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Normani – Wikipedija

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id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Podrijetlo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podrijetlo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Podrijetlo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podrijetlo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Normandija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normandija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Normandija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normandija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engleska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engleska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engleska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engleska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sicilija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sicilija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sicilija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sicilija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiohija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiohija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Antiohija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiohija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unutarnje_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unutarnje_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Unutarnje poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unutarnje_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Normani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 88 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C3%ABrs" title="Normandiërs – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Normandiërs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannen" title="Normannen – švicarski njemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Normannen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="švicarski njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandos" title="Normandos – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Normandos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نورمان – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نورمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نورمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نورمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandos" title="Normandos – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Normandos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanlar" title="Normanlar – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Normanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B1" title="نورمنلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نورمنلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Нарманы – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нарманы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нормани – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нормани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="নর্মান জাতি – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নর্মান জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaned" title="Normaned – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Normaned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani" title="Normani – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Normani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normands" title="Normands – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Normands" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%C3%A9" title="Normané – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Normané" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaniaid" title="Normaniaid – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Normaniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannere" title="Normannere – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Normannere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannen" title="Normannen – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Normannen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Νορμανδοί – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νορμανδοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Normans" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandoj" title="Normandoj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Normandoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandos" title="Normandos – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Normandos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannid" title="Normannid – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Normannid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiar" title="Normandiar – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Normandiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="نورمن‌ها – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورمن‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannit" title="Normannit – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Normannit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normands" title="Normands – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Normands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans – furlanski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Normans" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandjers" title="Normandjers – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Normandjers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannaigh" title="Normannaigh – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Normannaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandos" title="Normandos – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Normandos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נורמנים – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורמנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="नॉर्मन – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नॉर्मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannok" title="Normannok – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Normannok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Նորմաններ – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորմաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannos" title="Normannos – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Normannos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Norman" title="Orang Norman – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Norman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannar" title="Normannar – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Normannar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanni" title="Normanni – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Normanni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="ノルマン人 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルマン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ნორმანები – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორმანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нормандар – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нормандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%B8" title="노르만인 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르만인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Норманндар – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Норманндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanni" title="Normanni – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Normanni" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normande" title="Normande – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Normande" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normands" title="Normands – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Normands" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanai" title="Normanai – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Normanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma%C5%86i" title="Normaņi – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Normaņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4rmana_(vahoaka)" title="Nôrmana (vahoaka) – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nôrmana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нормани – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нормани" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4)" title="നോർമൻ (ജനത) – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോർമൻ (ജനത)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Norman" title="Orang Norman – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Norman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanni" title="Normanni – malteški" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Normanni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandi%C3%ABrs" title="Normandiërs – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Normandiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannarar" title="Normannarar – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Normannarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannere" title="Normannere – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Normannere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaunds" title="Normaunds – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Normaunds" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanowie" title="Normanowie – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Normanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="نورمین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نورمین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandos" title="Normandos – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Normandos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanzi" title="Normanzi – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Normanzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Норманны – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норманны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нормане – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нормане" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannos" title="Normannos – sardski" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Normannos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurmanni" title="Nurmanni – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nurmanni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani" title="Normani – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Normani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans" title="Normans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Normans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani_(Normandia)" title="Normani (Normandia) – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Normani (Normandia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normani" title="Normani – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Normani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нормани – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нормани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandier" title="Normandier – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Normandier" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normander" title="Normander – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Normander" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நோர்மானியர் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோர்மானியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="นอร์มัน – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์มัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Normando" title="Mga Normando – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Normando" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normanlar" title="Normanlar – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Normanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Норманнар – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Норманнар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нормани – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нормани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85" title="نارمن قوم – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نارمن قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normannlar" title="Normannlar – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Normannlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Norman" title="Người Norman – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Norman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman" title="Norman – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Norman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="诺曼人 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺曼人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ნორმანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორმანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="諾曼人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_L%C3%A2ng" title="Norman Lâng – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Norman Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E6%9B%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="諾曼人 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾曼人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83418#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1000-1100%2C_Norman._-_033_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG/420px-1000-1100%2C_Norman._-_033_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1000-1100%2C_Norman._-_033_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG/560px-1000-1100%2C_Norman._-_033_-_Costumes_of_All_Nations_%281882%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktorijansko_doba" title="Viktorijansko doba">Viktorijanski</a> (1837. – 1901.) prikaz Normana.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Normani</b>, germanski narod (zvani i <b><a href="/wiki/Vikinzi" title="Vikinzi">Vikinzi</a></b>). U VIII. i IX. stoljeću formirali su države: <a href="/wiki/Povijest_%C5%A0vedske#Vikinško_razdoblje_(800._-_1397.)" title="Povijest Švedske">Švedsku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Norve%C5%A1ke#Vikinško_razdoblje_(800._-_1066.)" title="Povijest Norveške">Norvešku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Danske#Danelaw" title="Povijest Danske">Dansku</a>. Krajem VIII. stoljeća napadaju <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Irske#Kršćanska_Irska" title="Povijest Irske">Irsku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Engleska#Povijest" title="Engleska">Englesku</a>, nakon smrti <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Veliki" title="Karlo Veliki">Karla I. Velikoga</a> ozbiljnije napadaju (819.) i ugrožavaju <a href="/wiki/Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Franačka">Franačku</a>, između <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Francuske#Kapetovići" title="Povijest Francuske">845. i 886.</a> napadaju i Pariz. Godine 944. dobili od <a href="/wiki/Karlo_III.,_kralj_Francuske" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlo III., kralj Francuske">Karla III. Glupoga</a> u feud područje oko ušća Seine s Rouenom (<a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Normandija</a>). Pod normandijskim vojvodom <a href="/wiki/Vilim_Osvaja%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilim Osvajač">Vilimom Osvajačem</a> pobijedili engleskoga kralja <a href="/wiki/Harold_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Harold II., kralj Engleske">Harolda II.</a> kraj <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Hastingsa" title="Bitka kod Hastingsa">Hastingsa (1066.)</a> i osvojili Englesku. U IX. stoljeću doprli su na zapadu do <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Islanda#Naseljavanje_i_samouprava" title="Povijest Islanda">Islanda</a> (874.) i <a href="/wiki/Grenland#Vikinzi" title="Grenland">Grenlanda</a> (oko 882.), a na istoku, pod imenom <b><a href="/wiki/Varjazi" title="Varjazi">Varjazi</a></b>, do gornjega toka Dnjepra (Smolensk; oko 870. <a href="/wiki/Rjurik" title="Rjurik">Rjurik</a> osvojio Novgorod; 882. Rjurikov nasljednik <a href="/wiki/Oleg,_veliki_knez_Kijeva" title="Oleg, veliki knez Kijeva">Oleg</a> osnovao <a href="/wiki/Kijevska_Rusija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kijevska Rusija">Kijevsku kneževinu</a>), rijekama se spustili do Crnoga mora i 860. – 861. napali <a href="/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad">Carigrad</a>. Oko 1000. doprli su do obala Sjeverne Amerike. U XI. i XII. stoljeću normanski vojvode postali su gospodari južne Italije i Sicilije, gdje su osnovali <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Sicilija#Normansko_kraljevstvo" title="Kraljevina Sicilija">svoje kraljevstvo</a>. Odande su često dolazili na istočnu obalu Jadrana. U XI. stoljeću osvojili su nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Hrvatsko_Kraljevstvo#Povijest" title="Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo">dalmatinskih gradova</a>, prodrli na Balkan i zauzeli velik dio Makedonije (1081.). <a href="/wiki/Dubrova%C4%8Dka_Republika" title="Dubrovačka Republika">Dubrovnik</a> je 1185. – 1192. priznavao njihovo vrhovništvo.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLZMK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLZMK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podrijetlo">Podrijetlo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Podrijetlo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podrijetlo"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Z%C3%BCge,_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/220px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/330px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png/440px-Z%C3%BCge%2C_Landnahmen_und_Siedlungsgebiete_der_Nordm%C3%A4nner_-_800-1050.png 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="2502" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz normanskih pohoda.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Normani</i> (srednjovj. lat. <i>Northmanni</i>, riječ germanskog podrijetla sa značenjem: ljudi sa sjevera; ime koje se u ranome srednjem vijeku koristilo za pripadnike svih germanskih skandinavskih naroda),<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> germanski narod naseljen u <a href="/wiki/Rani_srednji_vijek" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani srednji vijek">ranome srednjem vijeku</a> u <a href="/wiki/Skandinavija" title="Skandinavija">Skandinaviji</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Jylland" title="Jylland">Jyllandu</a>, gdje je od VIII. do IX. st. postupno oblikovao svoje države: <a href="/wiki/Povijest_%C5%A0vedske#Vikinško_razdoblje_(800._-_1397.)" title="Povijest Švedske">Švedsku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Norve%C5%A1ke#Vikinško_razdoblje_(800._-_1066.)" title="Povijest Norveške">Norvešku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Danske#Danelaw" title="Povijest Danske">Dansku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historiografija u vrijeme dok pljačkaju i pustoše naziva <i><a href="/wiki/Vikinzi" title="Vikinzi">Vikinzima</a></i> (u zapadnoj Europi) i <i><a href="/wiki/Varjazi" title="Varjazi">Varjazima</a></i> (u istočnoj Europi), a kada se naseljavaju <i>Normanima</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vojni i pljačkaški pohodi Normana praćeni su njihovom kolonizacijom na <a href="/wiki/Britanski_otoci" title="Britanski otoci">Britanskom otočju</a> (područje <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Danske#Danelaw" title="Povijest Danske">tzv. Danskog zakona</a>, otočja <a href="/wiki/Shetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, Hebridi, <a href="/wiki/Otok_Man" title="Otok Man">otok Man</a>, Caithness i Sutherland u Škotskoj, <a href="/wiki/Dublin#Povijest" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Islanda#Naseljavanje_i_samouprava" title="Povijest Islanda">Islandu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Grenland#Vikinzi" title="Grenland">Grenlandu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Normandija">Normandija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Normandija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Normandija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Vojvodstvo Normandija</a></div></i></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg/280px-911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg/420px-911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg/560px-911-1050_duche_de_normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Plavom bojom je prikazano značajnije naseljavanje Normana, a svjetloplavom slabije; jačom nijasom žute područje <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Normandije</a> za <a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolona</a>, svjetlim nijansama za nasljednika.</figcaption></figure> <p>Velike migracije Normana počele su oko 800. <a href="/wiki/Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Franačka">Franačko Carstvo</a> napali su prvi put za <a href="/wiki/Karlo_Veliki" title="Karlo Veliki">Karla I. Velikoga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a sve žešće za njegovih nasljednika tijekom IX. i X. stoljeća,<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> iskoristivši slabljenje franačke države.<sup id="cite_ref-Normandija_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normandija-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prodirali su rijekom Seinom duboko u kopno i pljačkali gradove.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Između <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Francuske#Kapetovići" title="Povijest Francuske">845. i 886.</a> napadaju i Pariz.<sup id="cite_ref-HOLZMK_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOLZMK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Istodobno su se počeli i naseljavati, a konačno su stabilizirali svoje stečevine kada su za vladavine vojvode <a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolona</a> (860. – 932.).