 30, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:22 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">President Theodore Roosevelt <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/07/01/101722632.html?pageNumber=2&zoom=16">signed two historic bills</a> aimed at regulating the food and drug industries into law on June 30, 1906. With decisive strokes of his pen on that <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/07/01/101722627.html?pageNumber=1=true&zoom=16">oppressively hot day</a>, Roosevelt also provided <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/26/88974987.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Upton Sinclair</a> with the greatest validation for which any muckraker could hope. It was Sinclair’s novel <a href="//www.online-literature.com/upton_sinclair/jungle/">“The Jungle”</a> that helped spur the public outrage that led to the legislation.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The Jungle,” a harrowing account of a Lithuanian immigrant’s experience laboring in Chicago’s meatpacking industry, was serialized in the Socialist magazine Appeal to Reason in 1905 before the installments were collected and published as a book in 1906. It came on the heels of exposés by the press and after months of reporting in Chicago’s Packingtown, as the neighborhood around the stockyards was known, by Sinclair himself.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The Jungle’s” grotesque descriptions of conditions endured by workers and livestock, and the contaminated food that came of them, made it a runaway hit and catalyzed the public’s fear and fury.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">There were cattle which had been fed on “whiskey-malt,” the refuse of the breweries, and had become what the men called “steerly” — which means covered with boils. It was a nasty job killing these, for when you plunged your knife into them they would burst and splash foul-smelling stuff into your face; and when a man’s sleeves were smeared with blood, and his hands steeped in it, how was he ever to wipe his face, or to clear his eyes so that he could see?</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The book eventually sold millions of copies, was translated into dozens of languages and cemented Sinclair’s reputation as a crusader for social justice. It remains an inspiration to journalists investigating the food industry and food health scares, workplace conditions and the environmental impact of industry.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sinclair later said that his readers had missed the point by focusing on the health risks created by unsanitary stockyards and meatpacking facilities rather than on the dehumanization of workers and the brutal treatment of animals.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I aimed at the public’s heart,” he said, “and by accident I hit it in the stomach.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Still, Sinclair was quick to harness the reaction. About a month after “The Jungle” was published, the White House started receiving “100 letters a day demanding a Federal cleanup of the meat industry,” Alden Whitman wrote in <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/26/88974987.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16">Sinclair’s obituary</a>. (He died on Nov. 25, 1968.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Roosevelt invited Sinclair to the White House, then ordered a federal investigation. Sinclair took every opportunity to harangue the Beef Trust, as the meatpacking industry was known, and sent a stream of telegrams to the White House demanding reform. Roosevelt soon tired of Sinclair’s outspokenness. In a note to the author’s publisher, the president wrote, “Tell Sinclair to go home and let me run the country for a while.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sinclair did no such thing. In some 90 books and innumerable articles over the next six decades, he pushed for progressive causes, like “strong trade unions, abolition of child labor, birth control, Prohibition, utopian Socialism, an honest press, morality in business and industry, vegetarianism, mental telepathy and spiritualism, educational reform and civil liberties,” his obituary said. He won the 1943 Pulitzer Prize for his novel “Dragon’s Teeth,” which dramatized the Nazi takeover of Germany during the 1930s.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Fame from “The Jungle” lasted until the end of Sinclair’s life. He was invited to the White House again in 1967, the year before his death, to witness the signing of a new food safety law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/26/88974987.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Upton Sinclair, Author and Crusader for Social Justice, Is Dead ”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1906/06/14/101782394.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the article from 1906 “Meat Bill Ready”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="DANIEL E. SLOTNIK"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="DANIEL E. SLOTNIK" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">DANIEL E. SLOTNIK</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="upton-sinclair-meat-industry" data-title="Upton Sinclair, Whose Muckraking Changed the Meat Industry" data-description="Sinclair’s novel “The Jungle” spurred public outrage that led to legislation in 1906 aimed at regulating the food and dru..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="upton-sinclair-meat-industry" data-author="DANIEL E. SLOTNIK" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/us/nf-obits-sinclair/nf-obits-sinclair-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" data-timestamp="1467114167" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004489932" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004489932" class="photo media media-100000004489932 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004489932" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 57%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife, the duchess of Hohenberg, moments before they were assassinated in 1914." data-mediaviewer-credit="Time Life Pictures, via Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife, the duchess of Hohenberg, moments before they were assassinated in 1914.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Time Life Pictures, via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war">Franz Ferdinand, Whose Assassination Sparked a <span class='nbsp'>World War</span></a> </h2> <a href="archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-28 07:42:47 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-28T07:42:47-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 28, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:42 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On June 28, 1914, an 18-year-old student named Gavrilo Princip fired a pistol in Sarajevo, Bosnia, and changed the world.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Princip, a Serbian nationalist enraged by the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian empire, had <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/29/100676432.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true">assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, presumptive heir to that empire’s throne, and his wife, the duchess of Hohenberg, as they rode in a motorcade. Ferdinand was aware of the danger — earlier that day he had deflected a bomb hurled at him by another would-be assassin, The Times reported. (Many contemporary accounts say the bomb actually bounced off the car.) He was traveling to visit people injured in that blast when he was killed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Such courage, or perhaps obstinacy, was typical for Ferdinand. He gave up his future children’s claim to the Hapsburg throne to marry the countess, who was of lower station and of whom his uncle, the emperor, Franz Joseph, disapproved.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After the assassination Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Soon Europe, and much of the world, spiraled into war as one country after another, enmeshed in a web of previously established alliances, took sides — either with the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and their allies) or the Allies (France, Britain, Russia and others, including, eventually, the United States).</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">What became known as the Great War, or later World War I, would prove to be more devastating than any that had come before. The Times described the war’s impact in <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/06/27/301808112.html?pageNumber=21=1&rpm=true">an article</a> one year after Ferdinand was murdered.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Those two shots brought the world to arms, and the war that followed has brought devastation upon three continents and profoundly affected two others, and the tocsin has sounded in the remotest islands of the sea. Towns have been bombarbed in the Society Islands and battles have been fought in all the oceans, from the extremity of South America to the Malay Peninsula, from the heart of Africa to the coast of China. Nation after nation has been drawn into the whirlpool, and more are drawing toward it, and the end is far off. What face the world will wear when it is all over no man can predict, but it will be greatly changed, and not geographically alone.</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">During the four years that followed, millions of young men died as they scrambled between trenches or were killed by disease and chemical weapons like mustard gas. There were more than <a href="https://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html">30 million servicemen killed or wounded</a>. By the time an armistice was declared in 1918, a generation had lost its innocence, and writers like Hemingway and Fitzgerald were inspired by the malaise of their contemporaries.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The war formally ended when the Germans signed the <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/06/29/98286616.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">Treaty of Versailles</a>, agreeing reluctantly to terms dictated by the Allied forces. The date was <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/06/29/98286616.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true">June 28, 1919</a>, exactly five years after Ferdinand was killed. In 20 years the world would be at war again, the wounds of World War I never having fully healed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/06/29/100676432.html?pageNumber=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Heir To Austria’s Throne Is Slain With His Wife By A Bosnian Youth To Avenge Seizure Of His Country”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>An earlier version of this article misidentified the country that Austria-Hungary declared war on after Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated. It was Serbia, not Bosnia.</em></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" data-title="Franz Ferdinand, Whose Assassination Sparked a World War" data-description="World War I began with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by an 18-year-old student in Bosnia. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="archduke-franz-ferdinand-world-war" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/28/world/nf-obits-ferdinand/nf-obits-ferdinand-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5771922161646d0ea1000000"></div> <article id="card-stonewall-delarverie-pine" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/stonewall-delarverie-pine" data-timestamp="1467028263" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/stonewall-delarverie-pine" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004497653" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004497653" class="photo media media-100000004497653 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004497653" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Storme DeLarverie, left, in 1994 and Seymour Pine in 1966." data-mediaviewer-credit="Michelle V. Agins/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Storme DeLarverie, left, in 1994 and Seymour Pine in 1966.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Michelle V. Agins/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="stonewall-delarverie-pine">Storme DeLarverie and Seymour Pine, on Opposite Sides <span class='nbsp'>of Stonewall</span></a> </h2> <a href="stonewall-delarverie-pine" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-27 07:51:03 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-27T07:51:03-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 27, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:51 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">They were both fighters. They had both devoted themselves to defending what was right. And they were both nearing 50 on June 27, 1969, as a summer night fell over Greenwich Village.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But <a href="../../../../../2010/09/08/nyregion/08pine.html">Seymour Pine</a> and <a href="../../../../../2014/05/30/nyregion/storme-delarverie-early-leader-in-the-gay-rights-movement-dies-at-93.html">Storme DeLarverie</a> had almost nothing else in common until then.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">By the time the sun came up, however, Mr. Pine, a deputy police inspector, and Ms. DeLarverie, a cross-dressing lesbian singer, were standing together at an intersection of history — even if they were on opposite sides of what appeared at first to be an old-fashioned donnybrook outside a mobbed-up bar.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">It was Deputy Inspector Pine who led the <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/06/29/89004281.html?pageNumber=33">police raid on the Stonewall Inn on Christopher Street</a> that night; the night that queer patrons fought back. And it was Ms. DeLarverie (her first name was pronounced “Stormy”) who may or may not have led the charge.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Nobody knows who threw the first punch, but it’s rumored that she did, and she said she did,” said Lisa Cannistraci, one of Ms. DeLarvarie’s guardians before her death on May 24, 2014, at 93.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her fierce reaction at Stonewall was in keeping with a lifetime spent shielding lesbians — her “baby girls” — from intolerance, bullying or abuse. No one dared cross her, Ms. DeLarvarie said. “They’ll just walk away, and that’s a good thing to do because I’ll either pick up the phone or I’ll nail you.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For the police, a raid on a joint like the Stonewall had been, until June 1969, a no-brainer. Gay bars were often controlled by organized crime. Corraling homosexuals was a good way for officers to boost their arrest records. “They were easy arrests,” Mr. Pine said when discussing the Stonewall uprising at the New-York Historical Society on the occasion of its 25th anniversary. “They never gave you any trouble.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Until they did. That’s when a Manhattan bar became synonymous with gay liberation.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Pine apologized for the raid in 2004, six years before his death on Sept. 2, 2010, at 91.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">However, David Carter, the author of “<a href="//www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-312-20025-1">Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution</a>,” also said Mr. Pine had once told him: “If what I did helped gay people, then I’m glad.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2014/05/30/nyregion/storme-delarverie-early-leader-in-the-gay-rights-movement-dies-at-93.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Storme DeLarverie, Early Leader in the Gay Rights Movement, Dies at 93”</strong></em></a></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2010/09/08/nyregion/08pine.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Seymour Pine Dies at 91; Led Raid on Stonewall Inn ”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="David W. Dunlap"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="David W. Dunlap" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">David W. Dunlap</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="stonewall-delarverie-pine" data-title="Storme DeLarverie and Seymour Pine, on Opposite Sides of Stonewall" data-description="Storme DeLarverie and Seymour Pine were on opposing sides during the riot at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village in 1..