CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Quakers - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"af5fe8ba-f3bd-45d1-ab88-a61e9e46063c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Quakers","wgTitle":"Quakers","wgCurRevisionId":1282430419,"wgRevisionId":1282430419,"wgArticleId":4812151,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1: unfit URL","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from November 2015","Use dmy dates from January 2019","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Quakerism","1652 establishments in England","Christian groups with universalist beliefs","Christian mysticism","Peace churches","Protestant denominations established in the 17th century","Religious organizations established in the 1650s","Silence"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Quakers","wgRelevantArticleId":4812151,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q170208","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg/1200px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1518"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg/960px-thumbnail.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1012"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="809"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Quakers - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Quakers rootpage-Quakers skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quakers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quakers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Quakers" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Quakers" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beginnings in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Migration to North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quietism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quietism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Quietism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quietism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Splits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hicksite–Orthodox_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hicksite–Orthodox_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Hicksite–Orthodox split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hicksite–Orthodox_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaconite_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaconite_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Beaconite controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaconite_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Gurneyite_Quakerism,_and_the_Gurneyite–Conservative_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Gurneyite_Quakerism,_and_the_Gurneyite–Conservative_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism, and the Gurneyite–Conservative split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Gurneyite_Quakerism,_and_the_Gurneyite–Conservative_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beanite_purge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beanite_purge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Beanite purge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beanite_purge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richmond_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richmond_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Richmond Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richmond_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_to_Asia_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_to_Asia_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Missions to Asia and Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_to_Asia_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Theory of evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quaker_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quaker_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Quaker Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quaker_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conscientious_objection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conscientious_objection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Conscientious objection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conscientious_objection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Committee_for_Consultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Committee_for_Consultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>World Committee for Consultation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Committee_for_Consultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelical_Friends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelical_Friends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Evangelical Friends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelical_Friends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friends_in_business_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_in_business_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Friends in business and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_in_business_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>International development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friends_and_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friends_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>Friends and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friends_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conservatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conservatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Evangelical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gurneyites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gurneyites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gurneyites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gurneyites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holiness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holiness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Holiness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holiness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Liberal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universalist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universalist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Universalist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universalist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-theists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-theists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Non-theists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-theists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practical_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practical_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practical theology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practical_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practical theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practical_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calendar_and_church_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_and_church_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Calendar and church holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_and_church_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programmed_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmed_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Programmed worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmed_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unprogrammed_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unprogrammed_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Unprogrammed worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unprogrammed_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance and organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance and organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organisational_government_and_polity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisational_government_and_polity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Organisational government and polity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisational_government_and_polity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>International organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yearly_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yearly_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Yearly meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yearly_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_for_specific_tasks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_for_specific_tasks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship for specific tasks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_for_specific_tasks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship for specific tasks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_for_specific_tasks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorial_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Memorial services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_and_international_divisions_and_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_and_international_divisions_and_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>National and international divisions and organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-National_and_international_divisions_and_organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle National and international divisions and organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_and_international_divisions_and_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>North and South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Service organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_churches_and_faiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_churches_and_faiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Relations with other churches and faiths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_churches_and_faiths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with other churches and faiths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_churches_and_faiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ecumenical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_faiths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_faiths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Relations with other faiths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_faiths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Children's books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children's_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quakers</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمعية الأصدقاء الدينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9se_Quaker" title="Égllése Quaker – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Égllése Quaker" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socied%C3%A1_Relixosa_de_los_Amigos" title="Sociedá Relixosa de los Amigos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sociedá Relixosa de los Amigos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakerl%C9%99r" title="Kvakerlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kvakerlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Квакеры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Квакеры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Квакери – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квакери" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevredigezh_relijius_ar_Vignoned" title="Kevredigezh relijius ar Vignoned – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevredigezh relijius ar Vignoned" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_Religiosa_d%27Amics" title="Societat Religiosa d'Amics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat Religiosa d'Amics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvake%C5%99i" title="Kvakeři – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kvakeři" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crynwyr" title="Crynwyr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Crynwyr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A6ker" title="Kvæker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kvæker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A4kertum" title="Quäkertum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quäkertum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveekerid" title="Kveekerid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kveekerid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Κουάκεροι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουάκεροι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_Religiosa_de_los_Amigos" title="Sociedad Religiosa de los Amigos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad Religiosa de los Amigos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakerismo" title="Kvakerismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kvakerismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiskideen_Erlijiozko_Elkartea" title="Adiskideen Erlijiozko Elkartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adiskideen Erlijiozko Elkartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7" title="کوئیکرها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوئیکرها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumann_na_gCarad" title="Cumann na gCarad – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumann na gCarad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuaigearan" title="Cuaigearan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuaigearan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Relixiosa_dos_Amigos" title="Sociedade Relixiosa dos Amigos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sociedade Relixiosa dos Amigos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%80%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%BB%A4" title="퀘이커 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퀘이커" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Քվակերներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քվակերներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakero" title="Quakero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Quakero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_Quaker" title="Kaum Quaker – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaum Quaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekarar" title="Kvekarar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kvekarar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaccherismo" title="Quaccherismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Quaccherismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קווייקרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קווייקרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="კვაკერები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვაკერები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamii_ya_Marafiki" title="Jamii ya Marafiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jamii ya Marafiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religiosa_Amicorum_Sodalitas" title="Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Religiosa Amicorum Sodalitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C4%93kerisms" title="Kvēkerisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvēkerisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakeriai" title="Kvakeriai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kvakeriai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosia_Relijiosa_de_Amis" title="Sosia Relijiosa de Amis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sosia Relijiosa de Amis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A9kerek" title="Kvékerek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvékerek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koakerisma" title="Koakerisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Koakerisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="الكويكرز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكويكرز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC" title="クエーカー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クエーカー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaccheresimo" title="Quaccheresimo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Quaccheresimo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vennenes_samfunn" title="Vennenes samfunn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vennenes samfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekarane" title="Kvekarane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kvekarane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakerlar" title="Kvakerlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvakerlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A4kers" title="Quäkers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quäkers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwakrzy" title="Kwakrzy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwakrzy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker" title="Quaker – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Quaker" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Квакеры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квакеры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaiker" title="Quaiker – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Quaiker" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaker%C3%ABt" title="Kuakerët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kuakerët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucit%C3%A0_Riliggiusa_di_l%27Amici" title="Sucità Riliggiusa di l'Amici – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sucità Riliggiusa di l'Amici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvakeri" title="Kvakeri – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kvakeri" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekerji" title="Kvekerji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kvekerji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Квекери – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Квекери" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvekeri" title="Kvekeri – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kvekeri" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kveekarit" title="Kveekarit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kveekarit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kv%C3%A4karna" title="Kväkarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kväkarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நண்பர்களின் சமய சமூகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நண்பர்களின் சமய சமூகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuveyk%C4%B1rlar" title="Kuveykırlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuveykırlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Квакерство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квакерство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="کوئکر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئکر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quakers" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%9A" title="贵格会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贵格会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98" title="געזעלשאפט פון פריינט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געזעלשאפט פון פריינט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%AA%BC%E6%9C%83" title="公誼會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="公誼會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%BE" title="貴格派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="貴格派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170208#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Quakers" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quakers"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Quakers"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Quakers" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Quakers" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&oldid=1282430419" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Quakers&id=1282430419&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuakers"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQuakers"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Quakers&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quaker" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Quakers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Quakers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Quakers" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170208" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of Christian religious movements</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Quaker" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Quaker_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Quaker (disambiguation)">Quaker (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Society of Friends" redirects here. For the Greek movement for independence, see <a href="/wiki/Filiki_Eteria" title="Filiki Eteria">Filiki Eteria</a>. For the followers of the Public Universal Friend, see <a href="/wiki/Public_Universal_Friend" title="Public Universal Friend">Public Universal Friend</a>. For the sect that broke off from the Quakers in the mid-18th century, see <a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a>. For the associations known as Friendly Societies, see <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendly Society">Friendly Society</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Religious Society of Friends</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin,_history,_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians,_the_Jews,_and_Mahometans,_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_(14761837356).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="2446" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, the principal early leader of the Quakers</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data">Variable; depends on meeting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Distinct fellowships</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Associations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Mid-17th century <br />England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:16em;border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Quakers" title="Category:Quakers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakerism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Fox.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Fox"><img alt="George Fox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/George_Fox.jpg/120px-George_Fox.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/George_Fox.jpg/180px-George_Fox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/George_Fox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="187" data-file-height="218" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, founder of the Quakers</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCCC99;color:white;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quakers" title="List of Quakers">Notable individuals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jenkins_Barnard" title="Hannah Jenkins Barnard">Hannah Jenkins Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Denyer" title="Carla Denyer">Carla Denyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edmundson" title="William Edmundson">William Edmundson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Penington_(Quaker)" title="Isaac Penington (Quaker)">Isaac Penington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCCC99;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Meetings and other groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCCC99;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Testimonies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Testimony">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCCC99;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCCC99;color;;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCCC99;color:white;color: var(--color-base)">Other themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration of Faith</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses and charities</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day#Quakerism" title="Lord's Day">First Day of the Week</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Born_again#Quakerism" title="Born again">New Birth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quakers_vertical" title="Template:Quakers vertical"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quakers_vertical" title="Template talk:Quakers vertical"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers_vertical" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers vertical"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="color: black;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Protestantism" title="Category:Protestantism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;;padding:0.2em; background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Christian_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations"><img alt="Latin version of the Christian cross which is used by virtually all Protestant denominations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/120px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Golden_Christian_Cross.svg/250px-Golden_Christian_Cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Protestantism" title="Outline of Protestantism">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Anti-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_by_country" title="Protestantism by country">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Protestant_relations" title="Catholic–Protestant relations">Relations with Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologies" title="Protestant theologies">Theologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Solas" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Solas">Five Solas</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Magisterial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Protestantism" title="Crypto-Protestantism">Crypto-Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings in America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Protestant" title="List of Christian denominations">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestants">Proto-Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed church">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational">Congregational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Pietism" title="Radical Pietism">Radical Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone-Campbell">Stone-Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United and uniting churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Augsburg Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(religion)" title="Confessionalism (religion)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Movement" title="Confessing Movement">Confessing Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergence_Movement" title="Convergence Movement">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Growth" title="Church Growth">Church Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_church" title="Emerging church">Emerging church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">Neo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-orthodoxy" title="Paleo-orthodoxy">Paleo-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protestantism" title="Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protestantism" title="Template talk:Protestantism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protestantism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/60px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/120px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Quakers</b> are people who belong to the <b>Religious Society of Friends</b>, a historically <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christian</a> set of <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a>. Members refer to each other as Friends after <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/John#15:14" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/John">John 15:14</a> in the Bible, and originally, others referred to them as Quakers because the founder of the movement, <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, told a judge to "quake before the authority of God".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Friends are generally united by a belief in each human's ability to be guided by the <a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">inward light</a> to "make the witness of God" known to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Charles2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charles2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quakers have traditionally professed a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a> inspired by the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include those with <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">evangelical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness</a>, liberal, and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">traditional Quaker</a> understandings of Christianity, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a>. To differing extents, the Friends avoid <a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">creeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical structure">hierarchical structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, there were an estimated 377,557 adult Quakers, 49% of them in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> followed by 22% in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 89% of Quakers worldwide belong to <i>evangelical</i> and <i>programmed</i> branches that hold services with singing and a prepared <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> message coordinated by a pastor (with the largest Quaker group being the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-epistles2012page8_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epistles2012page8-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 11% practice <i>waiting worship</i> or <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Unprogrammed_worship">unprogrammed worship</a></i> (commonly <i>Meeting for Worship</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-epistles2012page7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-epistles2012page7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the unplanned order of service is mainly silent and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present. Some meetings of both types have <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Ministers</a> present, Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proto-#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:proto-">proto-</a>evangelical Christian movement dubbed <i>Quakerism</i> arose in mid-17th-century England from the <a href="/wiki/Legatine-Arians" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatine-Arians">Legatine-Arians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting Protestant groups</a> breaking with the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hope1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hope1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Quakers, especially the <a href="/wiki/Valiant_Sixty" title="Valiant Sixty">Valiant Sixty</a>, sought to convert others by travelling through Britain and overseas preaching the Gospel. Some early Quaker ministers were women.