<sup id="cite_ref-Normandija_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normandija-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kao vođa normananskih gusara potkraj X. stoljeća, <a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolon</a> (pravim imenom <i>Hrolf</i>) zauzeo je područje oko ušća Seine, odakle je vojno ugrožavao susjedne francuske krajeve. Godine 910., prilikom napada na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chartres (stranica ne postoji)">Chartres</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Pariz</a>, teško ga je porazio budući francuski kralj <a href="/wiki/Robert_I.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Robert I., kralj Francuske">Robert I.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rolon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napadi Normana na <a href="/wiki/Zapadna_Frana%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Franačka">Zapadno Franačko Kraljevstvo</a> jenjavaju nakon što je kralj <a href="/wiki/Karlo_III.,_kralj_Francuske" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlo III., kralj Francuske">Karlo III. Glupi</a> udijelio 911. normanskom vođi <a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolonu</a> područje uz donji tok Seine.<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Normani su se tako učvrstili u sjevernoj Francuskoj kao posebno vojvodstvo sa središtem u <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouenu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> koje se prema njihovu imenu počelo zvati <a href="/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija">Normandija</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Normandija_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normandija-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rolon, kao kraljev vazal kršten je imenom <i>Robert</i> 912. Podupirao je kralja Karla III. u ratu s njegovim suparnicima. Utemeljitelj je dinastije <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">vojvodâ od Normandije</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rolon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rolon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Iako je tijekom X. stoljeća imigracija novih useljenika iz Skandinavije u Normandiju zamjetna, u kulturnom smislu normandijski Normani ubrzo prihvaćaju <a href="/wiki/Francuski_jezik" title="Francuski jezik">francuski jezik</a> i franačke društvene institucije.<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Normandija je svoje granice zaokružila uglavnom u X. stoljeću za vrijeme Rolonovih nasljednika.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rollo_spol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rollo_spol.jpg/180px-Rollo_spol.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rollo_spol.jpg/270px-Rollo_spol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Rollo_spol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolon</a> i potomci <a href="/wiki/Vilim_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Vilim I., vojvoda Normandije">Vilim I.</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rikard_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Rikard I., vojvoda Normandije">Rikard I.</a>, prikaz iz XIII. st.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vilim_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Vilim I., vojvoda Normandije">Vilim I. Dugi Mač</a> (<i>William Longsword</i>, <i>Guillaume Longue-épée</i>) <a href="/wiki/Rolon" title="Rolon">Rolonov</a> sin i nasljednik od 927., neprestano je nastojao proširiti svoj teritorij, osvajanjem ili iziskivanjem nove zemlje od francuskog kralja na osnovi štovanja. Godine 939. pridružio se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Veliki&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Veliki (stranica ne postoji)">Hugi Velikom</a> u pobuni protiv kralja <a href="/wiki/Luj_IV.,_kralj_Francuske" class="mw-redirect" title="Luj IV., kralj Francuske">Luja IV.</a> Posredovanjem pape, rat je završio, a Luj je priznao Vilimovu investituru <a href="/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija">na Normandiju</a> (940.). Vilim je, međutim, nastavio svoje teritorijalne ambicije, pogotovo prema sjeveru. Privučen na dogovor na otok u rijeci <a href="/w/index.php?title=Somme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Somme (stranica ne postoji)">Sommi</a>, u Pikardiji, u prosincu <a href="/wiki/942." title="942.">942.</a> Tu je ubijen po nalogu grofa od Flandrije, Arnulfa I.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Naslijedio ga je sin <a href="/wiki/Rikard_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Rikard I., vojvoda Normandije">Rikard I. Neustrašivi</a> (<i>Richard the Fearless</i>, <i>Richard sans Peur</i>). Francuski kralj <a href="/wiki/Luj_IV.,_kralj_Francuske" class="mw-redirect" title="Luj IV., kralj Francuske">Luj IV.</a> ga je uzeo za taoca, dok je bio dječak, s namjerom podvrgavanja Normandije pod svoju vlast. Godine 945. Normani su zarobili Luja i Rikard je pušten. Rikard je izdržao daljne karolinške pokušaje podčinjavanja njegovog vojvodstva, a 987. pomogao je u osigurati francusku krunu svome šogoru <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Capet,_kralj_Francuske" title="Hugo Capet, kralj Francuske">Hugi Capetu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U XI. stoljeću <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">vojvodstvo Normandija</a> postalo je jednim od najmoćnijih u <a href="/wiki/Povijest_Francuske" title="Povijest Francuske">Francuskom Kraljevstvu</a> pod <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Capet" title="Dinastija Capet">dinastijom Kapetovića</a>, a održalo je tijesne veze s <a href="/wiki/Norve%C5%BEani" title="Norvežani">Norvežanima</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anglosasi" title="Anglosasi">Anglosasima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nakon smrti Rikarda I. Neustrašivog (996.), vojvoda je postao njegov sin <a href="/wiki/Rikard_II.,_vojvoda_Normandije" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikard II., vojvoda Normandije">Rikard II. Dobri</a> (<i>Richard The Good</i>, <i>Richard Le Bon</i>). Ugušio je seljačku bunu i pomogao je francuskom kralju <a href="/wiki/Robert_II.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Robert II., kralj Francuske">Robertu II.</a> protiv vojvodstva <a href="/wiki/Burgundija" class="mw-disambig" title="Burgundija">Burgundije</a>. Odbio je engleski napad na poluotok Cotentin koji je vodio anglosaski kralj Engleske <a href="/wiki/Ethelred_II._Nespremni" title="Ethelred II. Nespremni">Ethelred II. Nespremni</a>. Proveo je reformu normanskih samostana.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Naslijedio ga je sin, <a href="/wiki/Rikard_III.,_vojvoda_Normandije" class="mw-redirect" title="Rikard III., vojvoda Normandije">Rikard III.</a>, koji je vladao jednu godinu (1026. – 1027.). Uspio je ugušiti pobunu brata Roberta, potom je vjerojatno otrovan. Naslijedio ga je <a href="/wiki/Robert_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I., vojvoda Normandije">brat Robert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_I.,_vojvoda_Normandije" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I., vojvoda Normandije">Robert I. Veličanstveni</a> (<i>Robert the Magnificent</i>, <i>Robert le Magnifique</i>) se borio za vojvodstvo sa svojim starijim bratom i legalnim nasljednikom Rikardom III. Nakon Rikardove smrti, Robert je postao jak vladar. Uspio je dobiti poslušnost svojih podanika, iako je proširio koncesije <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">lena</a> sa svojih vojvodskih posjeda i uzurpiranu crkvenu imovinu dao novim i nižim redovima nemirnih plemića. Nakon smrti kralja <a href="/wiki/Robert_II.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Robert II., kralj Francuske">Roberta II. Pobožnog</a> (1031.), nastala je kriza nasljeđivanja u Francuskoj. Robert je dao svoju podršku <a href="/wiki/Henrik_I.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Henrik I., kralj Francuske">Henriku I.</a> protiv njegovog mlađeg brata. Kao nagradu zahtijevao je i dobio je, navodno s Henrikovim dopuštenjem, <i>Vexin Français</i>, područje nedaleko sjeverno od <a href="/wiki/Pariz" title="Pariz">Pariza</a>. Kao zaštitnik pokreta reforme samostana, umro je vraćajući se s hodočašća iz <a href="/wiki/Jeruzalem" title="Jeruzalem">Jeruzalema</a>, 1035. kod Niceje.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engleska">Engleska</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Engleska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Engleska"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/220px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg/330px-Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Bayeux_Tapestry_WillelmDux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>Vilim predvodi Normane u bitci kod Hastingsa, <a href="/wiki/Tapiserija_iz_Bayeuxa" title="Tapiserija iz Bayeuxa">Tapiserija iz Bayeuxa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Godine 851. normanski su se ratnici prvi put naselili u Engleskoj. <a href="/wiki/Sven_I._Ra%C5%A1ljobradi" title="Sven I. Rašljobradi">Sven I. Tveskæg</a>, danski kralj, pokorio je <a href="/wiki/1013." title="1013.">1013.</a> velik dio Engleske, a njegov sin <a href="/wiki/Knut_Veliki" title="Knut Veliki">Knut I. Veliki</a>, kao kralj Danske, Norveške i Engleske (<a href="/wiki/1016." title="1016.">1016.</a> – <a href="/wiki/1035." title="1035.">1035.</a>), bio je osnivač velike normanske države.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U pokorenoj Engleskoj vladao je umjereno.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kada su za njegovih nasljednika izbile borbe za nasljedstvo, <a href="/wiki/Anglosasi" title="Anglosasi">Anglosasi</a> su uspjeli ustoličiti <a href="/wiki/Edvard_III._Ispovjednik" class="mw-redirect" title="Edvard III. Ispovjednik">Edvarda III. Ispovjednika</a> (<a href="/wiki/1042." title="1042.">1042.</a> – <a href="/wiki/1066." title="1066.">1066.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vilim_I._Osvaja%C4%8D" title="Vilim I. Osvajač">Vilim I. Osvajač</a>, normandijski vojvoda od <a href="/wiki/1035." title="1035.">1035.</a> bio je izvanbračni sin normandijskoga vojvode Roberta I. koji ga je odredio za nasljednika, pa je stoga bio poznat i kao <i>Vilim II. Kopile</i>. U <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Normandiji</a> se uspio nametnuti već <a href="/wiki/1047." title="1047.">1047.</a>, kada je ondje ugušio bunu, a <a href="/wiki/1066." title="1066.">1066.</a> učvrstio je svoju vlast u Flandriji.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilim_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Normandija je postala je vodećom vojnom silom u Francuskom Kraljevstvu.<sup id="cite_ref-Normandija_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Normandija-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kao bratić umrloga kralja Edvarda III. Ispovjednika, Vilim iskrcavši se u južnoj Engleskoj, pobijedio je 1066. Anglosase pod kraljem <a href="/wiki/Harold_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Harold II., kralj Engleske">Haroldom II.