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="stonewall-delarverie-pine" data-author="David W. Dunlap" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/27/obituaries/nf-obits-stonewall-combo/nf-obits-stonewall-combo-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-tom-brokaw" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/tom-brokaw" data-timestamp="1466767884" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/tom-brokaw" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004476835" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004476835" class="photo media media-100000004476835 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004476835" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Tom Brokaw and Winston Churchill" data-mediaviewer-credit="William B. Plowman/NBC, The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Tom Brokaw and Winston Churchill</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> William B. Plowman/NBC, The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="tom-brokaw">Breaking Bread: Tom Brokaw and <span class='nbsp'>Winston Churchill</span></a> </h2> <a href="tom-brokaw" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-24 07:31:24 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-24T07:31:24-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 24, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:31 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, and whose obituary was published in The New York Times, who would it be, and why that person? Not Forgotten is asking that of influential people this summer in a series of posts called <a href="anderson-cooper">Breaking Bread</a>.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Today we have <a href="//tombrokaw.com/">Tom Brokaw</a>, the longtime anchor of NBC’s “Nightly News.” “<a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9902E3D91F3FE03ABC4C51DFB766838E679EDE">Winston Churchill</a> has always been my fantasy dining companion,” he wrote to us.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>That’s not a great surprise: Mr. Brokaw has written frequently about World War II, most notably in his 1998 best seller, “The Greatest Generation.” Churchill, then, the intrepid prime minister who rallied a beleaguered Britain to victory in the war, is a natural. (A raconteur who loved good food, a fine cigar and a stiff drink, he would also be a convivial table guest.)</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Lunch at the Ritz would be an appropriate setting,” Mr. Brokaw wrote. And in his imagination he put himself there, with some specific questions in mind:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sir Winston, I am limited to three questions, which is the interview equivalent of a teaspoon of domestic champagne.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Nonetheless, I am beyond grateful to be in your presence.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">World War II: John F Kennedy famously said that you mobilized the English language and sent it into battle. Were there any moments after one of your famous speeches that you privately thought Great Britain was in greater peril than you let on? When?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At the Big Three meeting in Tehran in 1943, Franklin Roosevelt and Josef Stalin excluded you from a meeting of just the two of them. Was that a humbling sign that the best days of the British Empire were in the past?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">You had a lifetime of cigars, brandy, wine and very little exercise. You were a prisoner of war and escaped. Your political career seemed to be over in the 1930s, but your glory days were yet to come. You lived to 90. Was it your indomitable will, or was it a higher being looking out for you?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Sir, your country has been an empire, a leading member of a western alliance and now has voted to go it alone. Is this wise?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Finally, sir, any hangover cures you’d care to share?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/01/24/96696475.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Churchill Dies at 90 at Home in London”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Tom Brokaw"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Tom Brokaw" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Tom Brokaw</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="tom-brokaw" data-title="Breaking Bread: Tom Brokaw and Winston Churchill" data-description="Tom Brokaw said he would dine with Winston Churchill, who led England to victory during World War II." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="tom-brokaw" data-author="Tom Brokaw" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/24/obituaries/nf-obits-brokaw/nf-obits-brokaw-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-jonas-salk" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jonas-salk" data-timestamp="1466682706" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jonas-salk" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004472284" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004472284" class="photo media media-100000004472284 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004472284" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 95%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Dr. Jonas Salk at work in the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School." data-mediaviewer-credit="Keystone Features/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Dr. Jonas Salk at work in the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh Medical School.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Keystone Features/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="jonas-salk">Dr. Jonas Salk and the Continuing Battle <span class='nbsp'>Against Polio</span></a> </h2> <a href="jonas-salk" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-23 07:51:46 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-23T07:51:46-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 23, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:51 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Scientists racing to develop a vaccine against Zika virus disease this summer may be hoping for results like those of Dr. Jonas Salk, creator of the first successful vaccine against poliomyelitis. Dr. Salk <a href="../../../../../1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">died on this day in 1995</a> at the age of 80, decades after the polio vaccine he developed helped vanquish the deadly, paralyzing disease throughout much of the world.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">News that the polio vaccine worked in a field trial involving 440,000 American children, announced at a University of Michigan news conference on April 12, 1955, “caused a public sensation probably unequaled by any health development in modern times,” Harold M. Schmeck Jr. wrote in his <a href="../../../../../1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html">New York Times obituary</a> of Dr. Salk.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The discovery made Dr. Salk a hero. “An opinion poll ranked him roughly between Churchill and Gandhi as a revered figure of modern history,” Mr. Schmeck wrote. “It was a turning point in the fight against a disease that condemned some victims to live the rest of their lives in tanklike breathing machines called iron lungs and placed sunny swimming holes off limits to children because of parents’ fears of contagion.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In recent years, however, fears of rare, vaccine-preventable diseases have subsided. In the United States alone each year, tens of thousands of “<a href="//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6341a1.htm#Fig">philosophical exemptions</a>” to required childhood vaccinations are granted.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dr. Salk’s great competitor was Dr. Albert B. Sabin, who developed a live polio virus vaccine that ultimately replaced the use of Dr. Salk’s killed virus version in many countries. The live vaccine, given orally, is easier and cheaper to administer, and is particularly useful during epidemics because a vaccinated person temporarily sheds the vaccine virus and can passively immunize others. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“But Dr. Salk never lost faith in killed virus polio vaccine and continued to champion its cause all his life,“ Mr. Schmeck wrote. "On several occasions he pointed out that the live virus vaccine did, on rare occasions, produce the disease as well as immunity, while the killed virus vaccine, properly made, carried no such risk.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">It was precisely because of this risk that, five years after Dr. Salk’s death, the United States discontinued use of the live virus vaccine. Children in America now exclusively receive the <a href="//www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/polio/">inactivated poliovirus vaccine</a>, known as IPV, that resulted from Dr. Salk’s research. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Worldwide eradication of the disease has remained an elusive goal. This year and last, polio cases unrelated to the vaccine have occurred in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Earlier in the decade, children in Somalia, Nigeria, Syria and more than a dozen other countries were infected by wild polio virus. Vaccination campaigns have sometimes been thwarted by war and distrust of medical teams.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dr. Salk established the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, where he continued to research infectious diseases, including AIDS, into the 1990s.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1995/06/24/obituaries/dr-jonas-salk-whose-vaccine-turned-tide-on-polio-dies-at-80.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Dr. Jonas Salk, Whose Vaccine Turned Tide on Polio, Dies at 80”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sheri Fink"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sheri Fink" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sheri Fink</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="jonas-salk" data-title="Dr. Jonas Salk and the Continuing Battle Against Polio" data-description="Dr. Jonas Salk created the first successful vaccine against poliomyelitis, a debilitating illness that has proved difficu..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="jonas-salk" data-author="Sheri Fink" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-salk/nf-obits-salk-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-576adabb61646d0259000001"></div> <article id="card-judy-garland" class="card media image medium tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/judy-garland" data-timestamp="1466593815" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/judy-garland" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004472276" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004472276" class="photo media media-100000004472276 layout-vertical lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004472276" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 123%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Judy Garland performing at the Dominion Theater in London." data-mediaviewer-credit="Terry Fincher/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Judy Garland performing at the Dominion Theater in London.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Terry Fincher/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="judy-garland">The Rainbow That Judy Garland Never <span class='nbsp'>Got Over</span></a> </h2> <a href="judy-garland" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-22 07:10:15 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-22T07:10:15-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 22, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:10 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When Judy Garland sang one of the best-known songs in movie history in “The Wizard of Oz” in 1939, “Over the Rainbow,” one line summed up her brilliant career as an actress and singer:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Somewhere over the rainbow skies are blue, and the dreams that you dare to dream really do come true.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Garland’s dream of fame did come true, but she never found peace of mind.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Even after she ascended to worldwide stardom, she constantly sought the love, adulation and acceptance that she felt had eluded her since childhood. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The seeds of her discontent were sown when she was very young. Garland, who <a href="//query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=940DE7DD1639EF3BBC4B51DFB0668382679EDE">died at 47 on June 22, 1969</a>, was born Frances Ethel Gumm on June 10, 1922, in Grand Rapids, Minn. She was the daughter of vaudeville professionals, who encouraged their three daughters to go into show business, and she grew up with the pressure of her parents’ expectations. She had a strained relationship with her mother, a fierce stage parent, and was devastated when her beloved father died of meningitis in 1935.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The pressure continued in Hollywood: Studio heads told her she wasn’t pretty enough, deepening insecurities that dogged her throughout her career.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her most celebrated role came in 1939, when at 16 she portrayed an orphaned farm girl from Kansas named Dorothy Gale in “The Wizard of Oz.” Young Dorothy longed to leave her tedious life on the farm and travel somewhere over the rainbow, where skies were always blue, as she sang in the video clip below.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/U016JWYUDdQ?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I’ve always taken ‘The Wizard of Oz’ very seriously, you know,” she once said. “I believe in the idea of the rainbow. And I’ve spent my entire life trying to get over it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After “The Wizard of Oz” Garland appeared in films like “Meet Me in St. Louis” (1944), “Easter Parade” (1948), and “A Star is Born” (1954), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. She had already received one Oscar, a special juvenile award for her turn in “The Wizard of Oz.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Garland said she was on a lifelong quest for love. She was married five times and was quoted as saying she longed for the sincere love of one man, rather than the applause of thousands of fans.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“If I am a legend, then why am I so lonely?” she once asked.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Garland turned to drugs and alcohol to fill the void. She died from an apparently accidental barbiturate overdose. She was 47.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mickey Rooney, her childhood co-star in films like “Babes in Arms” and “Babes on Broadway,” echoed what many close to her had hoped.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“She was — I’m sure — at peace, and has found that rainbow. At least I hope she has.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1969/06/23/89002088.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Judy Garland, 47, Found Dead”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Mathew Brownstein"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Mathew Brownstein" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Mathew Brownstein</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="judy-garland" data-title="The Rainbow That Judy Garland Never Got Over" data-description="Fame and fortune could never quite fill the void Judy Garland felt in her life. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="judy-garland" data-author="Mathew Brownstein" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-garland/nf-obits-garland-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-benazir-bhutto" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/benazir-bhutto" data-timestamp="1466514457" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/benazir-bhutto" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004472255" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004472255" class="photo media media-100000004472255 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004472255" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Benazir Bhutto in 2007." data-mediaviewer-credit="Ruth Fremson/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Benazir Bhutto in 2007.