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They based their message on a belief that "Christ has come to teach his people himself", stressing direct relations with God through <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and belief in the universal priesthood of all believers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This personal religious experience of <a href="/wiki/Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ">Christ</a> was acquired by direct experience and by reading and studying the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends focused their private lives on behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God, with a goal of <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1992_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1992-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prominent theological text of the Religious Society of Friends is <i>A Catechism and Confession of Faith</i> (1673), published by Quaker divine <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffey2020_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffey2020-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration of Faith</a> (1887) was adopted by many <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Hicksite–Orthodox_split">Orthodox Friends</a> and continues to serve as a doctrinal statement of many yearly meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quakers were known to use <a href="/wiki/Thou#Religious_uses" title="Thou"><i>thee</i></a> as an ordinary pronoun, <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#Religious_motives" title="Conscientious objector">refuse to participate in war</a>, wear <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oath#Christian_tradition" title="Oath">refuse to swear oaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">oppose slavery</a>, and practice <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions, including <a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friends_Provident" title="Friends Provident">Friends Provident</a>; manufacturers including the footwear firm of <a href="/wiki/C._%26_J._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="C. & J. Clark">C. & J. Clark</a> and the big three British <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">confectionery</a> makers <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry</a>; and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, in recognition of their dedication to peace and the common good, Quakers represented by the British <a href="/wiki/Friends_Service_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends Service Council">Friends Service Council</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahn-1947_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahn-1947-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History of the Quakers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_in_England">Beginnings in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting#History" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/170px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/255px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg/340px-Fox_by_Lely_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>George Fox, a leading early Quaker</figcaption></figure> <p>Religious strife in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> had existed for centuries, with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestant">proto-Protestant</a> groups (mainly the <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a>) popping up before the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> brought radical ideas to the mainstream. During and after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651) many <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenting Christian groups</a> emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Seekers" title="Seekers">Seekers</a> and others. A young man, <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>, was dissatisfied with the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformists</a>. He claimed to have received a revelation that "there is one, even Christ Jesus, who can speak to thy condition",<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became convinced that it was possible to have a direct experience of Christ without the aid of ordained clergy. In 1652 he had a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pendle_Hill" title="Pendle Hill">Pendle Hill</a> in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that "the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered".<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a><sup id="cite_ref-Barbados_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbados-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith. The central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself.<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox considered himself to be restoring a true, "pure" Christian church.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Overview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1650, Fox was brought before the <a href="/wiki/Magistrates_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrates of England and Wales">magistrates</a> <a href="/wiki/Gervase_Bennet" title="Gervase Bennet">Gervase Bennet</a> and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a>. According to Fox's autobiography, Bennet "was the first that called us Quakers, because I bade them tremble at the word of the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> It is thought that Fox was referring to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Isaiah+66:2&version=akjv">Isaiah 66:2</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Ezra+9:4&version=akjv">Ezra 9:4</a>. Thus the name <i>Quaker</i> began as a way of ridiculing Fox's admonition, but became widely accepted and used by some Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quakers also described themselves using terms such as true Christianity, Saints, Children of the Light, and Friends of Truth, reflecting terms used in the New Testament by members of the early Christian church. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesNayler-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/220px-JamesNayler-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/330px-JamesNayler-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/JamesNayler-2.jpg/440px-JamesNayler-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a>, a prominent Quaker leader, being pilloried and whipped</figcaption></figure> <p>Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, not least among women. An address "To the Reader" by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Forster_(Quaker)" title="Mary Forster (Quaker)">Mary Forster</a> accompanied a Petition to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> presented on 20 May 1659, expressing the opposition of over 7000 women to "the oppression of Tithes".<sup id="cite_ref-Feminist_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feminist-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall number of Quakers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680<sup id="cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopulationHistory-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1.15% of the population of England and Wales).<sup id="cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopulationHistory-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the dominant discourse of Protestantism viewed the Quakers as a blasphemous challenge to social and political order,<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_6_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_6-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to official persecution in England and Wales under the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Act_1662" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker Act 1662">Quaker Act 1662</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conventicle_Act_1664" title="Conventicle Act 1664">Conventicle Act 1664</a>. This persecution of dissenters was relaxed after the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a> (1687–1688) and stopped under the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Toleration_1689" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Toleration 1689">Act of Toleration 1689</a>. </p><p>One modern view of Quakerism at this time was that the direct relationship with Christ was encouraged through spiritualisation of human relations, and "the redefinition of the Quakers as a holy tribe, 'the family and household of God<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_13_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fell" title="Thomas Fell">Thomas Fell</a>, who was the vice-chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Duchy of Lancaster">Duchy of Lancaster</a> and an eminent judge, Fox developed new conceptions of family and community that emphasised "holy conversation": speech and behaviour that reflected piety, faith, and love.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women; Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing "holy conversation" in her children and husband.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_13_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker women were also responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in "meetings" that regulated marriage and domestic behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_78_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_North_America">Migration to North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Migration to North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers#William_Penn_and_settlement_in_colonial_Pennsylvania" title="History of the Quakers">History of the Quakers § William Penn and settlement in colonial Pennsylvania</a></div> <p>The persecution of Quakers in North America began in July 1656 when English Quaker missionaries <a href="/wiki/Mary_Fisher_(missionary)" title="Mary Fisher (missionary)">Mary Fisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ann_Austin" title="Ann Austin">Ann Austin</a> began preaching in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the <a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a>. They were imprisoned in harsh conditions for five weeks and banished by the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their books were burned, and most of their property confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/220px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/330px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg/440px-Mary_dyer_being_led.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Quaker Mary Dyer led to execution on Boston Common, 1 June 1660.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1660, English Quaker <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a> was hanged near<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boston_Common" title="Boston Common">Boston Common</a> for repeatedly defying a <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> law banning Quakers from the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the four executed Quakers known as the <a href="/wiki/Boston_martyrs" title="Boston martyrs">Boston martyrs</a>. In 1661, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a> forbade Massachusetts from executing anyone for professing Quakerism.<sup id="cite_ref-CHLS_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHLS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1684, England <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony#Revocation_of_charter" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">revoked the Massachusetts charter</a>, sent over a royal governor to enforce English laws in 1686 and, in 1689, passed a broad Toleration Act.<sup id="cite_ref-CHLS_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHLS-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg/250px-William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg/330px-William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg/500px-William_Penn_at_22_1666.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania and West Jersey, as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>Some Friends migrated to what is now the north-eastern region of the United States in the 1660s in search of economic opportunities and a more tolerant environment in which to build communities of "holy conversation".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665 Quakers established a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Township,_New_Jersey" title="Shrewsbury Township, New Jersey">Shrewsbury, New Jersey</a> (now Monmouth County), and built a meeting house in 1672 that was visited by George Fox in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were able to establish thriving communities in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Valley" title="Delaware Valley">Delaware Valley</a>, although they continued to experience persecution in some areas, such as <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. The three colonies that tolerated Quakers at this time were <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, where Quakers established themselves politically. In Rhode Island, 36 governors in the first 100 years were Quakers. West Jersey and Pennsylvania were established by affluent Quaker <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> in 1676 and 1682 respectively, with Pennsylvania as an American commonwealth run under Quaker principles. William Penn signed a peace treaty with <a href="/wiki/Tamanend" title="Tamanend">Tammany</a>, leader of the Delaware tribe,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other treaties followed between Quakers and Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Overview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This peace endured almost a century, until the <a href="/wiki/Penn%27s_Creek_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn's Creek Massacre">Penn's Creek Massacre</a> of 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early colonial Quakers also established communities and meeting houses in North Carolina and Maryland, after fleeing persecution by the Anglican Church in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2007 interview, author David Yount (<i>How the Quakers Invented America</i>) said that Quakers first introduced many ideas from England that later became mainstream, such as democracy in the Pennsylvania legislature, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> from Rhode Island Quakers, trial by jury, equal rights for men and women, and public education. The <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a> was cast by Quakers in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quietism">Quietism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quietism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quietism_(Christian_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quietism (Christian philosophy)">Quietism (Christian philosophy)</a></div> <p>Early Quakerism tolerated boisterous behaviour that challenged conventional etiquette; however, by 1700, its adherents no longer supported disruptive and unruly behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century, Quakers entered the <i>Quietist</i> period in the history of their church, becoming more inward-looking spiritually and less active in converting others. Marrying outside the Society was cause for having one's membership revoked. Numbers dwindled, dropping to 19,800 in England and Wales by 1800 (0.21% of the population),<sup id="cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopulationHistory-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 13,859 by 1860 (0.07% of population).<sup id="cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopulationHistory-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal name "Religious Society of Friends" dates from this period and was probably derived from the appellations "Friends of the Light" and "Friends of Truth".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splits">Splits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Splits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center; font-weight: bold; border: 0; padding: 0;">Divisions of the Religious Society of Friends </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Orthodox </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Gurneyite </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Orthodox </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Programmed </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> 1902 (US 25K, world 170K) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">(Pastoral) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Evangelical </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a> 1947 (US 34K, world 200K) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1924 (Pastoral) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Beanite </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">. Independent (US 3K) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>unaffiliated (US 1K) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(Unprogrammed) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1889 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Wilburite </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">.             Conservative </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a> 1842 (US 2K) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">(Unprogrammed) </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1842 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label" style="border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Beaconite (1836-1850s) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last" style="border-right:none;border-left:none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Hicksite (Liberal) </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">(2019 + Beanite US 2K) . Unprogrammed </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> 1900 (US 22K, world 32K) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">1827 </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">The divisions of Quakers 1800-1900s. Orthodox adopt "mainstream <a href="/wiki/Protestant_scholasticism" title="Protestant scholasticism">Protestant orthodoxy</a>". Liberals value the <a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inner Light</a> over the Bible. Conservatives want to conserve the Inner Light over outward <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a>. Late 1800s many meetings became programmed (<a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">pastoral</a>) with splits by unprogrammed meetings. 2019 <a href="/wiki/Beanite_Quakerism" title="Beanite Quakerism">Beanite</a> - 2 Yearly Meetings joined FGC, 1 YM remained unaffiliated. (US and world membership K=1,000. 49% in Africa) <br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a> <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">peace work</a> brought the diverse Friends together in followship formalized with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a> in 1937. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Around the time of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, some American Quakers split from the main Society of Friends over issues such as support for the war, forming groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Quakers" title="Free Quakers">Free Quakers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Friends">Universal Friends</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 19th century, there was a diversification of theological beliefs in the Religious Society of Friends, and this led to several larger splits within the movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hicksite–Orthodox_split"><span id="Hicksite.E2.80.93Orthodox_split"></span>Hicksite–Orthodox split</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hicksite–Orthodox split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hicksite–Orthodox split arose out of both ideological and socioeconomic tensions. Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Hicksites tended to be agrarian and poorer than the more urban, wealthier, Orthodox Quakers. With increasing financial success, Orthodox Quakers wanted to "make the Society a more respectable body – to transform their sect into a church – by adopting mainstream Protestant orthodoxy".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hicksites, though they held a variety of views, generally saw the market economy as corrupting, and believed Orthodox Quakers had sacrificed their orthodox Christian spirituality for material success. Hicksites viewed the Bible as secondary to the individual cultivation of God's light within.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Gurneyite Quakers' shift toward Protestant principles and away from the spiritualisation of human relations, women's role as promoters of "holy conversation" started to decrease. Conversely, within the Hicksite movement the rejection of the market economy and the continuing focus on community and family bonds tended to encourage women to retain their role as powerful arbiters. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a>'s religious views were claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalist">universalist</a> and to contradict Quakers' historical orthodox Christian beliefs and practices. Hicks' Gospel preaching and teaching precipitated the <i>Great Separation</i> of 1827, which resulted in a parallel system of Yearly Meetings in America, joined by Friends from Philadelphia, New York, Ohio, Indiana, and Baltimore. They were referred to by opponents as Hicksites and by others and sometimes themselves as Orthodox. Quakers in Britain recognised only the Orthodox Quakers and refused to correspond with the Hicksites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beaconite_controversy">Beaconite controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beaconite controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Crewdson" title="Isaac Crewdson">Isaac Crewdson</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Minister</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. His 1835 book <i>A Beacon to the Society of Friends</i> insisted that the inner light was at odds with a religious belief in <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Bebbington_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebbington-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup> This Christian controversy led to Crewdson's resignation from the Religious Society of Friends, along with 48 fellow members of Manchester Meeting and about 250 other British Quakers in 1836–1837. Some of these joined the <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Gurneyite_Quakerism,_and_the_Gurneyite–Conservative_split"><span id="Rise_of_Gurneyite_Quakerism.2C_and_the_Gurneyite.E2.80.93Conservative_split"></span>Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism, and the Gurneyite–Conservative split</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of Gurneyite Quakerism, and the Gurneyite–Conservative split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_John_Gurney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Joseph_John_Gurney.jpg/170px-Joseph_John_Gurney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Joseph_John_Gurney.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Joseph John Gurney was a prominent 19th-century British Friend and a strong proponent of evangelical views.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Orthodox</i> Friends became more <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> during the 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a>. This movement was led by British Quaker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a>. Christian Friends held <a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meetings</a> in America and became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a> of churches. Quakers such as <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Whitall_Smith" title="Hannah Whitall Smith">Hannah Whitall Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pearsall_Smith" title="Robert Pearsall Smith">Robert Pearsall Smith</a> became speakers in the religious movement and introduced Quaker phrases and practices to it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bebbington_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebbington-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 157">: 157 </span></sup> British Friends became involved with the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Higher Life movement</a>, with Robert Wilson from the <a href="/wiki/Cockermouth" title="Cockermouth">Cockermouth</a> meeting founding the <a href="/wiki/Keswick_Convention" title="Keswick Convention">Keswick Convention</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bebbington_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebbington-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 157">: 157 </span></sup> From the 1870s it became common in Britain to have "home mission meetings" on Sunday evening with Christian hymns and a Bible-based sermon, alongside the silent meetings for worship on Sunday morning.<sup id="cite_ref-Bebbington_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bebbington-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 155">: 155 </span></sup> </p><p>The Quaker Yearly Meetings supporting the religious beliefs of Joseph John Gurney were known as <i>Gurneyite</i> yearly meetings. Many eventually collectively became the Five Years Meeting (FYM) and then the <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>, although <a href="/wiki/London_Yearly_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="London Yearly Meeting">London Yearly Meeting</a>, which had been strongly Gurneyite in the 19th century, did not join either of these. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a>, a Gurneyite yearly meeting, was started by some Friends who left the Five Years Meeting due to a concern of what they saw as the allowance of modernism in the FYM.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandelion2007_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandelion2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Orthodox Quakers in America disliked the move towards evangelical Christianity and saw it as a dilution of Friends' traditional orthodox Christian belief in being inwardly led by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. These Friends were headed by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a>, who was expelled from his yearly meeting in 1842. He and his supporters formed their own Conservative Friends Yearly Meeting. Some UK Friends broke away from the <a href="/wiki/London_Yearly_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="London Yearly Meeting">London Yearly Meeting</a> for the same reason in 1865. They formed a separate body of Friends called <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting#Fritchley_General_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Fritchley General Meeting</a>, which remained distinct and separate from London Yearly Meeting until 1968. Similar splits took place in Canada. The Yearly Meetings that supported John Wilbur's religious beliefs became known as <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beanite_purge">Beanite purge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beanite purge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beanite_Quakerism" title="Beanite Quakerism">Beanite Quakerism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richmond_Declaration">Richmond Declaration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Richmond Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, a Gurneyite Quaker of British descent, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bevan_Braithwaite" title="Joseph Bevan Braithwaite">Joseph Bevan Braithwaite</a>, proposed to Friends a statement of faith known as the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration</a>. Supported by many of the older, longstanding members in the London Yearly Meeting, Braithwaite saw the Richmond Declaration of Faith as being a bulwark against "unsound and dangerous doctrine" in times when Friends were "in a state of discipline and warfare".<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This statement of faith was agreed to by 95 of the representatives at a meeting of <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Five Years Meeting</a> Friends, but unexpectedly the Richmond Declaration was not adopted by London Yearly Meeting because a vocal minority, including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grubb_(Quaker)" title="Edward Grubb (Quaker)">Edward Grubb</a>, opposed it.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>15 years after the signing on the Richmond Declaration, Five Years Meeting was established in 1902 by a collection of orthodox yearly meetings. In 1963 Five Years Meeting was renamed <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missions_to_Asia_and_Africa">Missions to Asia and Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Missions to Asia and Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg/250px-BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg/330px-BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg/500px-BrummanaMissionHouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Friends' Syrian Mission, 1874, built this mission house in <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Christian revivals</a> in the mid-19th century, Friends in Great Britain sought also to start missionary activity overseas. The first missionaries were sent to <a href="/wiki/Benares" class="mw-redirect" title="Benares">Benares</a> (<a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>), in India, in 1866. The Friends Foreign Mission Association was formed in 1868 and sent missionaries to <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India, forming what is now the Mid-India Yearly Meeting. Later it spread to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> from 1867, China from 1896, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> from 1896, and <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba Island</a> from 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-mundus_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundus-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus</a> between Christians and Druze, many missionaries flocked to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>. These missionaries included Friends from several nations.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Friends Syrian Mission was established in 1874, which among other institutions ran the <a href="/wiki/Ramallah_Friends_School" title="Ramallah Friends School">Ramallah Friends School</a> in the West Bank, which still exist today and is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swiss missionary <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Waldmeier" title="Theophilus Waldmeier">Theophilus Waldmeier</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Brummana_High_School" title="Brummana High School">Brummana High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-mundus_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mundus-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelical Friends Churches from <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Yearly_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Yearly Meeting">Ohio Yearly Meeting</a> sent missionaries to India in 1896,<sup id="cite_ref-Century_of_Planting_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Century_of_Planting-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming what is now <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand_Yearly_Meeting" title="Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting">Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting</a>. </p><p>Cleveland Friends went to <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and started what became the most successful Friends' mission. Their Quakerism spread within <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_evolution">Theory of evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theory of evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Quakers in science</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a> as described in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> (1859) was opposed by many Quakers in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly by older evangelical Quakers who dominated the Religious Society of Friends in Great Britain. These older Quakers were suspicious of Darwin's theory and believed that <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> could not explain life on its own.<sup id="cite_ref-Quakers_&_Evolution_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quakers_&_Evolution-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influential Quaker scientist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Newman_(entomologist)" title="Edward Newman (entomologist)">Edward Newman</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the theory was "not compatible with our notions of creation as delivered from the hands of a Creator". </p><p>However, some young Friends such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wilhelm_Rowntree" title="John Wilhelm Rowntree">John Wilhelm Rowntree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grubb_(Quaker)" title="Edward Grubb (Quaker)">Edward Grubb</a> supported Darwin's theories, using the doctrine of progressive revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-Quakers_&_Evolution_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quakers_&_Evolution-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, Joseph Moore taught the theory of evolution at the Quaker <a href="/wiki/Earlham_College" title="Earlham College">Earlham College</a> as early as 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made him one of the first teachers to do so in the Midwest.