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value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology 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Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option 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data-filterid="refine_subjects_chem-materials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chemistry & Materials Science </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_med-pharma"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicine & Pharmacology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_bio-life"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biology & Life Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_engineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Engineering </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_physics-astronomy"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Physical Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_health"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Public Health & Healthcare </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_environment"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Environmental & Earth Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_computer-math"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Computer Science & Mathematics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_business-econ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Business & Economics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_arts-humanity"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-subjects" data-filter="subjects"><strong>Add Subjects</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="subjects"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container 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id="refine_subjects_chem-materials" value="chem-materials"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_chem-materials">Chemistry & Materials Science (1295)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="medicine & pharmacology" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_med-pharma" value="med-pharma"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_med-pharma">Medicine & Pharmacology (714)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="biology & life sciences" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_bio-life" value="bio-life"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 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end js-data-filter" data-filter="public health & healthcare" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_health" value="health"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_health">Public Health & Healthcare (114)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="environmental & earth sciences" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_environment" value="environment"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_environment">Environmental & Earth Sciences (87)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="computer science & mathematics" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_computer-math" value="computer-math"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_computer-math">Computer Science & Mathematics (53)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="business & economics" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_business-econ" value="business-econ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_business-econ">Business & Economics (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="social sciences, arts and humanities" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_arts-humanity" value="arts-humanity"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_arts-humanity">Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (5)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="subjects" onclick="$('#refine-modal-subjects').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subjects" id="refine_subjects_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-journals" style=""> <h3>Journals</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_polymers"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Polymers </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pharmaceutics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijms"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJMS </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_gels"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Gels </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_materials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Materials </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_molecules"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Molecules </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_nanomaterials"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nanomaterials </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_marinedrugs"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Marine Drugs </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_applsci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Applied Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jfb"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JFB </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jcm"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JCM </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomedicines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomedicines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_membranes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Membranes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_pharmaceuticals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pharmaceuticals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_antibiotics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Antibiotics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_bioengineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bioengineering </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_medicina"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicina </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_coatings"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Coatings </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomolecules"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomolecules </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_micromachines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Micromachines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijerph"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJERPH </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_life"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Life </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_microorganisms"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Microorganisms </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jpm"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> JPM </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biomimetics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biomimetics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_sensors"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sensors </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_antioxidants"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Antioxidants </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_diagnostics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Diagnostics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_processes"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Processes </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_nutrients"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nutrients </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cells"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cells </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_animals"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Animals </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_cosmetics"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cosmetics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_healthcare"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Healthcare </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ebj"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> EBJ </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_biosensors"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biosensors </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_plants"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Plants </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jcs"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> J. 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style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="medical sciences forum" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_msf" value="msf"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_msf">Medical Sciences Forum (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ddc" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_ddc" value="ddc"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_ddc">DDC (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="jmahp" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_jmahp" value="jmahp"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_jmahp">JMAHP (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="journals" onclick="$('#refine-modal-journals').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="journals" id="refine_journals_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-article_types" style=""> <h3>Article Types</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_research-article"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Article </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_review-article"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Review </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_rapid-communication"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Communication </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_systematic_review"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Systematic Review </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_case-report"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Case Report </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_abstract"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Abstract </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_proceedings"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Proceeding Paper </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_correction"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Correction </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_editorial"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Editorial </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_brief-report"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brief Report </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_retraction"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Retraction </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_opinion"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Opinion </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_conference-report"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Conference Report </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_perspective"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Perspective </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-article_types" data-filter="article_types"><strong>Add Article Types</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="article_types"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-article_types" data-filter="article_types" class="all">Select Article Types</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-article_types" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Article Types</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Article Types" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select article types you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="article" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_research-article" value="research-article"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_research-article">Article (1069)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="review" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_review-article" value="review-article"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_review-article">Review (431)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="communication" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_rapid-communication" value="rapid-communication"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_rapid-communication">Communication (16)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="systematic review" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_systematic_review" value="systematic_review"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_systematic_review">Systematic Review (11)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="case report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_case-report" value="case-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_case-report">Case Report (10)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="abstract" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_abstract" value="abstract"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_abstract">Abstract (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="proceeding paper" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_proceedings" value="proceedings"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_proceedings">Proceeding Paper (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="correction" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_correction" value="correction"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_correction">Correction (4)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="editorial" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_editorial" value="editorial"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_editorial">Editorial (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brief report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_brief-report" value="brief-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_brief-report">Brief Report (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="retraction" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_retraction" value="retraction"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_retraction">Retraction (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="opinion" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_opinion" value="opinion"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_opinion">Opinion (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="conference report" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_conference-report" value="conference-report"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_conference-report">Conference Report (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="perspective" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_perspective" value="perspective"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_perspective">Perspective (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ROMANIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Romania </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_POLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Poland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GERMANY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Germany </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SAUDI_ARABIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Saudi Arabia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_KOREA_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Republic of Korea </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TAIWAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Taiwan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SPAIN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Spain </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAYSIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malaysia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> India </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_EGYPT"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Egypt </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_RUSSIAN_FEDERATION"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Russia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_IRAN_ISLAMIC_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Iran </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_JAPAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Japan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_THAILAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Thailand </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TURKEY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Turkey (Türkiye) </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CZECH_REPUBLIC"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Czech Republic </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PAKISTAN"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Pakistan </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Austria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FRANCE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> France </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MEXICO"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Mexico </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_INDONESIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Indonesia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NORWAY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Norway </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BELGIUM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Belgium </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GREECE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Greece </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SINGAPORE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Singapore </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SERBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Serbia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BULGARIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Bulgaria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_COLOMBIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Colombia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_FINLAND"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Finland </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a 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value="1530038" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 2555 KiB   </span> <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12709/pdf?version=1732630808" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Chitosan-Electrospun Fibers Encapsulating Norfloxacin: The Impact on the Biochemical, Oxidative and Immunological Profile in a Rats Burn Model" data-journal="ijms"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1422-0067/25/23/12709">Chitosan-Electrospun Fibers Encapsulating Norfloxacin: The Impact on the Biochemical, Oxidative and Immunological Profile in a Rats Burn Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Corneliu-George Coman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandru Anisiei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandu Cibotaru</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniela Ailincai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sorin Aurelian Pasca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Caroline Chabot</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ioannis Gardikiotis</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liliana Mititelu-Tartau</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>25</em>(23), 12709; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312709">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312709</a> - 26 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigates the impact of chitosan-based nanofibers on burn wound healing in a rat model. Two formulations of chitosan nanofibers were prepared through electrospinning. The formulations were then incorporated with different amounts of norfloxacin and underwent surface modifications with 2-formylphenylboronic acid. The <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12709/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigates the impact of chitosan-based nanofibers on burn wound healing in a rat model. Two formulations of chitosan nanofibers were prepared through electrospinning. The formulations were then incorporated with different amounts of norfloxacin and underwent surface modifications with 2-formylphenylboronic acid. The burn model was applied to <i>Wistar</i> male rats by the contact method, using a heated steel rod attached to a thermocouple. The effectiveness of the nanofibers was tested against a negative control group and a standard commercial dressing (Atrauman Ag) on the described model and evaluated by wound diameter, histological analysis and biochemical profiling of systemic inflammatory markers. The results showed that chitosan-based dressings significantly accelerated burn healing compared to the control treatments. The high-concentration norfloxacin-infused chitosan coated with 2-formylphenylboronic acid’ groups exhibited significant improvements in wound closure and reduced inflammation compared to the other groups; antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx expression was significantly higher, <i>p</i><i> </i><<i> </i>0.05, whereas pro-oxidative markers such as cortisol were lower (<i>p</i><i> </i><<i> </i>0.05). Macroscopically, the wound area itself was significantly diminished in the chitosan-treated groups (<i>p</i><i> </i><<i> </i>0.05). Furthermore, a histological evaluation indicated enhanced epithelialization and granulation tissue formation within the experiment time frame, while the biochemical panel revealed lower levels of inflammatory cytokines and lower leukocyte counts in the treated groups. These findings highlight the potential of the studied chitosan nanofibers as novel nanosystems for next-generation wound therapies, as well as the clinical utility of the novel chitosan fibers obtained by electrospinning technique. <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12709">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijms/special_issues/3EYU0FJ94L ">The Chitosan Biomaterials: Advances and Challenges—2nd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1529291" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 6595 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-3501/5/4/16/pdf?version=1732555068" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers with Embedded Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Biological Activity" data-journal="applnano"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-3501/5/4/16">Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers with Embedded Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Biological Activity</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Islam Gomaa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haitham Kalil</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ahmed I. Abdel-Salam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Medhat A. Ibrahim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mekki Bayachou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Appl. Nano</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>5</em>(4), 245-257; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano5040016">https://doi.org/10.3390/applnano5040016</a> - 25 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 156 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Eco-friendly iron and manganese oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) were synthesized and integrated into graphene sheets to form uniform composites. These composites were then embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers using electrospinning. Comprehensive characterization of the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/5/4/16/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Eco-friendly iron and manganese oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) were synthesized and integrated into graphene sheets to form uniform composites. These composites were then embedded in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers using electrospinning. Comprehensive characterization of the composites and the final composite fibers was conducted using XRD, FE-SEM, and FTIR to analyze their structural complexity and morphological differences. The antibacterial efficacy of the resulting PVA nanofibers was evaluated against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, which is a common pathogen in hospital environments. The results show a significant bactericidal effect against these bacteria, which highlights their potential in medical applications, such as functional bandages and wound dressings. This study paves the way for potential commercial applications of these nanofibers in healthcare settings. <a href="/2673-3501/5/4/16">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3501/5/4/16/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1529291"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1529291"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1529291" data-cycle-prev="#prev1529291" data-cycle-progressive="#images1529291" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1529291-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g001-550.jpg?1732555257" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1529291" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1529291-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g002-550.jpg?1732555262'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1529291-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g003-550.jpg?1732555268'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1529291-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g004-550.jpg?1732555274'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1529291-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g005-550.jpg?1732555278'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1529291-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g001-550.jpg?1732555257" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>). XRD of (<b>a</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>c</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>d</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>e</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>f</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>g</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber; (<b>B</b>). XRD of (<b>a</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>c</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>d</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>e</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>f</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>g</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-3501/5/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g002-550.jpg?1732555262" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Spectra for two windows of wavenumbers: FTIR spectra of (<b>a</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>c</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>d</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>e</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>f</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>g</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber; (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) spectra for two windows of wavenumbers: FTIR spectra of (<b>a</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, (<b>b</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>c</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>d</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>e</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>f</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>g</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-3501/5/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g003-550.jpg?1732555268" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>a</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>b</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>c</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>d</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>e</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>f</b>) Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber. (<b>g</b>) Fiber diameter distribution of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1); (<b>h</b>) fiber diameter distribution of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1); and (<b>i</b>) fiber diameter distribution of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-3501/5/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g004-550.jpg?1732555274" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>a</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1), (<b>b</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1), (<b>c</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1), (<b>d</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>e</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1)-PVA nanofiber, and (<b>f</b>) Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1)-PVA nanofiber, (<b>g</b>) Fiber diameter distribution of Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (2:1); (<b>h</b>) fiber diameter distribution of Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (3:1); and (<b>i</b>) fiber diameter distribution of Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO (4:1).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-3501/5/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/applnano/applnano-05-00016/article_deploy/html/images/applnano-05-00016-g005-550.jpg?1732555278" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Antibacterial assay results show the zones of inhibition for Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO/PVA and Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-rGO/PVA nanocomposite fibers against <span class="html-italic">Escherichia coli</span>. The + dish demonstrates the effectiveness of various sample compositions in inhibiting bacterial growth, as indicated by the clear zones around the disks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-3501/5/4/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1527169" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 35 pages, 856 KiB   </span> <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12561/pdf?version=1732279938" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Promoting Effect of Animal Bioactive Proteins and Peptide Components on Wound Healing: A Review" data-journal="ijms"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1422-0067/25/23/12561">The Promoting Effect of Animal Bioactive Proteins and Peptide Components on Wound Healing: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyu Fan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinhong Ye</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wanling Zhong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huijuan Shen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huahua Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhuyuan Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Bai</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shouying Du</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Mol. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>25</em>(23), 12561; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312561">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312561</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 192 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12561/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The skin is the first line of defense to protect the host from external environmental damage. When the skin is damaged, the wound provides convenience for the invasion of external substances. The prolonged nonhealing of wounds can also lead to numerous subsequent complications, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. To solve this problem, proteins and peptide components that promote wound healing have been discovered in animals, which can act on key pathways involved in wound healing, such as the PI3K/AKT, TGF-β, NF-κ B, and JAK/STAT pathways. So far, some formulations for topical drug delivery have been developed, including hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospinning nanofibers. In addition, some high-performance dressings have been utilized, which also have great potential in wound healing. Here, research progress on the promotion of wound healing by animal-derived proteins and peptide components is summarized, and future research directions are discussed. <a href="/1422-0067/25/23/12561">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/ijms/sections/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/25/23/12561/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1527169-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12561/article_deploy/ijms-25-12561-ag.jpg?1732279939" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1527169-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijms/ijms-25-12561/article_deploy/ijms-25-12561-ag.jpg?1732279939" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1422-0067/25/23/12561'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1526645" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 9223 KiB   </span> <a href="/2036-7481/15/4/158/pdf?version=1732255685" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Biofilm-Encased Bacteria Exposed to Cuprous Oxide-Impregnated Wound Dressings" data-journal="microbiolres"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Communication</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2036-7481/15/4/158">Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Biofilm-Encased Bacteria Exposed to Cuprous Oxide-Impregnated Wound Dressings</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tohar Roth</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Einat Zelinger</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tally Kossovsky</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gadi Borkow</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Microbiol. Res.