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Ruth Fremson/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="benazir-bhutto">Benazir Bhutto, the Muslim World's First <span class='nbsp'>Female Leader</span></a> </h2> <a href="benazir-bhutto" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-21 09:07:37 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-21T09:07:37-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 21, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 9:07 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her rosy complexion as a toddler gave her the nickname Pinky. That’s what she was called in convent schools and later in the halls of Oxford and Harvard, where as a student she was a campus tour guide, listened to Carly Simon and looked like Joan Baez.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After graduating from Harvard, the lyrics from Peter, Paul and Mary’s version of the 1960s song — “I’m leavin’ on a jet plane/Don’t know when I’ll be back again” — were stuck in her head as she boarded a plane for home. She returned to the United States 16 years later, in 1989, not as Pinky but as Benazir Bhutto, the new prime minister of Pakistan — the first woman elected to lead an Islamic country.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her time in office would be as tumultuous as her childhood had been idyllic, ending in her <a href="../../../../../2007/12/28/world/asia/28bhutto.html">assassination</a> by the Pakistani Taliban on Dec. 27, 2007, just days before general elections, which her populist party was expected to win.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I didn’t choose this life,” Bhutto said. “It chose me.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Bhutto was born on this day in 1953 to a wealthy family whose lands were once so extensive it took days to appraise them. In a country where families dominated business and politics in an almost feudal manner, the Bhuttos seemed destined to rule. As Ms. Bhutto grew up, her father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, rose in power, from a post in Pakistan’s United Nations delegation to prime minister. He imparted lessons to her along the way.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But her political education went into overdrive when a top army general, Muhammad Zia ul-Haq, overthrew her father and imprisoned him. She was 24. Ms. Bhutto visited him often, absorbing one-on-one political seminars in the grimmest of settings. Her father encouraged her to study other female leaders, including Indira Gandhi and Joan of Arc.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Bhutto was hanged in 1979, charged with orchestrating the murder of a political rival. Ms. Bhutto was forbidden to attend his funeral.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She and her mother were soon given leadership of her father’s People’s Party. But as the opposition to a military regime, Ms. Bhutto spent half her time in prison or under house arrest, sometimes in solitary confinement.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When the ruling general’s plane mysteriously fell from the sky in 1988, much of the nation rejoiced, and elections were set. Ms. Bhutto seized her moment, campaigned as the “daughter of Pakistan” and, at 35, reclaimed the office of prime minister for her family.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">She was elected twice, serving from December 1988 to August 1990 and again from October 1993 to November 1996.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Charismatic, striking and a canny political operator,” The Times said in an <a href="../../../../../2007/12/28/world/asia/28bhuttocnd.html">appraisal</a> after her death. “She ruled the party with an iron hand, jealously guarding her position, even while leading the party in absentia for nearly a decade.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Bhutto could be imperial in bearing, charming and also ruthless. At one point she ousted her mother from the party’s leadership, provoking the elder Ms. Bhutto to remark, “She talks a lot about democracy, but she’s become a little dictator.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After accusing her government of corruption, her younger brother Murtaza, a member of the provincial legislature, was gunned down outside his home in a police ambush. Her husband, Asif Ali Zardari, whom she had named minister of investment, was indicted in the murder but exonerated. Witnesses were either arrested, intimidated or killed.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Each of her terms as prime minister ended when she was dismissed by the president on graft charges. When she and her husband left office in 1996, they were worth hundreds of millions of dollars, though the source of their wealth was unclear. Pakistan was named one of the world’s three most corrupt countries.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In her mind, she was Pakistan, so she could do as she pleased,” her former adviser, Husain Haqqani, said.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Bhutto spent most of the last nine years of her life in self-imposed exile, much of it in a palatial estate in Dubai. After receiving amnesty on the pending charges, she returned in late 2007 to seek a third term.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A close ally of the Afghan Taliban — which her government supported in its infancy in 1996 — killed her at a rally outside the capital. It happened in a park where Pakistan’s first prime minister was also assassinated, in 1951.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Pakistan still waits today for a real democracy to emerge, and an elected leader from outside the few feudal families that have ruled the country, alternating with the military, since its birth.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2007/12/28/world/asia/28bhutto.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Benazir Bhutto, 54, Who Weathered Pakistan’s Political Storm for 3 Decades, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="-Adeel Hassan"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="-Adeel Hassan" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">-Adeel Hassan</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="benazir-bhutto" data-title="Benazir Bhutto, the Muslim World's First Female Leader" data-description="Benazir Bhutto, twice elected prime minister of Pakistan, is remembered for governing the country during tumultuous times..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="benazir-bhutto" data-author="-Adeel Hassan" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/world/nf-obits-bhutto/nf-obits-bhutto-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-bugsy-siegel" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/bugsy-siegel" data-timestamp="1466422141" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/bugsy-siegel" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004472259" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004472259" class="photo media media-100000004472259 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004472259" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 84%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel in 1940." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel in 1940.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="bugsy-siegel">Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel, Las <span class='nbsp'>Vegas Visionary</span></a> </h2> <a href="bugsy-siegel" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-20 07:29:01 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-20T07:29:01-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 20, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:29 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel is mainly remembered as a bloodthirsty but dapper gangster.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In New York City, Siegel (1906-1947) was a core member of the infamous hit squad Murder Incorporated and implicated in many high-profile killings. His hair-trigger temper and penchant for brutality earned him the nickname “Bugsy,” in his day a slang term for crazy.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But Siegel, who <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/06/22/110054431.html?pageNumber=7=1&rpm=true">died in a hail of bullets 69 years ago today</a>, was also something of a visionary. He eventually moved west and pioneered the development of Las Vegas as a casino capital, investing in it when it was little more than a sleepy desert town with a pliant City Council and lax gambling regulations.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In New York, Siegel, a product of the tough streets of Williamsburg in Brooklyn, was, like his associate Meyer Lansky, a kingpin in what was known as the Jewish mob. He was one of the “Big Six,” a dominant group of bootleggers in the Northeast that included Lansky and Charles “Lucky” Luciano.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Seeking to expand his empire, he left New York City in the 1930s to set up bootlegging and gambling operations on the West Coast.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He moved to Beverly Hills and threw all-night parties with stars like Cary Grant, Clark Gable and Gary Cooper. But Siegel wanted more. So he sought a fresh start in Las Vegas, pouring $600,000 of his own funds into a new hotel and casino, which began Las Vegas’s transformation into a city of high-stakes mob glamour.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His girlfriend at the time was the actress Virginia Hill, whose long legs had earned her the nickname “The Flamingo.” Siegel named his new venture, the Flamingo Hotel and Casino, after her. (Their relationship was dramatized in the 1991 movie “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNVhR48qiA0&oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DzNVhR48qiA0&has_verified=1">Bugsy</a>,” starring Warren Beatty and Annette Bening, who married the next year.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When the casino struggled at first, Siegel used millions of dollars from mob investors to prop it up. Without him, the Flamingo would have folded. And when it began to catch on, other investors, some with equally shady reputations, headed for “Vegas” to start their own gambling palaces.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But Siegel’s attempt at legitimacy came to naught. On June 20, 1947, he was shot through the living room window of Ms. Hill’s house in Beverly Hills, Calif., the victim of a hit like those he had reputedly organized. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The casino he built in her name endured until 1993, when the last of the original buildings were razed and replaced by Hilton.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1947/06/22/110054431.html?pageNumber=7=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Siegel, Gangster, Is Slain On Coast”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Kenneth R. Rosen"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Kenneth R. Rosen" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Kenneth R. Rosen</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="bugsy-siegel" data-title="Benjamin “Bugsy” Siegel, Las Vegas Visionary" data-description="Benjamin &quot;Bugsy&quot; Siegel is mainly remembered as a vicious mobster, but he also helped turn Las Vegas from a sle..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="bugsy-siegel" data-author="Kenneth R. Rosen" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/us/nf-obits-siegel/nf-obits-siegel-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5760340c61646d1ecf000003"></div> <article id="card-anderson-cooper" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/anderson-cooper" data-timestamp="1466334913" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/anderson-cooper" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004469886" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004469886" class="photo media media-100000004469886 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004469886" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Anderson Cooper and his father, Wyatt Cooper." data-mediaviewer-credit="Michael Buckner/Getty Images, Larry C. Morris, via The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Anderson Cooper and his father, Wyatt Cooper.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Michael Buckner/Getty Images, Larry C. Morris, via The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="anderson-cooper">Breaking Bread: Anderson Cooper and <span class='nbsp'>Wyatt Cooper</span></a> </h2> <a href="anderson-cooper" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-19 07:15:13 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-19T07:15:13-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 19, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:15 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, and whose obituary was published in The New York Times, who would it be, and why that person? Not Forgotten is asking that of influential people this summer in a series of posts called <a href="cory-booker-frederick-douglass">Breaking Bread</a>.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Today we have Anderson Cooper, CNN anchor who wrote “The Rainbow Comes and Goes: A Mother and Son on Life, Love, and Loss” (2016), with his mother, the heiress and fashion magnate <a href="../../../../../2016/04/03/fashion/anderson-cooper-gloria-vanderbilt.html">Gloria Vanderbilt</a>. He wrote about his father, Wyatt Cooper, a screenwriter and actor from Mississippi.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I was 10 when I read my father’s <a href="../../../../../1978/01/06/archives/wyatt-cooper-dies-screenplay-writer-coauthor-of-chapman-report-and.html">obituary</a> in The New York Times.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The paper was lying on the kitchen counter, and I was startled to see his face staring up at me as I passed by. It was two days after his death.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The article was short. It gave a few details of his life, but it didn’t tell me what I really wanted to know: How could he have died? What would happen to my family and me now?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As a teenager I used to imagine that he had written me a letter, and every birthday I secretly hoped it would arrive. The letter would be full of fatherly advice, and tell me all the things I didn’t know about him. Even now, when I see a stack of mail at home, I can’t help but hope the letter has finally come.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After a while, no matter how much you love someone, no matter how hard you try to remember, you start to forget little details — the sound of their voice, the way they smell, the look in their eyes when they smile and laugh. If I could see my father just once more, sit down and talk with him, look into his crystal blue eyes, feel the safety of his arms around me, I would give anything for that.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I’d ask him what he thinks of me? Is he proud of me? Does he approve of the man that I’ve become? I’d tell him about the choices I’ve had to make, the fears and difficulties I’ve struggled to overcome. What would he have done if he were me?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">My dad was 50 when he died, and I’ve always believed that I would die at that age as well. I just turned 49, and my doctor assures me I have many years yet to live.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">So if I could see my father one last time, I’d be sure to ask him the most important question of all: What should I do next? What path forward should I take? How should I live out these years I never expected to have, these years he never lived to see?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1978/01/06/archives/wyatt-cooper-dies-screenplay-writer-coauthor-of-chapman-report-and.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Wyatt Cooper Dies; Screenplay Writer”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Anderson Cooper "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Anderson Cooper " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Anderson Cooper </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="anderson-cooper" data-title="Breaking Bread: Anderson Cooper and Wyatt Cooper" data-description="Anderson Cooper said he would dine with his father, Wyatt, a screenwriter who died when Anderson was just 10." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="anderson-cooper" data-author="Anderson Cooper " data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/17/obituaries/nf-obits-cooper/nf-obits-cooper-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-wernher-von-braun" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/wernher-von-braun" data-timestamp="1466076965" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/wernher-von-braun" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004471459" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004471459" class="photo media media-100000004471459 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004471459" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 99%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Wernher von Braun in 1956." data-mediaviewer-credit="George Tames/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Wernher von Braun in 1956.