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acceptance of the theory of evolution became more widespread in Yearly Meetings who moved toward liberal Christianity in the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a> predominates within evangelical Friends Churches, particularly in East Africa and parts of the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quaker_Renaissance">Quaker Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Quaker Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 19th century and early 20th century, the so-called Quaker Renaissance movement began within London Yearly Meeting. Young Friends in London Yearly Meeting at this time moved away from evangelicalism and towards liberal Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This movement was particularly influenced by Rowntree, Grubb, and <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a>. Such Liberal Friends promoted the theory of evolution, modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">biblical criticism</a>, and the social meaning of Christ's teaching – encouraging Friends to follow the New Testament example of Christ by performing good works. These men downplayed the evangelical Quaker belief in the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of Christ on the Cross at <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Packer_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Packer-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Manchester Conference in England in 1895, one thousand British Friends met to consider the future of British Quakerism, and as a result, Liberal Quaker thought gradually increased within the London Yearly Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conscientious_objection">Conscientious objection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Conscientious objection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver,_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-Friends_Ambulance_Unit_ambulance_driver%2C_with_his_vehicle_in_Wolfsburg%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1564" /></a><figcaption>FAU ambulance and driver, Germany, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Friends' opposition to war was put to the test. Many Friends became <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a> and some formed the <a href="/wiki/Friends_Ambulance_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends Ambulance Unit">Friends Ambulance Unit</a>, aiming at "co-operating with others to build up a new world rather than fighting to destroy the old", as did the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> in England had a strong Quaker community during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many British Quakers were conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Non-Combatant_Corps" title="Non-Combatant Corps">Non-Combatant Corps</a> during both world wars. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Committee_for_Consultation">World Committee for Consultation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World Committee for Consultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the two world wars had brought the different Quaker strands closer together, Friends from different yearly meetings – many having served together in the Friends Ambulance Unit or the American Friends Service Committee, or in other relief work – later held several Quaker World Conferences. This brought about a standing body of Friends: the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelical_Friends">Evangelical Friends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Evangelical Friends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A growing desire for a more fundamentalist approach among some Friends after the First World War began a split among <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Five Years Meetings</a>. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a> was started by some Friends who left the Five Years Meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandelion2007_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandelion2007-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, Oregon Yearly Meeting seceded from the <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Five Years Meeting</a>, bringing together several other yearly meetings and scattered monthly meetings. </p><p>In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Evangelical_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Evangelical Friends">Association of Evangelical Friends</a> was formed, with triennial meetings until 1970. In 1965, this was replaced by the Evangelical Friends Alliance, which in 1989 became <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg/250px-SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg/330px-SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg/500px-SugarGroveFriendsDivision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Grove_Conservative_Friends_Meeting_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Grove Conservative Friends Meeting House">Sugar Grove Conservative Friends Meeting House</a>, built in 1870 in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, with an openable partition between male and female sections</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Quaker views on women</a></div> <p>In the 1650s, individual Quaker women prophesied and preached publicly, developing charismatic personae and spreading the sect. This practice was bolstered by the movement's firm concept of spiritual equality for men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Quakerism initially was propelled by the nonconformist behaviours of its followers, especially women who broke from social norms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1660s, the movement had gained a more structured organisation, which led to separate women's meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the women's meetings, women oversaw domestic and community life, including marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_78_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy_78-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning, Quaker women, notably <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a>, played an important role in defining Quakerism.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were involved in missionary work in various ways and places. Early Quaker women missionaries included Sarah Cheevers and Katharine Evans. Others active in proselytising included <a href="/wiki/Mary_Penington" title="Mary Penington">Mary Penington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Mollineux" title="Mary Mollineux">Mary Mollineux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Blaugdone" title="Barbara Blaugdone">Barbara Blaugdone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker women published at least 220 texts during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Quakers resented the power of women in the community. </p><p>In the early years of Quakerism, George Fox faced resistance in developing and establishing women's meetings. As controversy increased, Fox did not fully adhere to his agenda. For example, he established the London Six Weeks Meeting in 1671 as a regulatory body, led by 35 women and 49 men.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, conflict culminated in the Wilkinson–Story split, in which a portion of the Quaker community left to worship independently in protest at women's meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several years, this schism became largely resolved, testifying to the resistance of some within the Quaker community and to the spiritual role of women that Fox and Margaret Fell had encouraged. Particularly within the relatively prosperous Quaker communities of the eastern United States, the focus on the child and "holy conversation" gave women unusual community power, although they were largely excluded from the market economy. With the Hicksite–Orthodox split of 1827–1828, Orthodox women found their spiritual role decreased, while Hicksite women retained greater influence. </p><p>According to <i>Quakers In The World</i>, "The Women’s Suffrage Movement in the USA is widely considered to date from the First Women’s Rights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York State in 1848. This meeting was instigated by five women who had been closely involved in the abolition of slavery, all but one of whom were Quakers."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_in_business_and_education">Friends in business and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Friends in business and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">List of Friends schools</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Cadbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Cadbury.jpg/170px-John_Cadbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Cadbury.jpg/255px-John_Cadbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/John_Cadbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>English Quaker <a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a> founded Cadbury in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, in 1824, selling tea, coffee and drinking chocolate.</figcaption></figure> <p>Described as "natural capitalists" by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, many Quakers were successful in a variety of industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-King_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two notable examples were <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pease_(railway_pioneer)" title="Edward Pease (railway pioneer)">Edward Pease</a>. Darby and his family played an important role in the British <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> with their innovations in ironmaking.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quaker_Enterprise_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quaker_Enterprise-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pease, a <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a> manufacturer, was the main promoter of the <a href="/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway" title="Stockton and Darlington Railway">Stockton and Darlington Railway</a>, which was the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-King_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other industries with prominent Quaker businesses included banking (<a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barclays_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays PLC">Barclays PLC</a>), pharmaceuticals (<a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Hanburys" title="Allen & Hanburys">Allen & Hanburys</a>), chocolate (<a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._S._Fry_%26_Sons" title="J. S. Fry & Sons">Fry's</a>), confectionery <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">(Rowntree</a>), shoe manufacturing (<a href="/wiki/C._%26_J._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="C. & J. Clark">Clarks</a>), and biscuit manufacturing (<a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson2010-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quaker_Enterprise_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quaker_Enterprise-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Letters_on_the_English" title="Letters on the English">Letters on the English</a></i> (1733) included the spirit of commerce and religious diversity in Great Britain, with the first four letters based on the Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quakers have a long history of establishing educational institutions. Initially, Quakers had no ordained <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, and therefore needed no <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> for theological training. In England, Quaker schools sprang up soon after the movement emerged, with <a href="/wiki/Friends_School_Saffron_Walden" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends School Saffron Walden">Friends School Saffron Walden</a> being the most prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker schools in the UK and Ireland are supported by The Friends' Schools' Council.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Friends%27_School,_Hobart" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends' School, Hobart">Friends' School, Hobart</a>, founded in 1887, has grown into the largest Quaker school in the world. In Britain and the United States, friends have established a variety of institutions at a variety of <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational levels</a>. In Kenya, Quakers founded several primary and secondary schools in the first half of the 20th century before <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kenya#Independence" title="History of Kenya">the country's independence</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_development">International development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: International development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International volunteering organisations such as <a href="/wiki/Service_Civil_International" title="Service Civil International">Service Civil International</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Voluntary_Service" title="International Voluntary Service">International Voluntary Service</a> were founded by leading Quakers. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Baker_(activist)" title="Eric Baker (activist)">Eric Baker</a>, a prominent Quaker, was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quaker <a href="/wiki/Edith_Pye" title="Edith Pye">Edith Pye</a> established a national Famine Relief Committee in May 1942, encouraging a network of local famine relief committees, among the most energetic of which was the Oxford Committee for Famine Relief, <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Stowe" title="Irving Stowe">Irving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Stowe" title="Dorothy Stowe">Dorothy Stowe</a> co-founded <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> with many other environmental activists in 1971, shortly after becoming Quakers.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friends_and_slavery">Friends and slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Friends and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">Abolitionism in the United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></div> <p>Some Quakers in America and Britain became known for their involvement in the abolitionist movement. In the early history of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial America">Colonial America</a>, it was fairly common for Friends to own slaves, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Pennsylvania#British_colony" title="History of slavery in Pennsylvania">e.g. in Pennsylvania</a>. During the early to mid-1700s, disquiet about this practice arose among Friends, best exemplified by the testimonies of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a>, and this resulted in an abolition movement among Friends. </p><p>Nine of the twelve founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Effecting_the_Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade" title="Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade">Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade</a>, or The Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, were Quakers:<sup id="cite_ref-hoi_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoi-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(quaker)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barton (quaker)">John Barton</a> (1755–1789); <a href="/wiki/William_Dillwyn" title="William Dillwyn">William Dillwyn</a> (1743–1824); George Harrison (1747–1827); <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare_Jr" title="Samuel Hoare Jr">Samuel Hoare Jr</a> (1751–1825); Joseph Hooper (1732–1789); John Lloyd; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Woods_(abolitionist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Woods (abolitionist) (page does not exist)">Joseph Woods</a> Sr (1738–1812); James Phillips (1745–1799); and Richard Phillips.<sup id="cite_ref-anjou_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anjou-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the Quakers had been amongst the informal group of six Quakers who had pioneered the movement in 1783, when the first petition against the slave trade was presented to Parliament. As Quakers could not serve as Members of Parliament, they relied on the help of Anglican men who could, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/James_Stephen_(British_politician)" title="James Stephen (British politician)">James Stephen</a>. </p><p>By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, few Friends owned slaves. At the war's end in 1783, Yarnall family members along with fellow Meeting House Friends made a failed petition to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> to abolish <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a>. In 1790, the Society of Friends petitioned the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to abolish slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of a reversal in sentiment about slavery took place in the life of <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a>, one of four Rhode Island brothers who, in 1764, organized and funded the tragic and fateful voyage of the <a href="/wiki/Slave_ship" title="Slave ship">slave ship</a> <i>Sally</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown broke away from his three brothers, became an abolitionist, and converted to Christian Quakerism. During the 19th century, Quakers such as <a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hopper" title="Isaac Hopper">Isaac Hopper</a> played a major role in helping enslaved people escape through the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Quaker <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cuffe" title="Paul Cuffe">Paul Cuffe</a>, a sea captain and businessman, was active in the abolitionist and <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">resettlement movement</a> in the early part of that century.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker <a href="/wiki/Laura_Smith_Haviland" title="Laura Smith Haviland">Laura Smith Haviland</a>, with her husband, established the first station on the Underground Railroad in Michigan. Later, Haviland befriended <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>, who called her the Superintendent of the Underground Railroad.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the 1830s, the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Grimk%C3%A9_sisters" title="Grimké sisters">Grimké sisters</a> dissociated themselves from the Quakers "when they saw that Negro Quakers were segregated in separate pews in the Philadelphia meeting house".<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></div> <p>Quakers' theological beliefs vary considerably. Tolerance of dissent widely varies among yearly meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Friends believe in <a href="/wiki/Continuing_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuing revelation">continuing revelation</a>: that God continuously reveals truth directly to individuals. George Fox, an "<a href="/wiki/Valiant_Sixty" title="Valiant Sixty">early Friend</a>", said, "Christ has come to teach His people Himself".<sup id="cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friends often focus on trying to feel the presence of God. As <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Penington_(Quaker)" title="Isaac Penington (Quaker)">Isaac Penington</a> wrote in 1670, "It is not enough to hear of Christ, or read of Christ, but this is the thing – to feel him to be my root, my life, and my foundation..."<sup id="cite_ref-PeningtonLetter_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PeningtonLetter-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quakers reject the idea of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a>, believing in the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">priesthood of all believers</a>. Some express their concept of God using phrases such as "the inner light", "inward light of Christ", or "Holy Spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diverse theological beliefs, understandings of the "leading of the Holy Spirit," and statements of "faith and practice" have always existed among Friends.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due in part to the emphasis on immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit, Quaker doctrines have only at times been codified as statements of faith, confessions or theological texts. Those that exist include the <i>Letter to the Governor of Barbados</i> (<a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">Fox</a>, 1671),<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>An Apology for the True Christian Divinity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a>, 1678),<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>A Catechism and Confession of Faith</i> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a>, 1690),<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America</i> (adopted jointly by all <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Orthodox yearly meetings</a> in the United States, 1830),<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration of Faith</a></i> (adopted by <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Five Years Meeting</a>, 1887),<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Essential Truths</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Jones</a> and Wood, adopted by <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Five Years Meeting</a>, 1922).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most yearly meetings make a public statement of faith in their own <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)">Book of Discipline</a>, expressing Christian discipleship within the experience of Friends in that yearly meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatives">Conservatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conservatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_(tone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_064_-_Quakers%27_Meeting_%28tone%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>Conservative Friends worshipping in London in 1809. Friends are in traditional <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>. At the front of the meeting house, the <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Ministers</a> sit on a raised <i>ministers' gallery</i> facing the rest of the meeting, with the elders sitting on the bench in front of them, also facing the meeting. Men and women are segregated, but both are able to minister.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a> (also known as "Wilburites" after their founder, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a>), share some of the beliefs of Fox and the Early Friends. Many Wilburites see themselves as the Quakers whose beliefs are truest to original Quaker doctrine, arguing that the majority of Friends "broke away" from the Wilburites in the 19th and 20th centuries (rather than vice versa). Conservative Friends place their trust in the immediate guidance of God.<sup id="cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quakerfinder-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reject all forms of <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbolism</a> and outward <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Water baptism">water baptism</a>. Conservative Friends do not rely on the practice of outward rites and sacraments in their living relationship with God through Christ, believing that holiness can exist in all of the activities of one's daily life – and that all of life is sacred in God. Many believe that a meal held with others can become a form of <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christianity)">communion</a> with God and with one another. </p><p>Conservative Friends in the United States are part of three small Quaker Yearly Meetings in Ohio, North Carolina, and Iowa. Ohio Yearly Meeting (Conservative) is generally considered the most Bible-centred of the three, retaining Christian Quakers who use plain language, wear plain dress, and are more likely to live in villages or rural areas than the Conservative Friends from their other two Yearly Meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilburite-Gurneyite_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilburite-Gurneyite-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, total membership of such Yearly Meetings was around 1,642,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them around 0.4% of the world family of Quakers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelical">Evangelical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Evangelical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Camara_038.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Camara_038.JPG/250px-Old_Camara_038.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Camara_038.JPG/330px-Old_Camara_038.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Old_Camara_038.JPG/500px-Old_Camara_038.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Sign at entrance of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> Friends Church</figcaption></figure> <p>Evangelical Friends regard Jesus Christ as their personal Lord and Saviour,<sup id="cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quakerfinder-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have similar religious beliefs to other <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Christians. They believe in and hold high regard for <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">atonement</a> of Christ on the Cross at Calvary, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">biblical infallibility</a>, and the need for all to experience a relationship with God personally.<sup id="cite_ref-Friends_Beliefs_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friends_Beliefs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that the Evangelical Friends Church is intended to evangelise the unsaved of the world, to transform them spiritually through God's love and through social service to others.<sup id="cite_ref-Friends_Beliefs_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friends_Beliefs-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They regard the Bible as God's infallible, self-authenticating Word. The statement of faith of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Friends International">Evangelical Friends International</a> is comparable to that of other Evangelical churches. Those who are members of Evangelical Friends International are mainly located in the United States, Central America, and Asia. </p><p>Beginning in the 1880s, some Friends began using outward sacraments in their Sunday services, first in Evangelical Friends Church–Eastern Region (then known as Ohio Yearly Meeting [Damascus]). Friends Church–Southwest Region also approved such a practice. In places where Evangelical Friends engage in missionary work, such as Africa, Latin America, and Asia, adult baptism by immersion in water occurs. They differ from most other branches of the Religious Society of Friends. EFCI in 2014 was claiming to represent more than 140,000 Friends,<sup id="cite_ref-EFCI_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EFCI-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 39% of the total number of Friends worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gurneyites">Gurneyites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gurneyites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></div> <p>Gurneyite Friends (also known as Friends United Meeting Friends) are modern followers of the Evangelical Quaker theology specified by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a>, a 19th-century British Friend. They make up 49% of the total number of Quakers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They see Jesus Christ as their Teacher and Lord<sup id="cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quakerfinder-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and favour close work with other Protestant Christian churches. Gurneyite Friends balance the Bible's authority as inspired words of God with personal, direct experience of God in their lives. Both children and adults participate in religious education, which emphasises orthodox Christian teaching from the Bible in relation to both orthodox Christian Quaker history and Quaker testimonies. Gurneyite Friends subscribe to a set of orthodox Christian doctrines, such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration</a> of faith. In later years, conflict arose among Gurneyite Friends over the Richmond Declaration of Faith, but after a while, it was adopted by nearly all of Gurneyite's yearly meetings. The Five Years Meeting of Friends reaffirmed its loyalty to the Richmond Declaration of Faith in 1912 but specified that it was not to constitute a Christian creed. Although Gurneyism was the main form of Quakerism in 19th-century Britain, Gurneyite Friends today are also found in America, Ireland, Africa, and India. Many Gurneyite Friends combine "waiting" (unprogrammed) worship with practices commonly found in other Protestant Christian churches, such as readings from the Bible and singing hymns. A small minority of Gurneyite Friends practice wholly unprogrammed worship.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holiness">Holiness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Holiness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></div> <p>Holiness Friends are Quakers of the Gurneyite branch who are heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>, in particular, the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a>, also called "entire sanctification". This states that loving God and humanity totally, as exemplified by Christ, enables believers to rid themselves of voluntary sin. This dominant view within Quakerism in the United Kingdom and the United States in the 19th century influenced other branches of Quakerism. Holiness Friends argue, leaning on writings that include <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a>'s message of <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">perfection</a></i>, that the early Friends had this understanding of holiness.<sup id="cite_ref-central_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-central-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, many Friends hold holiness beliefs within most yearly meetings, but it is the predominant theological view of <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a>, (founded in 1926 specifically to promote holiness theology) and the Holiness Mission of the Bolivian Evangelical Friends Church (founded by missionaries from that meeting in 1919, the largest group of Friends in Bolivia).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberal">Liberal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Liberal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beanite_Quakerism" title="Beanite Quakerism">Beanite Quakerism</a></div> <p>Liberal Quakerism generally refers to Friends who take ideas from <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christianity</a>, often sharing a similar mix of ideas, such as more critical Biblical <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>, often with a focus on the <a href="/wiki/Social_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Social gospel">social gospel</a>. The ideas of <i>that of God in everyone</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Inner_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner light">inner light</a></i> were popularised by the American Friend <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a> in the early 20th century, he and <a href="/wiki/John_Wilhelm_Rowntree" title="John Wilhelm Rowntree">John Wilhelm Rowntree</a> originating the movement. Liberal Friends predominated in Britain in the 20th century, among US meetings affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a>, and some meetings in Canada, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Southern Africa. </p><p>These ideas remain important in Liberal Friends' understanding of God. They highlight the importance of good works, particularly living a life that upholds the virtues preached by Jesus. They often emphasise pacifism, treating others equally, living simply, and telling the truth.<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Conservative Friends, Liberal Friends reject <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbolism</a> and sacraments such as water baptism and the Eucharist. While Liberal Friends recognise the potential of these outward forms for awakening experiences of the Inward <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light</a> of Christ, they are not part of their worship and are thought unnecessary to authentic Christian spirituality. </p><p>The Bible remains central to most Liberal Friends' worship. Almost all meetings make it available in the <a href="/wiki/Friends_Meeting_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends Meeting House">meeting house</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> often on a table in the centre of the room, which attendees may read privately or publicly during worship. But Liberal Friends decided that the Scriptures should give way to God's lead if God leads them in a way contrary to the Bible. Many Friends are also influenced by liberal Christian theologians and modern <a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a>. They often adopt non-propositional Biblical hermeneutics, such as believing that the Bible is an anthology of human authors' beliefs and feelings about God rather than the Holy Writ and that multiple interpretations of the Scriptures are acceptable. </p><p>Liberal Friends believe that a corporate confession of faith would be an obstacle to authentic listening and new insight. As a non-creed form of Christianity, Liberal Quakerism is receptive to a wide range of understandings of religion. Most Liberal Quaker Yearly Meetings publish a <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)">Faith and Practice</a> containing a range of religious experiences of what it means to be a Friend in that Yearly Meeting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universalist">Universalist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Universalist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Universalist_Fellowship" title="Quaker Universalist Fellowship">Quaker Universalist Fellowship</a></div> <p>Universalist Friends affirm <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>: there are many different paths to God and understandings of the divine reached through non-Christian religious experiences, which are as valid as Christian understandings. The group was founded in the late 1970s by John Linton, who had worshipped with the Delhi Worship Group in India (an independent meeting unaffiliated to any yearly meeting or wider Quaker group) with Christians, Muslims, and Hindus worshipping together.