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>15</em>(4), 2358-2368; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040158">https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15040158</a> - 22 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 274 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Microbial infections in wounds can significantly delay the healing process, with bacteria often forming protective biofilms that shield them from external threats. In this study, we evaluated the impact of copper oxide-impregnated wound dressings (referred to as COD) on a bacterial mixture comprising <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/158/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Microbial infections in wounds can significantly delay the healing process, with bacteria often forming protective biofilms that shield them from external threats. In this study, we evaluated the impact of copper oxide-impregnated wound dressings (referred to as COD) on a bacterial mixture comprising common Gram-positive and Gram-negative wound pathogens encased in biofilm. The bacterial mix was exposed to COD or control dressings for 0, 1, 2, and 3 h, and the effects were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. After just 1 h of exposure to COD, notable leakage of bacterial cytoplasmic contents was observed. By the 3 h mark, the Gram-negative bacteria exhibited a formation of holes in their cell walls, while Gram-positive bacteria showed a reduction in cell width. These findings demonstrate the ability of COD to effectively kill bacteria even when protected by biofilm, supporting clinical observations of its efficacy in managing infected wounds. <a href="/2036-7481/15/4/158">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2036-7481/15/4/158/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1526645"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1526645"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1526645" data-cycle-prev="#prev1526645" data-cycle-progressive="#images1526645" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g001-550.jpg?1732255787" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1526645" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g002-550.jpg?1732255788'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g003-550.jpg?1732255794'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g004-550.jpg?1732255797'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g005-550.jpg?1732255798'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g006-550.jpg?1732255806'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g007-550.jpg?1732255810'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1526645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g008-550.jpg?1732255813'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1526645-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g001-550.jpg?1732255787" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Cuprous oxide microparticles impregnated wound dressings (COD). (<b>a</b>) The COD are composed of one or two external non-adherent orange-colored layers and a highly absorbent beige-colored layer that can absorb ~10 times its own weight. The dressings are provided with or without an adhesive contour. The cuprous oxide impregnated microparticles are the white dots seen in the scanning electronic microscopy images of the orange layer (<b>b</b>) and the absorbent layer (<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g002-550.jpg?1732255788" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The bacterial mix was grown at 37 ± 2 °C for 4, 6, 8, 16, and 24 h. Crystal violate staining was then performed to confirm biofilm formation. The results shown are mean and SD of triplicate samples.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g003-550.jpg?1732255794" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>). Bacterial mix grown for 7 h at 37 ± 2 °C. (<b>b</b>). Bacterial mix grown for 7 h at 37 ± 2 °C, inoculated and immediately recovered from the COD (Time 0). Notice the biofilm covering the bacterial mix.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g004-550.jpg?1732255797" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM pictures of the bacterial mix exposed for 1 h at 37 ± 2 °C to the COD. Notice the secretion of the cytoplasmic content from the bacteria (some marked with arrows).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g005-550.jpg?1732255798" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>COD and control dressings were inoculated with ~10<sup>6</sup> CFU of the SBM and incubated for 1 h at 37 ± 2 °C. After the incubation, the bacteria were recovered by filtering 10 μL, 100 μL, and 1 mL of the 100 mL stomached microbial solution. The CFU of the surviving bacteria were then determined after 24 h of incubation at 37 ± 2 °C. Representative examples of the CFU obtained from a COD swatch and a control dressing swatch are shown. * Too many to count.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g006-550.jpg?1732255806" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM pictures of the bacterial mix exposed for 2 h at 37 ± 2 °C to the control dressing (<b>a</b>) and COD (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>). Notice the secretion of the cytoplasmic content from the bacteria exposed to the COD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g007-550.jpg?1732255810" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM pictures of the bacterial mix exposed for 3 h at 37 ± 2 °C to the COD. Notice the appearance of holes in the Gram-negative bacteria (some marked with arrows).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microbiolres/microbiolres-15-00158/article_deploy/html/images/microbiolres-15-00158-g008-550.jpg?1732255813" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Representative SEM picture of a Gram-positive bacterial exposed for 3 h at 37 ± 2 °C to the COD. The width and length were measured in accordance to the ruler size indicating 100 nm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2036-7481/15/4/158'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1525409" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 4354 KiB   </span> <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1484/pdf?version=1732178475" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Acid-Buffered Engineered Gel Promotes In Vitro Cutaneous Healing and Fights Resistant Bacteria in Wounds" data-journal="pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1999-4923/16/11/1484">The Acid-Buffered Engineered Gel Promotes In Vitro Cutaneous Healing and Fights Resistant Bacteria in Wounds</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fatima Abid</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emmeline Virgo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tahlia Louise Kennewell</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Riya Khetan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hanif Haidari</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zlatko Kopecki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yunmei Song</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sanjay Garg</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Pharmaceutics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 1484; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111484">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111484</a> - 20 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 309 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background</b>: Treatment of cutaneous wound infections is becoming a major clinical challenge due to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance associated with existing wound treatments. Two prevalent pathogens in wound infections, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P.</i> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1484/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background</b>: Treatment of cutaneous wound infections is becoming a major clinical challenge due to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance associated with existing wound treatments. Two prevalent pathogens in wound infections, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (<i>S. aureus</i>) and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (<i>P. aeruginosa</i>), continue to present a serious challenge, underscoring the critical need for new therapeutic alternatives. <b>Methods</b>: Novel alginate acid-buffered gels (ABF-1, ABF-2, and ABF-3) were developed using a combination of organic acids in various concentrations and buffered at a pH of 4.5. The acid-buffering capacity of the gels was evaluated against sodium hydroxide solution and simulated wound fluid (SWF) at different wound pHs, mimicking infected and non-infected wound environments. The in vitro antibacterial activity was assessed against resistant bacterial strains (Gram-positive and Gram-negative) using a microdilution method and wound biofilm assay. The rheological properties and cell viability of the gels were evaluated and the gel showing positive cell viability was further investigated for healing ability using an in vitro wound scratch assay. <b>Results</b>: The gels showed promising in vitro antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Gels with higher acid concentrations (ABF-1 and ABF-2) were highly effective in reducing the bacterial load in chronic biofilms of <i>S. aureus</i> and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, while the gel with a lower acid concentration (ABF-3) showed positive effects on the viability of skin cells (over 80% cells viable) and for promoting wound closure. All three gels demonstrated excellent acid-buffering capabilities. <b>Conclusions</b>: The acid-buffered gels demonstrate promising in vitro antibacterial effects, indicating their potential for enhancing wound healing. <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1484">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/pharmaceutics/special_issues/24P96N869Y ">Prospects of Hydrogels in Wound Healing</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1484/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525409"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525409"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525409" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525409" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525409" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-ag-550.jpg?1732429013" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1525409" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g001-550.jpg?1732178552'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g002-550.jpg?1732178552'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g003-550.jpg?1732178553'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g004-550.jpg?1732178554'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g005-550.jpg?1732178555'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g006-550.jpg?1732178555'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1525409-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g007-550.jpg?1732178558'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525409-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-ag-550.jpg?1732429013" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g001-550.jpg?1732178552" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the determination of the acid-buffering capacity of gels using SWF (Created in BioRender.com).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g002-550.jpg?1732178552" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The buffering activity of ABF-1, ABF-2, and ABF-3 against 1N NaOH solution. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g003-550.jpg?1732178553" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The buffering activity of (<b>a</b>) ABF-1, (<b>b</b>) ABF-2, and (<b>c</b>) ABF-3 against SWF at different pH ranges where ‘before’ indicates the pH of the formulation before the start of titration. The results are presented as mean ± standard deviation, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3. * shows a significant difference compared to control (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) using two-way ANOVA, where ns = non-significant, *** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 and **** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g004-550.jpg?1732178554" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Rheological properties of acid-buffered gels measured by shear rate after the equilibrium state at 25 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g005-550.jpg?1732178555" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Wound biofilm assay (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span>. The results are displayed as mean ± standard deviation, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3. ** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, and **** = <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g006-550.jpg?1732178555" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>In vitro cell viability analysis in response to treatment with acid-buffered gels in healthy fibroblast and keratinocyte cells. The results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). * Shows a significant difference compared to control (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05) using two-way ANOVA. ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01484/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01484-g007-550.jpg?1732178558" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Measurement of wound closure (measured as wound width) and representative images demonstrating the migration of (<b>a</b>) HaCaT and (<b>b</b>) HFF cell lines after the treatment with ABF-3. The error bar represents the mean ± standard deviation (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524572" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 31 pages, 8437 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/22/3211/pdf?version=1732120822" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Multifunctional Ag-Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic Acid) Hydrogel Nanocomposites Prepared by Gamma Irradiation for Potential Application as Topical Treatment Dressings" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/22/3211">Multifunctional Ag-Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic Acid) Hydrogel Nanocomposites Prepared by Gamma Irradiation for Potential Application as Topical Treatment Dressings</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jelena Spasojević</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Milica Milošević</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sašenka Vidičević-Novaković</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jelena Tasić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Petar Milovanović</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marija Djurić</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dragan Ranković</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zorica Kačarević-Popović</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksandra Radosavljević</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(22), 3211; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223211">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223211</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 359 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Today, hydrogel dressings that can protect injury sites and effectively promote healing have become highly desirable in wound management. Therefore, multifunctional silver-poli(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic acid) (Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA)) hydrogel nanocomposites were developed for potential application as topical treatment dressings. The radiolytic method, used for the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/22/3211/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Today, hydrogel dressings that can protect injury sites and effectively promote healing have become highly desirable in wound management. Therefore, multifunctional silver-poli(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide/itaconic acid) (Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA)) hydrogel nanocomposites were developed for potential application as topical treatment dressings. The radiolytic method, used for the crosslinking of the polymer matrix as well as for the in situ incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into the polymer matrix, enables the preparation of hydrogel nanocomposites without introducing harmful and toxic agents. Moreover, materials produced using γ-irradiation are simultaneously sterilized, thus fulfilling one of the basic requirements regarding their potential biomedical applications. The NiPAAm/IA ratio and the presence of AgNPs influenced the microstructural parameters of the investigated systems. Increasing the IA content leads to the formation of a more porous polymer matrix with larger pores, while the incorporated AgNPs act as additional junction points, decreasing the porosity and pore size of the resulting nanocomposite hydrogels. Swelling studies showed that most investigated systems uptake the fluids from their surroundings by non-Fick diffusion. Further, the