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> George Tames/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="wernher-von-braun">Wernher von Braun, Rocket Pioneer With a <span class='nbsp'>Dark Past</span></a> </h2> <a href="wernher-von-braun" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-16 07:36:05 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-16T07:36:05-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 16, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:36 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For his confirmation gift, his parents gave him a telescope. His imagination was piqued as a student in Berlin when he read about a phantasmagorical journey to the moon.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I knew how Columbus had felt,” he recalled.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When he died on June 16, 1977, <a href="../../../../../1977/06/18/archives/wernher-von-braun-rocket-pioneer-dies-wernher-von-braun-pioneer-in.html">Wernher von Braun</a>, the son of East Prussian aristocrats, had left an indelible, if ambiguous, legacy as a visionary space-travel pioneer.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His boyhood obsession with rocketry elevated him to the position of Nazi Germany’s leading missile scientist and the brains behind the V-2 — Vergeltungswaffe Zwei (Revenge Weapon Two) — perfected in the village of Peenemünde, on the Baltic, where his grandfather had hunted ducks, and then aimed at Britain.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">With Soviet forces advancing at the end of World War II, von Braun and more than a hundred of his fellow scientists surrendered to the United States Army. They were scooped up in Operation Paperclip and transplanted in Alabama, where they formed the vanguard of an American space program that built the Saturn V rocket, which sent nine crews toward the moon.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In addition to Columbus, von Braun liked to invoke the Wright Brothers and Charles Lindbergh. But he was also often mentioned in the same breath as Faust, for his wartime Devil’s bargain. He would say later that his chief goal was always space travel — eventually a permanent moon base and a mission to Mars — and that his V-2 rockets had worked perfectly, except that they landed on the wrong planet.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“We wouldn’t have treated your atomic scientists as war criminals,” he once said, “and I didn’t expect to be treated as one.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But history is written by the victors, and for all the warranted gratification his later scientific accomplishments gave him, some critics never forgave his contributions to America’s wartime enemies. As the satirist Tom Lehrer sang:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Don’t say that he’s hypocritical,</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Say rather that he’s apolitical.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>“Once the rockets are up, who cares where they come down?</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>That’s not my department,” says Wernher von Braun.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1977/06/18/archives/wernher-von-braun-rocket-pioneer-dies-wernher-von-braun-pioneer-in.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Wernher von Braun, Rocket Pioneer, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sam Roberts "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sam Roberts " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sam Roberts </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="wernher-von-braun" data-title="Wernher von Braun, Rocket Pioneer With a Dark Past" data-description="Wernher von Braun played a key role in Hitler's rocket program before turning to space exploration." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="wernher-von-braun" data-author="Sam Roberts " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/16/us/nf-obits-vonbraun/nf-obits-vonbraun-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-ella-fitzgerald" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/ella-fitzgerald" data-timestamp="1465990226" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/ella-fitzgerald" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004464581" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004464581" class="photo media media-100000004464581 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004464581" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 74%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Ella Fitzgerald singing at the Basin Street. " data-mediaviewer-credit="Larry C. Morris/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Ella Fitzgerald singing at the Basin Street. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Larry C. Morris/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="ella-fitzgerald">The Surprisingly Quiet <span class='nbsp'>Ella Fitzgerald</span></a> </h2> <a href="ella-fitzgerald" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-15 07:30:26 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-15T07:30:26-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 15, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:30 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Though a listener would not have realized it hearing her crooning, belting or scatting, <a href="../../../../../1996/06/16/nyregion/ella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html">Ella Fitzgerald</a>, the “first lady of song,” was a quiet person in private.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Unlike many of her jazz world contemporaries — the list is practically endless — she was abstemious. When she was not onstage or on tour, where she spent most of her life, she preferred tranquil days at her Beverly Hills home and a placid social life with friends like Carmen McRae, Sarah Vaughan and Peggy Lee.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“It’s not easy for me to get up in front of a crowd of people,” <a href="//www.ellafitzgerald.com/about/quote.html">Fitzgerald</a> once said. “It used to bother me a lot, but now I’ve got it figured out that God gave me this talent to use, so I just stand there and sing.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Many who followed Fitzgerald’s career — from her singing debut at an amateur contest at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1934 until her <a href="../../../../../1996/06/16/nyregion/ella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html">death</a> on June 15, 1996 — might have doubted that she had ever known anything like stage fright. She was just too powerful a presence, like in this clip of her singular version of “Mack the Knife.”</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/YX2n2EE2hls?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yet her quiet, abstemious side probably contributed to her longevity; her career lasted six decades.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Fitzgerald had a protean voice. She sang show tunes, swing, bebop, novelties, bossa nova and opera. She recorded with Ellington, Basie and Armstrong, and made albums of songs by Porter, Rodgers and Hart, and George and Ira Gershwin.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The world recognized her talent when she first sang with the drummer and bandleader Chick Webb, with whom she recorded her first hit, “<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SjJry0vhHj4">A-Tisket, A-Tasket</a>.” </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“As for Ella Fitzgerald, the gauche young woman who first sold the country on ‘A-Tisket, A-Tasket,’ it is a little late to remind you that her simply rendered Negro lyrics are already a part of swingdom’s folklore,” Theodore Strauss wrote in a nightclub review in <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1939/02/05/91551404.html?pageNumber=136=1&rpm=true">The Times in 1939</a>, a year after the song was released. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I never knew how good our songs were,” Ira Gershwin once said, “until I heard Ella Fitzgerald sing them.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her commendations included honorary doctorates at Yale and Dartmouth, the National Medal of Arts and 13 Grammy Awards.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The decades did little to diminish Fitzgerald’s voice. When she gave her final concert, at Carnegie Hall in 1991, <a href="../../../../../1991/06/29/arts/jazz-festival-ella-fitzgerald-at-carnegie-still-with-the-girlish-tone.html">Jon Pareles wrote</a> in The Times that even though she had to be helped on and off the stage, “she can still be an exuberant human trumpet.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1996/06/16/nyregion/ella-fitzgerald-the-voice-of-jazz-dies-at-79.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Ella Fitzgerald, the Voice of Jazz, Dies at 79”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Lauren Hard"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Lauren Hard" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Lauren Hard</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="ella-fitzgerald" data-title="The Surprisingly Quiet Ella Fitzgerald" data-description="A listener would not have realized it hearing her crooning, belting or scatting, but Ella Fitzgerald was a quiet person i..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="ella-fitzgerald" data-author="Lauren Hard" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/15/arts/nf-obits-fitzgerald/nf-obits-fitzgerald-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-57606bc061646d1e6a00001c"></div> <article id="card-jorge-luis-borges" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jorge-luis-borges" data-timestamp="1465907137" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/jorge-luis-borges" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004463063" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004463063" class="photo media media-100000004463063 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004463063" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Jorge Luis Borges in his Manhattan apartment in 1971." data-mediaviewer-credit="Tyrone Dukes/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Jorge Luis Borges in his Manhattan apartment in 1971.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Tyrone Dukes/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="jorge-luis-borges">Jorge Luis Borges, Master of <span class='nbsp'>the Mystical</span></a> </h2> <a href="jorge-luis-borges" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-14 08:25:37 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-14T08:25:37-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 14, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 8:25 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">An inscrutable point in space, which contains all other points simultaneously, inspires a poet, and revenge. Despairing curators wander in a labyrinthine library stocked with innumerable, unintelligible books. A mild-mannered reader dreams of gauchos, knife fights and death.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">These and all other manner of the mystical, enigmatic and paradoxical imbued the writing of <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1986/06/15/422986.html?pageNumber=1">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, an Argentine author whose concise, intricate work overflowed with wonder. He penned densely philosophical short stories and poems of his own and literary hoaxes that intentionally blurred the line between reality and fiction.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“His fables are written from a height of intelligence less rare in philosophy and physics than in fiction,” John Updike said of Mr. Borges’s writing. “Furthermore, he is, at least for anyone whose taste runs to puzzles or pure speculation, delightfully entertaining.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Borges was widely considered a candidate for the Nobel Prize for literature, but he never received it. “I still don’t understand why they haven’t given it to him,” Gabriel García Márquez said when he won the prize in 1982.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Some speculated that the Nobel committee overlooked Mr. Borges because of his reluctance to engage with the political violence that engulfed Argentina in the 20th Century. But Mr. Borges, an otherworldly figure himself, preferred the printed page to our unruly and unwelcoming reality. That reality grew more distant when he went blind in the 1950s and was forced to rely on others to transcribe his words and read to him. He departed this world for good when he died of liver cancer on June 14, 1986.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Toward the end of his life, however, Mr. Borges said he recognized himself in his most fantastical writing.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Through the years, a man peoples a space with images of provinces, kingdoms, mountains, bays, ships, islands, fishes, rooms, tools, stars, horses, and people,” Mr. Borges said. “Shortly before his death, he discovers that the patient labyrinth of lines traces the image of his own face.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1986/06/15/422986.html?pageNumber=1=1&rpm=true"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Jorge Luis Borges, A Master of Fantasy and Fable, Is Dead”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines=" -Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name=" -Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person"> -Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="jorge-luis-borges" data-title="Jorge Luis Borges, Master of the Mystical" data-description="The mystical, enigmatic and paradoxical imbued the writing of Jorge Luis Borges, an Argentine author whose concise, intri..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="jorge-luis-borges" data-author=" -Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/14/arts/nf-obits-borges/nf-obits-borges-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-tim-russert" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/tim-russert" data-timestamp="1465818915" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/tim-russert" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004462631" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004462631" class="photo media media-100000004462631 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004462631" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/13/us/nf-obits-russert-alt/nf-obits-russert-alt-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/13/us/nf-obits-russert-alt/nf-obits-russert-alt-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/13/us/nf-obits-russert-alt/nf-obits-russert-alt-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/13/us/nf-obits-russert-alt/nf-obits-russert-alt-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/13/us/nf-obits-russert-alt/nf-obits-russert-alt-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Tim Russert, right, speaks with Sen. Richard Shelby and Sen. John Edwards on NBC's ''Meet the Press'' in 2001." data-mediaviewer-credit="Alex Wong/Newsmakers" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Tim Russert, right, speaks with Sen. Richard Shelby and Sen. John Edwards on NBC's ''Meet the Press'' in 2001.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Alex Wong/Newsmakers </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="tim-russert">Tough Questions for Both Sides From <span class='nbsp'>Tim Russert</span></a> </h2> <a href="tim-russert" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-13 07:55:15 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-13T07:55:15-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 13, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:55 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1993 <a href="../../../../../2008/06/14/business/media/13cnd-russert.html">Tim Russert</a> asked president Bill Clinton on “<a href="//www.nbcnews.com/video/meet-the-press/25174612#25174612">Meet the Press</a>,” “Will you allow North Korea to build a nuclear bomb?”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“North Korea can not be allowed to develop a nuclear bomb,” Mr. Clinton replied. “We have to be very firm about it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 2004 he asked president <a href="//www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75523">George W. Bush</a>, “In light of not finding the weapons of mass destruction, do you believe the war in Iraq is a war of choice or a war of necessity?”