<sup id="cite_ref-Universalist_History_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universalist_History-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After moving to Britain, Linton founded the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Universalist_Fellowship" title="Quaker Universalist Fellowship">Quaker Universalist Fellowship</a> in 1978. Later, his views spread to the United States, where the Quaker Universalist Fellowship was founded in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-Universalist_History_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universalist_History-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the Friends who joined these two fellowships were Liberal Friends from the Britain Yearly Meeting in the United Kingdom and Friends General Conference in the United States. Interest in Quaker Universalism is low among Friends from other Yearly meetings. The views of the Universalists provoked controversy in the 1980s<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> among themselves and Christian Quakers within the Britain Yearly Meeting and within the Friends General Conference. Despite the label, Quaker Universalists are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Christian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Universalism">Christian Universalists</a>, embracing the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Universal_reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal reconciliation">universal reconciliation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-theists">Non-theists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Non-theists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></div> <p>A minority of Friends have views similar to post-Christian non-theists in other churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Faith" title="Sea of Faith">Sea of Faith</a>, which emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church. They are predominantly atheists, agnostics, and humanists who still value membership in a religious organization. The first organisation for non-theist Friends was the <i>Humanistic Society of Friends</i>, founded in Los Angeles in 1939. This remained small and was absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/American_Humanist_Association" title="American Humanist Association">American Humanist Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in non-theism resurfaced, particularly under the British Friend David Boulton, who founded the 40-member Nontheist Friends Network in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-theism is controversial, leading some Christian Quakers from within Britain Yearly Meeting to call for non-theists to be denied membership.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one study of Friends in the <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>, some 30% of Quakers had views described as <a href="/wiki/Non-theism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-theism">non-theistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study found that 75.1% of the 727 members of the Religious Society of Friends who completed the survey said that they consider themselves to be Christian and 17.6% that they did not, while 7.3% either did not answer or circled both answers.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.41">: p.41 </span></sup> A further 22% of Quakers did not consider themselves Christian but fulfilled a definition of being a Christian in that they said that they devoutly followed the teachings and example of Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.52">: p.52 </span></sup> In the same survey, 86.9% said they believed in God.<sup id="cite_ref-Mellor_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mellor-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practical_theology">Practical theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Practical theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg/250px-1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg/330px-1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg/500px-1688_germantown_petition_table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>In 1688, at this table in <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown, Philadelphia</a>, Quakers and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> signed a common declaration denouncing slavery.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quakers bear witness or "<a href="/wiki/Religious_testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious testimony">testify</a>" to their religious beliefs in their spiritual lives,<sup id="cite_ref-QuakerTestimonies2005_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuakerTestimonies2005-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> exhortation that "faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is dead".<sup id="cite_ref-James_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This religious witness is rooted in their immediate experience of God and verified by the Bible, especially in Jesus Christ's life and teachings. They may bear witness in many ways, according to how they believe God is leading them. Although Quakers share how they relate to God and the world, mirroring Christian ethical codes, for example the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a>, Friends argue that they feel personally moved by God rather than following an ethical code. </p><p>Some theologians classify Friends' religious witness into categories, known by some Friends as "testimonies." These Friends believe these principles and practices testify to, witness to, or provide evidence for God's truth. No categorisation is universally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-testimonies_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-testimonies-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the acronym STEPS is sometimes used (simplicity, truth, equality, peace, and sustainability) to help remember the testimonies, although most Quakers just use the full words.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In his book <i>Quaker Speak</i>, British Friend <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Heron" title="Alastair Heron">Alastair Heron</a>, lists the following testimonies of common practical values in Quaker belief:<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">integrity</a> (or truth), <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">peace</a>, penal reform, plain language, relief of suffering, <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity" title="Testimony of simplicity">simplicity</a>, social order, Sunday observance, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, temperance and moderation; and opposition to the following: betting and gambling, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_capital_punishment" title="Religion and capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, conscription, hat-honour (the largely historical practice of dipping one's hat toward social superiors), <a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Integrity#Oaths_and_fair-dealing" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Integrity">oaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Religious_Society_of_Friends#Abolition_of_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Religious Society of Friends">slavery</a>, <a href="#Calendar_and_church_holidays">times and seasons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithing</a>. </p><p>In East Africa, Friends teach peace and <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, simplicity, honesty, equality, humility, marriage and sexual ethics (defining marriage as lifelong between one man and one woman), sanctity of life (opposition to abortion), cultural conflicts and Christian life.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the acronym SPICES is often used in many yearly meetings (simplicity, peace, integrity, community, equality, and stewardship). Stewardship is not recognised as a testimony in all yearly meetings. Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting Friends put their faith in action through living their lives by the following principles: prayer, personal integrity, stewardship (which includes giving away minimum of 10% income and refraining from lotteries), marriage and family (lifelong commitment), regard for mind and body (refraining from certain amusements, propriety and modesty of dress, abstinence from alcohol, tobacco and drugs), peace and nonviolence (including refusing to participate in war), abortion (opposition to abortion, practical ministry to women with unwanted pregnancy and promotion of adoption), human sexuality, the Christian and state (look to God for authority, not the government), capital punishment (find alternatives), human equality, women in ministry (recognising women and men have an equal part to play in ministry).<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southern Appalachian Yearly Meeting and Association lists as testimonies integrity, peace, simplicity, equality, and community; areas of witness include children, education, government, sexuality, and harmony with nature.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg/220px-L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg/330px-L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg/440px-L1110854Coanwood_Friends_Meeting_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Former Friends Meeting House, Coanwood, Northumberland, England, dating from 1720</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar_and_church_holidays">Calendar and church holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Calendar and church holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quakers traditionally use numbers for referencing the months and days of the week, something they call the plain calendar. This does not use names of calendar units derived from the names of pagan deities. The week begins with First Day (Sunday) and ends with Seventh Day (Saturday).<sup id="cite_ref-Lapsansky2003_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapsansky2003-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months run from First (January) to Twelfth (December). This rests on the terms used in the Bible, e.g. that Jesus Christ's followers went to the tomb early on the First Day.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plain calendar emerged in the 17th century in England in the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritan</a> movement, but became closely identified with Friends by the end of the 1650s, and was commonly employed into the 20th century. It is less commonly found today. The term "First Day school" is commonly used for what is referred to by other churches as "Sunday school."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 1155 to 1751, the English calendar (and that of Wales, Ireland and the British colonies overseas) marked March 25 as the first day of the year. For this reason, Quaker records of the 17th and early 18th centuries usually referred to March as First Month and February as Twelfth Month.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other Christian denominations derived from 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritanism</a>, many Friends eschew religious festivals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>), and believe that Christ's birth, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, should be marked every day of the year. For example, many Quakers feel that <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, but then eating in excess at other times of the year is <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a>. Many Quakers, rather than observing Lent, live a simple lifestyle all the year round (see <i><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity" title="Testimony of simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></i>). Such practices are called the <i>testimony against times and seasons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Declaration" title="Richmond Declaration">Richmond Declaration</a>, affirmed by the Orthodox branch of Quakerism, teaches the importance of the observance of the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Lord's Day</a> consistent with <a href="/wiki/Sabbatarianism" title="Sabbatarianism">First-day Sabbatarian</a> principles, though some Friends are non-Sabbatarians, holding that "every day is the Lord's day", and that what should be done on a First Day should be done every day of the week, although Meeting for Worship is usually held on a First Day, after the advice first issued by the elders of <a href="/wiki/Balby" title="Balby">Balby</a> in 1656.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_worship" title="Meeting for worship">Meeting for worship</a></div> <p>Most groups of Quakers meet for regular worship. There are two main types of worship worldwide: programmed worship and waiting worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmed_worship">Programmed worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Programmed worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg/250px-West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg/330px-West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg/500px-West_Mansfield_Friends_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>West Mansfield Friends Church, Ohio, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>programmed worship</i> there is often a prepared Biblical message, which may be delivered by an individual with theological training from a Bible College. There may be hymns, a sermon, Bible readings, joint prayers and a period of silent worship. The worship resembles the <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">church services</a> of other <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations, although in most cases does not include the Eucharist. A paid pastor may be responsible for <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a>. Worship of this kind is celebrated by about 89% of Friends worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup> It is found in many Yearly Meetings in Africa, Asia and parts of the US (central and southern), and is common in programmed meetings affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> (who make up around 49% of worldwide membership<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup>), and evangelical meetings, including those affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Friends International">Evangelical Friends International</a>, (who make up at least 40% of Friends worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup>) The religious event is sometimes called a Quaker <a href="/wiki/Meeting_for_worship" title="Meeting for worship">meeting for worship</a> or sometimes a Friends church service. This tradition arose among Friends in the United States in the 19th century, and in response to many converts to Christian Quakerism during the national <a href="/wiki/Great_awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Great awakening">spiritual revival</a> of the time. Friends meetings in Africa and Latin America were generally started by Orthodox Friends from programmed elements of the Society, so that most African and Latin American Friends worship in a programmed style. </p><p>Some Friends hold Semi-Programmed Worship, which brings programmed elements such as hymns and readings into an otherwise unprogrammed service of worship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unprogrammed_worship">Unprogrammed worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Unprogrammed worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beanite_Quakerism" title="Beanite Quakerism">Beanite Quakerism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House,_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street,_Philadelphia,_Philadelphia_County,_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg/220px-Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg/330px-Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg/440px-Race_Street_Friends_Meeting_House%2C_Race_Street_west_of_Fifteenth_Street%2C_Philadelphia%2C_Philadelphia_County%2C_PA_HABS_PA-6687-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxjH4sa2RFI">What to Expect in Quaker Meeting for Worship</a>, QuakerSpeak<sup id="cite_ref-qs_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qs-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Unprogrammed worship</i> (also known as <i>waiting worship</i>, <i>silent worship</i>, or <i>holy communion in the manner of Friends</i>) rests on the practices of George Fox and early Friends, who based their beliefs and practices on their interpretation of how early Christians worshipped God their Heavenly Father. Friends gather together in "expectant waiting upon God" to experience his still small voice leading them from within. There is no plan on how the meeting will proceed, and practice varies widely between Meetings and individual worship services. Friends believe that God plans what will happen, with his spirit leading people to speak. A participant who feels led to speak will stand and share a spoken ministry in front of others. When this happens, Quakers believe that the spirit of God is speaking through the speaker. After someone has spoken, it is customary to allow a few minutes to pass in silence for reflection on what was said, before further vocal ministry is given. Sometimes a meeting is quite silent, sometimes many speak. These meetings lasted for several hours in George Fox's day. </p><p>Modern meetings are often limited to an hour, ending when two people (usually the <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)#Quakers_(Religious_Society_of_Friends)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a>) exchange the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign of peace">sign of peace</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Handshake" title="Handshake">handshake</a>. This handshake is often shared by the others. This style of worship is the norm in Britain, Ireland, the continent of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Africa, Canada, and parts of the United States (particularly yearly meetings associated with <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beanite_Quakerism" title="Beanite Quakerism">Beanite Quakerism</a>)—constituting about 11%<sup id="cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> of Quakers. Those who worship in this way hold each person to be equal before God and capable of knowing <a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">the light</a> of God directly. Anyone present may speak if feeling led to do so. Traditionally, <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Ministers</a> were recognised for their particular gift in vocal ministry. This practice continues among <i>Conservative</i> Friends and <i>Liberal Friends</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yearly_Meeting" title="New York Yearly Meeting">New York Yearly Meeting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but many meetings where Liberal Friends predominate abolished this practice. <a href="/wiki/London_Yearly_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="London Yearly Meeting">London Yearly Meeting</a> of Friends abolished the acknowledging and recording of <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Ministers</a> in 1924. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_organisation">Governance and organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Governance and organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisational_government_and_polity">Organisational government and polity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Organisational government and polity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Quaker decision-making</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_in_York.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/250px-Meeting_in_York.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/330px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Meeting_in_York.JPG/500px-Meeting_in_York.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Quaker business meeting in <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Governance</a> and decision-making are conducted at a special meeting for worship – often called a <i>meeting for worship with a concern for business</i> or <i>meeting for worship for church affairs</i>, where all members can attend, as in a <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a> church. Quakers consider this a form of worship, conducted in the manner of meeting for worship. They believe it is a gathering of believers who <i>wait upon the Lord</i> to discover God's will, believing they are not making their own decisions. They seek to understand God's will for the religious community, via the actions of the Holy Spirit within the meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-QuakersinScotland_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuakersinScotland-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in a meeting for worship, each member is expected to listen to God, and if led by Him, stand up and contribute. In some business meetings, Friends wait for the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">clerk</a> to acknowledge them before speaking. Direct replies to someone's contribution are not permitted, with an aim of seeking truth rather than debate. A decision is reached when the meeting as a whole feels that the "way forward" has been discerned (also called "coming to unity"). There is no voting. On some occasions Friends may delay a decision because they feel the meeting is not following God's will. Others (especially non-Friends) may describe this as <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a>; however, Friends in general continue to seek God's will. It is assumed that if everyone is attuned to God's spirit, the way forward becomes clear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organization">International organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a> (FWCC) is the international Quaker organization that loosely unifies the different religious traditions of Quakers; FWCC brings together the largest variety of Friends in the world. Friends World Committee for Consultation is divided into four sections to represent different regions of the world: Africa, Asia West Pacific, Europe and Middle East, and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various organizations associated with Friends include a United States' lobbying organization based in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a> (FCNL); service organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> (AFSC), the <a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Offices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a>, Friends Committee on Scouting, the Quaker Peace Centre in Cape Town, South Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Violence_Project" title="Alternatives to Violence Project">Alternatives to Violence Project</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yearly_meetings">Yearly meetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Yearly meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></div> <p>Quakers today are organised into independent and regional, national bodies called <a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Yearly Meetings">Yearly Meetings</a>, which have often split from one another over <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal">doctrinal</a> differences. Several of such unite Quakers who share similar religious beliefs – for example <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a> unites <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christian Friends</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> unites Friends into "fellowships where Jesus Christ is known, loved and obeyed as Teacher and Lord;"<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> links Quakers with non-creed, liberal religious beliefs. Many Quaker <a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meetings</a> also belong to the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a>, an international fellowship of Yearly Meetings from different Quaker traditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership">Membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Friend is a member of a Yearly Meeting, usually beginning with membership in a local monthly meeting. Means of acquiring membership vary. For example, in most Kenyan yearly meetings, attenders who wish to become members must take part in some two years' adult education, memorising key Bible passages, and learning about the history of orthodox Christianity and of Christian Quakerism. Within the Britain Yearly Meeting, membership is acquired through a process of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, where a potential member is visited by several members, who report to the other members before a decision is reached. </p><p>Within some Friends Churches in the Evangelical Friends Church – in particular in Rwanda, Burundi, and parts of the United States – an adult believer's baptism by immersion in water is optional. Within Liberal Friends, Conservative Friends, and Pastoral Friends Churches, Friends do not practise <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">water baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Christening</a>, or other initiation ceremonies to admit a new member or a newborn baby. Children are often welcomed into the meeting at their first attendance. Formerly, children born to Quaker parents automatically became members (sometimes called birthright membership), but this no longer applies in many areas. Some parents apply for membership on behalf of their children, while others allow children to decide whether to be a member when they are ready and older in age. Some meetings adopt a policy that children, some time after becoming young adults, must apply independently for membership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_for_specific_tasks">Worship for specific tasks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Worship for specific tasks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorial_services">Memorial services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Memorial services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/220px-George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/330px-George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg/440px-George_Fox_marker_Bunhill_Fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The Quaker testimony of simplicity extends to memorialisation. Founder <a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a> is remembered with a simple grave marker at <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Gardens,_Islington" title="Quaker Gardens, Islington">Quaker Gardens, Islington</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Quaker memorial services are held as a form of worship and known as memorial meetings. Friends gather for worship and offer remembrances of the deceased. In some Quaker traditions, the coffin or ashes are not present. Memorial meetings may be held many weeks after the death, which can enable wider attendance, replacement of grief with spiritual reflection, and celebration of life to dominate. Memorial meetings can last over an hour, particularly if many people attend. Memorial services give all a chance to remember the lost individual in their own way, comforting those present and re-affirming the love of the people in the wider community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker wedding</a></div> <p>A meeting for worship for the solemnisation of marriage in an unprogrammed Friends meeting is similar to any other unprogrammed meeting for worship.<sup id="cite_ref-QinGB_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QinGB-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair exchange promises before God and gathered witnesses, and the meeting returns to open worship. At the rise of meeting, the witnesses, including the youngest children, are asked to sign the wedding certificate as a record. In Britain, Quakers keep a separate record of the union and notify the <a href="/wiki/General_Register_Office_for_England_and_Wales" title="General Register Office for England and Wales">General Register Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early days of the United States, there was doubt whether a marriage solemnised in that way was entitled to legal recognition. Over the years, each state has set rules for the procedure. Most states expect the marriage document to be signed by a single officiant (a priest, rabbi, minister, Justice of the Peace, etc.) Quakers routinely modify the document to allow three or four Friends to sign as officiant. Often these are the members of a committee of ministry and oversight, who have helped the couple to plan their marriage. Usually, a separate document containing the vows and signatures of all present is kept by the couple and often displayed prominently in their home. </p><p>In many Friends meetings, the couple meet with a <a href="/wiki/Clearness_committee" title="Clearness committee">clearness committee</a> before the wedding. Its purpose is to discuss with the couple the many aspects of marriage and life as a couple. If the couple seem ready, the marriage is recommended to the meeting. </p><p>As in wider society, there is a diversity of views among Friends on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. Various Friends meetings around the world have voiced support for and recognised same-sex marriages. In 1986, Hartford Friends Meeting in Connecticut reached a decision that "the Meeting recognised a committed union in a celebration of marriage, under the care of the Meeting. The same loving care and consideration should be given to both homosexual and heterosexual applicants as outlined in Faith and Practice."<sup id="cite_ref-religioustolerance.org_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religioustolerance.org-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, other meetings of liberal and progressive Friends from Australia, Britain, New Zealand, parts of North America, and other countries have recognised marriage between partners of the same sex. In jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is not recognised by civil authorities, some meetings follow the practice of early Quakers in overseeing the union without reference to the state. There are also Friends who do not support same-sex marriage. Some Evangelical and Pastoral yearly meetings in the United States have issued public statements stating that homosexuality is a sin.