Ag<sup>+</sup> ion release, antibacterial activity, and cytotoxicity of Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites were examined to evaluate their biomedical potential. All hydrogel nanocomposites showed an initial burst release of Ag<sup>+</sup> ions (useful in preventing bacteria adherence and biofilm formation), followed by a slower release of the same (ensuring sterility for longer use). An antibacterial activity test against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> showed that Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites, with silver concentrations around 10 ± 1 ppm, successfully prevent bacterial growth. Finally, it was shown that the investigated hydrogel nanocomposites do not exhibit a cytotoxic effect on human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. Therefore, these multifunctional hydrogel nanocomposites may promote wound repair and show promising potential for application as functional wound dressing. <a href="/2073-4360/16/22/3211">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/09QNIW12H8 ">Polymer Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/22/3211/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524572"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524572"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524572" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524572" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524572" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-ag-550.jpg?1732120921" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1524572" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g001-550.jpg?1732120902'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g002-550.jpg?1732120903'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g003-550.jpg?1732120907'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g004-550.jpg?1732120909'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g005-550.jpg?1732120909'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g006-550.jpg?1732120910'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g007-550.jpg?1732120912'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g008-550.jpg?1732120914'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g009-550.jpg?1732120918'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g010-550.jpg?1732120920'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1524572-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g011-550.jpg?1732120920'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524572-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-ag-550.jpg?1732120921" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g001-550.jpg?1732120902" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FE-SEM micrographs of (<b>a</b>) P(NiPAAm/IA) 95.5/4.5 and (<b>b</b>) Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) 95.5/4.5.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g002-550.jpg?1732120903" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Representative micro-CT images of P(NiPAAm/IA) 100.0/0.0 hydrogel: (<b>a</b>) 2D cross-section and (<b>b</b>) 3D reconstruction.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g003-550.jpg?1732120907" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Pore size distribution and wall thickness distribution (insets) for P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogels (<b>a1</b>–<b>a4</b>) and Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites (<b>b1</b>–<b>b4</b>) obtained by micro-CT analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g004-550.jpg?1732120909" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Extinction spectra of Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites: comparison of normalized extinction spectra obtained by experiment and by MiePlot simulation (<b>a1</b>–<b>a4</b>) and normalized efficiency of MiePlot simulated extinction spectra for AgNPs (<b>b1</b>–<b>b4</b>): <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>ext</sub></span>—extinction efficiency, <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>abs</sub></span>—absorption efficiency, <span class="html-italic">Q<sub>sca</sub></span>—scattering efficiency.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g005-550.jpg?1732120909" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns of Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) xerogel nanocomposites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g006-550.jpg?1732120910" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>SEM micrograph of AgNPs (sample Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) 97.0/3.0) (<b>a</b>) and AgNP size distribution (<b>b</b>). The red line represents the Gaussian fit function of experimental data for particle size distribution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g007-550.jpg?1732120912" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Swelling curves of P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogels (<b>a1</b>,<b>b1</b>) and Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites (<b>a2</b>,<b>b2</b>) in distilled water (<b>up</b>) and SBF (<b>down</b>) at 37 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g008-550.jpg?1732120914" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Cumulative silver release profiles (<b>a</b>), mathematical modeling (<b>b</b>–<b>g</b>), and diffusion coefficients (<b>h</b>) for Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g009-550.jpg?1732120918" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Antibacterial activity of P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogels (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites (<b>c</b>–<b>f</b>) against <span class="html-italic">Escherichia coli</span> and <span class="html-italic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C [(<b>b</b>,<b>f</b>): reproduced from reference [<a href="#B17-polymers-16-03211" class="html-bibr">17</a>] with permission from Elsevier].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g010-550.jpg?1732120920" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Viability of <span class="html-italic">Escherichia coli</span> (<b>a1</b>–<b>a3</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Staphylococcus aureus</span> (<b>b1</b>–<b>b3</b>) in the presence of P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogels (green) and Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites (orange) after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. Control samples are untreated bacterial cultures (blue).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03211/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03211-g011-550.jpg?1732120920" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Viability of human keratinocytes HaCaT cell line exposed to P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogels (green) and Ag-P(NiPAAm/IA) hydrogel nanocomposites (orange) after 24 h of treatment. The control sample is an untreated HaCaT cell line (blue).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3211'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1524031" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1398 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-2607/12/11/2362/pdf?version=1732007575" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Wound Gel Formulations Containing Poloxamer 407 and Polyhexanide Have In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity Against Wound-Associated Microbial Pathogens" data-journal="microorganisms"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-2607/12/11/2362">Wound Gel Formulations Containing Poloxamer 407 and Polyhexanide Have <i>In Vitro</i> Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity Against Wound-Associated Microbial Pathogens</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jeyachchandran Visvalingam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nandadeva Yakandawala</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Suresh Regmi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adetola Adeniji</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Parveen Sharma</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miloslav Sailer</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Microorganisms</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(11), 2362; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112362">https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12112362</a> - 19 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 661 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Chronic wounds are often caused or exacerbated by microbial biofilms that are highly resistant to antimicrobial treatments and that prevent healing. This study compared the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of nine topical wound treatments, comprising gels with different concentrations of poloxamer 407 (20–26%) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/11/2362/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Chronic wounds are often caused or exacerbated by microbial biofilms that are highly resistant to antimicrobial treatments and that prevent healing. This study compared the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of nine topical wound treatments, comprising gels with different concentrations of poloxamer 407 (20–26%) and different pH levels (4–6) and containing polyhexanide (PHMB) as an antimicrobial agent; the effects of pH on wound gels containing this agent have not been previously reported. The wound gel formulations were tested against six common wound-associated microbial pathogens: <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>S. epidermidis</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, and <i>Candida albicans</i>. Time-kill assays were used to assess antimicrobial activity against planktonic forms of each species, and a colony biofilm model was used to assess antibiofilm activity against existing biofilms as well as inhibition of new biofilm formation. Biofilm inhibition activity was also assessed in the presence of common wound dressing materials. Wound gels with higher pH levels exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity, while poloxamer 407 concentrations >20% negatively impacted antimicrobial activity. Wound gel formulations were identified that had antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and biofilm inhibition activity against all tested species <i>in vitro</i>. Biofilm inhibition activity was not affected by contact with common wound dressings. Further development of these wound gels may provide a valuable new option for the treatment and prevention of chronic wounds. <a href="/2076-2607/12/11/2362">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/microorganisms/special_issues/2M54WNT74G ">Pathogenic Biofilms: Physiology, Molecular Mechanisms and Counter Strategies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/12/11/2362/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1524031"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1524031"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1524031" data-cycle-prev="#prev1524031" data-cycle-progressive="#images1524031" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1524031-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g001-550.jpg?1732007750" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1524031" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1524031-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g002-550.jpg?1732007753'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1524031-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g003-550.jpg?1732007755'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1524031-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g001-550.jpg?1732007750" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Antibiofilm activity of wound gel formulations against preformed biofilms of (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span>, (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">S. epidermidis</span>, (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">A. baumannii</span>, (<b>D</b>) <span class="html-italic">P. aeruginosa</span>, (<b>E</b>) <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span>, and (<b>F</b>) <span class="html-italic">C. albicans</span> after two successive 24 h application of the gel. NT, no treatment. Mean values identified by different alphabets are significantly different (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-2607/12/11/2362'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g002-550.jpg?1732007753" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Biofilm inhibition activity of wound gel formulation P1K3 against six microbial species.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-2607/12/11/2362'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/microorganisms/microorganisms-12-02362/article_deploy/html/images/microorganisms-12-02362-g003-550.jpg?1732007755" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Biofilm inhibition activity of wound gel formulation P1K3 in the presence of common wound dressing materials. Mean values of each organism identified by different alphabets are significantly different (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-2607/12/11/2362'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1523598" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 5902 KiB   </span> <a href="/1420-3049/29/22/5435/pdf?version=1732182169" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="In Situ Crosslinked Biodegradable Hydrogels Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(ε-Lysine) for Medical Application" data-journal="molecules"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1420-3049/29/22/5435">In Situ Crosslinked Biodegradable Hydrogels Based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol) and Poly(ε-Lysine) for Medical Application</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xia Ding</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bing Yang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhaosheng Hou</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Molecules</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>29</em>(22), 5435; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225435">https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29225435</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 371 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials due to their excellent performance; however, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and absorbability still require improvement to support a broader range of medical applications. This paper presents a new biofunctionalized hydrogel based on in situ crosslinking between maleimide-terminated four-arm-poly(ethylene <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/22/5435/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Hydrogels have emerged as promising biomaterials due to their excellent performance; however, their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and absorbability still require improvement to support a broader range of medical applications. This paper presents a new biofunctionalized hydrogel based on in situ crosslinking between maleimide-terminated four-arm-poly(ethylene glycol) (4–arm–PEG–Mal) and poly(ε-lysine) (ε–PL). The PEG/ε–PL hydrogels, named LG–n, were rapidly formed via amine/maleimide reaction by mixing 4–arm–PEG–Mal and ε–PL under physiological conditions. The corresponding dry gels (DLG–n) were obtained through a freeze-drying technique. <sup>1</sup>H NMR, FT–IR, and SEM were utilized to confirm the structures of 4–arm–PEG–Mal and LG–n (or DLG–n), and the effects of solid content on the physicochemical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. Although high solid content could increase the swelling ratio, all LG–n samples exhibited a low equilibrium swelling ratio of less than 30%. LG–7, which contained moderate solid content, exhibited optimal compression properties characterized by a compressive fracture strength of 45.2 kPa and a deformation of 69.5%. Compression cycle tests revealed that LG–n demonstrated good anti-fatigue performance. In vitro degradation studies confirmed the biodegradability of LG–n, with the degradation rate primarily governing the drug (ceftibuten) release efficiency, leading to a sustained release duration of four weeks. Cytotoxicity tests, cell survival morphology observation, live/dead assays, and hemolysis tests indicated that LG–n exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and low hemolysis rates (<5%). Furthermore, the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of LG–n was verified by an inhibition zone method. In conclusion, the developed LG–n hydrogels hold promising applications in the medical field, particularly as drug sustained-release carriers and wound dressings. <a href="/1420-3049/29/22/5435">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/molecules/special_issues/5A7LZL3UNS ">Hydrogels: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/29/22/5435/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523598"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523598"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523598" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523598" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523598" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-ag-550.jpg?1732182269" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1523598" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g001-550.jpg?1732182255'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g002-550.jpg?1732182256'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g003-550.jpg?1732182258'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g004-550.jpg?1732182259'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g005-550.jpg?1732182260'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g006-550.jpg?1732182261'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g007-550.jpg?1732182262'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g008-550.jpg?1732182262'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g009-550.jpg?1732182263'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g010-550.jpg?1732182264'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g011-550.jpg?1732182266'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g012-550.jpg?1732182266'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g013-550.jpg?1732182268'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1523598-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g014-550.jpg?1732182269'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523598-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-ag-550.jpg?1732182269" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g001-550.jpg?1732182255" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Photo of the dual–chamber syringe equipped with a helical mixing head.