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I think that’s an interesting question,” Mr. Bush replied. “Please elaborate on that a little bit. A war of choice or a war of necessity? It’s a war of necessity.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">At a time when partisan divides seem insurmountable, Democrats and Republicans could agree on Tim Russert, the longest-serving host of NBC’s “<a href="//www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press">Meet the Press</a>.” By turns they were wary and fond of him and always on their toes under his tough questioning on Sunday mornings.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Arizona Senator John McCain probably <a href="//www.nbcnews.com/id/12067487/ns/meet_the_press/t/transcript-april/#.V1syYWbGJG4">expressed the sentiment best</a> after Mr. Russert thanked him for appearing on the show in 2006, saying “I haven’t had so much fun since my last interrogation.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For almost 17 years as moderator Mr. Russert built on the show’s long tradition of being required viewing for politicians, pundits, journalists and anyone else with a passion for public affairs. The show regularly reached an audience of almost four million people.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And he was working until the end. Mr. Russert died of a heart attack after collapsing at NBC News’s Washington bureau on June 13, 2008. He had been recording voiceovers for the show, amid Senator Barack Obama’s historic presidential campaign. Below is a tribute episode that aired after his death.</p> <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sCO2ll9210Q?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> <p itemprop="articleBody text"></br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">From his table on the Washington set of “Meet the Press,” Mr. Russert covered elections through the 1990s and early 2000s. In one memorable instance he brought comprehensible analysis to the confusing ballot tumult in Florida in the 2000 presidential election that ended with a Supreme Court decision and victory for Mr. Bush.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Russert was a prepared and pointed interviewer, whether grilling Hillary Clinton, Dick Cheney, John Kerry or Mitt Romney. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Russert was an unlikely candidate for broadcast stardom. The son of a garbage collector from Buffalo, N.Y., he came to journalism from government, having worked for Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Gov. Mario M. Cuomo of New York. He was no one’s idea of a polished, lantern-jawed news anchor out of central casting. He was meaty and sometimes cross-looking with his dramatically knitted eyebrows; he could be prosecutorial one moment and jovial the next.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He joined NBC in 1984 as an executive. Impressing management with his political acumen, he was promoted to Washington bureau chief in the late 1980s and to moderator on “Meet the Press” in 1991, despite having scant on-camera experience.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Eight years later, The Times wrote that he had remade the show, “changing it from a sleepy encounter between reporters and Washington newsmakers into an issue-dense program, with Mr. Russert taking on the week’s newsmaker.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The show still draws a comparable number of viewers with Chuck Todd occupying Mr. Russert’s former seat.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2008/06/14/business/media/14russert.html"><em><strong>Read the original obituary “Tim Russert, 58, NBC’s Face of Politics, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="tim-russert" data-title="Tough Questions for Both Sides From Tim Russert" data-description="In the nearly 17 years as the host of &quot;Meet the Press,&quot; Tim Russert grilled lawmakers from across the political..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="tim-russert" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/t_logo_291_black.png" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-david-petraeus" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/david-petraeus" data-timestamp="1465527098" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/david-petraeus" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004456326" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004456326" class="photo media media-100000004456326 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004456326" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Generals Petraeus and Grant. " data-mediaviewer-credit="Richard Drew/Associated Press; Hulton Archive, via Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Generals Petraeus and Grant. </span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Richard Drew/Associated Press; Hulton Archive, via Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="david-petraeus">Breaking Bread: David H. Petraeus and Ulysses <span class='nbsp'>S. Grant</span></a> </h2> <a href="david-petraeus" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-09 22:51:38 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-09T22:51:38-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 9, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:51 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, and whose obituary was published in The New York Times, who would it be, and why that person? Not Forgotten is asking that question of a variety of influential people this summer in a series of posts called <a href="cory-booker-frederick-douglass">Breaking Bread.</a></em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>Today we have David H. Petraeus, a former C.I.A. director and the highest-profile general from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I would like to host <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/07/24/103066950.html?pageNumber=NaN&rpm=true&zoom=16">General Grant</a> for dinner at the Lotos Club, one of the oldest literary clubs in the United States (founded in 1870, early in President Grant’s administration). Besides celebrating writers and those in the arts, the club, in Midtown Manhattan, has also recognized military and government leaders (including the former Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates and me) at its annual state dinners.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Hosting Grant — a great writer as well as a great leader — at the Lotos Club would thus be very fitting. He would feel welcome there.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Coincidentally, the lovely old townhouse that houses the club, on East 66th Street just off Fifth Avenue, is next door to the address at which Grant lived the final years of his life.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">I have long admired Grant and felt that some historians were unduly critical of him at various points in the last century (although more recent biographies have once again recognized his extraordinary qualities and how fortunate we were to have him in uniform during the Civil War, in particular).</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In my view, Grant stands alone among American military leaders as hugely impressive at all three levels of war: tactically (as shown in his capture of Forts Henry and Donelson in Tennessee early in the war); operationally (the Vicksburg victory in 1863, one of the greatest operational-level campaigns of all time); and strategically (devising and overseeing the first truly comprehensive strategy for the Union forces to defeat Robert E. Lee’s Confederate Army).</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In January 2007, a historian at the Command and General Staff College gave me a copy of “Grant Takes Command,” a 1968 history by Bruce Catton, as I was preparing to head to Iraq to command the troop surge. I read it during the tough early months of that endeavor, and I found Grant’s example inspirational.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Especially impressive was his sheer fortitude in the face of congressional sniping, press criticism, political pressures, battlefield setbacks and terrible casualties.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Most important, as the first Union commander to come up with a comprehensive strategy to defeat the Confederate forces, he was the first to give battle to Lee and not retreat back to Washington immediately afterward. Rather, he wrote to President Abraham Lincoln in 1864 that he intended “to fight it out all summer on this line if that’s what it takes.”</p> <figure id="media-100000004456392" class="photo media media-100000004456392 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004456392" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/us/nf-obits-petraeus-2/nf-obits-petraeus-2-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="General Grant and his staff at Massaponnax Church, Va., shortly after the bloody battle of Spottsylvania Courthouse on May 13, 1864." data-mediaviewer-credit="Mathew B. Brady, via Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">General Grant and his staff at Massaponnax Church, Va., shortly after the bloody battle of Spottsylvania Courthouse on May 13, 1864.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Mathew B. Brady, via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Of course, it took all summer, all fall, all winter and part of the spring until the surrender of Lee’s army at Appomattox in April 1865. Again, through it all, Grant displayed extraordinary fortitude and quiet determination in dealing with the enormous pressures on him — and then displayed remarkable magnanimity and respect in agreeing to the terms of Lee’s surrender.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">After the war Grant dealt calmly but firmly with the erratic behavior of President Andrew Johnson in the wake of Lincoln’s assassination. And although as president (1869-77) he was tarnished by financial scandal after placing too much trust in some members of his cabinet, he sought to be compassionate during the Indian Wars and in the conduct of Reconstruction, and demonstrated integrity in guiding the nation through a host of financial crises.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And he was modest and unassuming in all that he did. Toward the end of his life, when facing financial ruin — a result of misplaced faith in his investment advisers — he turned down charity from admirers and sought to secure his family’s future by writing his memoirs. They are still regarded as the most literate, forthright memoirs of any major American military figure.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">With the help of Mark Twain, the memoirs were an enormous commercial success when published after Grant died, on July 23, 1885, at an Adirondacks retreat. Twain, by the way, was among the earliest members of the Lotos Club.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">For me, Grant was always captured best in the pithy response he offered to Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, his most trusted commander, after the nearly disastrous first day of the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, when Grant’s army was almost pushed back into the Tennessee River. Sherman had emerged from the darkness to encounter Grant sitting under a tree with the rain dripping off his slouch hat.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Well, Grant,” Sherman said, “we’ve had the devil’s own day today, haven’t we.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Yep,” Grant replied, taking a soggy cigar out of his mouth. “Lick ‘em tomorrow, though.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">And he and his army did just that – all the way to Appomattox.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1885/07/24/103066950.html?pageNumber=NaN&rpm=true&zoom=16"><em><strong>Read the obituary “A Hero Finds Rest”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="David H. Petraeus"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="David H. Petraeus" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">David H. Petraeus</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="david-petraeus" data-title="Breaking Bread: David H. Petraeus and Ulysses S. Grant" data-description="General Petraeus said he would dine with Ulysses S. Grant, a general who became president. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="david-petraeus" data-author="David H. Petraeus" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/10/obituaries/nf-obits-petraeus/nf-obits-petraeus-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5757095061646d5c5a000002"></div> <article id="card-john-gotti" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/john-gotti" data-timestamp="1465472682" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/john-gotti" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004456346" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004456346" class="photo media media-100000004456346 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004456346" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="John Gotti leaving court for lunch in 1990." data-mediaviewer-credit="Keith Meyers/The New York Times" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">John Gotti leaving court for lunch in 1990.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Keith Meyers/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="john-gotti">John Gotti, the First <span class='nbsp'>Media Don</span></a> </h2> <a href="john-gotti" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-09 07:44:42 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-09T07:44:42-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 9, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:44 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">A life of crime is usually lived in the shadows. But John Gotti, the longtime boss of the Gambino crime family, preferred the spotlight. He was a publicity hound long before social media and smartphones made oversharing ubiquitous.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He was the first media don,” said J. Bruce Mouw, a former F.B.I. agent who helped find the evidence that led to Gotti’s conviction. “He never tried to hide the fact that he was a superboss.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Mouw was quoted in Gotti’s <a href="../../../../../2002/06/11/nyregion/john-gotti-dies-in-prison-at-61-mafia-boss-relished-the-spotlight.html">obituary</a>, written by Selwyn Raab, who covered organized crime for The Times for years. Gotti died on June 10, 2002, in a federal prison in Springfield, Mo., his home for the past decade.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gotti took control of the Gambino family after engineering the assassination of his predecessor, Paul Castellano, in 1985. He went on to make <a href="../../../../../1989/04/02/magazine/john-gotti-running-the-mob.html?pagewanted=all">flagrant power moves</a>, courting the press all the while. He cut a dashing figure, draped in expensive double-breasted suits that might as well have been suits of armor, as far as prosecutors were concerned.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In tabloid argot, he was the Teflon Don, evading successful prosecution, or the Dapper Don, for his smart appearance,” Mr. Raab wrote.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gotti relished the attention. He bragged that he was inspired by Albert Anastasia, the founder of the syndicate Murder Incorporated, and that his management style was derived from Niccolò Machiavelli’s “The Prince,” which he said he read as a child. He knew his every move was being scrutinized but never let his observers feel that they had the upper hand.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Mr. Gotti became organized crime’s most significant symbol of resistance to law enforcement since Al Capone in Chicago 60 years earlier,” the obituary said. “If he spotted detectives on stakeouts, he was known to taunt them by rubbing one index finger against another and mouthing the words: ‘Naughty, naughty.’”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Charges finally stuck after Salvatore Gravano, better known as Sammy the Bull, turned on Gotti in court, detailing Gotti’s involvement in mob hits and other criminal enterprises. On April 2, 1992, Gotti was convicted on 13 counts, among them a racketeering charge that cited him for five murders and other murder charges, conspiracy, gambling, obstruction of justice and tax fraud.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Yearning for the spotlight ran in the family. His children starred on the reality TV series “<a href="../../../../../2004/11/20/nyregion/name-is-gotti-but-principle-is-peter.html">Growing Up Gotti</a>,” which appeared on A&E in 2004-5.