<sup id="cite_ref-religioustolerance.org_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religioustolerance.org-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_international_divisions_and_organisation">National and international divisions and organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: National and international divisions and organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaker-Distribution-World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Quaker-Distribution-World.svg/440px-Quaker-Distribution-World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Quaker-Distribution-World.svg/660px-Quaker-Distribution-World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Quaker-Distribution-World.svg/880px-Quaker-Distribution-World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide distribution of Quakers by country in 2017 according to the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFE5E5; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1–99</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA9A9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 100–999</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6565; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1,000–3,999</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF2B2B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 4,000–9,999</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CE0000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10,000–119,285</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Like many religious movements, the Religious Society of Friends has evolved, changed, and split into sub-groups. </p><p>Quakerism started in England and Wales, and quickly spread to Ireland, the Netherlands,<sup id="cite_ref-Netherlands_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbados<sup id="cite_ref-Barbados_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbados-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and North America. In 2017, there were 119,200 Quakers in Kenya, 80,000 in the United States, 47,600 in Burundi and 28,500 in Bolivia. Other countries with over 5,000 Quakers were Guatemala, the United Kingdom, Nepal, Taiwan and Uganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the total number of Quakers is around 377,500 worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quaker influence is concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaimosi" title="Kaimosi">Kaimosi</a>, Kenya; <a href="/wiki/Newberg,_Oregon" title="Newberg, Oregon">Newberg, Oregon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Greenleaf,_Idaho" title="Greenleaf, Idaho">Greenleaf, Idaho</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whittier,_California" title="Whittier, California">Whittier, California</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Indiana" title="Richmond, Indiana">Richmond, Indiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friendswood,_Texas" title="Friendswood, Texas">Friendswood, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England; <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>, Palestine, and <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Africa">Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends in Africa">Religious Society of Friends in Africa</a></div> <p>The highest concentration of Quakers is in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Qworldstats_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qworldstats-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Friends of East Africa were at one time part of a single East Africa Yearly Meeting, then the world's largest. Today, the region is served by several distinct yearly meetings. Most are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>, practice programmed worship and employ pastors. Friends meet in Rwanda and Burundi; new work is beginning in North Africa. Small unprogrammed meetings exist also in Botswana, Ghana, Lesotho, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe. </p><p>In 2017, there were around 181,000 adult Quakers in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Friends in Australia and New Zealand follow the unprogrammed tradition, similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>. Considerable distances between the colonies and small numbers of Quakers meant that Australia Friends were dependent on London until the 20th century. The Society remained unprogrammed and is named Australia Yearly Meeting, with local organizations around seven Regional Meetings: Canberra (which extends into southern New South Wales), New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia (which extends into Northern Territory), Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Friends%27_School,_Hobart" title="The Friends' School, Hobart">The Friends' School</a> is found in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>. An annual meeting each January, is hosted by a different Regional Meeting over a seven-year cycle, with a Standing Committee each July or August. The Australia Yearly Meeting published <i>This We Can Say: Australian Quaker Life, Faith and Thought</i> in 2003. </p><p>Meetings for worship in New Zealand started in <a href="/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a> in 1842 and in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> in 1885. In 1889 it was estimated that there were about 30 Quakers in Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Zealand Yearly Meeting, today consists of nine monthly meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yearly Meeting published Quaker Faith and Practice in Aotearoa New Zealand, in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quaker meetings occur in India, Cambodia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, South Korea, Philippines, Japan, Bhutan, and Nepal. There are also Quaker worship houses in other Asian nations such as Myanmar and Singapore as of 2017. </p><p>India has four yearly meetings – the unprogrammed <a href="/wiki/Mid-India_Yearly_Meeting" title="Mid-India Yearly Meeting">Mid-India Yearly Meeting</a>, programmed Bhopal Yearly Meeting, and the Mahoba Yearly Meeting. <a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand_Yearly_Meeting" title="Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting">Bundelkhand Yearly Meeting</a> is an evangelical Friends Church affiliated to Evangelical Friends International. Other programmed and unprogrammed worship groups are not affiliated to any yearly meeting. </p><p>Evangelical Friends Churches exist in the Philippines and Nepal and are affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Quakers in Europe</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the predominantly liberal and unprogrammed <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain</a>, has 478 local meetings, and 14,260 adult members, with an additional 8,560 non-member adults who attend worship and 2,251 children.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabular_statement_2010_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabular_statement_2010-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number has declined steadily since the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Tabular_statement_2010_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tabular_statement_2010-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programmed meetings occur, including in <a href="/wiki/Wem" title="Wem">Wem</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small groups of Conservative Friends meet in Ripley and Greenwich in England, and Arbroath in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-RipleyAndArboarth_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RipleyAndArboarth-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who follow the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Yearly_Meeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Yearly Meeting">Ohio Yearly Meeting</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)">Book of Discipline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rcquakers_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcquakers-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelical Friends Central Europe Yearly Meeting has 4,306 members<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across six nations,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including Albania, Hungary and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ireland_Yearly_Meeting" title="Ireland Yearly Meeting">Ireland Yearly Meeting</a> is unprogrammed and more conservative than Britain Yearly Meeting. It has 1,591 members<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 28 meetings<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across the Republic of Ireland, and in Northern Ireland. </p><p>German Yearly Meeting is unprogrammed and liberal and has 453 members,<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worshiping in 31 meetings in Germany and Austria. </p><p>Small groups of Friends in Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, and Ukraine attend meetings for worship there.<sup id="cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Middle East Yearly Meeting has meetings in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> (Brummana Monthly Meeting) and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (Ramallah Monthly Meeting).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ramallah Friends Meeting is in association with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a> and is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Friends_United_Meeting_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friends_United_Meeting-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been an active and vibrant Palestinian Quaker community in <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a> since the late 1800s. In 1910 this community built the Ramallah Friends Meetinghouse and later added another building that was used for community outreach. The Ramallah Friends Meeting has always played a vital role in the community. In 1948 the buildings and grounds became home to many Palestinian refugees. Throughout the years, the members of the Ramallah Friends Meeting organised numerous community programs such as the Children's Play Centre, the First Day School, and women's activities. </p><p>By the early 1990s the Meetinghouse and Annex, which housed meeting rooms and bathroom facilities, fell into disrepair as a result of damage inflicted by time and the impact of conflict. So serious was the deterioration of the meetinghouse that by the middle 1990s it was impossible to use the building at all. A further blow to the Friends and the wider Palestinian community was the high level of emigration brought on by the economic situation and the hardships arising from continuing Israeli military occupation. The Meetinghouse, which had served as a place of worship for the Friends in Ramallah could no longer be used as such and the Annex could no longer be used for community outreach. </p><p>In 2002 a committee consisting of members of the Religious Society of Friends in the US and the Clerk of the Ramallah Meeting began to raise funds for the renovations of the buildings and grounds of the Meetinghouse. By November 2004 the renovations were complete, and on 6 March 2005, exactly 95 years to the day after the dedication, the Meetinghouse and Annex were rededicated as a Quaker and community resource. Friends meet every Sunday for unprogrammed Meeting for Worship. The meeting is open to Quakers and non-Quakers, including Muslims. </p><p>The Brummana Monthly meeting in Lebanon was founded in 1868. It is closely associated with the Brummana High School, which was founded by Quakers in 1873. Conflict and economic conditions have caused the meeting to drop in membership. There are presently around 35 attendees which meet every Sunday.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_and_South_America">North and South America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: North and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">Quakers in North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Quakers in Latin America</a></div> <p>Quakers can be found throughout the Americas. Friends in the United States in particular have diverse worship styles and differences of theology, vocabulary, and practice. </p><p>A local <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wikt:congregation">congregation</a> in the unprogrammed tradition is called a <i>meeting</i>, or a <i>monthly meeting</i> (e.g., <i>Smalltown Meeting</i> or <i>Smalltown Monthly Meeting</i>). The reference to "monthly" is because the meeting meets monthly to conduct the group's business. Most "monthly meetings" meet for worship at least once a week; some meetings have several worship meetings during the week. In programmed traditions, local congregations are often referred to as "Friends Churches" or "Meetings". </p><p>Monthly meetings are often part of a regional group called a <i>quarterly meeting</i>, which is usually part of an even larger group called a <i>yearly meeting;</i> with the adjectives "quarterly" and "yearly" referring specifically to the frequency of <i>meetings for worship with a concern for business</i>. </p><p>Some yearly meetings, like Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, belong to larger organisations to help maintain order and communication within the Society. The three chief ones are <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> (FGC), <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> (FUM), and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a> (EFCI). In all three groups, most member organisations, though not necessarily members, are from the United States. FGC is theologically the most liberal of the three groups, while EFCI is the most evangelical. FUM is the largest; it was originally known as "Five Years Meeting". Some monthly meetings belong to more than one larger organisation, while others are fully independent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_organisations">Service organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Service organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaker_star-T.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/250px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/255px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Quaker_star-T.svg/340px-Quaker_star-T.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Star symbol used by many service organisations of the Religious Society of Friends</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many Quaker service organizations dedicated to peace and humanitarian activities overseas. The first, the British <a href="/wiki/Friends_Service_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends Service Council">Friends Service Council</a> (FSC), was founded in Great Britain in 1927 and shared the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Peace">Nobel Prize for Peace</a> with the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a> (AFSC).<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Quaker star is used by many Quaker service organizations, such as The American Friends Service Committee, Canadian Friends Service Committee and <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a> (previously Friends Service Council). It was originally used by British Quakers performing <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">war relief</a> efforts during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> to distinguish themselves from the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the star is used by multiple Quaker organizations as their symbol to represent "a common commitment to service and the spirit in which it is provided."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_churches_and_faiths">Relations with other churches and faiths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Relations with other churches and faiths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ecumenical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quakers prior to the 20th century considered the Religious Society of Friends to be a Christian movement, but many did not feel that their religious faith fit within the categories of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Orthodox</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Overview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Conservative Friends, while fully seeing themselves as orthodox Christians, choose to remain separate from other Christian groups. </p><p>Many Friends in Liberal Friends' meetings are actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical movement</a>, often working closely with other <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> and liberal Christian churches, with whom they share common religious ground. A concern for peace and social justice often brings Friends together with other Christian churches and other Christian groups. Some Liberal Quaker yearly meetings are members of ecumenical pan-Christian organisations, which include Protestant and Orthodox churches—for example <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Yearly_Meeting" title="Philadelphia Yearly Meeting">Philadelphia Yearly Meeting</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ncccusa1_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncccusa1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a> is a member of <a href="/wiki/Churches_Together_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Churches Together in Britain and Ireland">Churches Together in Britain and Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oikoumene1_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oikoumene1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guerneyite Friends would typically see themselves as part of an orthodox Christian movement and work closely with other Christian denominations. <a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a> (the international organisation of Gurneyite yearly meetings) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a><sup id="cite_ref-ncccusa1_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncccusa1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-oikoumene1_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oikoumene1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are pan-Christian organisations that include Lutheran, Orthodox, Reformed, Anglican and Baptist Churches, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Harmon2010_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harmon2010-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roberson1995_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberson1995-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evangelical Friends work closely with other <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelical churches</a> from other Christian traditions. The North American branch of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a> is a member church of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a>. Evangelical Friends tend to be less involved with non-evangelical churches and are not members of the <a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a> or <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a>. </p><p>The majority of other Christian groups recognise Friends among their fellow-Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Overview-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people who attend Quaker Meetings assume that Quakers are not Christians, when they do not hear overtly Christian language during the meeting for worship.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_other_faiths">Relations with other faiths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Relations with other faiths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Relationships between Quakers and non-Christians vary considerably, according to sect, geography, and history. </p><p>Early Quakers distanced themselves from practices that they saw as <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>. For instance, they refused to use the usual names of the days of the week, since they were derived from the names of pagan deities.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They refused to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> because they believed it was based on pagan festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Friends called on adherents of other world religions to turn to the 'Light of Christ within' that they believed was present in all people born into the world.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, George Fox wrote a number of open letters to <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>, in which he encouraged them to turn to Jesus Christ as the only path to salvation (e.g., <i>A Visitation to the Jews</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria, and all that are under his authority, to read this over, which concerns their salvation</i><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the letters to Muslim readers, Fox is exceptional for his time in his sympathetic and wide-ranging use of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, and his belief that its contents were consistent with Christian scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fisher_(missionary)" title="Mary Fisher (missionary)">Mary Fisher</a> probably preached the same message when she appeared before the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_IV" title="Mehmed IV">Mehmed IV</a> (the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) in 1658.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1870, Richard Price Hallowell argued that the logical extension of Christian Quakerism is a universal Church, which "demands a religion which embraces Jew, Pagan and Christian, and which cannot be limited by the dogmas of one or the other".<sup id="cite_ref-Hollowell1870_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollowell1870-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 20th century, in part due to the allowance of <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a> & <a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a>, some attenders at Liberal Quaker Meetings have actively identified with world faiths other than Christianity, such as <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-makingmuslimquaker_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makingmuslimquaker-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-mindfulquaker_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mindfulquaker-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary)">Paganism</a>. This occurrence evolved from the idea in Liberal Quaker circles that the Inward light is found in Christians and non-Christians alike and influenced the Holy Writ of other faiths.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_upon_the_Candlestick" title="The Light upon the Candlestick">The Light upon the Candlestick</a></i> – a 17th-century tract which was popular among English Quakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations#Quaker" title="List of Christian denominations">List of Christian denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Testimony">Peace Testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Testimony of equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Testimony of integrity</a> – Behavioural code of Quakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_simplicity" title="Testimony of simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a> – Behavioural practice of Quakers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Bjerknes_AuneValerie_M._DeMarinis1996" class="citation book cs1">Michael Bjerknes Aune; Valerie M. DeMarinis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxn6Thqm9KsC&pg=PA105"><i>Religious and Social Ritual: Interdisciplinary Explorations</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2825-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-2825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+and+Social+Ritual%3A+Interdisciplinary+Explorations&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2825-2&rft.au=Michael+Bjerknes+Aune&rft.au=Valerie+M.+DeMarinis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbxn6Thqm9KsC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wcfriendschurch.org/friends-quakers">"Where Did the Names "Quaker" and "Friends" Come From?"</a>. Walnut Creek Friends Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>They called themselves "Friends" because of the words of Jesus recorded in John 15:14, "You are my friends, if you do what I command you." The early Friends were Christians who believed they could live like Jesus because Jesus lived in them. The name "Quaker" was applied to the early Friends by their critics. The early Friends were so aware of the presence of God among them that they sometimes trembled with excitement. Upon being threatened by a judge to "quake" before the authority of his court, George Fox told him to quake before the authority of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Did+the+Names+%22Quaker%22+and+%22Friends%22+Come+From%3F&rft.pub=Walnut+Creek+Friends+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcfriendschurch.org%2Ffriends-quakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1903" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/georgefoxsjourn00nicogoog#page/n245"><i>George Fox's Journal</i></a>. Isbister and Company Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>216. <q>This is the word of the Lord God to you all, and a charge to you all in the presence of the living God; be patterns, be examples in all your countries, places, islands, nations, wherever you come; that your carriage and life may preach among all sorts of people and to them: then you will come to walk cheerfully over the world, answering that of God in every one; whereby in them ye may be a blessing, and make the witness of God in them to bless you: then to the Lord God you will be a sweet savour, and a blessing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Fox%27s+Journal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.pub=Isbister+and+Company+Limited&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeorgefoxsjourn00nicogoog%23page%2Fn245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charles2015_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodge2015" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Charles (12 March 2015). <i>Systematic Theology</i>. Delmarva Publications, Inc. p. 137. <q>This spiritual illumination is peculiar to the true people of God; the inward light, in which the Quakers believe, is common to all men. The design and effect of the "inward light" are the communication of new truth, or of truth not objectively revealed, as well as the spiritual discernment of the truths of Scripture. The design and effect of spiritual illumination are the proper apprehension of truth already speculatively known. Secondly. By the inner light the orthodox Quakers understand the supernatural influence of the Holy Spirit, concerning which they teach, – (1.) That it is given to all men. (2.) That it not only convinces of sin, and enables the soul to apprehend aright the truths of Scripture, but also communicates a knowledge of "the mysteries of salvation." ... The orthodox Friends teach concerning this inward light, as has been already shown, that it is subordinate to the Holy Scriptures, inasmuch as the Scriptures are the infallible rule of faith and practice, and everything contrary thereto is to be rejected as false and destructive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systematic+Theology&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Delmarva+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2015-03-12&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qfp.quaker.org.uk/chapter/11/">"Membership | Quaker faith & practice"</a>. <i>qfp.quaker.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qfp.quaker.org.uk&rft.atitle=Membership+%7C+Quaker+faith+%26+practice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqfp.quaker.org.uk%2Fchapter%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213340/http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html">"Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice"</a>. August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baltimore+Yearly+Meeting+Faith+%26+Practice&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bym-rsf.org%2Fpublications%2Ffandp%2F11worship.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%202:9&version=nrsv">1 Peter 2:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quakers-belux.org/that-of-god-in-everyone/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'That of God' in every person"</a>. Quakers in Belgium and Luxembourg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27That+of+God%27+in+every+person&rft.pub=Quakers+in+Belgium+and+Luxembourg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquakers-belux.org%2Fthat-of-god-in-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFager" class="citation web cs1">Fager, Chuck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quakertheology.org/ministers-1.htm">"The Trouble With 'Ministers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>quakertheology.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=quakertheology.org&rft.atitle=The+Trouble+With+%27Ministers%27&rft.aulast=Fager&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquakertheology.org%2Fministers-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fwccawps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/fwccworldmap2017.pdf">"FWCC World Map 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FWCC-AWPS</i>. July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FWCC-AWPS&rft.atitle=FWCC+World+Map+2017&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffwccawps.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2Ffwccworldmap2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epistles2012page8-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epistles2012page8_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYearly_Meeting_of_the_Religious_Society_of_Friends_(Quakers)_in_Britain2012" class="citation book cs1">Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151223/http://old.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/epistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf"><i>Epistles and Testimonies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/epistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistles+and+Testimonies&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.quaker.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fepistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAngellDandelion2018" class="citation book cs1">Angell, Stephen Ward; Dandelion, Pink (19 April 2018). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Quakerism</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13660-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13660-1"><bdi>978-1-107-13660-1</bdi></a>. <q>Contemporary Quakers worldwide are predominately evangelical and are often referred to as the Friends Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Quakerism&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13660-1&rft.aulast=Angell&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Ward&rft.au=Dandelion%2C+Pink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-epistles2012page7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-epistles2012page7_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYearly_Meeting_of_the_Religious_Society_of_Friends_(Quakers)_in_Britain2012" class="citation book cs1">Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119013805/http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/epistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf"><i>Epistles and Testimonies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/epistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epistles+and+Testimonies&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fepistles-and-testimonies-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDrayton1994" class="citation web cs1">Drayton, Brian (23 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414010203/http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/ministry/recordedministers-drayton.html">"FGC Library: Recorded Ministers in the Society of Friends, Then and Now"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fgcquaker.org/library/ministry/recordedministers-drayton.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FGC+Library%3A+Recorded+Ministers+in+the+Society+of+Friends%2C+Then+and+Now&rft.date=1994-12-23&rft.aulast=Drayton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fgcquaker.org%2Flibrary%2Fministry%2Frecordedministers-drayton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hope1997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hope1997_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Christian Scholar's Review, Volume 27</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope College</a>. 1997. p. 205. <q>This was especially true of proto-evangelical movements like the Quakers, organized as the Religious Society of Friends by George Fox in 1668 as a group of Christians who rejected clerical authority and taught that the Holy Spirit guided</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Scholar%27s+Review%2C+Volume+27&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Hope+College&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacon1986" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Margaret (1986). <i>Mothers of Feminism: The Story of Quaker Women in America</i>. San Francisco: Harper & Row. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+Feminism%3A+The+Story+of+Quaker+Women+in+America&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1803" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George (1803). Armistead, Wilson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYxFAAAAIAAJ"><i>Journal of George Fox</i></a>. Vol. 2 (7 ed.). p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+George+Fox&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=7&rft.date=1803&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYxFAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Council_of_Churches" class="citation web cs1">World Council of Churches. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811123047/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/friends-quakers.html">"Friends (Quakers)"</a>. <i>Church Families</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/friends-quakers.