</a> u <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Hastingsa" title="Bitka kod Hastingsa">bitki kraj Hastingsa</a> i zavladao Engleskom (tzv. <a href="/wiki/Normansko_osvajanje_Engleske" title="Normansko osvajanje Engleske">Normansko osvajanje Engleske</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vilim_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg/220px-Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg/330px-Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg/440px-Domesday-book-1804x972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i>, gravura iz <a href="/wiki/1900." title="1900.">1900.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Okrunivši se za kralja, Vilim je dobio nadimak – <a href="/wiki/Vilim_I._Osvaja%C4%8D" title="Vilim I. Osvajač">Osvajač</a> (<i>William the Conqueror</i>, <i>Guillaume le Conquérant</i>). Do <a href="/wiki/1072." title="1072.">1072.</a> Normani su pokorili cijelu zemlju. Vilimova vladavina, za vrijeme koje je otpočelo prenošenje romanizirane normanske kulture u <a href="/wiki/Engleska#Povijest" title="Engleska">Englesku</a>, imala je golem utjecaj na razvoj zemlje u srednjem vijeku. Romanizirani Normani počeli su se stapati s pokorenim Anglosasima u <a href="/wiki/Englezi" title="Englezi">engleski narod</a>. Za njegove je vladavine kao službeni jezik bio uveden <a href="/wiki/Francuski" class="mw-redirect" title="Francuski">francuski</a>, koji je sačuvao taj status do druge polovice XIV. stoljeća. Bezobzirnim mjerama slomio je otpor vazala (seljake je većinom pretvorio u <a href="/wiki/Kmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kmet">kmetove</a>) i uveo europski kontinentalni <a href="/wiki/Feudalni_sustav" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudalni sustav">feudalni sustav</a> u Englesku. Godine <a href="/wiki/1085." title="1085.">1085.</a> uveo je promjene i u zakonodavstvu te imovinski katastar (<i><a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a></i>), tradicionalne <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shire_(upravna_jedinica)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shire (upravna jedinica) (stranica ne postoji)">shires</a></i> (autonomne administrativne regije) izravnije je podvrgnuo središnjim vlastima, crkvenu hijerarhiju povezao s državom te donio i program gradnje i utvrđivanja u Engleskoj.<sup id="cite_ref-Vilim_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vilim-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tower_of_London,_Traitors_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg/220px-Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg/330px-Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg/440px-Tower_of_London%2C_Traitors_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Središnji dio <a href="/wiki/Londonski_Tower" title="Londonski Tower">Londonskog Towera</a> izgradio je <a href="/wiki/Vilim_I._Osvaja%C4%8D" title="Vilim I. Osvajač">Vilim I. Osvajač</a> <a href="/wiki/1078." title="1078.">1078.</a> godine</figcaption></figure> <p>Nakon smrti Vilima I. Osvajača (<a href="/wiki/1087." title="1087.">1087.</a>) anglonormanski posjedi podijeljeni su između njegova dva starija sina.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vilim_II._Ri%C4%91i" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilim II. Riđi">Vilim II. Crveni</a> (<i>William Rufus</i> ili <i>William the Red</i>), mlađi sin Vilimov, bio je engleski kralj od <a href="/wiki/1087." title="1087.">1087.</a> Godine <a href="/w/index.php?title=1088.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1088. (stranica ne postoji)">1088.</a> ugušio je pobunu normanskih grofova koji su željeli na prijestolje dovesti njegova starijeg brata Roberta II. Godine <a href="/wiki/1091." title="1091.">1091.</a> natjerao je škotskoga kralja Malcolma III. da prizna njegovo vrhovništvo, a <a href="/wiki/1097." title="1097.">1097.</a> podvrgnuo i velške vladare. Od <a href="/wiki/1089." title="1089.">1089.</a> do <a href="/wiki/1096." title="1096.">1096.</a> ratovao protiv brata Roberta i nametnuo mu svoju prevlast. Od <a href="/wiki/1096." title="1096.">1096.</a> iskoristio je Robertov odlazak u križarski rat, zaposjeo Normandiju i vladao njome kao vojvoda <a href="/wiki/Vilim_II._Ri%C4%91i" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilim II. Riđi">Vilim III.</a> Stradao u lovu kraj Brockenhursta 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_II.,_vojvoda_Normandije" title="Robert II., vojvoda Normandije">Robert II. Kratke hlače</a> (<i>Robert II de Normandie</i>, <i>Robert Courteheuse</i>), stariji sin Vilimov, bio je normandijski vojvoda od <a href="/wiki/1087." title="1087.">1087.</a> Vodio je dugogodišnje ratove s bratom Vilimom II. Crvenim. Godine <a href="/wiki/1096." title="1096.">1096.</a> sudjelovao je u <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarski_ratovi#Kronologija" title="Križarski ratovi">I. križarskom ratu</a> i istaknuo se kao jedan od najsposobnijih vojnih zapovjednika. Po povratku u domovinu, suočen je s vladarskim ambicijama najmlađeg brata Henrika I. Beauclerca, nasljednika Vilima II. Zarobljen u bitki kraj Tinchebraya (<a href="/wiki/1106." title="1106.">1106.</a>) u pokušaju da Henriku I. preotme prijestolje u Engleskoj. Svrgnut je i zatočen u Cardiffu do smrti <a href="/wiki/1134." title="1134.">1134.</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Henry1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry1.jpg/200px-Henry1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry1.jpg/300px-Henry1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Henry1.jpg/400px-Henry1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henrik_I.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik I., kralj Engleske">Henrik I.</a>, minijatura iz XIII. st.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henrik_I.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik I., kralj Engleske">Henrik I. Dobri Učenjak</a> (<i>Henrik I. Beauclerc</i>), najmlađi sin Vilimov, postao je engleski kralj <a href="/wiki/1100." title="1100.">1100.</a> Sukobljavao se s bratom Robertom, normanskim vojvodom, kojemu je <a href="/wiki/1106." title="1106.">1106.</a> preoteo vlast u Normandiji. Time su ponovno ujedinjeni angloromanski posjedi. Oženio se škotskom princezom Matildom, koja je potjecala iz roda anglosaskih kraljeva, čime je učvrstio svoj položaj u Engleskoj. Poticao je učinkovitost državne uprave i ograničio zloporabe koje su počinjene u ime kraljevske vlasti.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Popularnost među <a href="/wiki/Anglosasi" title="Anglosasi">Anglosasima</a> stekao je i time što im je izdao povelju o slobodama (<i>Charta libertatum</i>), podlogu kasnije povelje <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_charta_libertatum" title="Magna charta libertatum">Magna Charta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nakon njegove smrti (<a href="/wiki/1135." title="1135.">1135.</a>) za prijestolje su se borili njegova kći Matilda, udana za grofa Gotfrida od Anjoua, i kralj <a href="/wiki/Stjepan,_kralj_Engleske" title="Stjepan, kralj Engleske">Stjepan od Bloisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Matilda,_kraljica_Engleske" class="mw-redirect" title="Matilda, kraljica Engleske">Matilda</a> (<i>Maud</i>) je bila kći engleskoga kralja Henrika I. Godine <a href="/w/index.php?title=1114.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1114. (stranica ne postoji)">1114.</a> udala se za <a href="/wiki/Rimsko-njema%C4%8Dki_car" title="Rimsko-njemački car">njemačko-rimskog</a> cara <a href="/wiki/Henrik_V.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik V., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrika V.</a> Kako nisu imali djece, nakon muževe smrti (<a href="/wiki/1125." title="1125.">1125.</a>) vratila se u Englesku. Na zahtjev svojega oca, koji nije imao muškoga nasljednika, udala se za Gotfrida (<i>Geoffrey</i>) V. od Anjoua (pod <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Anjou-Plantagenet" title="Dinastija Anjou-Plantagenet">nadimkom Plantagenêt</a>). Nakon očeve smrti (<a href="/wiki/1135." title="1135.">1135.</a>) pravo na englesku krunu osporio joj je <a href="/wiki/Stjepan,_kralj_Engleske" title="Stjepan, kralj Engleske">Stjepan od Bloisa</a> pa se ona povukla na jug zemlje. Premda je vojnim pohodom <a href="/wiki/1141." title="1141.">1141.</a> gotovo uspjela preuzeti kraljevsko prijestolje, lošim postupcima izazvala je neprijateljstvo građana <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Londona</a> pa je bila prisiljena napustiti zemlju. Godine <a href="/wiki/1148." title="1148.">1148.</a> povukla se u Normandiju, gdje je provela ostatak života do smrti, <a href="/wiki/1167." title="1167.">1167.</a> godine.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prijepor je konačno bio riješen <a href="/wiki/1154." title="1154.">1154.</a> dolaskom na vlast Matildina sina iz braka s Godfridom, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik II., kralj Engleske">Henrika II.</a>, koji je zavladao golemim posjedom od Akvitanije do Škotske. <a href="/wiki/Dinastija_Anjou-Plantagenet" title="Dinastija Anjou-Plantagenet">No sve veće suprotnosti</a> između engleskog i francuskog dvora dovele su uskoro do raspada te države i ponovnoga sjedinjenja <a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Normandije</a> s Francuskim Kraljevstvom (<a href="/wiki/1204." title="1204.">1204.</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sicilija">Sicilija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Sicilija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Sicilija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg/220px-Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg/330px-Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg/440px-Martorana_RogerII2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1837" data-file-height="2505" /></a><figcaption>Detalj mozaika iz Palerma, <a href="/wiki/Roger_II." title="Roger II.">Roger II.</a> prima krunu od <a href="/wiki/Krist" class="mw-redirect" title="Krist">Krista</a>. Natpis <i>Rogerios Rex</i> napisan je grčkim pismom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Na <a href="/wiki/Sredozemno_more" title="Sredozemno more">Sredozemnome moru</a> pojavili su se Normani kao gusari već u IX. st. Prvi teritorijalni posjed koji su stekli u Italiji bilo je vojvodstvo Aversa, na području Napulja, koje je 1030. napuljski knez Sergije IV. predao normanskomu vojskovođi Rainulfu Drengotu. Normani nisu uspjeli na Jadranskome moru u većoj mjeri učvrstiti svoju vlast, ali su se u XI. st. ipak upletali u zbivanja na području južnoslavenskih zemalja. Tako je 1075. normanski knez Amiko osvojio nekoliko dalmatinskih gradova i zarobio <a href="/wiki/Petar_Kre%C5%A1imir_IV." title="Petar Krešimir IV.">hrvatskog vladara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Robert Guiscard</a> [ʀɔbɛ:'ʀ giska:'ʀ], normanski vojvoda, prebacivši se iz <a href="/wiki/Normandija" title="Normandija">Normandije</a> u Italiju, učvrstio je oko 1046. u <a href="/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija">Kalabriji</a> svoju vlast, koju je oko 1059. proširio i na <a href="/wiki/Apulija" title="Apulija">Apuliju</a>. Time je uspostavio temelje normanskoj vlasti u južnoj Italiji. Zauzećem Barija 1071. dokrajčio je <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">bizantsko</a> gospodstvo u Italiji. Iste godine od Arapa je oteo i <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>. Pošto je dokinuo posljednje ostatke <a href="/wiki/Langobardi" title="Langobardi">langobardske</a> vlasti (<a href="/wiki/Langobardi#Benevento" title="Langobardi">kneževina Salerno</a>), udružio se s papom <a href="/wiki/Grgur_VII." title="Grgur VII.">Grgurom VII.