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2002/06/11/nyregion/john-gotti-dies-in-prison-at-61-mafia-boss-relished-the-spotlight.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “John Gotti Dies in Prison at 61; Mafia Boss Relished the Spotlight”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="john-gotti" data-title="John Gotti, the First Media Don" data-description="The don of the Gambino crime family, lived a surprisingly public life. Here is his story. " data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="john-gotti" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/07/nyregion/nf-obits-gotti/nf-obits-gotti-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-joan-rivers-can-we-talk" class="card media video large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/joan-rivers-can-we-talk" data-timestamp="1465384676" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/joan-rivers-can-we-talk" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000003089915" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000003089915" class="video-player scoop media" itemprop="associatedMedia video" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/VideoObject" itemid="100000003089915"> <div id="video-100000003089915" class="nyt-player player" data-video-id="100000003089915"></div> <figcaption class="caption"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="thumbnailUrl">https://static02.nyt.com/images/2014/09/04/arts/joan-rivers-bw/joan-rivers-bw-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg</span> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="uploadDate">2016-06-07T22:27:41.041+00:00</span> <span class="headline-text" itemprop="name">Joan Rivers: 50 Years of Funny</span> <span class="caption-text" itemprop="caption description">Moments from the groundbreaking career of Joan Rivers.</span> <span class="credit"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> <span itemprop="director">By THE NEW YORK TIMES</span> </span> </figcaption> </figure> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="image">https://static02.nyt.com/images/2014/09/04/arts/joan-rivers-bw/joan-rivers-bw-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg</span> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="joan-rivers-can-we-talk">Joan Rivers: Can <span class='nbsp'>We Talk?</span></a> </h2> <a href="joan-rivers-can-we-talk" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-08 07:17:56 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-08T07:17:56-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 8, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:17 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On Kate Winslet’s head piece: “The nice thing about this hat is that it covers up the head wound that made her think it was a good idea to wear it in the first place.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On Queen Elizabeth II: “Gowns by Helen Keller. Nice looking. Not at all like her stamp. Wears her watch over the glove, though — tacky.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On Donatella Versace: “That skin! She looks like something you’d hang off your door in Africa.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On herself: “My love life is like a piece of Swiss cheese; most of it’s missing, and what’s there stinks.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Joan Rivers, the irrepressible and sharply acerbic comedian, would have been 83 today, and since her <a href="../../../../../2014/09/05/arts/television/joan-rivers-dies.html">death almost two years ago</a>, she has left a celebrity-skewering void that can still be felt during every major red carpet event, from the Oscars to the Grammys, where the glitterati were sitting ducks for her as she hosted the E! show “Fashion Police.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As Katy Perry tweeted on the day Ms. Rivers died:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="https://twitter.com/katyperry/status/507633436077465600">What’s the point of wearing all these dumb costumes if Joan’s not here to rip them apart RIP Joan Rivers. You are a one of a one. <em>katyperry</em></a></p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">(Ms. Rivers died undergoing a routine procedure in New York City. A settlement in a malpractice lawsuit filed by Ms. Rivers’s daughter, Melissa, was reached in May.)</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In honor of her birthday, we’re asking readers to share their favorite zingers and one-liners by Ms. Rivers on Twitter using #TellNYT.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But beyond the red carpet, we remember Ms. Rivers today as one of America’s first successful female stand-up comics in a landscape dominated by men. She paved the way for generations of comedians, distinguishing herself with slashing style and biting self-deprecation, even about her death.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I’ve had so much plastic surgery,” she once said. “When I die they will donate my body to Tupperware.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Rivers broke through in the 1960s as a guest on “The Tonight Show” with Johnny Carson. A <a href="//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1965/07/13/94967500.html?version=meter+at+0&module=meter-Links&pgtype=Blogs&contentId=&mediaId=&referrer=&priority=true&action=click&contentCollection=meter-links-click&pageNumber=39">review in The New York Times</a> in 1965 called her “an unusually bright girl who is overcoming the handicap of a woman comic, looks pretty and blonde and bright and yet manages to make people laugh.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But she was fired after she got her own show. Then her husband committed suicide. Driven by despair and desperation, she reinvented herself as a writer, producer and entrepreneur. In the 1990s she began “poking a microphone into freshly Botoxed faces on red carpets,” and in 2010 she became a star of “Fashion Police.” Nothing was sacred. No one was spared.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Times obituary said:</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“She would take the stage in a demure black sheath and ladylike pearls, a tiny bouffant blonde with a genteel air of sorority decorum. Then she’d stick her finger down her throat and regurgitate the dirt on the rich and famous, the stream-of-consciousness take on national heroes and sacrosanct cultural idols.”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../2014/09/05/arts/television/joan-rivers-dies.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Joan Rivers, a Comic Stiletto Quick to Skewer, Is Dead at 81”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Shreeya Sinha "> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Shreeya Sinha " itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Shreeya Sinha </span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="joan-rivers-can-we-talk" data-title="Joan Rivers: Can We Talk?" data-description="We remember Ms. Rivers on her birthday as one of America’s first successful female stand-up comics in a landscape dominat..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="joan-rivers-can-we-talk" data-author="Shreeya Sinha " data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2014/09/04/arts/joan-rivers-bw/joan-rivers-bw-facebookJumbo-v2.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-dorothy-parker" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dorothy-parker" data-timestamp="1465310505" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/dorothy-parker" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004452906" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <figure id="media-100000004452906" class="photo media media-100000004452906 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004452906" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 76%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Dorothy Parker at the typewriter." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Dorothy Parker at the typewriter.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="dorothy-parker">The Eternally Quotable <span class='nbsp'>Dorothy Parker</span></a> </h2> <a href="dorothy-parker" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-07 10:41:45 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-07T10:41:45-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 7, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:41 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Dorothy Parker never met a contemporary she couldn’t skewer. A contributor and critic for Vanity Fair and The New Yorker and a founding member of the informal gathering of literati known as the Algonquin Round Table, she delivered withering, seemingly effortless bons mots.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Informed that Clare Boothe Luce was invariably kind to her inferiors, Miss Parker remarked, ‘And where does she find them?’ ”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The quotation is from Parker’s <a href="../../../../2016/06/06/obituaries/archives/document-DorothyParker.html">obituary</a> in The New York Times. She died of a heart attack on June 7, 1967. She was 73.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Parker dispensed caustic humor in prose and verse as well as over drinks. Her observations and remarks were very much of their time, but they still induce winces in an era when cutting snark has become practically de rigueur. Over the years many couplets and witticisms have been attributed to Parker, some apocryphally. Here are just a few: </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On men:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Men seldom make passes at girls who wear glasses.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Take me or leave me; or, as is the usual order of things, both.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On money:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I don’t know much about being a millionaire, but I’ll bet I’d be darling at it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On alcohol:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Three be the things I shall never attain: Envy, content and sufficient champagne.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">On writing:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I hate writing; I love having written.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I can’t write five words but that I change seven.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“If you have any young friends who aspire to become writers, the second greatest favor you can do them is to present them with copies of ‘The Elements of Style.’ The first greatest, of course, is to shoot them now, while they’re happy.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her suggested epitaph:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“Excuse my dust.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The suggestion was taken. Those words are on a <a href="//www.pagepulp.com/944/gravestones-of-famous-authors/">memorial plaque</a> where Parker’s ashes are interred. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/06/08/90356284.html?pageNumber=1"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Dorothy Parker, Literary Wit, Dies”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="dorothy-parker" data-title="The Eternally Quotable Dorothy Parker" data-description="Dorothy Parker was famous for her bons mots. Here are some of our favorites." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="dorothy-parker" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/obituaries/nf-dorothy-parker/nf-dorothy-parker-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5751f26f61646d0949000000"></div> <article id="card-robert-kennedy" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/robert-kennedy" data-timestamp="1465210784" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/robert-kennedy" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004452268" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004452268" class="photo media media-100000004452268 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004452268" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 78%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Robert F. Kennedy just before he was shot." data-mediaviewer-credit="Dick Strobel/Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Robert F. Kennedy just before he was shot.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Dick Strobel/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="robert-kennedy">Robert Kennedy: On One California Night, Triumph <span class='nbsp'>and Tragedy</span></a> </h2> <a href="robert-kennedy" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-06 06:59:44 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-06T06:59:44-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 6, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 6:59 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“In many ways, the personal characteristics of Robert Kennedy are very much like the dominant characteristics of the American people,” the New York Times columnist <a href="../../../../2016/06/03/us/robert-kennedy.html">James Reston wrote</a> on June 6, 1968, the day Kennedy was murdered, and maybe that was why he connected so viscerally with his impassioned constituency.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“We are an ambitious, strenuous, combative, youthful, inconsistent, abrupt, moralistic, sports-loving, non-intellectual breed,” Mr. Reston wrote, and Kennedy “was a passionate and pugnacious man who confronted the inevitable and sometimes the avoidable contradictions of life, and inspired a great loyalty and great fear in the process.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Kennedy, at the time New York’s junior senator and a former attorney general in the cabinet of his brother John F. Kennedy, had just claimed victory in the California presidential primary in a rally at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles when he, like his brother four and a half years earlier, was felled by an assassin. He died 20 hours later, the first assassination of an American presidential candidate.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His death, just two months after the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, was another shock that only deepened Americans’ soul-searching as they grappled with the legacies of racial injustice and divisions over the nation’s involvement in the Vietnam War. In a searing Op-Ed critique, the playwright Arthur Miller demanded that Americans “face the fact that the violence in our streets is the violence in our hearts.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Before a funeral train carried Kennedy’s body to Washington from New York for burial, diverse thousands paid their respects. “World statesmen in formal dark suits stood next to Harlem school boys in torn Levis and sneakers,” the reporter J. Anthony Lukas wrote in The Times.</p> <figure id="media-100000004452436" class="photo media media-100000004452436 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004452436" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-master768.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-2/nf-obits-kennedy-2-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="A crowd watching the funeral train in New Jersey in 1968." data-mediaviewer-credit="William Sauro/The New York Times"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">A crowd watching the funeral train in New Jersey in 1968.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> William Sauro/The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Kennedy had been revered by many as a political savior in a turbulent time and despised by others as ruthless and opportunistic. “Many men succeed in politics by using their worst qualities, and this applied to Robert Kennedy at the beginning of his legislative career,” Mr. Reston wrote, “but in the end he failed while using his best qualities.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In his eulogy, Senator Edward M. Kennedy urged that his brother be judged at face value. “My brother need not be idealized or enlarged in death beyond what he was in life,” he said. “He should be remembered simply as a good and decent man, who saw wrong and tried to right it, saw suffering and tried to heal it, saw war and tried to stop it.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Since then, the quadrennial California primary has shouldered the added distinction of marking the anniversary of Kennedy’s death. Californians, 48 years later, go to the polls Tuesday.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../2016/06/03/us/robert-kennedy.