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Families&rft.atitle=Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft.au=World+Council+of+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fchurch-families%2Ffriends-quakers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart1992-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1992_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart1992" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Kathleen Anne (1992). <i>The York Retreat in the Light of the Quaker Way: Moral Treatment Theory : Humane Therapy Or Mind Control?</i>. William Sessions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850720898" title="Special:BookSources/9781850720898"><bdi>9781850720898</bdi></a>. <q>On the other hand, Fox believed that perfectionism and freedom from sin were possible in this world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+York+Retreat+in+the+Light+of+the+Quaker+Way%3A+Moral+Treatment+Theory+%3A+Humane+Therapy+Or+Mind+Control%3F&rft.pub=William+Sessions&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781850720898&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy1988" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry (30 June 1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quakersamerican00levy"><i>Quakers and the American Family: British Settlement in the Delaware Valley</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press, US. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quakersamerican00levy/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198021674" title="Special:BookSources/9780198021674"><bdi>9780198021674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family%3A+British+Settlement+in+the+Delaware+Valley&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1988-06-30&rft.isbn=9780198021674&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquakersamerican00levy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffey2020-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffey2020_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2020" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, John (29 May 2020). <i>The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume I: The Post-Reformation Era, 1559-1689</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252098-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-252098-2"><bdi>978-0-19-252098-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Protestant+Dissenting+Traditions%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Post-Reformation+Era%2C+1559-1689&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-252098-2&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Short Account of the Life and Writings of Robert Barclay</i>. Tract Association of the Society of Friends. 1827. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Account+of+the+Life+and+Writings+of+Robert+Barclay&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Tract+Association+of+the+Society+of+Friends&rft.date=1827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams2019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2019" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Walter R. (13 January 2019). <i>The Rich Heritage of Quakerism</i>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78912-341-8"><bdi>978-1-78912-341-8</bdi></a>. <q>From time to time, over the three centuries of their history, Friends have issued longer or shorter statements of belief. They earnestly seek to base these declarations of the essential truths of Christianity upon the clear teaching of the Holy Scriptures. The most detailed of these statements commonly held by orthodox Friends is known as the Richmond Declaration of Faith. This instrument was drawn up by ninety-nine representatives of ten American yearly meetings and of London and Dublin yearly meetings, assembled at Richmond, Indiana, in 1887.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rich+Heritage+of+Quakerism&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78912-341-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml">"Declaration of Faith Issued by the Richmond Conference in 1887"</a>. 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2024</span>. <q>A conference of 95 delegates appointed by 12 Friends (Quaker) yearly meetings representing the Orthodox branch of Friends across the world met in Richmond, Indiana in September 1887. This conference issued a Declaration of Faith, which has been widely used by Orthodox Friends ever since.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Declaration+of+Faith+Issued+by+the+Richmond+Conference+in+1887&rft.date=2008-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.com%2Frdf.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVann" class="citation news cs1">Vann, Richard T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Society-of-Friends">"Society of Friends | religion"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Society+of+Friends+%7C+religion&rft.aulast=Vann&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSociety-of-Friends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson2010-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson2010_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Peter (20 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8467833.stm">"How did Quakers conquer the British sweet shop?"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+did+Quakers+conquer+the+British+sweet+shop%3F&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F8467833.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahn-1947-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jahn-1947_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahn" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Jahn" title="Gunnar Jahn">Jahn, Gunnar</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1947/press.html">"Award Ceremony Speech (1947)"</a>. Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Award+Ceremony+Speech+%281947%29&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1947%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbrams1991" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Abrams" title="Irwin Abrams">Abrams, Irwin</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaker.org/legacy/minnfm/peace/nobel_peace_prize.htm">"The Quaker Peace Testimony and the Nobel Peace Prize"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+Peace+Testimony+and+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaker.org%2Flegacy%2Fminnfm%2Fpeace%2Fnobel_peace_prize.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GeorgeFoxsJournal-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GeorgeFoxsJournal_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Fox1694" class="citation book cs1">George Fox (1694). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224431/http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/title.html"><i>George Fox: An Autobiography (George Fox's Journal)</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/title.html">the original</a> on 26 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Fox%3A+An+Autobiography+%28George+Fox%27s+Journal%29&rft.date=1694&rft.au=George+Fox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strecorsoc.org%2Fgfox%2Ftitle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netherlands-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNuttall1955" class="citation journal cs1">Nuttall, Geoffrey (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016102656/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fquaker_history%2Fv044%2F44.1.nuttall.pdf">"Early Quakerism in the Netherlands: Its wider context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Bulletin of the Friends Historical Association</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fqkh.1955.a395167">10.1353/qkh.1955.a395167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41944566">41944566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161640592">161640592</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/quaker_history/v044/44.1.nuttall.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bulletin+of+the+Friends+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=Early+Quakerism+in+the+Netherlands%3A+Its+wider+context&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161640592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41944566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fqkh.1955.a395167&rft.aulast=Nuttall&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Fauth%3D0%26type%3Dsummary%26url%3D%2Fjournals%2Fquaker_history%2Fv044%2F44.1.nuttall.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbados-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barbados_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barbados_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGragg2009" class="citation book cs1">Gragg, Larry (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/quakercommunityo00grag_0"><i>The Quaker community on Barbados: challenging the culture of the planter class</i></a></span> ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826218476" title="Special:BookSources/9780826218476"><bdi>9780826218476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+community+on+Barbados%3A+challenging+the+culture+of+the+planter+class&rft.place=Columbia&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780826218476&rft.aulast=Gragg&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fquakercommunityo00grag_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Overview-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Overview_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/quakers_1.shtml">"Quakers"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Quakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fsubdivisions%2Fquakers_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargery_Post_Abbott2003" class="citation book cs1">Margery Post Abbott; et al. (2003). <i>Historical dictionary of the Friends (Quakers)</i>. p. xxxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Margery+Post+Abbott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feminist-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feminist_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Virginia Blain, Patricia Clements and Isobel Grundy, eds, <i>The Feminist Companion to Literature in English. Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present</i> (London: Batsford, 1990), p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopulationHistory-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopulationHistory_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrigleySchofieldSchofield1989" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, Edward Anthony; Schofield, Roger; Schofield, R. S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pV9SZS4WpjkC"><i>The population history of England, 1541–1871: a reconstruction</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35688-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35688-1"><bdi>0-521-35688-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+population+history+of+England%2C+1541%E2%80%931871%3A+a+reconstruction&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-35688-1&rft.aulast=Wrigley&rft.aufirst=Edward+Anthony&rft.au=Schofield%2C+Roger&rft.au=Schofield%2C+R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpV9SZS4WpjkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy_6-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Levy_6_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=6&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy_13-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_13_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_13_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=13&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. pp. 53, 130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=53%2C+130&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levy_78-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_78_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Levy_78_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=78&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrayshaw1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brayshaw, Alfred (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Friends, Society of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Friends,_Society_of">"Friends, Society of" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Friends%2C+Society+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=227&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Brayshaw&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Digby Baltzell, <i>Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia</i> (1996) p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.celebrateboston.com/ghost/boston-neck-executions.htm">"Boston Neck Gallows, Colonial Execution Place for Quakers"</a>. <i>www.celebrateboston.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.celebrateboston.com&rft.atitle=Boston+Neck+Gallows%2C+Colonial+Execution+Place+for+Quakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.celebrateboston.com%2Fghost%2Fboston-neck-executions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogers2009" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Horatio (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5_5yIgpa-YC"><i>Mary Dyer of Rhode Island: The Quaker Martyr That Was Hanged on Boston</i></a>. BiblioBazaar, LLC. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781103801244" title="Special:BookSources/9781103801244"><bdi>9781103801244</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Dyer+of+Rhode+Island%3A+The+Quaker+Martyr+That+Was+Hanged+on+Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar%2C+LLC&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781103801244&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5_5yIgpa-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHLS-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHLS_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHLS_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBremerWebster2006" class="citation book cs1">Bremer, Francis J.; Webster, Tom, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzvHvEDPosQC&pg=PR41"><i>Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. xli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576076781" title="Special:BookSources/9781576076781"><bdi>9781576076781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puritans+and+Puritanism+in+Europe+and+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=xli&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781576076781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzvHvEDPosQC%26pg%3DPR41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=113&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shrewsburyquakers.org/article/history">"History of Shrewsbury Quakers"</a>. 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Shrewsbury+Quakers&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shrewsburyquakers.org%2Farticle%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Yount2007" class="citation book cs1">David Yount (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pk7ycUq3cxsC&pg=PA82"><i>How the Quakers invented America</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5833-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-5833-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Quakers+invented+America&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5833-5&rft.au=David+Yount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpk7ycUq3cxsC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penntreatymuseum.org/treaty.php">"Penn Treaty Museum"</a>. <i>www.penntreatymuseum.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.penntreatymuseum.org&rft.atitle=Penn+Treaty+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penntreatymuseum.org%2Ftreaty.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypress.com/1989/01/15/quakers-often-fled-virginia/">"Quakers Often Fled Virginia"</a>, Rowlings, Virginia, <i>Daily Press</i>, 15 January 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?202202-17/quakers-invented-america">How the Quakers Invented America</a>, a five-minute interview with David Yount by Peter Slen, C-SPAN, 1 November 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=58&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, Johan (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4737865">"The Publishers of Truth and the Enemy of Truth: Evangelical Friends Consider Good and Evil"</a>. <i>Good and Evil: Quaker Perspectives, ed. Jackie Leach Scully and Pink Dandelion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Good+and+Evil%3A+Quaker+Perspectives%2C+ed.+Jackie+Leach+Scully+and+Pink+Dandelion&rft.atitle=The+Publishers+of+Truth+and+the+Enemy+of+Truth%3A+Evangelical+Friends+Consider+Good+and+Evil&rft.date=2007-01&rft.aulast=Maurer&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4737865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pink Dandelion (2007). <i>An Introduction to Quakerism</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521841119" title="Special:BookSources/0521841119">0521841119</a>), p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrothers2012" class="citation book cs1">Crothers, Glenn (2012). <i>Quakers Living in the Lion's Mouth: The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia, 1730–1865</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+Living+in+the+Lion%27s+Mouth%3A+The+Society+of+Friends+in+Northern+Virginia%2C+1730%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrothers" class="citation book cs1">Crothers, Glenn. <i>Quakers Living in the Lion's Mouth</i>. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+Living+in+the+Lion%27s+Mouth&rft.pages=145&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bebbington-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bebbington_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebbington_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebbington_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bebbington_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBebbington1989" class="citation book cs1">Bebbington, David William (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evangelicalismin0000bebb"><i>Evangelicalism in modern Britain: a history from the 1730s to the 1980s</i></a></span>. London: Unwin Hyman Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10464-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10464-5"><bdi>0-415-10464-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelicalism+in+modern+Britain%3A+a+history+from+the+1730s+to+the+1980s&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-10464-5&rft.aulast=Bebbington&rft.aufirst=David+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevangelicalismin0000bebb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBronner1990" class="citation journal cs1">Bronner, Edwin B. (1990). "Moderates in London Yearly Meeting, 1857–1873: Precursors of Quaker Liberals". <i>Church History</i>. <b>59</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">356–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3167744">10.2307/3167744</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3167744">3167744</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163077764">163077764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Moderates+in+London+Yearly+Meeting%2C+1857%E2%80%931873%3A+Precursors+of+Quaker+Liberals&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163077764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3167744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3167744&rft.aulast=Bronner&rft.aufirst=Edwin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dandelion2007-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dandelion2007_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dandelion2007_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDandelion2007" class="citation book cs1">Dandelion, Pink (12 April 2007). <i>An Introduction to Quakerism</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84111-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Quakerism&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84111-5&rft.aulast=Dandelion&rft.aufirst=Pink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kennedy, Thomas Cummings <i>British Quakerism 1860-1920: the transformation of a religious community</i> Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 117. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-827035-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-827035-6">0-19-827035-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Thomas C. (2001). <i>British Quakerism 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Quakerism+1860%E2%80%931920%3A+The+Transformation+of+a+Religious+Community&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mundus-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mundus_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mundus_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615101530/http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=235&inst_id=7">"Gateway to missionary collections in the United Kingdom"</a>. MUNDUS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search?coll_id=235&inst_id=7">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gateway+to+missionary+collections+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=MUNDUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mundus.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch%3Fcoll_id%3D235%26inst_id%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pym.org/a-quaker-in-beirut-lebanon-interview-with-friend-tony-manasseh/">"A Quaker in Beirut, Lebanon: Interview with Friend Tony Manasseh · Philadelphia Yearly Meeting"</a>. <i>www.pym.org</i>. 18 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pym.org&rft.atitle=A+Quaker+in+Beirut%2C+Lebanon%3A+Interview+with+Friend+Tony+Manasseh+%C2%B7+Philadelphia+Yearly+Meeting&rft.date=2021-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pym.org%2Fa-quaker-in-beirut-lebanon-interview-with-friend-tony-manasseh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendsunitedmeeting.org/team-member/rania-maayeh">"Rania Maayeh"</a>. <i>www.friendsunitedmeeting.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.friendsunitedmeeting.org&rft.atitle=Rania+Maayeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsunitedmeeting.org%2Fteam-member%2Frania-maayeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Century_of_Planting-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Century_of_Planting_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNixon1985" class="citation book cs1">Nixon, Eva Anna (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centuryofplantin00nixo"><i>A Century of Planting: A history of the American Friends' mission in India</i></a></span>. Newburg, OR, US: Barclay Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913342-55-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-913342-55-6"><bdi>0-913342-55-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Planting%3A+A+history+of+the+American+Friends%27+mission+in+India&rft.place=Newburg%2C+OR%2C+US&rft.pub=Barclay+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-913342-55-6&rft.aulast=Nixon&rft.aufirst=Eva+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcenturyofplantin00nixo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritain_Yearly_Meeting" class="citation web cs1">Britain Yearly Meeting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113071213/http://www.quaker.org.uk/quakers-and-science">"Quakers and Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/quakers-and-science">the original</a> on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+Science&rft.au=Britain+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fquakers-and-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quakers_&_Evolution-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quakers_&_Evolution_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quakers_&_Evolution_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCantor2005" class="citation book cs1">Cantor, Geoffrey (2005). "Quaker Responses to Evolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199276684.001.0001/acprof-9780199276684-chapter-7"><i>Quakers, Jews, and science religious responses to modernity and the sciences in Britain, 1650–1900</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2F0199276684.001.0001">10.1093/0199276684.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199276684" title="Special:BookSources/9780199276684"><bdi>9780199276684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quaker+Responses+to+Evolution&rft.btitle=Quakers%2C+Jews%2C+and+science+religious+responses+to+modernity+and+the+sciences+in+Britain%2C+1650%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2F0199276684.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199276684&rft.aulast=Cantor&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2F0199276684.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199276684-chapter-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritain_Yearly_Meeting" class="citation web cs1">Britain Yearly Meeting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207081241/http://www.quaker.org.uk/edward-newman-1801-1876">"Edward Newman (1801–1876)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/edward-newman-1801-1876">the original</a> on 7 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edward+Newman+%281801%E2%80%931876%29&rft.au=Britain+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fedward-newman-1801-1876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1976" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, William (June 1976). "Joseph Moore: Quaker Evolutionist". <i>Indiana Magazine of History</i>. <b>72</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27790107">27790107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Magazine+of+History&rft.atitle=Joseph+Moore%3A+Quaker+Evolutionist&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27790107%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914170712/http://www.earlham.edu/about/president/gallery/moore">"Presidential Gallery: Joseph Moore"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlham.edu/about/president/gallery/moore">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Gallery%3A+Joseph+Moore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlham.edu%2Fabout%2Fpresident%2Fgallery%2Fmoore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDandelionCollins2009" class="citation book cs1">Dandelion, Pink; Collins, Peter, eds. (26 March 2009). <i>The Quaker Condition: The Sociology of a Liberal Religion</i>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847185655" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847185655"><bdi>978-1847185655</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+Condition%3A+The+Sociology+of+a+Liberal+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1847185655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Packer-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Packer_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Packer_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPacker2003" class="citation journal cs1">Packer, Ian (1 April 2003). "Religion and the New Liberalism: The Rowntree Family, Quakerism and Social Reform". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">236–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345607">10.1086/345607</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/345607">10.1086/345607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+New+Liberalism%3A+The+Rowntree+Family%2C+Quakerism+and+Social+Reform&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=2003-04-01&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F345607%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F345607&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlamires1996" class="citation journal cs1">Blamires, David (1996). "The context and character of the 1895 Manchester Conference". <i>Friends Quarterly</i>. <b>30</b>: 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+context+and+character+of+the+1895+Manchester+Conference&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Sian. <i>Birmingham Remembering 1914–18</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Remembering+1914%E2%80%9318&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080131215748/http://www.nwfriends.org/what-friends-believe/historical-statement/">"Northwest Yearly Meeting Historical Statement"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwfriends.org/what-friends-believe/historical-statement/">the original</a> on 31 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northwest+Yearly+Meeting+Historical+Statement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwfriends.org%2Fwhat-friends-believe%2Fhistorical-statement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Phyllis (1995). <i>Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visionary+Women%3A+Ecstatic+Prophecy+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Phyllis (1995). <i>Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visionary+Women%3A+Ecstatic+Prophecy+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevett2000" class="citation book cs1">Trevett, Christine (2000). <i>Quaker Women Prophets in England and Wales, 1650–1700</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+Women+Prophets+in+England+and+Wales%2C+1650%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trevett&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevy" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Barry. <i>Quakers and the American Family</i>. pp. 69, 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Family&rft.pages=69%2C+221&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacon" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Margaret. <i>Mothers of Feminism</i>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+of+Feminism&rft.pages=24&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBonneyTrim2006" class="citation book cs1">Bonney, Richard; Trim, David J. B., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQJuObBQerIC"><i>Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe 1550–1700</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039105700" title="Special:BookSources/9783039105700"><bdi>9783039105700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+and+Pluralism%3A+Calvinists+and+Religious+Minorities+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1550%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783039105700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQJuObBQerIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill2005" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Catie (2005). <i>Women in the Seventeenth-century Quaker Community: a Literary Study of Political Identities, 1650–1700</i>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Seventeenth-century+Quaker+Community%3A+a+Literary+Study+of+Political+Identities%2C+1650%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Catie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMack1995" class="citation book cs1">Mack, Phyllis (1995). <i>Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visionary+Women%3A+Ecstatic+Prophecy+in+Seventeenth-Century+England&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Mack&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanney1861" class="citation book cs1">Janney, Samuel (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreligiou07janngoog"><i>History of the Religious Society of Friends, from its Rise to the Year 1828</i></a>. Philadelphia: Hayes & Zell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyreligiou07janngoog/page/n303">298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends%2C+from+its+Rise+to+the+Year+1828&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Hayes+%26+Zell&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Janney&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryreligiou07janngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/183/Quakers-and-the-American-Womens-Suffrage-Movement">"Quakers and the American Women's Suffrage Movement"</a>. <i>Quakers in the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quakers+in+the+World&rft.atitle=Quakers+and+the+American+Women%E2%80%99s+Suffrage+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakersintheworld.org%2Fquakers-in-action%2F183%2FQuakers-and-the-American-Womens-Suffrage-Movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-King_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-King_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2014" class="citation book cs1">King, Mike (2014). <i>Quakernomics: An Ethical Capitalism</i>. Anthem Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857281128" title="Special:BookSources/9780857281128"><bdi>9780857281128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quakernomics%3A+An+Ethical+Capitalism&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780857281128&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdams2012" class="citation news cs1">Adams, Ryan (27 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130206135250/http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/2012/07/27/danny-boyles-intro-on-olympics-programme/">"Danny Boyle's intro on Olympics programme"</a>. <i>Awards Daily</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awardsdaily.com/blog/2012/07/27/danny-boyles-intro-on-olympics-programme/">the original</a> on 6 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Awards+Daily&rft.atitle=Danny+Boyle%27s+intro+on+Olympics+programme&rft.date=2012-07-27&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awardsdaily.com%2Fblog%2F2012%2F07%2F27%2Fdanny-boyles-intro-on-olympics-programme%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quaker_Enterprise-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quaker_Enterprise_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quaker_Enterprise_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns_Windsor1980" class="citation book cs1">Burns Windsor, D (1980). <i>The Quaker Enterprise: Friends in Business</i>. London: Frederick Muller Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-584-10257-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-584-10257-7"><bdi>0-584-10257-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+Enterprise%3A+Friends+in+Business&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frederick+Muller+Ltd&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-584-10257-7&rft.aulast=Burns+Windsor&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, M. <i>Made to Last: The Story of Britain's Best Known Shoe Firm</i>. London: Profile Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+to+Last%3A+The+Story+of+Britain%27s+Best+Known+Shoe+Firm&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVoltaire1909–1914" class="citation web cs1">Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de. (1909–1914) [1734]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/lit-hub/hc/letters-on-the-english/letter-ion-the-quakers">"Letter I – On the Quakers. Letters on the English"</a>. <i>www.bartleby.com</i>. The Harvard Classics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bartleby.com&rft.atitle=Letter+I+%E2%80%93+On+the+Quakers.