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g002-550.jpg?1732182256" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FT–IR spectra for (<b>a</b>) ε–PL, (<b>b</b>) 4–arm–PEG–Mal, and (<b>c</b>) DLG–7.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g003-550.jpg?1732182258" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM photos of (<b>a</b>) DLG–3, (<b>b</b>) DLG–7, (<b>c</b>) DLG–11 (scale bar: 500 μm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g004-550.jpg?1732182259" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) TGA and (<b>b</b>) DTG curves of ε–PL, 4–arm–PEG–Mal, and DLG–n.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g005-550.jpg?1732182260" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>DSC curves of ε–PL, 4–arm–PEG–Mal, and DLG–n.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g006-550.jpg?1732182261" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Swelling curves of ε–PL, 4–arm–PEG–Mal, and DLG–n (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g007-550.jpg?1732182262" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Compressive stress–strain profiles of LG–n hydrogels and (<b>b</b>) cyclic compressive stress–strain profiles of LG–7 hydrogels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g008-550.jpg?1732182262" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mass loss curves of LG–n against degradation time in PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 °C (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g009-550.jpg?1732182263" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Drug release curves from LG–n hydrogels in PBS (pH 7.4) at 37 °C (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g010-550.jpg?1732182264" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Cell survival rate in LG–n hydrogel extracts by MTT (37 °C, 72 h, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g011-550.jpg?1732182266" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Cell morphologies on LG–n hydrogel surface (37 °C, 72 h, scale bar: 100 μm) and (<b>b</b>) live/dead cells in LG–n extracts (37 °C, 72 h, scale bar: 100 μm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g012-550.jpg?1732182266" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Hemolysis test images and hemolysis rates of hydrogel LG–n (37 °C, 24 h, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g013-550.jpg?1732182268" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Antibacterial activities of LG–n against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/molecules/molecules-29-05435/article_deploy/html/images/molecules-29-05435-g014-550.jpg?1732182269" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Synthesis of 4–arm–PEG–Mal, (<b>b</b>) preparation of hydrogel LG–n, and (<b>c</b>) crosslinking schematic diagram of hydrogel LG–n.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1420-3049/29/22/5435'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1523187" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 7999 KiB   </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/22/3197/pdf?version=1731918970" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of Antioxidant-Active Sericin–Curcumin-Loaded Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Crosslinked with Calcium Chloride as a Promising Wound Dressing Application" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/22/3197">Development of Antioxidant-Active Sericin–Curcumin-Loaded Sodium Alginate/Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Crosslinked with Calcium Chloride as a Promising Wound Dressing Application</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rungnapha Yamdech</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vareesa Terahsongkran</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Varis Terahsongkran</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sarocha Cherdchom</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pornanong Aramwit</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(22), 3197; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223197">https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223197</a> - 18 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 346 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Silk sericin (SS) and curcumin (Cur) possess significant antioxidant properties, making them highly beneficial for wound healing applications. This study aimed to develop SS–Cur-loaded sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (SA/PVA) films crosslinked with calcium chloride, creating a biomaterial with enhanced stability and antioxidant properties. Wound <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/22/3197/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Silk sericin (SS) and curcumin (Cur) possess significant antioxidant properties, making them highly beneficial for wound healing applications. This study aimed to develop SS–Cur-loaded sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol (SA/PVA) films crosslinked with calcium chloride, creating a biomaterial with enhanced stability and antioxidant properties. Wound dressings containing SS-Cur were fabricated by mixing SA and PVA at different ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:6. The resulting films were then crosslinked with calcium chloride in an ethanol solution to enhance film integrity. These films were characterized using several techniques, revealing that the presence of ethanol in calcium chloride affected film properties, including the gel fraction, swelling, film thickness, and FTIR analysis. The presence of ethanol in calcium chloride revealed the highest drug content in the SA/PVA films. In vitro release studies demonstrated sustained release of SS-Cur from all formulations. Cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity tests showed that SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films with ethanol in calcium chloride increased cell viability and enhanced antioxidant effects in L929 cells. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the presence of ethanol in the crosslinking solution improved the functionality of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films, making them promising candidates for wound healing and soft tissue regeneration. <a href="/2073-4360/16/22/3197">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/AK4MAP55KM ">Polymeric Membrane Science and Surface Modification Technologies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/22/3197/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1523187"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1523187"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1523187" data-cycle-prev="#prev1523187" data-cycle-progressive="#images1523187" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-ag-550.jpg?1732013592" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1523187" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g001-550.jpg?1732013588'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g002-550.jpg?1732013577'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g003-550.jpg?1732013579'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g004-550.jpg?1732013581'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g005-550.jpg?1732013583'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g006-550.jpg?1732013585'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1523187-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g007-550.jpg?1732013590'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1523187-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-ag-550.jpg?1732013592" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g001-550.jpg?1732013588" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Physical properties of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride: (<b>A</b>) visual appearance, (<b>B</b>) gel fraction, and (<b>C</b>) gel swelling ratio of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films at different SA:PVA ratios crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%). Data are presented as the mean ± S.D (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g002-550.jpg?1732013577" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride at SA:PVA ratios of (<b>A</b>) 1:1 and (<b>B</b>) 1:2, crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g003-550.jpg?1732013579" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride at SA:PVA ratios of (<b>A</b>) 1:1 and (<b>B</b>) 1:2, crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g004-550.jpg?1732013581" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Thermal degradation curves of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride at SA:PVA ratios of (<b>A</b>) 1:1 and (<b>B</b>) 1:2, crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g005-550.jpg?1732013583" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Drug loading capacity and in vitro drug release profiles of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride: drug content of (<b>A</b>) SS and (<b>B</b>) Cur in SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride and in vitro release profiles of (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) SS and (<b>E</b>,<b>F</b>) Cur from SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%). Data are represented as mean ± SD (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g006-550.jpg?1732013585" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>In vitro cytotoxicity of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride towards L929 cells: MTT assay results showing cytotoxicity profiles of SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films at SA:PVA ratios of (<b>A</b>) 1:1 and (<b>B</b>) 1:2, crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%). Data are presented as mean ± S.D (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03197/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03197-g007-550.jpg?1732013590" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mitigation of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>-induced oxidative stress by SS–Cur-loaded SA/PVA films crosslinked with calcium chloride: (<b>A</b>) intracellular ROS levels measured by DCFH-DA assay in oxidative stress-induced cytotoxicity in L929 cells treated with films at SA:PVA ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 and (<b>B</b>) cell viability assessed by MTT assay for films at SA:PVA ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, crosslinked with calcium chloride at different ethanol concentrations (0, 10, 20, and 30%). Data are presented as mean ± S.D (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4). * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/22/3197'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1522411" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 34 pages, 2191 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-4983/15/11/348/pdf?version=1732175557" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Properties, Production, and Recycling of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers: Special Medical Applications" data-journal="jfb"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-4983/15/11/348">Properties, Production, and Recycling of Regenerated Cellulose Fibers: Special Medical Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Julija Baltušnikaitė-Guzaitienė</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Funct. Biomater.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>15</em>(11), 348; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110348">https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15110348</a> - 16 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 694 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Regenerated cellulose fibers are a highly adaptable biomaterial with numerous medical applications owing to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust mechanical properties. In the domain of wound care, regenerated cellulose fibers facilitate a moist environment conducive to healing, minimize infection risk, and adapt <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/15/11/348/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Regenerated cellulose fibers are a highly adaptable biomaterial with numerous medical applications owing to their inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust mechanical properties. In the domain of wound care, regenerated cellulose fibers facilitate a moist environment conducive to healing, minimize infection risk, and adapt to wound topographies, making it ideal for different types of dressings. In tissue engineering, cellulose scaffolds provide a matrix for cell attachment and proliferation, supporting the development of artificial skin, cartilage, and other tissues. Furthermore, regenerated cellulose fibers, used as absorbable sutures, degrade within the body, eliminating the need for removal and proving advantageous for internal suturing. The medical textile industry relies heavily on regenerated cellulose fibers because of their unique properties that make them suitable for various applications, including wound care, surgical garments, and diagnostic materials. Regenerated cellulose fibers are produced by dissolving cellulose from natural sources and reconstituting it into fiber form, which can be customized for specific medical uses. This paper will explore the various types, properties, and applications of regenerated cellulose fibers in medical contexts, alongside an examination of its manufacturing processes and technologies, as well as associated challenges. <a href="/2079-4983/15/11/348">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jfb/special_issues/Biodegradable_Polymers_Textiles ">Biodegradable Polymers and Textiles</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/15/11/348/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522411"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522411"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522411" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522411" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522411" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g001a-550.jpg?1732175625" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522411" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g001b-550.jpg?1732175631'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g002-550.jpg?1732175632'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522411-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g003-550.jpg?1732175633'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522411-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g001a-550.jpg?1732175625" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The microscopic views of regenerated cellulose fibers and some common synthetic fibers [<a href="#B24-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">25</a>]: (<b>a</b>) microscopic view of viscose fiber cross-section; (<b>b</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of viscose fiber; (<b>c</b>) microscopic view of lyocell fiber cross-section; (<b>d</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of lyocell fiber; (<b>e</b>) microscopic view of cupro fiber cross-section; (<b>f</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of cupro fiber; (<b>g</b>) microscopic view of modal fiber cross-section; (<b>h</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of modal fiber; (<b>i</b>) microscopic view of acetate fiber; (<b>j</b>) microscopic view of typical melt spun synthetic fibers cross-section, i.e., polyester, polyamide, and olefin; (<b>k</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of polyester fiber; (<b>l</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of polyamide fiber; ((<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>l</b>) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B24-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Copyright 2012 Lithuanian Standards Board). ((<b>i</b>,<b>j</b>) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B25-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Copyright 2008 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/11/348'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g001b-550.jpg?1732175631" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The microscopic views of regenerated cellulose fibers and some common synthetic fibers [<a href="#B24-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">24</a>,<a href="#B25-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">25</a>]: (<b>a</b>) microscopic view of viscose fiber cross-section; (<b>b</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of viscose fiber; (<b>c</b>) microscopic view of lyocell fiber cross-section; (<b>d</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of lyocell fiber; (<b>e</b>) microscopic view of cupro fiber cross-section; (<b>f</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of cupro fiber; (<b>g</b>) microscopic view of modal fiber cross-section; (<b>h</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of modal fiber; (<b>i</b>) microscopic view of acetate fiber; (<b>j</b>) microscopic view of typical melt spun synthetic fibers cross-section, i.e., polyester, polyamide, and olefin; (<b>k</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of polyester fiber; (<b>l</b>) microscopic longitudinal view of polyamide fiber; ((<b>a</b>–<b>h</b>,<b>k</b>,<b>l</b>) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B24-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">24</a>]. Copyright 2012 Lithuanian Standards Board). ((<b>i</b>,<b>j</b>) Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B25-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">25</a>]. Copyright 2008 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/11/348'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g002-550.jpg?1732175632" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Production scheme of viscose fibers [<a href="#B89-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">89</a>] (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [<a href="#B89-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Copyright 2021 Elsevier).