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary and editorial, “Washington: the Qualities of Robert Kennedy”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Sam Roberts"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Sam Roberts" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Sam Roberts</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="robert-kennedy" data-title="Robert Kennedy: On One California Night, Triumph and Tragedy" data-description="“In many ways, the personal characteristics of Robert Kennedy are very much like the dominant characteristics of the Amer..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="robert-kennedy" data-author="Sam Roberts" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/04/us/nf-obits-kennedy-1/nf-obits-kennedy-1-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-ruhollah-khomeini-iran" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/ruhollah-khomeini-iran" data-timestamp="1464952663" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/ruhollah-khomeini-iran" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004440667" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004440667" class="photo media media-100000004440667 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440667" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini descending from the Air France plane that took him to Tehran in 1979 after 15 years in exile." data-mediaviewer-credit="Gabriel Duval/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini descending from the Air France plane that took him to Tehran in 1979 after 15 years in exile.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Gabriel Duval/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="ruhollah-khomeini-iran">Iran’s Ruhollah Khomeini, a Man Who Shook <span class='nbsp'>the World</span></a> </h2> <a href="ruhollah-khomeini-iran" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-03 07:17:43 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-03T07:17:43-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 3, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:17 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">When Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic republic in Iran, was buried in 1989, three days after his death on June 3, all international phone lines in the country were cut and international flights halted. In Iran, mourning the leader of the last great revolution of the 20th century required everybody’s complete attention.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Millions took to the streets, and at Behest-e Zahra, or Zahra’s Paradise, where Khomeini was buried, the lamentation was so overwhelming that his coffin, carried by the crowds, had trouble making it to its grave site. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">His <a href="../../../../../1989/06/04/obituaries/ayatollah-ruhollah-khomeini-89-the-unwavering-iranian-spiritual-leader.html">obituary</a> in The New York Times was almost 3,500 words but quick to encapsulate the man, a Shiite Muslim cleric, and his importance to Iran and the world:</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“The life of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini was so shadowy, with such an overlay of myth and rumor, that there was lingering disagreement or uncertainty about his ancestry, his true name and his date of birth,” Raymond H. Anderson began.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“But when he returned in triumph to Teheran on Feb. 1, 1979 — after almost 15 years in exile — the imposing man in a black robe with a white beard and intense dark eyes left little doubt about who he was, or what he wanted for his ancient land. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ayatollah Khomeini felt a holy mission to rid Iran of what he saw as Western corruption and degeneracy and to return the country, under an Islamic theocracy, to religious purity.”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Today he is remembered as the Shiite Muslim cleric who, on Feb. 11, 1979, drove Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from the Peacock Throne in founding the world’s first and only Islamic republic governed by a religious political ideology.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In Iran he was better known as the Imam Khomeini, an honorific denoting the near-holy status that he continues to have in many parts of Iranian society. And such a man, his former revolutionary compatriots thought, deserved a pilgrimage site all his own.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Today, 27 years after his death, the sprawling, golden-domed Imam Khomeini shrine is one of the largest religious complexes in the world. At its center stands a golden-plated cage that holds Khomeini’s remains.</p> <figure id="media-100000004450676" class="photo media media-100000004450676 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004450676" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-superJumbo.jpg " sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-videoLarge.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/03/world/nf-obits-khomeini-3/nf-obits-khomeini-3-largeHorizontalJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="The shrine of Imam Khomeini." data-mediaviewer-credit="Morteza Nikoubazl/Reuters"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">The shrine of Imam Khomeini.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Morteza Nikoubazl/Reuters </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The shrine is one of the first imposing structures people see when they drive to Tehran after arriving at the Imam Khomeini International Airport, or IKIA. When Iranians are given a four-day holiday every year to commemorate him, the vast, marbled halls of the shrine are filled, and Khomeini’s successor, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, gives a speech.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The crowds thin out the rest of the year, but Iranians, mostly families on vacation, continue to flock to the shrine. Children run around in their socks — shoes are forbidden there — while mothers and fathers sit hunched over a carpet, picnicking, close to their beloved imam.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../../1989/06/04/obituaries/ayatollah-ruhollah-khomeini-89-the-unwavering-iranian-spiritual-leader.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, 89, the Unwavering Iranian Spiritual Leader”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Thomas Erdbrink"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Thomas Erdbrink" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Thomas Erdbrink</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="ruhollah-khomeini-iran" data-title="Iran’s Ruhollah Khomeini, a Man Who Shook the World" data-description="Mourning Ruhollah Khomeini, the founder of the Islamic republic, required every Iranian’s complete attention." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="ruhollah-khomeini-iran" data-author="Thomas Erdbrink" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-khomeini/nf-obits-khomeini-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-cory-booker-frederick-douglass" class="card media image_grid large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/cory-booker-frederick-douglass" data-timestamp="1464952069" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/cory-booker-frederick-douglass" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004450519 media-100000004447523" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <div class="tych"> <ul class="tych-list tych-2up horizontal-square" itemscope itemid="tych-2up:100000004450519-100000004447523" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageGallery"> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004450519" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004450519 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004450519" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 2)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Cory Booker" data-mediaviewer-credit="Malin Fezehai for The New York Times " /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Cory Booker</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Malin Fezehai for The New York Times </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004447523" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004447523 layout-square" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004447523" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/nyregion/nf-obits-booker-3/nf-obits-booker-3-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/nyregion/nf-obits-booker-3/nf-obits-booker-3-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/nyregion/nf-obits-booker-3/nf-obits-booker-3-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/nyregion/nf-obits-booker-3/nf-obits-booker-3-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 2)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/nyregion/nf-obits-booker-3/nf-obits-booker-3-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Frederick Douglass" data-mediaviewer-credit="Time Life Pictures/Getty Images" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Frederick Douglass</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Time Life Pictures/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> </ul> <div class="caption"> <span class="caption-text">Senator Cory Booker of New Jersey and one of his heroes, the abolitionist Frederick Douglass. </span> <span class="credit">Malin Fezehai for The New York Times; Time Life Pictures/Getty Images</span> </div> </div> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="cory-booker-frederick-douglass">Breaking Bread: Cory Booker and <span class='nbsp'>Frederick Douglass</span></a> </h2> <a href="cory-booker-frederick-douglass" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-03 07:07:49 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-03T07:07:49-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 3, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:07 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><em>If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, and whose obituary was published in The New York Times, who would it be, and why that person? Not Forgotten is asking that question of a variety of influential people this summer in a series of posts called Breaking Bread.</em></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">First up is <a href="//corybooker.com">Cory Booker</a>, New Jersey’s junior senator, a former mayor of Newark and a Democrat frequently mentioned as a potential vice-presidential running mate in the 2016 election.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Asked in a telephone interview on Wednesday to choose a dinner companion, Mr. Booker said he had gone back and forth between two of his heroes, both of whom rose from slavery: <a href="../../../../../2016/04/21/us/women-currency-treasury-harriet-tubman.html?_r=0">Harriet Tubman</a>, the abolitionist who is most remembered for ushering dozens of slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, and <a href="../../../../2016/06/03/us/douglass-obituary.html">Frederick Douglass</a>, the abolitionist author and orator and later prominent humanitarian and campaigner for women’s rights.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Booker said he keeps a statue of Tubman and a picture of Douglass in his office.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The Douglass picture, he said, is “a constant reminder to me of the idea of lifelong service, of tireless, unyielding dedication to the ideals of our nation, and to his understanding that our nation’s ideals of freedom and liberty can’t just be fought for once in a while.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In the end he chose Douglass.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He’s just somebody who had a profound regality about him and a pervasive humility,” Mr. Booker said. “And the way he engaged himself, and one of the last things he did before he died was going to a suffrage movement meeting.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">The meeting was of the Women’s National Council at Metzerott Hall in Washington. An honored guest, Douglass was escorted to the platform by the suffragettes Susan B. Anthony and Anna H. Shaw, The Times reported. Shortly after the meeting, on Feb. 20, 1895, he <a href="../../../../2016/06/03/us/douglass-obituary.html">collapsed and died</a> at his home in the capital while he and his wife waited for a carriage to take him to Hillsdale African Church, where he was to give a lecture. He was 78.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“It is a singular fact, in connection with the death of Mr. Douglass,” The Times wrote in its obituary, “that the very last hours of his life were given in attention to one of the principles to which he has devoted his energies since his escape from slavery.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Douglass, who had escaped from slavery and taught himself to read, became a leading abolitionist in the North and an adviser to President Abraham Lincoln. “Mr. Douglass, perhaps more than any other man of his race, was instrumental in advancing the work of banishing the color line,” the obituary said.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Booker said that Douglass had been a hero of his since childhood, when his parents taught him about great Americans. He described Douglass as “one who bent the arc of our history more toward justice,” adding that he admired Douglass all the more for embracing manifold causes.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“He’s a person who shows that all of our fights for justice are interwoven,” Mr. Booker said</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Mr. Booker said he strove to live up to Douglass’s example.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I’m hopeful that at the end of my life someone like Frederick Douglass would look at my life and say, ‘Well done, you’ve proven yourself to be worthy of the legacy we left you,’ ” he said.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">As a vegan, Mr. Booker acknowledged that choosing the dinner menu might be problematic. But he said he thought Douglass might enjoy the cuisine found at some of his favorite vegan restaurants in New Jersey.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I would let him know that he could enjoy a healthy lifestyle, and really delicious food.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../2016/06/03/us/douglass-obituary.html"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Death of Fred Douglass”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="cory-booker-frederick-douglass" data-title="Breaking Bread: Cory Booker and Frederick Douglass" data-description="Cory Booker said he would dine with Frederick Douglass, whom he called &quot;a person who shows that all of our fights fo..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="cory-booker-frederick-douglass" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/06/02/obituaries/nf-booker/nf-booker-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5750955d61646d7801000000"></div> <article id="card-lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" data-timestamp="1464865305" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004440824 media-100000004440210" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="1" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004440824" class="photo media media-100000004440824 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440824" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 66%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Lou Gehrig was nicknamed the Iron Horse." data-mediaviewer-credit="Asssociated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Lou Gehrig was nicknamed the Iron Horse.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Asssociated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium">The Day Lou Gehrig Made Yankee <span class='nbsp'>Stadium Weep</span></a> </h2> <a href="lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-02 07:01:45 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-02T07:01:45-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 2, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp"> 7:01 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Calling Henry Louis Gehrig a steadfast first baseman for the Yankees is like calling the Pacific Ocean a pond. Better known as Lou, he was nicknamed the Iron Horse for his streak of 2,130 consecutive games played, a record that stood until <a href="../../../../../1995/09/06/sports/baseball-after-2130-games-mr-ripken-meets-mr-gehrig.html">Cal Ripken</a> broke it in 1995.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gehrig did not make it into the Baseball Hall of Fame for reliability alone. He played in six consecutive All-Star Games, was twice named the American League’s most valuable player, and was the first baseball player to have his number, 4, retired.