+Letters+on+the+English.&rft.date=1909%2F1914&rft.aulast=Voltaire&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Marie+Arouet+de.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Flit-hub%2Fhc%2Fletters-on-the-english%2Fletter-ion-the-quakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Quaker schools in Britain and Ireland, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/subject-guides">Quaker Schools in Great Britain and Ireland: A selective bibliography of histories and guide to records</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aquakereducation.co.uk/">"A Quaker Education | Discover Education in UK Quaker Schools"</a>. <i>A Quaker Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Quaker+Education&rft.atitle=A+Quaker+Education+%7C+Discover+Education+in+UK+Quaker+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aquakereducation.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakersintheworld.org/quakers-in-action/66/Quaker-SchoolsFriends-Schools">"Quaker Schools/Friends Schools"</a>. <i>Quakers in the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Quakers+in+the+World&rft.atitle=Quaker+Schools%2FFriends+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakersintheworld.org%2Fquakers-in-action%2F66%2FQuaker-SchoolsFriends-Schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, T. (2002). "The Truth Will Set You Free': The Making of Amnesty International". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">575–</span>597. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180761">3180761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Truth+Will+Set+You+Free%27%3A+The+Making+of+Amnesty+International&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E575-%3C%2Fspan%3E597&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Maggie (1992). <i>A Cause for Our Times: Oxfam – The First Fifty Years</i>. Oxfam. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cause+for+Our+Times%3A+Oxfam+%E2%80%93+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/amchitka-hunter/">"Greenpeace International: The History of Greenpeace"</a>. Greenpeace.org. 14 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118030237/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/history/amchitka-hunter/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenpeace+International%3A+The+History+of+Greenpeace&rft.pub=Greenpeace.org&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace.org%2Finternational%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Famchitka-hunter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoi-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoi_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3700">"Foundation of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade"</a>. <i>History of Information</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Information&rft.atitle=Foundation+of+the+Society+for+Effecting+the+Abolition+of+the+Slave+Trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofinformation.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D3700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anjou-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anjou_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeo_D'Anjou1996" class="citation book cs1">Leo D'Anjou (1996). <i>Social Movements and Cultural Change: The First Abolition Campaign</i>. Aldine de Gruyter. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30522-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-30522-6"><bdi>978-0-202-30522-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Movements+and+Cultural+Change%3A+The+First+Abolition+Campaign&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Aldine+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-202-30522-6&rft.au=Leo+D%27Anjou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iws.oupsupport.com/protected/files/content/file/1607148377342-quaker_petition_on_slavery.pdf">"Quaker Petition on Slavery (1790)1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Quaker+Petition+on+Slavery+%281790%291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiws.oupsupport.com%2Fprotected%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Ffile%2F1607148377342-quaker_petition_on_slavery.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.library.brown.edu/projects/sally/">"The Voyage of the Slave Ship Sally: 1764–1765"</a>. <i>cds.library.brown.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cds.library.brown.edu&rft.atitle=The+Voyage+of+the+Slave+Ship+Sally%3A+1764%E2%80%931765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.library.brown.edu%2Fprojects%2Fsally%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Dannheiser, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/11/20081112170035abretnuh3.838748e-02.html">Quakers Played Major Role in Ending Slavery in the U.S</a>", IIP Digital, 12 November 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiggins1995" class="citation book cs1">Wiggins, Rosland Cobb (1995). "Paul Cuffe: Early Pan-Africanist". In Ives, Kenneth (ed.). <i>Black Quakers, Brief Biographies</i>. Progressive Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896700239" title="Special:BookSources/9780896700239"><bdi>9780896700239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paul+Cuffe%3A+Early+Pan-Africanist&rft.btitle=Black+Quakers%2C+Brief+Biographies&rft.pub=Progressive+Publisher&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780896700239&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=Rosland+Cobb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanforth1961" class="citation book cs1">Danforth, Mildred E. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003936719"><i>A Quaker pioneer: Laura Haviland, Superintendent of the Underground</i></a>. Exposition-banner book. New York: Exposition Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Quaker+pioneer%3A+Laura+Haviland%2C+Superintendent+of+the+Underground&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Exposition-banner+book&rft.pub=Exposition+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Danforth&rft.aufirst=Mildred+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F003936719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38265245/the-boston-globe/">"Rebels against slavery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. 10 March 1968. p. 358 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Rebels+against+slavery&rft.pages=358&rft.date=1968-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F38265245%2Fthe-boston-globe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QWRC-intro-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-QWRC-intro_104-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation report cs1">"Introduction from Quaker World Relations Committee". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726194444/http://www.quaker.org.uk/files/ymg-2009-epistles-and-testimonies.pdf">Epistles & testimonies: compiled for Yearly Meeting Gathering to be held 25 July–1 August 2009 at the University of York</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/files/ymg-2009-epistles-and-testimonies.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Epistles+%26+testimonies%3A+compiled+for+Yearly+Meeting+Gathering+to+be+held+25+July%E2%80%931+August+2009+at+the+University+of+York&rft.pages=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Ffiles%2Fymg-2009-epistles-and-testimonies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PeningtonLetter-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PeningtonLetter_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/penington/letter40.html">"Isaac Penington to Thomas Walmsley (1670)"</a>. Quaker Heritage Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Isaac+Penington+to+Thomas+Walmsley+%281670%29&rft.pub=Quaker+Heritage+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qhpress.org%2Ftexts%2Fpenington%2Fletter40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuers2022" class="citation journal cs1">Muers, Rachel (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/QuakerTheology#section2">"Quaker Theology"</a>. <i>St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Andrews+Encyclopaedia+of+Theology&rft.atitle=Quaker+Theology&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Muers&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.saet.ac.uk%2FChristianity%2FQuakerTheology%23section2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakermaps.com/info">"A Brief Introduction to Quakerism"</a>. <i>QuakerMaps.com (Beta)</i>. 30 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QuakerMaps.com+%28Beta%29&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+Quakerism&rft.date=2010-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakermaps.com%2Finfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.com/barbados.shtml">"Letter to the Governor of Barbadoes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+Governor+of+Barbadoes&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.com%2Fbarbados.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1678" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Robert (1678). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/apology/"><i>An Apology for the True Christian Divinity</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Apology+for+the+True+Christian+Divinity&rft.date=1678&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qhpress.org%2Ftexts%2Fbarclay%2Fapology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1690" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Robert (1690). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/barclay/catechism/index.html"><i>A Catechism and Confession of Faith</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catechism+and+Confession+of+Faith&rft.date=1690&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qhpress.org%2Ftexts%2Fbarclay%2Fcatechism%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtctAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Testimony of the Society of Friends on the Continent of America</i></a>. New York: Richard and George S Wood. 1830.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Testimony+of+the+Society+of+Friends+on+the+Continent+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Richard+and+George+S+Wood&rft.date=1830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtctAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml">"Richmond Declaration of Faith"</a>. QuakerInfo.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richmond+Declaration+of+Faith&rft.pub=QuakerInfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.com%2Frdf.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.com/esstruth.shtml">"Essential Truths"</a>. QuakerInfo.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essential+Truths&rft.pub=QuakerInfo.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerinfo.com%2Fesstruth.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quakerfinder-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quakerfinder_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerfinder.org/">"Quaker Finder"</a>. Friends General Conference<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaker+Finder&rft.pub=Friends+General+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerfinder.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilburite-Gurneyite-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilburite-Gurneyite_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFanonymous" class="citation web cs1">anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snowcamp.org/shocf/">"A short history of Conservative Friends"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Conservative+Friends&rft.au=anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snowcamp.org%2Fshocf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419003049/http://fwccamericas.org/find_friends/stats_by_country.shtml">"FWCC Section of the Americas"</a>. <i>fwccamericas.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwccamericas.org/find_friends/stats_by_country.shtml">the original</a> on 19 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fwccamericas.org&rft.atitle=FWCC+Section+of+the+Americas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwccamericas.org%2Ffind_friends%2Fstats_by_country.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friends_Beliefs-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friends_Beliefs_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friends_Beliefs_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvangelical_Friends_Church_International" class="citation web cs1">Evangelical Friends Church International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evangelicalfriends.org/6">"Friends Beliefs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+Beliefs&rft.au=Evangelical+Friends+Church+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evangelicalfriends.org%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EFCI-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EFCI_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109032249/http://evangelicalfriends.org/">"Evangelical Friends Church International"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evangelicalfriends.org/">the original</a> on 9 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Friends+Church+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evangelicalfriends.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112213838/http://fum.org/quaker-life-local-meeting-directory/">"Quaker Life – Local Meeting Directory"</a>. Friends United Meeting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fum.org/quaker-life-local-meeting-directory/">the original</a> on 12 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaker+Life+%E2%80%93+Local+Meeting+Directory&rft.pub=Friends+United+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffum.org%2Fquaker-life-local-meeting-directory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-central-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-central_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205212906/http://www.centralyearlymeetingoffriends.org/AboutUs.dsp">"About Us"</a>. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.au=Central+Yearly+Meeting+of+Friends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centralyearlymeetingoffriends.org%2FAboutUs.dsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargery_Post_Abbott2011" class="citation book cs1">Margery Post Abbott; et al. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WlTnzA6kHYwC&q=Bolivian+Holiness+Mission+Evangelical+Friends+Church&pg=PA328"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Friends (Quakers)</i></a> (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7088-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7088-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-7088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E328&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7088-8&rft.au=Margery+Post+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWlTnzA6kHYwC%26q%3DBolivian%2BHoliness%2BMission%2BEvangelical%2BFriends%2BChurch%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universalist_History-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Universalist_History_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universalist_History_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickermann2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rickermann, Sally (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universalistfriends.org/uf046.html#Rickerman">"Quaker Universalist Fellowship: Its History"</a>. <i>Journal of the Quaker Universalist Fellowship</i> (46).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Quaker+Universalist+Fellowship&rft.atitle=Quaker+Universalist+Fellowship%3A+Its+History&rft.issue=46&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rickermann&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universalistfriends.org%2Fuf046.html%23Rickerman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCresson" class="citation web cs1">Cresson, Os. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209104940/http://www.nontheistfriends.org/article/roots-and-flowers-of-quaker-nontheism-2/">"Roots and Flowers of Quaker Nontheism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nontheistfriends.org/article/roots-and-flowers-of-quaker-nontheism-2/">the original</a> on 9 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roots+and+Flowers+of+Quaker+Nontheism&rft.aulast=Cresson&rft.aufirst=Os&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nontheistfriends.org%2Farticle%2Froots-and-flowers-of-quaker-nontheism-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nontheistfriends.org/article/new-nontheist-friends-network-in-britain/">"New Nontheist Friends Network in Britain"</a>. nontheistfriends.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Nontheist+Friends+Network+in+Britain&rft.pub=nontheistfriends.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nontheistfriends.org%2Farticle%2Fnew-nontheist-friends-network-in-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeathfield2011" class="citation journal cs1">Heathfield, D (27 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefriend.org/article/letters-27-may-2011/">"Non-theist Friends Network"</a>. <i>The Friend</i>. <b>169</b> (21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friend&rft.atitle=Non-theist+Friends+Network&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=21&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.aulast=Heathfield&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthefriend.org%2Farticle%2Fletters-27-may-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDandelion1996" class="citation book cs1">Dandelion, Pink (1996). <i>A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of Quakers: The Silent Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociological+Analysis+of+the+Theology+of+Quakers%3A+The+Silent+Revolution&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dandelion&rft.aufirst=Pink&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeron1992" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Alistair (1992). <i>Caring, Conviction, Commitment: Dilemmas of Quaker Membership Today</i>. London: Quaker Home Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caring%2C+Conviction%2C+Commitment%3A+Dilemmas+of+Quaker+Membership+Today&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Quaker+Home+Service&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellor-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mellor_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMellor2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Mellor, Katherine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/682/1/Mellor10MPhil.pdf"><i>Christian Belief in the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers): a Response to the Claim That British Friends Are Post-Christian</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M.Phil.). University of Birmingham. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Christian+Belief+in+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29%3A+a+Response+to+the+Claim+That+British+Friends+Are+Post-Christian&rft.inst=University+of+Birmingham&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.bham.ac.uk%2F682%2F1%2FMellor10MPhil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuakerTestimonies2005-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuakerTestimonies2005_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTestimonies_Committee_of_Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness2005" class="citation book cs1">Testimonies Committee of <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a> (2005). <i>Living What We Believe: Quaker Testimonies: a way of living faithfully (leaflet)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+What+We+Believe%3A+Quaker+Testimonies%3A+a+way+of+living+faithfully+%28leaflet%29&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Testimonies+Committee+of+Quaker+Peace+and+Social+Witness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:James%202:17">James 2:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-testimonies-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-testimonies_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151224/http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Quaker%20Testimonies%20leaflet.pdf">"Quaker Testimonies leaflet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Quaker%20Testimonies%20leaflet.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaker+Testimonies+leaflet&rft.pub=Britain+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FQuaker%2520Testimonies%2520leaflet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeron2008" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Alastair (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005150245/http://www.s113871194.websitehome.co.uk/qsol/main.htm"><i>Quaker Speak</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s113871194.websitehome.co.uk/qsol/main.htm">the original</a> on 5 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+Speak&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s113871194.websitehome.co.uk%2Fqsol%2Fmain.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friends United Meeting in East Africa (2002) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.com/eastafricafandp.pdf">Christian Faith and Practice in the Friends Church</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocky Mountain Yearly Meeting of the Friends Church (1997) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmym.org/Faith_And_Practice_Print.php">The Faith and Practice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627173003/http://www.rmym.org/Faith_And_Practice_Print.php">Archived</a> 27 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSouthern_Appalachian_Yearly_Meeting_and_Association2012" class="citation web cs1">Southern Appalachian Yearly Meeting and Association (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sayma.org/online_documents/faith_and_practice/F&P2012final.pdf">"Testifying to the Life of the SPIRIT"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testifying+to+the+Life+of+the+SPIRIT&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Southern+Appalachian+Yearly+Meeting+and+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsayma.org%2Fonline_documents%2Ffaith_and_practice%2FF%26P2012final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapsansky2003-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lapsansky2003_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapsansky2003" class="citation book cs1">Lapsansky, Emma Jones (26 January 2003). <i>Quaker Aesthetics: Reflections on a Quaker Ethic in American Design and Consumption, 1720–1920</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3692-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3692-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-3692-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+Aesthetics%3A+Reflections+on+a+Quaker+Ethic+in+American+Design+and+Consumption%2C+1720%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003-01-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3692-7&rft.aulast=Lapsansky&rft.aufirst=Emma+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Mark%2016:2">Mark 16:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%2024:1">Luke 24:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2020:1">John 20:1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2020:19">John 20:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swarthmore.edu/friends-historical-library/quaker-calendar">"The Quaker Calendar"</a>. 8 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+Calendar&rft.date=2014-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swarthmore.edu%2Ffriends-historical-library%2Fquaker-calendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qfp.quaker.org.uk/passage/27-42/">"27.42 | Quaker faith & practice"</a>. <i>qfp.quaker.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qfp.quaker.org.uk&rft.atitle=27.42+%7C+Quaker+faith+%26+practice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqfp.quaker.org.uk%2Fpassage%2F27-42%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDewsburyFarnworth" class="citation web cs1">Dewsbury, William; Farnworth, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/texts/balby.html">"The Epistle from the Elders at Balby, 1656"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+from+the+Elders+at+Balby%2C+1656&rft.aulast=Dewsbury&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Farnworth%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qhpress.org%2Ftexts%2Fbalby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qs-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-qs_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quakerspeak.com/what-to-expect-quaker-meeting-worship/">"What to Expect in Quaker Meeting for Worship"</a>. QuakerSpeak. 20 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+Expect+in+Quaker+Meeting+for+Worship&rft.pub=QuakerSpeak&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquakerspeak.com%2Fwhat-to-expect-quaker-meeting-worship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Yearly_Meeting" class="citation web cs1">New York Yearly Meeting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyym.org/index.php?q=node/252">"Formal Guidelines from New York Yearly Meeting's Faith and Practice"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Formal+Guidelines+from+New+York+Yearly+Meeting%27s+Faith+and+Practice&rft.au=New+York+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyym.org%2Findex.php%3Fq%3Dnode%2F252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuakersinScotland-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuakersinScotland_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerscotland.org/businessmeetings">"Guide to Quaker Business Meetings"</a>. Quakers in Scotland. 5 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Quaker+Business+Meetings&rft.pub=Quakers+in+Scotland&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakerscotland.org%2Fbusinessmeetings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fwcc.world/about-fwcc">"Friends World Committee for Consultation/About"</a>. <i>Friends World Committee for Consultation, World Office</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+World+Committee+for+Consultation%2C+World+Office.&rft.atitle=Friends+World+Committee+for+Consultation%2FAbout&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffwcc.world%2Fabout-fwcc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evangelicalfriends.org/6">"Friends Beliefs"</a>. Evangelical Friends Church International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+Beliefs&rft.pub=Evangelical+Friends+Church+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evangelicalfriends.org%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228204503/http://fum.org/about-us/">"Friends United Meeting – About Us"</a>. Friends United Meeting. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fum.org:80/about-us/">the original</a> on 28 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+United+Meeting+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft.pub=Friends+United+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffum.org%3A80%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QinGB-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QinGB_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritain_Yearly_Meeting1999" class="citation book cs1">Britain Yearly Meeting (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/qfp"><i>Quaker faith & practice</i></a> (3rd ed.). London: Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85245-306-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85245-306-X"><bdi>0-85245-306-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quaker+faith+%26+practice&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-85245-306-X&rft.au=Britain+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fqfp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quaker.org.uk/documents/2022-06-registering-officer-handbook">"Handbook for registering officers for marriage in Britain Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)"</a>. <i>Quakers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quakers.org&rft.atitle=Handbook+for+registering+officers+for+marriage+in+Britain+Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2F2022-06-registering-officer-handbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religioustolerance.org-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religioustolerance.org_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religioustolerance.org_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/hom_quak.htm">"The Society of Friends (Quakers) and Homosexuality"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+and+Homosexuality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.religioustolerance.org%2Fhom_quak.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWCC2012-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWCC2012_150-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fwccawps.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/fwccworldmap2017.pdf">"Finding Quakers Around the World - 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Friends World Committee for Consultation. July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Quakers+Around+the+World+-+2017&rft.pub=Friends+World+Committee+for+Consultation&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffwccawps.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2Ffwccworldmap2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qworldstats-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qworldstats_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">– 43 per cent of Quakers worldwide are found in Africa, versus 30 per cent in North America, 17 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean, 6 per cent in Europe, and 4 per cent in Asia/West Pacific. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakerinfo.org/resources/worldstats.html"><i>Quaker Information Center</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429211156/http://www.quakerinfo.org/resources/worldstats.html">Archived</a> 29 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakers.org.au/">"Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Inc"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Australia+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakers.org.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18890417.2.17?query=Ellerslie%20Racecourse%20platform">"Auckland Star"</a>. Auckland Star. 17 April 1889<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auckland+Star&rft.pub=Auckland+Star&rft.date=1889-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fnewspapers%2FAS18890417.2.17%3Fquery%3DEllerslie%2520Racecourse%2520platform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quaker.org.nz/structure-of-the-society-of-friends">"Structure of the Society of Friends"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+the+Society+of+Friends&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquaker.org.nz%2Fstructure-of-the-society-of-friends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabular_statement_2010-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabular_statement_2010_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabular_statement_2010_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYearly_Meeting_of_the_Religious_Society_of_Friends_(Quakers)_in_Britain" class="citation web cs1">Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115151223/http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tab%20Stat%202011%20v_lo%20res.pdf">"Tabular Statement as at 31 xii 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org.uk/sites/default/files/Tab%20Stat%202011%20v_lo%20res.