</a> protiv Bizanta. Tomu su savezu pristupili i <a href="/wiki/Hrvatsko_Kraljevstvo" title="Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo">Hrvati</a> na čelu s kraljem <a href="/wiki/Zvonimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvonimir">Zvonimirom</a>, koji su u znatnoj mjeri pridonijeli Robertovoj pobjedi nad bizantskom mornaricom <a href="/wiki/Bitka_kod_Dra%C4%8Da_(1081.)" title="Bitka kod Drača (1081.)">kraj Drača (Krfa) 1081.</a> Tada je Robert Guiscard primio od Grgura VII. cijelo područje svoje vladavine u feud. Godine 1084. osvojio je <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rim</a> i oslobodio Grgura VII., kojega je car <a href="/wiki/Henrik_IV.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik IV., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrik IV.</a> opsjeo u <a href="/wiki/An%C4%91eoska_tvr%C4%91ava" title="Anđeoska tvrđava">Anđeoskoj tvrđavi</a>. Umro tijekom obnovljenih borbi protiv Bizanta 17. srpnja 1085. Položio je temelje potonjemu <a href="/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Sicilije" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljevstvo Sicilije">Sicilskomu Kraljevstvu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/250px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/375px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chapelle_Palatine.jpg/500px-Chapelle_Palatine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><div style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left:3%; padding-right:3%; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); text-align: left; font-size:95%"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/15px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> »Cappella Palatina, u <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermu</a>, najljepša od Rogerovih [II.] crkvi, s normanskim vratima, saracenskim lukovima, bizantskom kupolom i krov ukrašen arapskim pismom, možda je najzanimljiviji proizvod briljantne i mješovite civilizacije, kojom je vladao unuk Normana Tankreda [rodonačelnika dinastije <a href="/wiki/Hauteville" title="Hauteville">Hauteville</a>].«<div>(<small><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roger_II._of_Sicily">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Opaske napisane u srednjim zagradama.</small>)</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_I." title="Roger I.">Roger I.</a> [ʀɔže'], normanski vojvoda i najmlađi sin Tankreda od <a href="/wiki/Hauteville" title="Hauteville">Hautevillea</a> (čitaj: <i>Otvila</i>). Stigao je u Apuliju 1056. i zatim stupio u službu svojega brata Roberta Guiscarda. Istaknuo se prilikom osvajanja Kalabrije (1056. – 1061.), a osobito <a href="/wiki/Sicilija" title="Sicilija">Sicilije</a> od Saracena (1061. – 1092.). Prema sporazumu s bratom Robertom Guiscardom (1062.) vladao je polovicom Kalabrije, a od 1072. bio je <a href="/wiki/Popis_vladara_Sicilije_i_Napuljskog_Kraljevstva#Dinastija_Hauteville_(1071._–_1130.)" title="Popis vladara Sicilije i Napuljskog Kraljevstva">grof Sicilije</a>. Nakon bratove smrti preuzeo je vodstvo Normana u južnoj Italiji. Na području svoje vladavine utjecao je na crkvene prilike, poticao osnivanje i obnovu samostana te osnivao biskupije. Godine 1098. papa <a href="/wiki/Urban_II." title="Urban II.">Urban II.</a> dao mu je široke crkvenopravne ovlasti na Siciliji. <a href="/wiki/Saraceni" title="Saraceni">Saracenima</a> je 1091. oteo i <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Maltu</a>. Naslijedio ga je stariji sin, maloljetni <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imun_Hautevilleski" title="Šimun Hautevilleski">Šimun</a>, za čije je kratkotrajne vladavine (1101. – 1105.), regent bila njegova majka Adelaide del Vasto.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roger_II." title="Roger II.">Roger II.</a> [ʀɔže'], normanski vojvoda i mlađi sin Rogera I. Naslijedio je 1105. brata Šimuna Hautevilleskoga kao grof Sicilije, a do 1112. vladao je pod regentstvom majke Adelaide. Nastavio je očevu politiku etničke i vjerske snošljivosti, učvršćenja unutarnjih prilika, gospodarskog uzdizanja te potpomaganja razvoja znanosti i umjetnosti na Siciliji. Glasoviti arapski geograf <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Al-Idrisi" title="Muhamed Al-Idrisi">El Idrizi</a> posvetio mu je <a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">svoje glavno djelo</a>. Nakon smrti apulijskoga vojvode Vilima II., unuka Roberta Guiscarda (1127.), zavladao je Apulijom unatoč otporu pape, <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizanta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo">Svetoga Rimskog Carstva</a>. Na koncu mu je papa <a href="/wiki/Honorije_II." title="Honorije II.">Honorije II.</a> dao Apuliju u feud (1128.). Poduprijevši protupapu <a href="/wiki/Anaklet_II.,_protupapa" title="Anaklet II., protupapa">Anakleta II.</a>, dobio je od njega naslov <a href="/wiki/Kraljevstvo_Sicilije" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraljevstvo Sicilije">kralja Sicilije</a> (1130.). Ratovao je protiv pape <a href="/wiki/Inocent_II." title="Inocent II.">Inocenta II.</a> i cara <a href="/wiki/Lotar_III._Saksonac" title="Lotar III. Saksonac">Lotara III. Saksonca</a>. Nakon poraza papa mu je priznao kraljevski naslov (1139.). Dvaput je napao <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizant</a> (1147., 1149.), a zaposjeo je i obalu <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunisa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tripolitanija" title="Tripolitanija">Tripolitanije</a> (1147. – 1154.). Od svojega je kraljevstva stvorio vodeću pomorsku silu na Sredozemlju.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smrću svoja tri starija brata, <a href="/wiki/Vilim_I.,_kralj_Sicilije" title="Vilim I., kralj Sicilije">Vilim I. Loši</a> je postao nasljednik 1148. godine. Postao je suvladar ocu <a href="/wiki/Roger_II." title="Roger II.">Rogeru II.</a> 1151. godine. Nakon očeve smrti, okrunjen je za kralja na <a href="/wiki/Uskrs" title="Uskrs">Uskrs</a>, 4. travnja 1154. godine. Poslušao je savjet svoga ministra Majona od Barija i energično nastavio očevu politiku jačanja kraljevske vlasti nad gradovima i grofovima, koji su se okupili oko njegova rođaka Roberta od Bassonvillea, grofa Loritella. Grofovi su očekivali pomoć od <a href="/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo">rimsko-njemačkog cara</a> <a href="/wiki/Fridrik_I._Barbarossa" title="Fridrik I. Barbarossa">Fridrika I. Barbarosse</a>. Kada je propala Fridrikova planirana ekspedicija u Italiju, pobunjenici su zatražili pomoć od bizantskog cara <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I._Komnen" title="Manuel I. Komnen">Manuela I. Komnena</a>. Godine 1155. <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizantinci</a> su upali u južnu Italiju i zauzeli Apuliju, ali Vilim je izvojevao veliku pobjedu kod <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisija</a> i vratio svoje posjede.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/260px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/390px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/520px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12992" data-file-height="5952" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i> okrenuta naopako.</figcaption></figure> <p>Riješio je nesporazume s papom <a href="/wiki/Hadrijan_IV." title="Hadrijan IV.">Hadrijanom IV.</a> <i>Konkordatom iz Beneventa</i> (1156.). Papa je priznao Vilimovu vlast nad svim područjima kojima su Normani vladali. Gubitak posjeda u Africi (1158. – 1160.) oslabili su Vilimov položaj i prestiž, a ubojstvo Majona u studenom 1160. godine izložili su ga novoj opasnosti od pobunjenih grofova, na čelu s normanskim plemićem, Mateom Bonellom. Gotovo je uspio pokušaj njegovog svrgavanja i izbile su pobune na Siciliji i u južnoj Italiji. Opljačkana su blaga kraljevske palače u <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermu</a>, uključujući srebrenu planisferu velikog arapskog geografa <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Al-Idrisi" title="Muhamed Al-Idrisi">El Idrizija</a>, koji je morao napusiti Siciliju jer su muslimani postali mete napada rulje. Vilim je ubrzo potisnuo nerede. Nametnuo je stroge kazne pobunjenicima, koji ovaj put nisu mogli računati na pomoć iz inozemstva. Nadimak <i>Loši</i> su mu dodijelili njegovi bespomoćni neprijatelji.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_(crop).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/220px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/330px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG/440px-Dedication_mosaic_-_Cathedral_of_Monreale_-_Italy_2015_%28crop%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vilim_II.,_kralj_Sicilije" title="Vilim II., kralj Sicilije">Vilim II. Dobri</a> nudi <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">monrealsku</a> katedralu <a href="/wiki/BDM" class="mw-redirect" title="BDM">Blaženoj Djevici Mariji</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vilim_II.,_kralj_Sicilije" title="Vilim II., kralj Sicilije">Vilim II. Dobri</a> je došao na prijestolje 1166., a samostalno počeo vladati 1171.Nakon što je završilo regentstvo njegove majke Margarete od Navarre, Vilim je u početku nastavio očevu politiku prijateljstva s papom <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_III.,_papa" title="Aleksandar III., papa">Aleksandrom III.</a> i bizantskim carem <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I._Komnen" title="Manuel I. Komnen">Manuelom I. Komnenom</a>. Međutim, 1172. godine Vilim se okrenuo protiv <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizanta</a>, nakon što se car suprotstavio predloženom braku Vilima i Manuelove kćeri Marije. Sudjelovao je u sukobu <a href="/wiki/Lombardski_savez" title="Lombardski savez">Lombardijskoga saveza</a> i pape protiv <a href="/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo">rimsko-njemačkog</a> cara <a href="/wiki/Fridrik_I._Barbarossa" title="Fridrik I. Barbarossa">Fridrika I. Barbarosse</a>. Godine 1175. zauzeo je <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, dok je u Bizantu njegovu vojsku potukao car <a href="/wiki/Izak_II._Angel" title="Izak II. Angel">Izak II. Angel</a>. Stari neprijatelj Vilimova oca, car Fridrik pretrpio je težak poraz od Lombardijskog saveza i papinskih snaga 29. svibnja 1176. u Bitci kod Legnana i nije više predstavljao opasnost za <a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Sicilija" title="Kraljevina Sicilija">Kraljevinu Siciliju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2BR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Stoga je Vilim s Fridrikom potpisao petnaestogodišnje primirje 1177. godine, čime je započelo za Siciliju dugotrajno razdoblje mira i napretka.