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/11/348'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jfb/jfb-15-00348/article_deploy/html/images/jfb-15-00348-g003-550.jpg?1732175633" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Production scheme of lyocell fibers [<a href="#B89-jfb-15-00348" class="html-bibr">89</a>] (reproduced with permission from Elsevier, <span class="html-italic">Carbohydrate Polymers</span>; published by Elsevier, 2021).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-4983/15/11/348'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1522251" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 5324 KiB   </span> <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5607/pdf?version=1731741071" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Research Progress on the Application of Natural Medicines in Biomaterial Coatings" data-journal="materials"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1996-1944/17/22/5607">Research Progress on the Application of Natural Medicines in Biomaterial Coatings</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanchao Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Huimin Duan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhongna Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lan Chen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingan Li</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Materials</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>17</em>(22), 5607; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225607">https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17225607</a> - 16 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 717 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> With the continuous progress of biomedical technology, biomaterial coatings play an important role in improving the performance of medical devices and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. The application of natural medicine to biological materials has become a hot topic due to its diverse <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5607/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> With the continuous progress of biomedical technology, biomaterial coatings play an important role in improving the performance of medical devices and promoting tissue repair and regeneration. The application of natural medicine to biological materials has become a hot topic due to its diverse biological activity, low toxicity, and wide range of sources. This article introduces the definition and classification of natural medicines, lists some common natural medicines, such as curcumin, allicin, chitosan, tea polyphenols, etc., and lists some biological activities of some common natural medicines, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, and other properties. According to the different characteristics of natural medicines, physical adsorption, chemical grafting, layer-by-layer self-assembly, sol–gel and other methods are combined with biomaterials, which can be used for orthopedic implants, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular stents, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, etc., to exert their biological activity. For example, improving antibacterial properties, promoting tissue regeneration, and improving biocompatibility promote the development of medical health. Although the development of biomaterials has been greatly expanded, it still faces some major challenges, such as whether the combination between the coating and the substrate is firm, whether the drug load is released sustainably, whether the dynamic balance will be disrupted, and so on; a series of problems affects the application of natural drugs in biomaterial coatings. In view of these problems, this paper summarizes some suggestions by evaluating the literature, such as optimizing the binding method and release system; carrying out more clinical application research; carrying out multidisciplinary cooperation; broadening the application of natural medicine in biomaterial coatings; and developing safer, more effective and multi-functional natural medicine coatings through continuous research and innovation, so as to contribute to the development of the biomedical field. <a href="/1996-1944/17/22/5607">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/materials/special_issues/8W6B01TG35 ">Characterization of Metallic Materials: Microstructure, Forming and Heat Treatment (Second Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/17/22/5607/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1522251"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1522251"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1522251" data-cycle-prev="#prev1522251" data-cycle-progressive="#images1522251" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g001-550.jpg?1731741175" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1522251" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g002-550.jpg?1731741177'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g003-550.jpg?1731741179'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g004-550.jpg?1731741180'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g005-550.jpg?1731741182'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g006-550.jpg?1731741183'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1522251-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g007-550.jpg?1731741185'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1522251-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g001-550.jpg?1731741175" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Some applications of biomaterial coatings: (<b>a</b>) Mg-based alloys have been used in neuroscience as filaments within nerve conduits to accelerate nerve regeneration, the nerve electrode, devices for neural recording and monitoring, and stents for carotid artery stenosis and aneurysm treatment [<a href="#B32-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">32</a>]; (<b>b</b>) the incorporation of compounds such as titanium dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>), dopamine, fluorine-substituted hydroxyapatite (FHA), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and silica nanoparticles (SNs) into the hydrogel structure can improve the biocompatibility, stability, and peripheral inflammation of implants [<a href="#B33-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">33</a>]; (<b>c</b>) the prepared hydrogels are used for cardiac, nervous, and bone tissue engineering [<a href="#B34-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">34</a>]; (<b>d</b>) catechol chitosan diatom hydrogel (CCDHG) was developed for use in TENG electrodes, and m-type defibrillation sensors were developed based on CCDHG-TENG to evaluate low-frequency motion in patients with Parkinson’s disease [<a href="#B35-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">35</a>]; (<b>e</b>) plant-based multi-confectionery gums can be used to produce polymer films for active packaging [<a href="#B36-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">36</a>]; (<b>f</b>) an antimicrobial coating can be built on the surface of orthopedic implants [<a href="#B37-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g002-550.jpg?1731741177" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>A dual-loaded multi-layered RSF coating with curcumin and Zn<sup>2+</sup> on PET grafts, which followed a time-programmed pattern of drugs release, could intervene anti-inflammatory and tissue regeneration in a time-matched way, and ultimately improve graft–host integration [<a href="#B77-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">77</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g003-550.jpg?1731741179" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>C-HA-Cys hydrogel coatings were prepared by an amide reaction using catechol hyaluronic acid (C-HA) and cystine (Cys). The H<sub>2</sub>S-releasing donor allicin is loaded into the hydrogel to form a smart biomimetic coating [<a href="#B95-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">95</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g004-550.jpg?1731741180" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), which can be used for orthopedic implants, is selected to form a spongy three-dimensional structure on the surface through a sulfonation reaction and embedded osthole nanoparticles with osteogenic activity. The silk fibroin–berberine coating with antimicrobial function is loaded on the surface of the material [<a href="#B109-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">109</a>]. (<b>a</b>) Composition of the coating; (<b>b</b>) The antibacterial and osteogenic functions of the coating.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g005-550.jpg?1731741182" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Biomimetic engineering of an endothelium-like coating through the synergic application of bioactive heparin and nitric oxide-generating species. The endothelium–biomimetic coating imparts the modified cardiovascular stent with the ability to combine the physiological capabilities of both heparin and NO, which creates a favorable microenvironment for inhibiting the key components in the coagulation cascade, such as Factor Xa and thrombin (Factor IIa) and platelets, as well as the growth of ECs over SMCs. These features endow the vascular stent with the abilities to impressively improve the antithrombogenicity, induce re-endothelialization, and prevent restenosis in vivo [<a href="#B129-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">129</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g006-550.jpg?1731741183" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The mechanisms of antibacterial action of propolis—(A) propolis causes damage to the cell membrane, leading the cell contents to leak out, causing cell lysis. (B) Propolis inhibits adenosine triphosphate (ATP) formation, inhibiting mobility and the metabolism of the cell, impeding cell function (C) Propolis inhibits topoisomerase activity, causing DNA damage and mitotic failure [<a href="#B131-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">131</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/materials/materials-17-05607/article_deploy/html/images/materials-17-05607-g007-550.jpg?1731741185" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Hierarchically hybrid biocoatings on Ti implants are developed by gradual incorporation of polydopamine (PDA), ZnO nanoparticles (nZnO), and chitosan (CS)/nanocrystal hydroxyapatite (nHA) via oxidative self-polymerization, nanoparticle deposition, solvent casting and evaporation methods for enhancing their antibacterial activity and osteogenesis [<a href="#B146-materials-17-05607" class="html-bibr">146</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1996-1944/17/22/5607'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1521781" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 3108 KiB   </span> <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1457/pdf?version=1731671357" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluation of Platonia insignis Mart. (Bacuri Butter) and Biopolymers from the Puree of Allium cepa L. (Yellow Onion Bulb) for Wound Healing in Horses" data-journal="pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1999-4923/16/11/1457">Evaluation of <i>Platonia insignis</i> Mart. (Bacuri Butter) and Biopolymers from the Puree of <i>Allium cepa</i> L. (Yellow Onion Bulb) for Wound Healing in Horses</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>André M. Resende</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Beatriz A. Miranda</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luiza B. Silva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andressa B. Oliveira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Márcio B. Castro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabel L. Macêdo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno S. L. Dallago</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hernane S. Barud</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marco A. Costa Borges</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Clovis A. Ribeiro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Diogenes S. Dias</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rita C. Campebell</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Pharmaceutics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 1457; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111457">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111457</a> - 15 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 338 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Skin injuries are common in the equine clinical practice, requiring effective treatment to support natural healing. Bacuri butter is gaining attention for its potential in wound healing and its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Natural polymers such as onion (<i>Allium cepa</i> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1457/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Skin injuries are common in the equine clinical practice, requiring effective treatment to support natural healing. Bacuri butter is gaining attention for its potential in wound healing and its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Natural polymers such as onion (<i>Allium cepa</i>) bioplastics have been investigated for their potential as occlusive dressings and for tissue regeneration. <b>Methods:</b> This study evaluated the healing process of experimentally induced skin wounds on horses treated with bacuri butter, washed onion film, and unwashed onion film. Clinical and histopathological analyses of the wounds were conducted in six clinically healthy horses over 28 days, with a control group receiving Ringer’s lactate solution. The onion films were produced and characterized for their chemical structure and properties, while the bacuri butter was sourced and prepared for application. <b>Results:</b> All treatments, including the control group, promoted wound healing without relevant differences in wound contraction rates, gross aspect, or histopathological parameters. <b>Conclusions:</b> Therefore, despite minor variations observed in the clinical evaluations between the treatment groups, the bacuri butter or onion biopolymer showed no significant healing effect on skin wounds in horses. Additionally, this study showed the potential of equine models in testing novel therapeutic approaches for wound healing, benefiting both veterinary and human medicine. <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1457">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/pharmaceutics/special_issues/24P96N869Y ">Prospects of Hydrogels in Wound Healing</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1457/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1521781"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1521781"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1521781" data-cycle-prev="#prev1521781" data-cycle-progressive="#images1521781" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g001-550.jpg?1731671450" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1521781" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g002-550.jpg?1731671451'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g003-550.jpg?1731671456'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g004-550.jpg?1731671457'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g005-550.jpg?1731671458'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g006-550.jpg?1731671461'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1521781-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g007-550.jpg?1731671462'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1521781-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g001-550.jpg?1731671450" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The onion film production scheme [<a href="#B11-pharmaceutics-16-01457" class="html-bibr">11</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g002-550.jpg?1731671451" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The onion films from the washed hydrothermally treated pulp (W-HTP) and (<b>B</b>) unwashed hydrothermally treated pulp [<a href="#B10-pharmaceutics-16-01457" class="html-bibr">10</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g003-550.jpg?1731671456" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Photographic images of the wounds in the lumbar region of the horses: bacuri butter group (BBG), control group (CG), washed onion film group (WOFG), and unwashed onion film group (UOFG), on days 0 (D0), 3 (D3), 7 (D7), 14 (D14), 21 (D21), and 28 (D28).