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data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="74070887" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74070887/Socrates_Refutation_of_Apollo">Socrates' Refutation of Apollo</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="447761" href="https://villanova.academia.edu/JohnCarvalho">John Carvalho</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Ancient Philosophy, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It has been argued about Plato’s early dialogues that Socrates is made there 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These beliefs, the argument continues, are allowed to supplement Socrates’s elenctically established human knowledge while remaining “logically independent” of it.Such a view is needed, some believe, to solve the paradox that, while Socrates disavows knowledge of anything great or small, he is convinced that his life is morally unimpeachable. Socrates will also claim that wrongdoing is the result of ignorance implying that virtue follows from knowledge. These apparent conflicts can be explained, it is supposed, by Socrates’s confidence in divine signs which, while failing to secure the knowledge Socrates is seeking in answers to his “What is F?” questions, gives him the warrant he requires to hold the beliefs he does. This warrant could be substantively challenged, however, if it turned out that Socrates also be...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socrates' Refutation of Apollo","attachmentId":82355266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74070887/Socrates_Refutation_of_Apollo","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74070887/Socrates_Refutation_of_Apollo"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="85747339" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/85747339/The_Philosophical_Rhetoric_of_Socrates_Mission">The Philosophical Rhetoric of Socrates' Mission</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="62703401" href="https://ucdenver.academia.edu/RobertMetcalf">Robert Metcalf</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophy and Rhetoric, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Philosophical Rhetoric of Socrates' Mission","attachmentId":90353725,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85747339/The_Philosophical_Rhetoric_of_Socrates_Mission","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/85747339/The_Philosophical_Rhetoric_of_Socrates_Mission"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="61229785" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61229785/Socrates_Philosophy_as_a_Divine_Service_in_Plato_s_Apology">Socrates’ Philosophy as a Divine Service in Plato’s Apology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="111492396" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DorotaTymura">Dorota Tymura</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Peitho. Examina Antiqua</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of the present paper is to discuss Socrates’ idea of philosophy asa service to the god. First the article investigates why Chaerephon wentto Delphi and why he asked Pythia the famous question concerningSocrates. The investigation provides a basis for distinguishing two majorperiods in his activity. The one preceding the Delphic oracle consists inconducting inquiries in a group of closest friends. The one following theDelphic oracle consist in addressing a much larger audience. An analysisof both periods suggests that the oracle from Delphi greatly affectedSocrates’ relations with other Athenians. While the present article dealsalso with the issue of Socrates’ daimonion, it hypothesizes that the voiceof daimonion and the voice of Pythia could be regarded as Apollo’sinterventions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socrates’ Philosophy as a Divine Service in Plato’s Apology","attachmentId":74333182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61229785/Socrates_Philosophy_as_a_Divine_Service_in_Plato_s_Apology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61229785/Socrates_Philosophy_as_a_Divine_Service_in_Plato_s_Apology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="88815406" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88815406/Socrates_in_Later_Greek_Philosophy">Socrates in Later Greek Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30117180" href="https://berkeley.academia.edu/AnthonyLong">Anthony Long</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socrates in Later Greek Philosophy","attachmentId":92719090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88815406/Socrates_in_Later_Greek_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88815406/Socrates_in_Later_Greek_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="13536684" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13536684/Socrates_on_Socrates_Looking_Back_to_Bring_Philosophy_Forward">Socrates on Socrates: Looking Back to Bring Philosophy Forward</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="20171197" href="https://baylor.academia.edu/AnneSchultz">Anne-Marie Schultz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this paper, I explore three autobiographical narratives that Plato’s Socrates tells: his report of his conversations with Diotima (Symposium 201d–212b), his account of his testing of the Delphic oracle (Apology 21a–23a), and his description of his turn fromnaturalistic philosophy to his own method of inquiry (Phaedo 96a–100b).1 This Platonic Socrates shows his auditors how to philosophize for the future through a narrative recollection of his own past. In these stories, Plato presents us with an image of a Socrates who prepares others to do philosophy without him. In doing so, Plato’s Socrates exhibits philosophical care for his students. In the first part of the paper, I briefly discuss Socrates’ overall narrative style as Plato depicts it in the five dialogues that Socrates narrates. I then analyze each of these autobiographical accounts with an eye toward uncovering what they reveal about Plato’s presentation of Socrates’ philosophical practice.2 Finally, I offer a brief description of what it might mean to practice philosophy as care for self and care for others in a Socratic fashion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socrates on Socrates: Looking Back to Bring Philosophy