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2HE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily,_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli,_Burgerbibliothek,_Bern,_cod._120,_c._98r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg/220px-Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg/330px-Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg/440px-Mourning_for_William_II_of_Sicily%2C_Liber_ad_Honorem_Augusti_by_Pietro_da_Eboli%2C_Burgerbibliothek%2C_Bern%2C_cod._120%2C_c._98r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Stanovnici <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palerma</a> žale za Vilimom II. Dobrim, iz <i>Knjige o časti Caru, ili o sicilskim prilikama</i>, 1196.</figcaption></figure> <p>17. veljače 1177. Vilim je oženio <a href="/wiki/Ivana_Engleska" title="Ivana Engleska">Ivanu Englesku</a>, kćer engleskog kralja <a href="/wiki/Henrik_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik II., kralj Engleske">Henrika II.</a> Nakon smrti pape Aleksandra, Vilim se osjećao slobodnim iskoristiti nered u Bizantu i tražio je još bliže odnose s carem Fridrikom. Vilim je podržao udaju svoje ujne <a href="/wiki/Konstanca_Sicilska" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstanca Sicilska">Konstance Hautevillske</a> za Fridrikova sina Henrika (kasnijeg cara <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrika VI.</a>) jer je Vilimov brak bio bez djece. Taj brak je omogućavao Henrikov zahtjev za sicilsko prijestolje, što se Normanima nije sviđalo. U lipnju 1185. godine, Vilim je započeo veliku kampanju protiv Bizanta. Vilimove snage prešle su u Makedoniju i zauzele <a href="/wiki/Solun" title="Solun">Solun</a>, ali kada mu je flota bila u blizini <a href="/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad">Carigrada</a>, njegova vojska je poražena u zasjedi.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2BR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nedugo prije početka <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Treći križarski rat">Trećega križarskoga rata</a> poslao je brodovlje u sirijski Tripolis i prisilio <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladina</a> na uzmak (1188.).<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2HE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vilim je umro 1189. godine dok se planirao pridružiti Trećem križarskom ratu.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2BR-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> U svojoj <i><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEanstvena_komedija" title="Božanstvena komedija">Božanstvenoj komediji</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a> je Vilima kao pravednoga vladara smjestio u <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEanstvena_komedija#Raj_(Paradiso)" title="Božanstvena komedija">Raj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vili2HE-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Izumrćem zakonite muške loze dinastije Sicilsko Kraljevstvo prešlo je udajom Konstance, Vililmove sestre, za cara <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrika VI.</a> na njemačku <a href="/wiki/Popis_vladara_Sicilije_i_Napuljskog_Kraljevstva#Dinastija_Hohenstaufen_(1194._–_1266.)" title="Popis vladara Sicilije i Napuljskog Kraljevstva">dinastiju Hohenstaufen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proleksis_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Kako nije imao nasljednika, Vilimovo prijestolje je zauzeo <a href="/wiki/Tankred_iz_Leccea" title="Tankred iz Leccea">Tankred iz Leccea</a>, nezakoniti sin njegovog najstarijeg brata Rogera III.<sup id="cite_ref-HELZMK_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg/220px-Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg/330px-Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Konstancie_Salerno2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstanca_Sicilska" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstanca Sicilska">Konstanca</a>, kći Vilima II. i žena cara <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrika VI.</a> zatočena u <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salernu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unatoč protivljenju grofova, podržan od naroda i pape, <a href="/wiki/Tankred_iz_Leccea" title="Tankred iz Leccea">Tankred</a> je okrunjen za kralja 1190. godine. Prva godina njegove vladavine obilježena je antimuslimanskim nemirima i burnim posjetom engleskog kralja <a href="/wiki/Rikard_I._Lavljeg_Srca" title="Rikard I. Lavljeg Srca">Rikarda I. Lavljeg Srca</a> i francuskog kralja <a href="/wiki/Filip_II.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Filip II., kralj Francuske">Filipa II. Augusta</a>, koji su se kao vođe velikih vojski <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Treći križarski rat">Trežega križarskog rata</a> uputili u <a href="/wiki/Sveta_Zemlja" title="Sveta Zemlja">Svetu Zemlju</a>. Rikard je zahtijevao naslijedstvo, koje mu je obećao Vilim II. i obnovu miraza svoje sestre <a href="/wiki/Ivana_Engleska" title="Ivana Engleska">Ivane Engleske</a>, Vilimove udovice. Tijekom šest mjeseci koje je proveo na Siciliji dok su trajali pregovori, Rikard je izazvao nerede u Messini, koje je zatim ugušio pljačkanjem, spaljivanjem i zauzimanjem grada. Tankred je kupio mir prihvaćanjem Rikardovih zahtjeva pa u ožujku 1191. Rikard odlazi.<sup id="cite_ref-Tankred_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tankred-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine 1191., <a href="/wiki/Sveto_Rimsko_Carstvo" title="Sveto Rimsko Carstvo">rimsko-njemački car</a> <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrik VI.</a>, koji je zahtijevao sicilsko prijestolje preko svoje žene <a href="/wiki/Konstanca_Sicilska" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstanca Sicilska">Konstance</a>, kćeri Rogera II., umarširao je na jug Italije. <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva#Krunidba_za_cara_i_vojni_pohod_protiv_Sicilskog_Kraljevstva_(1190._–_1191.)" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrik je napao</a> Tankreda u <a href="/wiki/Apulija" title="Apulija">Apuliji</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kalabrija" title="Kalabrija">Kalabriji</a> te neuspješno opsjedao <a href="/wiki/Napulj" title="Napulj">Napulj</a>. Kontanca je ostala u <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salernu</a>, kad se on povukao i pala je u Tankredove ruke. Tankred je popustio pritisku pape <a href="/wiki/Celestin_III." title="Celestin III.">Celestina III.</a>, koji je zahtijevao prijelaz vrijedne taokinje u papinski pritvor, ali na putu tamo, Konstanca je uspjela pobjeći i vratiti se u Njemačku.<sup id="cite_ref-Tankred_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tankred-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tri godine poslije, Henrik je ponovno pokušao zauzeti Siciliju. Njegov pohod je dijelom financiran novcem od otkupnine plaćene za <a href="/wiki/Rikard_I._Lavljeg_Srca" title="Rikard I. Lavljeg Srca">Rikarda I. Lavljeg Srca</a>, kojeg je <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva#Zarobljavanje_Rikarda_Lavljeg_Srca_(1192._–_1194.)" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrik zarobio</a> u Njemačkoj. Prije nego što je <a href="/wiki/Henrik_VI.,_car_Svetog_Rimskog_Carstva#Osvajanje_Sicilskog_Kraljevstva_(1194._–_1195.)" title="Henrik VI., car Svetog Rimskog Carstva">Henrik stigao</a> na Siciliju, Tankred je izenada umro, ostavivši iza sebe sina, Vilima III. Grofovi su prihvatili Henrika, koji je okrunjen za <a href="/wiki/Popis_vladara_Sicilije_i_Napuljskog_Kraljevstva#Dinastija_Hohenstaufen_(1194._–_1266.)" title="Popis vladara Sicilije i Napuljskog Kraljevstva">kralja Sicilije</a> na Božić, <a href="/wiki/1194." title="1194.">1194.</a> godine. Tankredovoj obitelji je obećana sigurnost, ali pod izgovorom otkrića urote, uhvaćeni su i poslani u izgnanstvo u Njemačku. Vilim III. je umro, vjerojatno je ubijen. Tako je završila 125 godina duga vladavina Normana na Siciliji.<sup id="cite_ref-Tankred_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tankred-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiohija">Antiohija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Antiohija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Antiohija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">Kneževina Antiohija</a></div></i></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg/260px-Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg/390px-Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg/520px-Carte_de_la_premiere_croisade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bohemund_I." title="Bohemund I.">Bohemundov</a> pohod u <a href="/wiki/Prvi_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Prvi križarski rat">Prvom</a> <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarski_ratovi" title="Križarski ratovi">križarskom ratu</a> je prikazan plavom bojom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sin <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Roberta Guiscarda</a> i njegove prve žene Alberade (rođen oko 1057.), <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_I." title="Bohemund I.">Bohemund I.</a> je kršten kao <i>Marko</i>, ali je dobio nadimak po legendarnom divu <a href="/wiki/Bohemund" title="Bohemund">Bohemundu</a>. Nadimak mu je pristajao jer je bio idealno visok i snažan vitez, u riječima suvremenika "čudesna pojava". Bohemund se uključio u ratove svoga oca i iskazao se kao borac i vođa. Bohemundovo djetinjstvo je slabo zabilježeno, pa čak i točan datum rođenja nije poznat. Godine 1079. postao je zapovjednikom postrojbe vojske svoga oca. U međuvremenu je njegova maćeha, Sigelgaita, rodila nasljednika, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Borsa" title="Roger Borsa">Rogera Borsu</a>. Bohemund je bez sumnje rano u životu osjetio da neće imati baštinu zbog polubrata i da će morati tražiti zemljište i bogatstvo u oslabljenom <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizantskom Carstvu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine 1081. Bohemund je kao zapovjednik očeve vojske zauzeo Avlonu, grad južno od <a href="/wiki/Dra%C4%8D" title="Drač">Drača</a>. Iste godine, <a href="/wiki/Aleksije_I._Komnen" title="Aleksije I. Komnen">Aleksije I. Komnen</a> postao je bizantski car i prijetnja Normanima. Više od tri desetljeća trajalo je rivalstvo između Bohemunda i Aleksija. U početnoj borbi, od 1081. do 1085., Bohemond i njegov otac došli su jako blizu zauzimanju zapada grčkoga carstva. Normanska vojska izvojevala je nekoliko sjajnih pobjeda, ali je Aleksije istjerao Bohemunda iz <a href="/wiki/Larisa_(grad_u_Gr%C4%8Dkoj)" title="Larisa (grad u Grčkoj)">Larise</a> u Tesliji 1083., a smrt <a href="/wiki/Robert_Guiscard" title="Robert Guiscard">Roberta Guiscarda</a> 1085. godine ostavila je Bohemunda bez baštine i s malo nade za uspjeh protiv Bizanta. Sljedeće četiri godine, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Borsa" title="Roger Borsa">Roger Borsa</a> dopustio je Bohemundu da stekne uporište u <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bariju</a>, gdje je čekao još jednu priliku za napad na Aleksija.