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g004-550.jpg?1731671457" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The mean wound areas, in cm<sup>2</sup>, of the lumbar region of the horses in the control group (CG) and the groups treated with bacuri butter (BBG), washed onion film (WOFG), and unwashed onion film (UOFG), on days 0 (D0), 3 (D3), 7 (D7), 14 (D14), 21 (D21), and 28 (D28).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g005-550.jpg?1731671458" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The mean contraction rates, in percentage, of the wounds of the horses in the control group (CG) and the groups treated with bacuri butter (BBG), washed onion film (WOFG), and unwashed onion film (UOFG), on days 3 (D3), 7 (D7), 14 (D14), 21 (D21), and 28 (D28).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g006-550.jpg?1731671461" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Photomicrograph of the wound from animal 6 of the bacuri butter group (BBG) on D3, demonstrating edema, inflammatory cells, and cellular debris hyperkeratosis and cellular debris (circled area) (Obj. 4×, H&amp;E). (<b>B</b>) WOFG, D28. Intense collagen deposition (fibroplasia) in the dermis (circled area) (Obj. 10×, H&amp;E).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01457/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01457-g007-550.jpg?1731671462" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Photomicrograph of the wound from animal 6 of the bacuri butter group (BBG). D7, mild fibroplasia and the reorganization of collagen fibers. (<b>B</b>) D28, intense fibroplasia and the reorganization of collagen fibers (Obj. 10×, Masson’s trichrome).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1457'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1520571" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 3837 KiB   </span> <a href="/2075-1729/14/11/1479/pdf?version=1731572385" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Advanced Secondary Intention Healing for Complex Soft-Tissue Defects Using Reprocessed Micronized Acellular Dermal Matrix" data-journal="life"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2075-1729/14/11/1479">Advanced Secondary Intention Healing for Complex Soft-Tissue Defects Using Reprocessed Micronized Acellular Dermal Matrix</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ha Jong Nam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dong Gyu Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Je Yeon Byeon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Da Woon Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jun Hyuk Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Se Young Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hwan Jun Choi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Life</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(11), 1479; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111479">https://doi.org/10.3390/life14111479</a> - 14 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 406 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Secondary intention healing offers an alternative when surgical options are infeasible. This study analyzed the effect of micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs; CGderm Matrix<sup>®</sup>, CG Bio, Seoul, Republic of Korea) on secondary intention healing in patients with complex soft-tissue defects and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/11/1479/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Secondary intention healing offers an alternative when surgical options are infeasible. This study analyzed the effect of micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs; CGderm Matrix<sup>®</sup>, CG Bio, Seoul, Republic of Korea) on secondary intention healing in patients with complex soft-tissue defects and assessed mADMs’ efficacy in promoting secondary healing and improving clinical outcomes in these challenging cases. This retrospective study included 26 patients treated with sheet-type reprocessed mADMs between August 2022 and December 2022 at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital. Patients with full-thickness skin defects classified as complex wounds were included. Data on demographics, wound characteristics, and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed. Wound area was measured using ImageJ software, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. The application of mADMs resulted in a median wound area reduction of 81.35%, demonstrating its significant efficacy in wound healing. Most patients presented with compromised vascular supply, significant tissue loss, or infections that precluded conventional surgical interventions. No significant correlations were observed between patient variables and wound-healing outcomes, indicating the complex nature of wound healing. mADMs effectively promote secondary intention healing by providing a supportive extracellular matrix scaffold that enhances epithelialization and angiogenesis. Their rapid absorption, ease of handling, and ability to improve wound tensile strength make them particularly suitable for complex wounds. <a href="/2075-1729/14/11/1479">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/life/special_issues/EA9J495E1N ">Novel Approaches in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery to Improve Quality of Life</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/14/11/1479/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1520571"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1520571"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1520571" data-cycle-prev="#prev1520571" data-cycle-progressive="#images1520571" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g001-550.jpg?1731572493" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1520571" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g002-550.jpg?1731572495'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g003-550.jpg?1731572496'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g004-550.jpg?1731572498'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g005-550.jpg?1731572501'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g006-550.jpg?1731572504'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g007-550.jpg?1731572507'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1520571-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g008-550.jpg?1731572509'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1520571-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g001-550.jpg?1731572493" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Histological and electron microscopy analysis of micronized acellular dermal matrix (mADM). (<b>A</b>) Histological comparison of the normal skin (left) using hematoxylin–eosin staining, where the purple color indicates the cell nuclei, and the pink color represents the extracellular matrix. (<b>B</b>) Histological image of the mADM showing the absence of the epithelial layer present in the normal skin and the lack of purple-stained cells within the matrix. (<b>C</b>) Scanning electron microscopy image of the mADM demonstrating the intricate porous structure, which facilitates cell migration and integration. The inset shows a higher magnification of the matrix’s uniform microstructure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g002-550.jpg?1731572495" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Application process of mADMs to a complex wound. The image was taken using a Canon EOS R6 Camera from a standard distance of 40 cm, with the camera positioned perpendicular to the wound. (<b>A</b>) Clinical photograph of a wound before the application of the mADM. A ruler is included in the image to provide a size reference. (<b>B</b>) Application of the mADM to the wound surface. (<b>C</b>) mADM hydrated and adhered to the wound, absorbing plasma. (<b>D</b>) Silicone barrier (Mepitel<sup>®</sup> One) applied over the mADM to prevent detachment and absorption into NPWT devices. mADM, micronized acellular dermal matrix; NPWT, negative pressure wound therapy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g003-550.jpg?1731572496" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart showing the inclusion and exclusion of patients in the study. Initially, 64 patients were assessed for eligibility. Of these, 29 patients were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria. The remaining 35 patients were enrolled in the study; however, 9 patients were lost to follow-up. Therefore, 26 patients were included in the final analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g004-550.jpg?1731572498" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>A 62-year-old male with a history of hypertension and diabetes. (<b>A</b>) Initial X-ray showing the extent of necrosis. (<b>B</b>) Pre-debridement image showing necrotic changes (red circle). (<b>C</b>) Post-debridement image showing the wound bed and poor tissue quality around the wound due to poor perfusion (orange circle). (<b>D</b>) Wound after 9 days following a total of four mADM applications, showing granulation tissue growth (yellow circle). (<b>E</b>) Wound after 12 weeks, showing successful secondary healing. (<b>F</b>) Final X-ray showing no signs of gas gangrene, pus accumulation, or osteomyelitis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g005-550.jpg?1731572501" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>A 57-year-old male patient with a history of hypertension and diabetes. (<b>A</b>) Initial X-ray showing the extent of necrosis. (<b>B</b>) Intraoperative image showing escharectomy and necrotic tissue debridement, with red circle indicating the touching of bone and presence of <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span>. (<b>C</b>) Post-debridement image showing mild residual infection (orange circle) before micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs) application. (<b>D</b>) Wound after 20 days following a total of six mADM applications, showing significant healing with no signs of infection (yellow circle). (<b>E</b>) Wound at the 6-week outpatient follow-up, showing significant healing. (<b>F</b>) Final X-ray showing no signs of osteomyelitis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g006-550.jpg?1731572504" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>A 71-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes and angina. (<b>A</b>) Initial X-ray showing the extent of necrosis. (<b>B</b>) Pre-debridement image showing the necrotic great toe (red circle). (<b>C</b>) Post-debridement image showing exposed bone (blue arrow) before micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs) application. (<b>D</b>) Wound after initial mADM application, showing healing progress but with necrotic changes (yellow arrow). (<b>E</b>) Wound showing significant healing after a total of eight mADM applications, revision, and local flap. (<b>F</b>) Final X-ray showing no signs of bony and soft tissue complications, such as osteomyelitis, infection, or chronic inflammation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g007-550.jpg?1731572507" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>A 65-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes and peripheral arterial disease. (<b>A</b>) Initial X-ray showing the extent of bone involvement. (<b>B</b>) Clinical photograph prior to debridement, highlighting the necrotic tissue and bone exposure (red circle). (<b>C</b>) Post-debridement image showing the wound bed before micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs) application (orange circle). (<b>D</b>) Wound after 3 weeks following a total of five mADM applications, demonstrating significant granulation and healing progress (yellow circle). (<b>E</b>) Wound at the 8-week follow-up, showing re-epithelialization. (<b>F</b>) Final X-ray showing successful healing despite the presence of a bone defect, indicating effective re-epithelialization and wound closure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/life/life-14-01479/article_deploy/html/images/life-14-01479-g008-550.jpg?1731572509" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>A 62-year-old female patient with a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. (<b>A</b>) Initial X-ray showing bone resorption in the distal phalanx. (<b>B</b>) Intraoperative image after debridement, revealing significant bone exposure (red circle). (<b>C</b>) Single application of micronized acellular dermal matrices (mADMs) applied to the exposed bone (orange circle). (<b>D</b>) Wound closure achieved after mADM application, secured with sutures (yellow circle). (<b>E</b>) Six-week postoperative image showing substantial wound healing and epithelialization. (<b>F</b>) Final X-ray displaying successful bone regeneration and no evidence of osteomyelitis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2075-1729/14/11/1479'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1518118" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 5118 KiB   </span> <a href="/2310-2861/10/11/729/pdf?version=1731307170" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Marine Resources Gels as Main Ingredient for Wound Healing Biomaterials: Obtaining and Characterization" data-journal="gels"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2310-2861/10/11/729">Marine Resources Gels as Main Ingredient for Wound Healing Biomaterials: Obtaining and Characterization</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alina Elena Coman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Minodora Marin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana Maria Roșca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Madalina Georgiana Albu Kaya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rodica Roxana Constantinescu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Irina Titorencu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Gels</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>10</em>(11), 729; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10110729">https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10110729</a> - 11 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 481 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The skin, known as the largest organ of the body, is essential for maintaining physiological balance and acts as a barrier against the external environment. When skin becomes damaged and wounds appear on the skin’s surface, a complex healing process, involving multiple types <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/11/729/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The skin, known as the largest organ of the body, is essential for maintaining physiological balance and acts as a barrier against the external environment. When skin becomes damaged and wounds appear on the skin’s surface, a complex healing process, involving multiple types of cells and microenvironments, take place. Selecting a suitable dressing for a wound is crucial for accelerating healing, reducing treatment costs, and improving the patient’s overall health. Starting from natural resources such as perch skin (<i>P. fluviatilis</i>), this article aims to develop biocompatible materials for regenerative medicine from collagen in the form of gels/gelatines. The extracted gels were physical/chemical and structurally analyzed. In order to obtain collagen scaffolds for wound healing, the extracted collagen gels from perch skin were further freeze-dried. The ability of these scaffolds is essential for controlling moisture levels during wound healing; therefore, it was necessary to investigate the samples’ ability to absorb water. The assessed collagen-based scaffolds were microbiologically tested, and their biocompatibility was investigated by incubating human adult dermal fibroblasts. The outcomes reveal an innovative path for the production of biomaterials used in wound healing, starting from collagen derived from marine sources. <a href="/2310-2861/10/11/729">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/gels/special_issues/81EVVPVPDH ">Hydrogel for Sustained Delivery of Therapeutic Agents (2nd Edition)</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/10/11/729/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1518118"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1518118"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1518118" data-cycle-prev="#prev1518118" data-cycle-progressive="#images1518118" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g001-550.jpg?1731307277" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1518118" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g002-550.jpg?1731307278'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g003-550.jpg?1731307282'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g004-550.jpg?1731307283'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g005-550.jpg?1731307286'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g006-550.jpg?1731307287'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g007-550.jpg?1731307289'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g008-550.jpg?1731307290'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g009-550.jpg?1731307294'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g010-550.jpg?1731307297'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g011-550.jpg?1731307301'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1518118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g012-550.jpg?1731307302'><p>Figure 12</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1518118-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g001-550.jpg?1731307277" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Yields of collagen extracted from perch skin. (<b>a</b>) Dry weights (in grams) of collagen extracted from the indicated weight of skin. (<b>b</b>) Collagen yields of the samples are calculated as (Dry collagen weight/Dry skin weight) × 100.