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He set a plethora of records, some of which have never been broken. His record of 23 career grand slams lasted 75 years before it was broken in 2013 by another Yankee, <a href="//espn.go.com/new-york/mlb/story/_/id/9699658/alex-rodriguez-breaks-lou-gehrig-career-record-grand-slams">Alex Rodriguez</a>. </p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">He was a consummate first baseman and hitter who stood out on Yankees dynasty teams with Joe DiMaggio, Bill Dickey and Babe Ruth, who preceded him in the batting order. He batted at least .300 for 12 consecutive seasons, achieving a career average of .340, and was no stranger to the long ball — he hit 493 home runs, twice hitting 49 in a single season and four in one game in 1932.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But Gehrig was not just synonymous with baseball prowess. He retired from the Yankees at 36 because of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurodegenerative disease. Lou Gehrig’s disease became the informal name for A.L.S., which led to <a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/06/03/87616428.html?pageNumber=1">his death</a> on June 2, 1941.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gehrig delivered a farewell speech to a crowd of 61,808 at Yankee Stadium on July 4, 1939, during a sweltering break between games in a doubleheader with the Washington Senators. The Yankees had lost the first game, 3-2, and Gehrig took the field with his aging teammates from the 1927 World-Series-champion Yankees, a fearsome lineup known as Murderers’ Row. He was overcome with emotion but still delivered what some have called baseball’s Gettysburg Address.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“For the past two weeks you have been reading about the bad break I got,” Gehrig said, according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum’s <a href="//baseballhall.org/discover/lou-gehrig-luckiest-man">website</a>. “Yet today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.”</p> <figure id="media-100000004440210" class="photo media media-100000004440210 layout-horizontal ratio-tall" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope="" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440210" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-master768.jpg" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V/notforgottenphotos-slide-AO4V-jumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Gehrig wipes away a tear on July 4, 1939." data-mediaviewer-credit="Murray Becker/Associated Press"><div class="media-action-overlay"> <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i> </div> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Gehrig wipes away a tear on July 4, 1939.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Murray Becker/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Gehrig wept as the crowd chanted, “We love you, Lou!” The Times reported that “it was without doubt one of the most touching scenes ever witnessed on a ball field and one that made even case-hardened ball players and chroniclers of the game swallow hard.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Then Gehrig, who was still a team captain, returned to the dugout to watch the final game of the day. The Yankees won, 11-1.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1941/06/03/87616428.html?pageNumber=1"><em><strong>Read the obituary “Gehrig, ‘Iron Man’ of Baseball, Dies at the Age of 37”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" data-title="The Day Lou Gehrig Made Yankee Stadium Weep" data-description="The New York Times called Lou Gehrig's farewell speech &quot;without doubt one of the most touching scenes ever witnessed..." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="lou-gehrig-yankee-stadium" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED/notforgottenphotos-slide-8VED-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-helen-keller" class="card media image large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/helen-keller" data-timestamp="1464753845" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/helen-keller" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004440208" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="2" data-has-ad="false"> <figure id="media-100000004440208" class="photo media media-100000004440208 layout-horizontal ratio-tall lazyloaded" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440208" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" data-lazyload="" data-lazysrcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image" style="padding-bottom: 77%;"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master495.gif 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-master768.gif 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-jumbo.gif 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2015/09/29/multimedia/spacer/spacer-superJumbo.gif 1300w" sizes="(max-width: 599px) 100vw, (max-width: 959px) 720px, 945px" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Helen Keller, left, with her teacher, Anne Sullivan in 1893." data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press " /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Helen Keller, left, with her teacher, Anne Sullivan in 1893.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="helen-keller">Waltzing With <span class='nbsp'>Helen Keller</span></a> </h2> <a href="helen-keller" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-06-01 00:04:05 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-06-01T00:04:05-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">June 1, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">12:04 AM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing 18 months after she was born. She had not learned how to speak and was plunged into what she called “the unconsciousness of a newborn baby,” an isolated and seemingly inescapable prison.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">But by the time Ms. Keller died at 87, on June 1, 1968, she had persevered. Her <a href="../../../../2016/06/01/obituaries/document-Helenkeller.html">front-page obituary</a> said that “she could ‘see’ and ‘hear’ with exceptional acuity; she even learned to talk passably and to dance in time to a fox trot or a waltz.”</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Keller learned to communicate with the help of Anne Sullivan Macy, a teacher who virtually transformed her from a near-feral child into a Radcliffe graduate. Ms. Keller became a captivating writer, chronicling her life in memoirs, and a kind of motivational speaker, aided by Ms. Sullivan onstage. She also was an advocate for the blind and toured the country with Ms. Sullivan as part of a vaudeville act, befriending celebrities like Charlie Chaplin, Enrico Caruso and Harpo Marx.</p> <blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">“I seldom think about my limitations, and they never make me sad. Perhaps there is a touch of yearning at times, but it is vague, like a breeze among flowers. The wind passes, and the flowers are content.”</p> </blockquote> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Her accomplishments were dramatized in William Gibson’s “The Miracle Worker”, which debuted on Broadway directed by Arthur Penn in 1959 and starred Anne Bancroft as Ms. Sullivan and Patty Duke as Ms. Keller. (Ms. Duke <a href="../../../../../2016/03/30/arts/television/patty-duke-dies.html">died in March</a>.) The show ran for more than 700 performances, and the actresses reprised their roles in the 1962 film version (below), for which they both won Academy Awards. <div class="videoWrapper"> <iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lUV65sV8nu0?rel=0&controls=0&showinfo=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div> </br></p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">Ms. Keller’s achievements and indomitable spirit helped alter public perceptions of disabled people, showing them as overcoming obstacles rather than as inviting only pity. A <a href="//www.hki.org">foundation</a> named after her in 1915 continues to provide treatment for diseases that cause blindness and visual impairment.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">In 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson presented Ms. Keller with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, honoring her as a model of courage and determination.</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text"><a href="../../../../2016/06/01/obituaries/document-Helenkeller.html"><em><strong>Read the original obituary “Helen Keller, Blind and Deaf Writer, Traveler and Humanitarian, Is Dead at 87”</strong></em></a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Daniel E. Slotnik"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Daniel E. Slotnik" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Daniel E. Slotnik</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="helen-keller" data-title="Waltzing With Helen Keller" data-description="Ms. Keller’s achievements and indomitable spirit helped alter public perceptions of disabled people." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="helen-keller" data-author="Daniel E. Slotnik" data-media="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/27/obituaries/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH/notforgottenphotos-slide-QUJH-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <article id="card-welcome" class="card media image_grid large tone-news" data-slug="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/welcome" data-timestamp="1464749704" itemscope itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/obituaries/archives/welcome" itemtype="//schema.org/NewsArticle" itemref="media-100000004440538 media-100000004440539 media-100000004440541 media-100000004440543" data-supports-ad="" data-ad-idx="0" data-has-ad="true"> <div class="tych"> <ul class="tych-list tych-4up vertical" itemscope itemid="tych-4up:100000004440538-100000004440539-100000004440541-100000004440543" itemtype="//schema.org/ImageGallery"> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004440538" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004440538 layout-vertical" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440538" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 4)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Albert Einstein" data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Albert Einstein</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004440539" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004440539 layout-vertical" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440539" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi-master495.jpg 495w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi-master768.jpg 768w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 4)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static02.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/world/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi/nf-obits-welcome-gandhi-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Mahatma Gandhi" data-mediaviewer-credit="James A. Mills/Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Mahatma Gandhi</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> James A. Mills/Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004440541" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004440541 layout-vertical" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440541" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 4)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo/nf-obits-welcome-kahlo-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Frida Kahlo" data-mediaviewer-credit="Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Frida Kahlo</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> <li class="tych-item"> <figure id="media-100000004440543" class="photo tych-image media media-100000004440543 layout-vertical" itemprop="associatedMedia image" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/ImageObject" itemid="100000004440543" aria-label="media" role="group" data-media-action="modal" > <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img itemprop="url" srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-williams/nf-obits-welcome-williams-master495.jpg 495w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-williams/nf-obits-welcome-williams-master768.jpg 768w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-williams/nf-obits-welcome-williams-jumbo.jpg 1024w, https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-williams/nf-obits-welcome-williams-superJumbo.jpg 1300w" sizes="calc(945px / 4)" src="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/arts/nf-obits-welcome-williams/nf-obits-welcome-williams-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Robin Williams" data-mediaviewer-credit="ABC, via Associated Press" /> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Robin Williams</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> ABC, via Associated Press </span> </figcaption> </figure> </li> </ul> <div class="caption"> <span class="caption-text">From left: Albert Einstein, Mahatma Gandhi, Frida Kahlo and Robin Williams.</span> <span class="credit">Associated Press, Associated Press, James A. Mills/Associated Press, ABC, via Associated Press</span> </div> </div> <h2 class="headline tone-feature" itemprop="headline"> <a href="welcome">Memorable Obituaries From the <span class='nbsp'>Times Archives</span></a> </h2> <a href="welcome" itemprop="url" class="permalink"> <time class="dateline tone-news" datetime="2016-05-31 22:55:04 -0400"> <span class="visually-hidden" itemprop="datePublished">2016-05-31T22:55:04-04:00</span> <span class="datestamp">May 31, 2016</span> <span class="timestamp">10:55 PM ET</span> </time> </a> <div class="summary"> <p itemprop="articleBody text">This summer, we invite you to join us as we exhume obituaries from our archives, some dating to the 19th century. You’ll meet leaders, inventors, entertainers, artists, novelists and the infamous — each linked in some way to the obituary. On some days we’ll ask influential people a simple question: If you could have dinner with one person who is no longer with us, who would it be, and why?</p> <p itemprop="articleBody text">We welcome your feedback and ideas. You can send us an email using this form or tweet the editor of this project, Shreeya Sinha <a href="https://twitter.com/shreeyasinha">@shreeyasinha</a>, or the main writer, <a href="https://twitter.com/DSlotnik">@DSlotnik</a>. Follow us on <a href="https://twitter.com/NYTObits">Twitter.</a></p> <p class="byline-dateline tone-news" data-bylines="Shreeya Sinha"> <span class="by">—</span> <span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="Shreeya Sinha" itemprop="name author creator" itemtype="//schema.org/Person">Shreeya Sinha</span> </p> </div> <div class="sharing"> <div class="tone-feature sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta layout-horizontal" aria-label="tools" role="group" data-url="welcome" data-title=" Memorable Obituaries From the Times Archives" data-description="Join us as we exhume obituaries from our archives." data-shares="facebook|,twitter|,email|,show-all|more" data-slug="welcome" data-author="Shreeya Sinha" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/05/28/us/nf-obits-welcome-einstein/nf-obits-welcome-einstein-facebookJumbo.jpg" > <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> </div> </div> </article> <div class="card-ad-new ad" id="ad-5743589361646d34a4000000"></div> </div> <footer class="read-more tone-feature"> <div class="story-menu-options"> <div class="buttons"> <a href="all" class="button load-more-button" aria-controls="story-menu-additonal-set-latest">Show All Posts</a> <a class="button skip-button visually-hidden focusable" href="#site-index-navigation">Skip to Navigation</a> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script> PROJECT_SLUG = "obituaries"; COLLECTION_SLUG = "archives"; ADX_KEYWORDS = []; //include a backup GA instance (harmless and possibly faster than waiting for TagX's declaration) (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); </script> <div class="search-overlay"></div> </main> <footer id="page-footer" class="page-footer" role="contentinfo"> <nav> <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Information Navigation</h2> <ul> <li> <a href="../../../../../content/help/rights/copyright/copyright-notice.html" itemprop="copyrightNotice"> © <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2017</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder provider sourceOrganization" itemscope itemtype="//schema.org/Organization" itemid="//www.nytimes.com"><span itemprop="name"> The New York Times Company</span><meta itemprop="tickerSymbol" content="NYSE NYT"/></span> </a> </li> <li class="visually-hidden"><a href="../../../../../../..">Home</a></li> <li class="visually-hidden"><a href="//query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/#/">Search</a></li> <li class="visually-hidden">Accessibility concerns? 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