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/220px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/330px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/440px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>Opsada <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohije</a>, minijatura, XV st.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prilika je došla kada je papa <a href="/wiki/Urban_II." title="Urban II.">Urban II.</a> pokrenuo <a href="/wiki/Prvi_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Prvi križarski rat">Prvi križarski rat</a> u studenom 1095. godine, nudeći nagradu na ovom i onom svijetu za one koji su otjeraju <a href="/wiki/Saraceni" title="Saraceni">Saracene</a> sa Svetog groba. Kad je riječ došla do Bohemunda, krenuo je prema Istoku. On i mali odred Normana prijeđoše grčku zemlju zimi 1096. – 1097. s nekoliko incidenata. Pri prolazu kroz <a href="/wiki/Carigrad" title="Carigrad">Carigrad</a>, iz predstrožnosti, uspostavio je prijateljske odnose s carem <a href="/wiki/Aleksije_I._Komnen" title="Aleksije I. Komnen">Aleksijem</a>. Potonji je uspio dobiti zakletve većine križarskih vođa, uključujući i Bohemunda, te im pomogao prijeći <a href="/wiki/Bospor" title="Bospor">Bospor</a>. Požurivao ih je obećanjima pomoći ako vrate suverenitet caru nad nekoć bizantskim teritorijem koji su držali muslimani. U narednim kampanjama protiv <a href="/wiki/Seld%C5%BEuci" title="Seldžuci">Turaka Seldžuka</a>, Bohemund se istaknuo u <a href="/wiki/Niceja" class="mw-redirect" title="Niceja">Niceji</a>, Dorileji i Antiohiji, koju je opsjedao od listopada 1097. do 3. lipnja 1098. godine. Grad <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohija</a> pao je u križarske ruke zahvaljujući njegovoj lukavosti i pregovorima s izdajnikom. Nakon kratkog i neuspješnog turskog protuudara, tijekom kojeg je Bohemund više-manje preuzeo zapovjedništvo, križari su pregrmili ljeto i jesen.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg/220px-Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg/330px-Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg/440px-Map_Crusader_states_1102-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Rezultati Prvoga križarskog rata.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kad je križarska vojska <a href="/wiki/Kri%C5%BEarski_ratovi#Prvi_križarski_rat" title="Križarski ratovi">nastavila dalje na jug</a> prema Jeruzalemu u siječnju 1099., Bohemund je ostao <i>de facto</i> vladar <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohije</a>, iako njegov zahtjev nije bio otvoreno podržan zbog straha od kršenja zakletve Aleksiju. Normanski vojvoda nije sudjelovao u zauzimanju Jeruzalema, već je, zbog nastupa, kasnije otputovao do <a href="/wiki/Bazilika_Svetoga_groba" title="Bazilika Svetoga groba">Svetoga groba</a>. Odlaskom mnogih križara u svoje domovine, Bohemund je ostao u Antiohiji. Čini se kako je Bohemund 1100. bio predodređen za uspostavljanje velike kneževine u Antiohiji; imao je dobar teritorij, dobar strateški položaj i snažnu vojsku. Ipak, morao se suočiti s dvije velike sile: <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizantskim Carstvom</a>, koje je zahtijevalo sva njegova područja i jake muslimanske kneževine na sjeveroistoku Sirije. Između ove dvije sile, nije uspio. Pogriješio je krenuvši u rat protiv emira Sebasteje (današnji Sivas u Turskoj), sjeverno od Antiohije. Upao je u zasjedu i držan je u zarobljeništvu mjesecima. Oslobođen 1103., vratio se Antiohiji i njezinim problemima.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Za dvije godine Bohemundova zarobljeništva, regent Antiohije je bio <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Hautevilleski" title="Tankred Hautevilleski">Tankred Hautevilleski</a> (čitaj: <i>Otvilski</i>, rođen oko 1075.), njegov nećak, koji je s Bohemundom krenuo u križarski rat. Tankred se istaknuo u Ciliciji, gdje je zauzeo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarz&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarz (stranica ne postoji)">Tarz</a> od Turaka Seldžuka i došao u sukob s drugim istaknutim križarom, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldvin_I.&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baldvin I. (stranica ne postoji)">Baldvinom iz Boulogne</a> (koji će poslije postati prvi <a href="/wiki/Jeruzalemsko_Kraljevstvo" title="Jeruzalemsko Kraljevstvo">jeruzalemski kralj</a>). Odigrao je istaknutu ulogu u većini velikih bitaka križarskog rata, a nakon <a href="/wiki/Prvi_kri%C5%BEarski_rat" title="Prvi križarski rat">osvajanja Jeruzalema</a> (1099.) dobio je titulu kneza Galileje. Nakon što se Bohemund vratio u Europu 1104., Tankred je trajno postao regent Antiohije, a također i Edese od 1104. do 1108. Postao je glavni latinski velikaš sjeverne Sirije. Stalno je ratovao s Turcima i <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">Bizantincima</a> sve do svoje smrti (1112.).<sup id="cite_ref-TankAnt_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TankAnt-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg/160px-Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg/240px-Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg/320px-Canosa_di_Puglia_BW_2016-10-14_11-12-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3224" data-file-height="5876" /></a><figcaption>Bohemundov mauzolej.</figcaption></figure> <p>Godine 1105. Bohemund je došao u Bari po pojačanja za borbu s Bizantincima. U rujnu 1105. došao je u <a href="/wiki/Rim" title="Rim">Rim</a> i razgovarao s papom, a potom u ranu 1106. putovao kroz Francusku. Djeca su nazivana po njemu, mase su ga čule kako denuncira <a href="/wiki/Perfidnost" title="Perfidnost">perfidnog</a> Aleksija, a svetišta su primila relikvije iz njegovih ruku. U proljeće 1106. Bohemund se oženio Konstancom, kćerkom francuskog kralja <a href="/wiki/Filip_I._Francuski" title="Filip I. Francuski">Filipa I.</a> Bohemund, koji je prije 30 godina bio bez zemlje, sada je bio na vrhuncu svoje karijere. Do rujna 1107. bio je spreman pokrenuti svoj križarski rat protiv Bizantinaca, a u roku od mjesec dana došao je s velikom vojskom u Avlonu. U idućim mjesecima, <a href="/wiki/Dra%C4%8D" title="Drač">Drač</a> se čvrsto držao protiv Normana, a Bohemund se susreo i s drugim nesrećama na tom području. Tražeći izlaz iz slijepe ulice, <a href="/wiki/Aleksije_I._Komnen" title="Aleksije I. Komnen">Aleksije</a>, koji je želio okončati rat, ponudio je Bohemundu Antiohiju i neke druge grčke gradove u zamjenu za njegov vazalni položaj. Prihvaćajući ove uvjete, Bohemund je pretrpio poniženje iako je zadržao kontrolu nad Antiohijom.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Godine koje slijede nakon sklapanja ovoga nepovjerljivog mira slabo su zabilježene. Konstanca je Bohemundu rodila dva sina, od kojih je <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_II." title="Bohemund II.">Bohemund II.</a> poslije postao knez Antiohije. Bohemund je vjerojatno pokušao okupiti još jednu vojsku, ali ti napori su prekinuti njegovom smrću 1111. godine. Njegova borba s Bizantom je završena, a slijedio ga je njegov suparnik Aleksije, koji je umro 1118. godine. Dobivši nadimak po divu, Bohemund se borio protiv divovskih izgleda, a nasljednicima je ostavio jednu od najvažnijih križarskih država, <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">Kneževinu Antiohiju</a>. Povijest ga pamti kao zgodnog muškarca, genijalnog ratnika i nadarenog diplomata. Uz to, bio je i podmukao, obmanjiv i ambiciozan. Novi knez Antiohije je postao Roger.<sup id="cite_ref-Bohem_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:RogerAntioch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/RogerAntioch.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption>Novac <a href="/wiki/Roger_Antiohijski" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Antiohijski">Rogera od Salerna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roger_Antiohijski" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Antiohijski">Roger</a> (umro 28. lipnja, 1119., <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohija</a>, današnja Turska), normanski knez <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">Antiohije</a> (1112. – 1119.), koja je tada bila na vrhuncu moći. Sin kneza Rikarda Salernskoga, naslijedio je svoga ujaka <a href="/wiki/Tankred_Hautevilleski" title="Tankred Hautevilleski">Tankreda</a> kao regent Antiohije 1112. Spriječio je pokušaj Turaka Seldžuka da zauzmu Siriju pobjedom u bitci kod Sarmina (14. rujna 1115.). Poginuo je u bitci na Krvavom polju. <i>Bitka na Ager Sanguinisu</i>, doslovno bitka na Krvavom polju, ponekad navođena i kao Bitka kod Balata ili Bitka kod Sarmade odigrala se 28. lipnja 1119. između snaga križarske <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">Kneževine Antiohije</a> i muslimanske vojske <a href="/wiki/Alep" title="Alep">alepskog</a> atabega Ilghazija na drugoj strani. U njoj je križarska vojska uništena gotovo do posljednjeg čovjeka. Iako je predstavljala najveću pobjedu muslimana nad križarima od početka križarskih ratova i iako se <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohija</a> od tog poraza nikada nije oporavila, njen neposredni efekti su Ilghazijevim porazom od strane jeruzalemskih križara kod bitci kod Haba nepuna dva mjeseca kasnije.<sup id="cite_ref-RogAnt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RogAnt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:BohemondII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/BohemondII.jpg/220px-BohemondII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/BohemondII.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Folis <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_II." title="Bohemund II.">Bohemunda II.</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bohemund_II." title="Bohemund II.">Bohemund II.</a>, sin <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_I." title="Bohemund I.">Bohemunda I.</a> i Konstance Francuske, rođen 1107. dolazi iz <a href="/wiki/Apulija" title="Apulija">Apulije</a> u Antiohiju 1126. godine. <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohija</a> je bila pod upravom regenta Baldvina II., kralja Jeruzalema od 1119., kada je u bitci na Krvavom polju ubijen raniji knez <a href="/wiki/Roger_Antiohijski" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Antiohijski">Roger</a>. Ubrzo nakon dolaska u Antiohiju, Bohemund je oženio Alisu, mlađu Baldvinovu kćer. Nakon što se pridružio Baldvinu u napadu na <a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a> (1129.), u Ciliciji je ubijen od strane muslimanske vojske, u veljaći 1130. Lokalni emir dao je balzamirati njegovu glavu i poslao je kao dar kalifu.