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g002-550.jpg?1731307278" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Circular dichroism spectra for perch gels; (<b>a</b>) samples kept at room temperature, (<b>b</b>) samples kept in the fridge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g003-550.jpg?1731307282" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of perch gels; (<b>a</b>) samples kept at room temperature, (<b>b</b>) samples kept at fridge.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g004-550.jpg?1731307283" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Water uptake of biocomposites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g005-550.jpg?1731307286" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Antimicrobial activity of perch sponges against (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> and (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g006-550.jpg?1731307287" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>XTT assay showing the viability of human adult dermal fibroblasts after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation in the presence of collagen scaffold extracts (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 versus COLL at 72 h).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g007-550.jpg?1731307289" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>In vitro scratch test showing the impact of collagen scaffold extracts on the fibroblast motility: upper panel—phase-contrast microscopy showing the scratched area at 0 h and 16 h later (magnification 5×), lower panel—the quantification of covered area as percentage of the initial scratched area where positive and negative controls are serum and serum-free medium (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.005, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001 versus negative control, # <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 versus COLL).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g008-550.jpg?1731307290" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>XTT assay showing the viability of human adult dermal fibroblasts 5 days after seeding onto collagen scaffolds (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g009-550.jpg?1731307294" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Hematoxylin and Eosin staining illustrating the colonization of collagen scaffolds with human dermal fibroblasts. The presence of cells attached to the collagen fibers is indicated by arrows.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g010-550.jpg?1731307297" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Quantification of collagen scaffolds contraction: upper panel—images of the scaffolds before seeding of fibroblasts and after 5 days in culture; lower panel—quantification of the contracted area (* <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001). Each image was individually calibrated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g011-550.jpg?1731307301" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of acidic extraction of collagen gel from perch skin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/gels/gels-10-00729/article_deploy/html/images/gels-10-00729-g012-550.jpg?1731307302" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Collagen scaffolds, gels after freeze drying, (<b>a</b>) COLL_T, (<b>b</b>) COLL_TC and (<b>c</b>) COLL_A.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2310-2861/10/11/729'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1517942" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 18565 KiB   </span> <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1429/pdf?version=1731232801" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Injectable Photocrosslinked Hydrogel Dressing Encapsulating Quercetin-Loaded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 for Skin Wound Healing" data-journal="pharmaceutics"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1999-4923/16/11/1429">Injectable Photocrosslinked Hydrogel Dressing Encapsulating Quercetin-Loaded Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 for Skin Wound Healing</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhao Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Man Zhe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenting Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peiyun Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuzhen Xiao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hao Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ming Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhou Xiang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fei Xing</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Pharmaceutics</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 1429; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111429">https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16111429</a> - 10 Nov 2024 </div> Viewed by 729 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background</b>: Wound management is a critical component of clinical practice. Promoting timely healing of wounds is essential for patient recovery. Traditional treatments have limited efficacy due to prolonged healing times, excessive inflammatory responses, and susceptibility to infection. <b>Methods</b>: In this research, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1429/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background</b>: Wound management is a critical component of clinical practice. Promoting timely healing of wounds is essential for patient recovery. Traditional treatments have limited efficacy due to prolonged healing times, excessive inflammatory responses, and susceptibility to infection. <b>Methods</b>: In this research, we created an injectable hydrogel wound dressing formulated from gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) that encapsulates quercetin-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Qu@ZIF-8) nanoparticles. Next, its ability to promote skin wound healing was validated through in vitro experiments and animal studies. <b>Results</b>: Research conducted both in vitro and in vivo indicated that this hydrogel dressing effectively mitigates inflammation, inhibits bacterial growth, and promotes angiogenesis and collagen synthesis, thus facilitating a safe and efficient healing process for wounds. <b>Conclusions</b>: This cutting-edge scaffold system provides a novel strategy for wound repair and demonstrates significant potential for clinical applications. <a href="/1999-4923/16/11/1429">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/2PE328S8JR">New Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4923/16/11/1429/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1517942"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1517942"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1517942" data-cycle-prev="#prev1517942" data-cycle-progressive="#images1517942" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g001-550.jpg?1731232898" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1517942" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g002-550.jpg?1731232903'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g003-550.jpg?1731232906'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g004-550.jpg?1731232909'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g005a-550.jpg?1731232910'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g005b-550.jpg?1731232914'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g006-550.jpg?1731232918'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g007a-550.jpg?1731232921'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g007b-550.jpg?1731232924'><p>Figure 7 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1517942-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-sch001-550.jpg?1731232926'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1517942-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g001-550.jpg?1731232898" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of ZIF-8 and Qu@ZIF-8. (<b>A</b>) XRD patterns of Qu@ZIF-8, ZIF-8, and simulated ZIF-8. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) SEM images and particle size distribution of ZIF-8 and Qu@ZIF-8. (<b>D</b>) XPS full spectrum of Qu@ZIF-8 and fine spectra of C 1s, Zn 2p and O 1s. (<b>E</b>) XPS full spectrum of ZIF-8 and XPS spectra of C 1s, Zn 2p and N 1s.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g002-550.jpg?1731232903" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of the GelMA and GelMA-based hydrogels. (<b>A</b>) <sup>1</sup>H-NMR spectra of gelatin and GelMA. a, b: acrylic protons of methacryloyl groups attached to lysine and hydroxylysine residues; c: methylene protons of lysine groups; d: methyl protons of methacryloyl groups. (<b>B</b>) TNBS assay for the degree of functionalization in GelMA. (<b>C</b>) Macroscopic images of the hydrogels before and after gelation. (<b>D</b>) Cryo-SEM images of the hydrogels at different magnifications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g003-550.jpg?1731232906" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Characterization of the GelMA and GelMA-based hydrogels. (<b>A</b>) Quantitative assessment of the pore size within the hydrogels. (<b>B</b>) Quantitative analysis of the hydrogels’ porosity. (<b>C</b>) Rheological analysis of the hydrogels in a dynamic frequency sweep experiment. (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>) Stress–strain curves and compression Young’s modulus of the hydrogels. (<b>F</b>) Swelling ratio–time curve of the hydrogels. (<b>G</b>) Degradation rate–time curve of the hydrogels. (<b>H</b>) Cumulative release rate–time curves of quercetin from the Qu-Gel and Qu@ZIF-8-Gel hydrogels in PBS (pH 5.6 and 7.4). (<b>I</b>) Cumulative release rate–time curves of zinc ions from the ZIF-8-Gel and Qu@ZIF-8-Gel hydrogels in PBS (pH 5.6 and 7.4). ns: not significant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g004-550.jpg?1731232909" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of the in vitro biocompatibility of the hydrogels and their drug components. (<b>A</b>) NIH-3T3 cells viability with different drug treatments. (<b>B</b>) Schematic diagram of the Transwell system utilized for co-culturing hydrogels with NIH-3T3 cells. (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>) NIH-3T3 cell viability exposed to various hydrogels and its quantification. (<b>D</b>) NIH-3T3 cell morphology with different hydrogel treatments. (<b>E</b>,<b>G</b>) NIH-3T3 cell migration exposed to various hydrogels and its quantification. (<b>H</b>) NIH-3T3 cell viability exposed to various hydrogels. (<b>I</b>) NIH-3T3 cell adherence exposed to various hydrogels. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001; ns: not significant.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g005a-550.jpg?1731232910" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic effects of the hydrogels in vitro. (<b>A</b>) Quantification of IL-10 and IL-12 in RAW264.7 cell cultures with different treatments. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of iNOS and CD206 genes in RAW264.7 cells with different treatments. (<b>C</b>) Immunofluorescence with CD68, CD86, and CD206 in RAW264.7 cells with different treatments. (<b>D</b>) Immunofluorescence with VEGF in HUVEC cells with different treatments. (<b>E</b>) Quantification of HIF-1α and VEGF genes in HUVEC cells with different treatments. (<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>) HUVEC cell angiogenesis with different treatments and its quantification. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g005b-550.jpg?1731232914" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and pro-angiogenic effects of the hydrogels in vitro. (<b>A</b>) Quantification of IL-10 and IL-12 in RAW264.7 cell cultures with different treatments. (<b>B</b>) Quantification of iNOS and CD206 genes in RAW264.7 cells with different treatments. (<b>C</b>) Immunofluorescence with CD68, CD86, and CD206 in RAW264.7 cells with different treatments. (<b>D</b>) Immunofluorescence with VEGF in HUVEC cells with different treatments. (<b>E</b>) Quantification of HIF-1α and VEGF genes in HUVEC cells with different treatments. (<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>) HUVEC cell angiogenesis with different treatments and its quantification. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g006-550.jpg?1731232918" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of the hydrogels. (<b>A</b>) Schematic illustration of the antibacterial action of Qu@ZIF-8 via the release of quercetin and zinc ions. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Images of <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> and <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> colonies on agar broth plates exposed to various hydrogels, along with quantitative analysis of antibacterial efficiency. (<b>D</b>) SEM images of <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> and <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> exposed to various hydrogels. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g007a-550.jpg?1731232921" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>In vivo assessment of wound healing. (<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of the construction and testing process of the animal model. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Macroscopic photographs depicting the wound-healing progression in rats subjected to various treatments, along with quantification of the wound-healing rates on days 4, 7, and 14. (<b>D</b>) H&amp;E staining of wound samples exposed to various treatments. (<b>E</b>) Immunofluorescence with CD31 and α-SMA in wound samples exposed to various treatments. (<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>) Immunohistochemical images along with quantitative analysis of CD86, CD206, Collagen I, and Collagen III in wound samples exposed to various treatments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-g007b-550.jpg?1731232924" title=" <strong>Figure 7 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>In vivo assessment of wound healing. (<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of the construction and testing process of the animal model. (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) Macroscopic photographs depicting the wound-healing progression in rats subjected to various treatments, along with quantification of the wound-healing rates on days 4, 7, and 14. (<b>D</b>) H&amp;E staining of wound samples exposed to various treatments. (<b>E</b>) Immunofluorescence with CD31 and α-SMA in wound samples exposed to various treatments. (<b>F</b>,<b>G</b>) Immunohistochemical images along with quantitative analysis of CD86, CD206, Collagen I, and Collagen III in wound samples exposed to various treatments. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01, *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001, **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1999-4923/16/11/1429'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/pharmaceutics/pharmaceutics-16-01429/article_deploy/html/images/pharmaceutics-16-01429-sch001-550.jpg?1731232926" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation of the Qu@ZIF-8-Gel hydrogel and its function in the wound-healing process (Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' 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