Forward","attachmentId":38070221,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13536684/Socrates_on_Socrates_Looking_Back_to_Bring_Philosophy_Forward","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13536684/Socrates_on_Socrates_Looking_Back_to_Bring_Philosophy_Forward"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="56868973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56868973/Sandra_Peterson_Socrates_and_Philosophy_in_the_Dialogues_of_Plato_Reviewed_by">Sandra Peterson , Socrates and Philosophy in the Dialogues of Plato . Reviewed by</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11024020" href="https://wayne.academia.edu/JoshWilburn">Josh Wilburn</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Philosophy in Review, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sandra Peterson , Socrates and Philosophy in the Dialogues of Plato . Reviewed by","attachmentId":72043090,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56868973/Sandra_Peterson_Socrates_and_Philosophy_in_the_Dialogues_of_Plato_Reviewed_by","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56868973/Sandra_Peterson_Socrates_and_Philosophy_in_the_Dialogues_of_Plato_Reviewed_by"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="39840642" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39840642/Xenophon_on_Philosophy_and_Socrates">Xenophon on 'Philosophy' and Socrates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3068128" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/ChristopherMoore">Christopher Moore</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Plato and Xenophon: Comparative Studies, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper studies Xenophon’s sixteen uses of the term philosophos and its cognates. I present the unfamiliar observation that Xenophon never in his own voice calls Socrates a philosopher, and his Socrates refers to himself as a philosopher only once (Oec. 16.9), in a way that seems rather more conversationally incidental than self-descriptive. My point is to explore Xenophon’s diffidence about calling Socrates a philosopher. I find it related to his apologetic goals and his skepticism about certain intellectual movements. I also show, more briefly, that there are similar difficulties in understanding Plato’s frequent diffidence in calling Socrates a philosopher. This similarity prompts new and useful reflections about the image of Socrates (and philosophy) in the first half of the fourth century.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Xenophon on 'Philosophy' and Socrates","attachmentId":60029814,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39840642/Xenophon_on_Philosophy_and_Socrates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39840642/Xenophon_on_Philosophy_and_Socrates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="18132465" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18132465/Self_Images_of_Socrates_Respect_of_Tradition_and_Philosophical_Innovation_in_Plato_s_Apology">Self-Images of Socrates Respect of Tradition and Philosophical Innovation in Plato’s Apology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4515285" href="https://unibo.academia.edu/ElenaIrrera">Elena Irrera</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">One of the most noticeable aspects of Plato’s dramatization of Socrates in the Apology is that many themes of philosophical relevance emerge by way of a series of self-images that Socrates crafts throughout the defence speech he delivers at the trial held against him in 399 B.C. Coming to grips with such images may turn out to be a particularly baffling experience for the Platonic reader, especially when one attempts to draw a coherent picture of Socrates’ personality and conduct at the trial in the light of the various forms of self-representation proposed in the text. In fact, one might entertain the impression that different voices and attitudinal approaches are unleashed from one and the same character, and also that these might not provide an internally consistent portrait of his own professed values, abilities, and epistemological limitations. For instance, some images convey the idea of a shameless and boastful Socrates (cf. Apology 30d and 31a, where he describes himself as a gift of god, or 28b-29d, where he compares his own condition to the one experienced by the Homeric hero Achilles), whereas others express the view that Socrates is a man aware of his own limits and, what is more, one respectful of divine signs and messages (cf. 21b). I will offer a tentative reconstruction of some of such self-images and argue that, despite the fact that these are prima facie open to opposing interpretations, Plato supplies his readers with some conceptual tools for understanding the following idea: the Socrates of his Apology, rather than aiming to present himself as a boastful character, seeks to express the non-negotiable value of truth and philosophical examination, i.e. ideals he endorses and exemplifies in his individual life. In this way, I hope to demonstrate that Socrates’ respect of cultural and religious traditions can be pursued compatibly with the innovations introduced by epistemic devices such as the elenchos and the critical comparisons he stages between the self-perception cultivated by others and Socrates’ own awareness of his wisdom.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Self-Images of Socrates Respect of Tradition and Philosophical Innovation in Plato’s Apology","attachmentId":42294152,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18132465/Self_Images_of_Socrates_Respect_of_Tradition_and_Philosophical_Innovation_in_Plato_s_Apology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18132465/Self_Images_of_Socrates_Respect_of_Tradition_and_Philosophical_Innovation_in_Plato_s_Apology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="11974402" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11974402/Socrates_and_the_Oracle">Socrates and the Oracle</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10578230" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/JamesDoyle">James Doyle</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Socrates and the Oracle","attachmentId":37325677,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11974402/Socrates_and_the_Oracle","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11974402/Socrates_and_the_Oracle"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="104477526" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104477526/Patricia_Fagan_and_John_Russon_eds_Reexaming_Socrates_in_the_Apology_Reviewed_by">Patricia Fagan and John Russon, eds., Reexaming Socrates in the Apology. 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