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Naslijedio ga je <a href="/wiki/Raymond_od_Poitiersa" title="Raymond od Poitiersa">Raymond od Poitiersa</a> (engleski <i>Raymond of Poitiers</i>, francuski <i>Raimond de Poitiers</i>, čitaj <i>Remon od Poatjea</i>), mlađi sin Vilima VII., grofa <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiersa</a>, u zapadnosredišnjoj Francuskoj, rođen 1099. <a href="/wiki/Poitiers_od_Antiohije" title="Poitiers od Antiohije">Dinastija Poitiers</a> zamijenila je normansku dinastiju <a href="/wiki/Hauteville" title="Hauteville">Hauteville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/220px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/330px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG/440px-RaymondOfPoitiersWelcomingLouisVIIinAntioch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raymond_od_Poitiersa" title="Raymond od Poitiersa">Raymond od Poitiersa</a> prima <a href="/wiki/Luj_VII.,_kralj_Francuske" title="Luj VII., kralj Francuske">Luja VII.</a> u Antiohiju, minijatura, XV. st.</figcaption></figure> <p>Raymond je bio <a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">knez Antiohije</a> od 1136. do 1149. koji se uspješno odupruo pokušajima <a href="/wiki/Bizant" title="Bizant">bizantskog</a> cara <a href="/wiki/Ivan_II._Komnen" title="Ivan II. Komnen">Ivana II. Komnena</a> da uspostavi kontrolu nad njegovom kneževinom.<sup id="cite_ref-Raymond_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raymond-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Nakon kratkorajne vladavine Rene od Chatillona (<i>čitaj Rene od Šatijona</i>), koji je oženio Raymondovu udovicu, Konstancu, kćer Bohemunda II., knez je postao Raymondov sin <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_III." title="Bohemund III.">Bohemund III.</a><sup id="cite_ref-BohIII_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BohIII-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Raymondovi nasljednici (<a href="/wiki/Bohemund_III." title="Bohemund III.">Bohemund III.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_IV." title="Bohemund IV.">Bohemund IV.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_V." title="Bohemund V.">Bohemund V.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_VI." title="Bohemund VI.">Bohemund VI.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bohemund_VII." title="Bohemund VII.">Bohemund VII.</a>) bili su više od stoljeća knezovi od Antiohije, a od Bohemunda IV. (oko 1173. – 1233.) i grofovi od Tripolija. Izgubivši Antiohiju, koju je 1268. zauzeo egipatski sultan Baibars, Bohemund VI. (1237. – 1275.) povukao se u Tripoli. Tako je pala najbogatija i najstarija križarska država. Njegov sin Bohemund VII. (umro 1287) uzalud je nakon Baibarsove smrti pokušavao ponovno osvojiti <a href="/wiki/Antiohija" title="Antiohija">Antiohiju</a>. Dvije godine nakon Bohemundove smrti i Tripoli je pao pod vlast egipatskog sultana.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unutarnje_poveznice">Unutarnje poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Unutarnje poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Unutarnje poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja"><img alt="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption>Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica?uselang=hr">Zajednički poslužitelj</a> ima stranicu o temi <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Normans?uselang=hr">Normani</a></b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Normandija" title="Vojvodstvo Normandija">Vojvodstvo Normandija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normanska_dinastija" title="Normanska dinastija">Normanska dinastija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normansko_osvajanje_Engleske" title="Normansko osvajanje Engleske">Normansko osvajanje Engleske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraljevina_Sicilija" title="Kraljevina Sicilija">Kraljevina Sicilija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauteville" title="Hauteville">dinastija Hauteville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Antiohija" title="Kneževina Antiohija">Kneževina Antiohija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers_od_Antiohije" title="Poitiers od Antiohije">dinastija Poitiers od Antiohije</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Normani (stranica ne postoji)">Anglo-Normani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kambro-Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kambro-Normani (stranica ne postoji)">Kambro-Normani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0koto-Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Škoto-Normani (stranica ne postoji)">Škoto-Normani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiberno-Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiberno-Normani (stranica ne postoji)">Hiberno-Normani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Italo-Normani (stranica ne postoji)">Italo-Normani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viking.no/e/maps/ekart-frankrike.htm">Vikinzi u Normandiji</a> <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/">Normani u Engleskoj</a> <span style="cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="engleski jezik">(<span style="color:#606060; font-size:80%; position:relative; bottom:0.1em"><a href="/wiki/Engl." class="mw-redirect" title="Engl.">engl.</a></span>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1663967/episodes?season=1&amp;ref_=tt_eps_sn_1">Normani (BBC, 2010.)</a> (IMDb)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normani&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HOLZMK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-HOLZMK_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HOLZMK_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatski obiteljski leksikon (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=27967">Normani</a> &#8194;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206185549/http://hol.lzmk.hr/clanak.aspx?id=27967">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a>&#32;od 6. veljače 2017. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proleksis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Proleksis_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/39174/">Normani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HELZMK-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HELZMK_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=44101">Normani</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normandija-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Normandija_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Normandija_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Normandija_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Normandija_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=44099">Normandija</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/44218/">Rolon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-duke-of-Normandy">William I duke of Normandy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-I-duke-of-Normandy">Richard I duke of Normandy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-II-duke-of-Normandy">Richard II duke of Normandy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-III-duke-of-Normandy">Richard III duke of Normandy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-I-duke-of-Normandy">Robert I duke of Normandy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=32105">Knut Veliki</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=17961">Engleska/Povijest</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vilim-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Vilim_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vilim_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vilim_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=64647">Vilim I. Osvajač</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/3327/">Vilim II. Crveni</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/44106/">Robert II.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Opća i nacionalna enciklopedija – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proleksis.lzmk.hr/26022/">Henrik I. Beauclerc</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=25006">Henrik I.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=39464">Matilda</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=53081">Robert Guiscard</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=53192">Roger I.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=53193">Roger II.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vili-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Vili_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vili_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-I-king-of-Sicily">William I king of Sicily</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vili2BR-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2BR_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-II-king-of-Sicily">William II king of Sicily</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vili2HE-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vili2HE_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=64648">Vilim II.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tankred-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Tankred_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tankred_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tankred_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tancred-king-of-Sicily">Tancred king of Sicily</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bohem-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bohem_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bohemond-I">Bohemond I. prince of Antioch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TankAnt-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TankAnt_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tancred-of-Hauteville">Tancred of Hauteville</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RogAnt-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RogAnt_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-ruler-of-Antioch">Roger ruler of Antioch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bohemond-II">Bohemond II. prince of Antioch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raymond-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Raymond_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond">Raymond prince of Antioch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BohIII-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BohIII_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica.com – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bohemond-III">Bohemond III</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=8416">Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK) – Bohemund</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐57b7bf8ff9‐mldc9 Cached time: 20241113152617 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.167 seconds Real time usage: 0.241 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1264/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4387/2097152 bytes Template argument 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