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tabular+Statement+as+at+31+xii+2010&rft.au=Yearly+Meeting+of+the+Religious+Society+of+Friends+%28Quakers%29+in+Britain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FTab%2520Stat%25202011%2520v_lo%2520res.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWem_Quaker_Meeting" class="citation web cs1">Wem Quaker Meeting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416064516/http://www.wemquakers.org.uk/index.php/meeting-style">"Meeting Style – Wem Quaker Meeting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wemquakers.org.uk/index.php/meeting-style">the original</a> on 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meeting+Style+%E2%80%93+Wem+Quaker+Meeting&rft.au=Wem+Quaker+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wemquakers.org.uk%2Findex.php%2Fmeeting-style&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624071254/http://www.nwlondonquakers.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=35">"NW London Quakers – Friends House Meeting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwlondonquakers.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=21&Itemid=35">the original</a> on 24 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NW+London+Quakers+%E2%80%93+Friends+House+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwlondonquakers.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D21%26Itemid%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RipleyAndArboarth-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RipleyAndArboarth_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk/">"IIS Windows Server"</a>. <i>www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk&rft.atitle=IIS+Windows+Server&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcquakers-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcquakers_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218092051/http://www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk/events/news.htm">"News and Events"</a>. Ripley Christian Quakers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk/events/news.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+and+Events&rft.pub=Ripley+Christian+Quakers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcquakers.lomaxes.me.uk%2Fevents%2Fnews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvangelical_Friends_Church_International" class="citation cs2">Evangelical Friends Church International, <i>Europe</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe&rft.au=Evangelical+Friends+Church+International&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIreland_Yearly_Meeting" class="citation web cs1">Ireland Yearly Meeting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quakers-in-ireland.ie/">"Quakers in Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quakers+in+Ireland&rft.au=Ireland+Yearly+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quakers-in-ireland.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fwcc.directory/emes/">"Europe & Middle East Section"</a>. <i>FWCC Directory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FWCC+Directory&rft.atitle=Europe+%26+Middle+East+Section&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fwcc.directory%2Femes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friends_United_Meeting-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Friends_United_Meeting_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.friendsunitedmeeting.org/where-we-work/middle-east">"Middle East"</a>. <i>Friends United Meeting</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+United+Meeting&rft.atitle=Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsunitedmeeting.org%2Fwhere-we-work%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fwcc.directory/emesmeetings/">"Meetings in Europe & the Middle East"</a>. <i>FWCC Directory</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FWCC+Directory&rft.atitle=Meetings+in+Europe+%26+the+Middle+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fwcc.directory%2Femesmeetings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Friends-Service-Council">"Friends Service Council"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britantica. January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Friends+Service+Council&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFriends-Service-Council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gill, Rebecca (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-le-mouvement-social-2009-2-page-9.htm">"The Rational Administration of Compassion?: The Origins of British Relief in War"</a>. <i>Le Mouvement Social</i> (in French). <b>227</b> (2): 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Flms.227.0009">10.3917/lms.227.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-2671">0027-2671</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144568446">144568446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mouvement+Social&rft.atitle=The+Rational+Administration+of+Compassion%3F%3A+The+Origins+of+British+Relief+in+War&rft.volume=227&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144568446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0027-2671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Flms.227.0009&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Frevue-le-mouvement-social-2009-2-page-9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714190704/https://www.afsc.org/story/red-and-black-star">"The Red and Black Star"</a>. <i>American Friends Service Committee</i>. 30 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afsc.org/story/red-and-black-star">the original</a> on 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Friends+Service+Committee&rft.atitle=The+Red+and+Black+Star&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsc.org%2Fstory%2Fred-and-black-star&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncccusa1-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncccusa1_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncccusa1_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125143317/http://www.ncccusa.org/members/index.html">"Members of the National Council of Churches"</a>. Ncccusa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncccusa.org/members/index.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Members+of+the+National+Council+of+Churches&rft.pub=Ncccusa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncccusa.org%2Fmembers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oikoumene1-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene1_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oikoumene1_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104180955/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/friends-quakers.html">"Friends (Quakers)"</a>. Oikoumene.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/friends-quakers.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft.pub=Oikoumene.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oikoumene.org%2Fen%2Fmember-churches%2Fchurch-families%2Ffriends-quakers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmon2010-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harmon2010_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarmon2010" class="citation book cs1">Harmon, Steven R. (15 March 2010). <i>Ecumenism Means You, Too: Ordinary Christians and the Quest for Christian Unity</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-277-9"><bdi>978-1-62189-277-9</bdi></a>. <q>Since its creation, it has also established a cordial cooperation with the World Council of Churches and regularly names Catholic observers at various ecumenical gatherings and invites observers of "fraternal delegates" of other churches or ecclesial communities to major events of the Catholic Church. The PCPCU publishes a journal called <i>Information Service</i> four times a year, in English and French. The WCC is the broadest and most inclusive among the many organized expressions of the modern ecumenical movement. It brings together 349 churches, denominations and church fellowships in more than 100 countries and territories throughout the world, representing over 560 million Christians and including most of the world's Orthodox churches, scores of Anglican, Baptist, Lutheran, Methodist and Reformed churches, as well as many United and Independent churches. ... It describes itself as a fellowship of churches which confess the Lord Jesus Christ as God and Savior according to the Scriptures and therefore seek to fulfill together their common calling to the glory of the one God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit, with the goal of visible unity in one faith and one Eucharistic fellowship, expressed in worship and in common life in Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecumenism+Means+You%2C+Too%3A+Ordinary+Christians+and+the+Quest+for+Christian+Unity&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2010-03-15&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-277-9&rft.aulast=Harmon&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberson1995-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberson1995_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberson1995" class="citation book cs1">Roberson, Ronald G. (1995). <i>Oriental Orthodox-Roman Catholic Interchurch Marriages: And Other Pastoral Relationships</i>. USCCB Publishing. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55586-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55586-097-4"><bdi>978-1-55586-097-4</bdi></a>. <q>These Churches are the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Syrian Orthodox Church, and the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church in India. In addition, an independent Orthodox Church of Eritrea was established following that country's independence from Ethiopia in 1993. All are members of the World Council of Churches and have committed themselves to the contemporary ecumenical movement. In total, there are probably about thirty million Oriental Orthodox faithful in the world today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oriental+Orthodox-Roman+Catholic+Interchurch+Marriages%3A+And+Other+Pastoral+Relationships&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=USCCB+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55586-097-4&rft.aulast=Roberson&rft.aufirst=Ronald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/mar/18/quaker-religion-jesus-christianity">"If Quakers were more Christian"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 16 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=If+Quakers+were+more+Christian&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2010%2Fmar%2F18%2Fquaker-religion-jesus-christianity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYount2007" class="citation book cs1">Yount, David (2007). <i>How the Quakers invented America</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5833-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5833-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-5833-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Quakers+invented+America&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5833-5&rft.aulast=Yount&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrost1968" class="citation book cs1">Frost, Jerry William (1968). <i>The Quaker family in colonial America: a social history of the Society of Friends, Volume 2</i>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin. p. 436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quaker+family+in+colonial+America%3A+a+social+history+of+the+Society+of+Friends%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pages=436&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Jerry+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, George Fox, <i>Turcae, et omnibus sub ejus ditione, ut hoc perlegant quod ad salvationem eorum spectat</i> (1660), pp. 10, 11, 13; cf. John 1:9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dqc.esr.earlham.edu:8080/xmlmm/docButtonB?XMLMMWhat=builtPageCorpusToc&XMLMMWhere=E12877488D-005&XMLMMBeanName=docBean&XMLMMNextPage=/tocPrintBuiltPageBrowse.jsp">"A Visitation to the Jews. From Them Whom The Lord Hath Visited From on High, Among Whom He Hath Performed His Promise Made To Abraham, Isaac, And Jacob. The Mighty Day of the Lord Is Come, And Coming, Who Dwells Not in Temples Made With Hands, Nor Is He Worshipped With Men's Hands, But in the Spirit, From Whom The Scripture Was Given Forth"</a>. <i>Works of George Fox</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Works+of+George+Fox&rft.atitle=A+Visitation+to+the+Jews.+From+Them+Whom+The+Lord+Hath+Visited+From+on+High%2C+Among+Whom+He+Hath+Performed+His+Promise+Made+To+Abraham%2C+Isaac%2C+And+Jacob.+The+Mighty+Day+of+the+Lord+Is+Come%2C+And+Coming%2C+Who+Dwells+Not+in+Temples+Made+With+Hands%2C+Nor+Is+He+Worshipped+With+Men%27s+Hands%2C+But+in+the+Spirit%2C+From+Whom+The+Scripture+Was+Given+Forth&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdqc.esr.earlham.edu%3A8080%2Fxmlmm%2FdocButtonB%3FXMLMMWhat%3DbuiltPageCorpusToc%26XMLMMWhere%3DE12877488D-005%26XMLMMBeanName%3DdocBean%26XMLMMNextPage%3D%2FtocPrintBuiltPageBrowse.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1821" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George (1821). "To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria, and all that are under his Authority, to read this over, which concerns their Salvation". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wuEYAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Works of George Fox: Gospel truth demonstrated, in a collection of doctrinal books, given forth by that faithful minister of Jesus Christ, George Fox: containing principles essential to Christianity and salvation, held among the people called Quakers</i></a>. Marcus T. C. Gould. pp. <span class="nowrap">216–</span>221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=To+the+Great+Turk+and+King+of+Algiers+in+Algeria%2C+and+all+that+are+under+his+Authority%2C+to+read+this+over%2C+which+concerns+their+Salvation&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+George+Fox%3A+Gospel+truth+demonstrated%2C+in+a+collection+of+doctrinal+books%2C+given+forth+by+that+faithful+minister+of+Jesus+Christ%2C+George+Fox%3A+containing+principles+essential+to+Christianity+and+salvation%2C+held+among+the+people+called+Quakers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.pub=Marcus+T.+C.+Gould&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwuEYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation book cs1">Fox, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dqc.esr.earlham.edu:8080/xmlmm/docButtonB?XMLMMWhat=builtPage&XMLMMWhere=E12877488D-023.P00000215-UN&XMLMMBeanName=docBean&XMLMMNextPage=/printBuiltPageBrowse.jsp"><i>To the Great Turk and King of Algiers in Algeria, And All That Are Under His Authority, To Read This Over, Which Concerns Their Salvation (in: "Works of George Fox" (volume 4)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Great+Turk+and+King+of+Algiers+in+Algeria%2C+And+All+That+Are+Under+His+Authority%2C+To+Read+This+Over%2C+Which+Concerns+Their+Salvation+%28in%3A+%22Works+of+George+Fox%22+%28volume+4%29&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdqc.esr.earlham.edu%3A8080%2Fxmlmm%2FdocButtonB%3FXMLMMWhat%3DbuiltPage%26XMLMMWhere%3DE12877488D-023.P00000215-UN%26XMLMMBeanName%3DdocBean%26XMLMMNextPage%3D%2FprintBuiltPageBrowse.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dqc.esr.earlham.edu:8080/xmlmm/docButtonB?XMLMMWhat=builtPageCorpusToc&XMLMMWhere=E12877488F-003&XMLMMBeanName=docBean&XMLMMNextPage=/tocPrintBuiltPageBrowse.jsp">"To The Great Turk And King at Algiers in Algeria"</a>. <i>Works of George Fox (volume 6)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Works+of+George+Fox+%28volume+6%29&rft.atitle=To+The+Great+Turk+And+King+at+Algiers+in+Algeria&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdqc.esr.earlham.edu%3A8080%2Fxmlmm%2FdocButtonB%3FXMLMMWhat%3DbuiltPageCorpusToc%26XMLMMWhere%3DE12877488F-003%26XMLMMBeanName%3DdocBean%26XMLMMNextPage%3D%2FtocPrintBuiltPageBrowse.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matar, Nabil. 1989. 'Some Notes on George Fox and Islam'. <i>Journal of the Friends' Historical Society</i> 55: 271–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meggitt, Justin J. 2016. 'Islam and Christianity in the Works of George Fox'. In <i>Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 8. Northern and Eastern Europe (1600–1700)</i>, edited by David Thomas and John Chesworth, 527–34. Leiden: Brill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeggitt2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Meggitt, Justin J. (2016). "Mary Fisher". In Thomas, David; Chesworth, John (eds.). <i>Christian-Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History</i>. Vol. 8. Northern and Eastern Europe (1600–1700). Leiden: Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">367–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004326637" title="Special:BookSources/9789004326637"><bdi>9789004326637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mary+Fisher&rft.btitle=Christian-Muslim+Relations%3A+A+Bibliographical+History&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789004326637&rft.aulast=Meggitt&rft.aufirst=Justin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollowell1870-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollowell1870_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Price_Hollowell1870" class="citation book cs1">Richard Price Hollowell (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IOQcwb7xTYC"><i>The Quakers in New England: An Essay</i></a>. Merrihew & Son, Printers. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quakers+in+New+England%3A+An+Essay&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Merrihew+%26+Son%2C+Printers&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Richard+Price+Hollowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IOQcwb7xTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-makingmuslimquaker-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-makingmuslimquaker_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller-White2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller-White, Brett (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718131342/http://www.quaker.org/quest/issue-10-muslim-white-01.htm">"The Journeyman – The Making of a Muslim Quaker"</a>. <i>Quaker Theology</i>. Vol. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quaker.org/quest/issue-10-muslim-white-01.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaker+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Journeyman+%E2%80%93+The+Making+of+a+Muslim+Quaker&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Miller-White&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quaker.org%2Fquest%2Fissue-10-muslim-white-01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mindfulquaker-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mindfulquaker_185-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valerie Brown (2006) <i>The Mindful Quaker</i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbbott,_MargeryChijioke,_Mary_EllenDandelion,_PinkOliver,_John_William2003" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Margery; Chijioke, Mary Ellen; Dandelion, Pink; Oliver, John William, eds. (June 2003). <i>Historical Dictionary of The Friends (Quakers)</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4483-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4483-4"><bdi>978-0-8108-4483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+The+Friends+%28Quakers%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2003-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4483-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Verily_Anderson" title="Verily Anderson">Anderson, Verily</a>. <i>Friends and Relations: Three Centuries of Quaker Families</i>. Hodder & Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friends+and+Relations%3A+Three+Centuries+of+Quaker+Families&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Verily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span> (1980)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacon2000" class="citation book cs1">Bacon, Margaret Hope (April 2000). <i>The Quiet Rebels: The Story of the Quakers in America</i>. Pendle Hill Publications. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87574-935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87574-935-8"><bdi>978-0-87574-935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quiet+Rebels%3A+The+Story+of+the+Quakers+in+America&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Pendle+Hill+Publications&rft.date=2000-04&rft.isbn=978-0-87574-935-8&rft.aulast=Bacon&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Margaret Hope Bacon, "Quakers and Colonization" <i>Quaker History</i>. 95 (Spring 2006), 26–43</li> <li>Hugh Barbour and J. William Frost, <i>The Quakers</i>. (1988), 412 pp.; historical survey, including many capsule biographies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98470032">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627174456/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=98470032">Archived</a> 27 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarbour1985" class="citation book cs1">Barbour, Hugh (October 1985). <i>The Quakers in Puritan England</i>. Friends United Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913408-87-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913408-87-2"><bdi>978-0-913408-87-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quakers+in+Puritan+England&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Friends+United+Press&rft.date=1985-10&rft.isbn=978-0-913408-87-2&rft.aulast=Barbour&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuakers" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Philip Benjamin, <i>Philadelphia Quakers in an Age of Industrialism, 1870–1920</i> (1976)</li> <li>J. Brent Bill, <i>Holy Silence: The Gift of Quaker Spirituality</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55725-420-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55725-420-6">1-55725-420-6</a></li> <li>David Boulton, ed., 2006, <i>Godless for God's Sake: Nontheism in Contemporary Quakerism.</i> Dales Historical Monographs. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9511578-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9511578-6-8">0-9511578-6-8</a></li> <li>Michael L. Birkel, <i>Silence and Witness: The Quaker Tradition</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57075-518-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57075-518-3">1-57075-518-3</a> (in the UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-232-52448-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-232-52448-3">0-232-52448-3</a>)</li> <li>William C. Braithwaite, <i>The Beginnings of Quakerism</i>. (1912); revised by Henry J. Cadbury (1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62095557">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721190623/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=62095557">Archived</a> 21 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>William C. Braithwaite, <i>Second Period of Quakerism</i>. (1919); revised by Henry Cadbury (1961), covers 1660 to 1720s in Britain</li> <li>Howard H. Brinton, <i>Friends for 350 Years</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87574-903-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87574-903-8">0-87574-903-8</a></li> <li>Peter Brock, <i>Pioneers of the Peaceable Kingdom</i>. (1968) on Peace Testimony from the 1650s to 1900</li> <li>Edwin B. Bronner, <i>William Penn's Holy Experiment</i> (1962)</li> <li>G. B. Burnet, <i>Story of Quakerism in Scotland</i>. The Lutterworth Press 2007, Cambridge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-9176-3">978-0-7188-9176-3</a></li> <li>Jennifer Connerley, <i>Friendly Americans: Representing Quakers in the United States, 1850–1920</i> PhD dissertation U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 2006. 277 pp. Citation: DAI 2006 67(2): 600-A. DA3207363 online at <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Wilmer A. Cooper, <i>A Living Faith: An Historical and Comparative Study of Quaker Beliefs</i> 2nd ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944350-53-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-944350-53-4">0-944350-53-4</a></li> <li>A. Glenn Crothers, <i>Quakers Living in the Lion's Mouth: The Society of Friends in Northern Virginia, 1730–1865</i>. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2012</li> <li>Pink Dandelion, <i>A Sociological Analysis of the Theology of the Quakers: The Silent Revolution</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-8807-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-8807-3">0-7734-8807-3</a></li> <li>Pink Dandelion, <i>The Quakers: A Very Short Introduction</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920679-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920679-7">978-0-19-920679-7</a></li> <li>Adrian Davies, <i>The Quakers in English Society, 1655–1725</i> (2000) 261 pp.</li> <li>Robert Doherty, <i>The Hicksite Separation</i>. (1967), uses the new social history to inquire who joined which side</li> <li>Mary Maples Dunn, <i>William Penn: Politics and Conscience</i> (1967)</li> <li>J. William Frost, <i>The Quaker Family in Colonial America: A Portrait of the Society of Friends</i>. (1973), emphasis on social structure and family life</li> <li>J. William Frost, "The Origins of the Quaker Crusade against Slavery: A Review of Recent Literature", <i>Quaker History</i> 67 (1978): 42–58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41946850">41946850</a></li> <li>Jonathan Fryer, ed., <i>George Fox and the Children of the Light</i> (London: Kyle Cathie, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85626-024-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85626-024-0">1-85626-024-0</a></li> <li>Harvey Gillman, <i>A Light that is Shining: Introduction to the Quakers</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85245-213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85245-213-6">0-85245-213-6</a></li> <li>George H. Gorman, <i>Introducing Quakers</i>. (3rd revised reprint) (London: Quaker Home Service, 1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85245-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85245-005-2">0-85245-005-2</a></li> <li>Gerard Guiton, <i>The Growth and Development of Quaker Testimony</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-6002-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-6002-0">0-7734-6002-0</a></li> <li>Thomas Hamm, <i>The Quakers in America</i>. (2003). 293 pp., strong analysis of current situation, with brief history</li> <li>Thomas Hamm, <i>The Transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends, 1800–1907</i>. (1988), looks at the impact of the Holiness movement on the Orthodox faction</li> <li>Thomas D. Hamm, <i>Earlham College: A History, 1847–1997</i>. (1997) 448 pp.</li> <li>Jean Hatton, <i>Betsy: The Dramatic Biography of Prison Reformer Elizabeth Fry</i> (2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85424-705-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85424-705-0">1-85424-705-0</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8254-6092-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8254-6092-1">0-8254-6092-1</a></li> <li>Jean Hatton, <i>George Fox: Founder of the Quakers</i> (2007) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1854247530" title="Special:BookSources/1854247530">1854247530</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-6106-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-6106-4">978-0-8254-6106-4</a></li> <li>Hubbard, Geoffrey, <i>Quaker by Convincement</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85245-189-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85245-189-X">0-85245-189-X</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021663-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021663-4">0-14-021663-4</a></li> <li>Joseph E. Illick, <i>Colonial Pennsylvania: A History</i>. 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4151675#">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120529074305/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4151675">Archived</a> 29 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>H. Larry Ingle, <i>First Among Friends: George Fox and the Creation of Quakerism</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507803-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507803-9">0-19-507803-9</a> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510117-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510117-0">0-19-510117-0</a></li> <li>H. Larry Ingle, <i>Nixon's First Cover-up: The Religious Life of a Quaker President</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2042-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-2042-4">978-0-8262-2042-4</a></li> <li>H. Larry Ingle, <i>Quakers in Conflict: The Hicksite Reformation</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87574-926-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87574-926-7">0-87574-926-7</a></li> <li>Sydney James, <i>A People among Peoples: Quaker Benevolence in Eighteenth-Century America</i>. (1963), broad-ranging study that remains the best history in America before 1800</li> <li>Rufus M. Jones, Amelia M. Gummere and Isaac Sharpless. <i>Quakers in the American Colonies</i> (1911), history to 1775 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6633084">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626172047/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6633084">Archived</a> 26 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rufus M. Jones, <i>Later Periods of Quakerism</i>. 2 vols. (1921), covers England and America until World War I.</li> <li>Rufus M. Jones, <i>The Story of George Fox</i>. (1919) 169 pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storygeorgefox00jonegoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Rufus M. Jones, <i>A Service of Love in War Time: American Friends Relief Work in Europe, 1917–1919</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aserviceloveinw01jonegoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Ryan Jordan, "The Dilemma of Quaker Pacifism in a Slaveholding Republic, 1833–1865", <i>Civil War History</i> Vol. 53, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5020095133">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729212133/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5020095133">Archived</a> 29 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ryan Jordan, <i>Slavery and the Meetinghouse: The Quakers and the Abolitionist Dilemma, 1820–1865</i>. (2007) 191 pp.</li> <li>Thomas C. Kennedy, <i>British Quakerism, 1860–1920: The Transformation of a Religious Community</i>. (2001). 477 pp.</li> <li>Rebecca Larson, <i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Light" title="Daughters of Light">Daughters of Light</a>: Quaker Women Preaching and Prophesying in the Colonies and Abroad, 1700–1775</i> (1999) 399 pp.</li> <li>James David LeShana, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Heavenly Plantations': Quakers in Colonial North Carolina." PhD dissertation: U. of California, Riverside 1998. 362 pp. DAI 2000 61(5): 2005-A. DA9974014 Fulltext: <a href="/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_%26_Theses" class="mw-redirect" title="ProQuest Dissertations & Theses">ProQuest Dissertations & Theses</a></li> <li>Mark Minear, <i>Richmond, 1887: A Quaker Drama Unfolds</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780913408988" title="Special:BookSources/9780913408988">9780913408988</a></li> <li>Rosemary Moore, <i>The Light in Their Consciences: The Early Quakers in Britain 1646–1666</i> (2000) 314 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-01989-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-01989-1">0-271-01989-1</a></li> <li>John A. Moretta, <i>William Penn and the Quaker Legacy</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-16392-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-321-16392-3">0-321-16392-3</a></li> <li>Michael Mullet, ed., <i>New Light on George Fox</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85072-142-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85072-142-4">1-85072-142-4</a></li> <li>Gary Nash, <i>Quakers and Politis: Pennsylvania, 1680–1726</i> (1968)</li> <li>John Punshon, <i>Portrait in Grey : A Short History of the Quakers</i> (2nd ed.) (London: Quaker Books, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85245-399-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85245-399-X">0-85245-399-X</a></li> <li>Ane Marie Bak Rasmussen, <i>A History of the Quaker Movement in Africa</i> (1994) 168 pp.</li> <li>Elbert Russell, <i>The History of Quakerism</i> (1942) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72364552">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915215144/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=72364552">Archived</a> 15 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Harold Smuck, <i>Friends in East Africa</i> (Richmond, Indiana: 1987)</li> <li>Douglas Steere, 1967 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pamphlets.quaker.org/phd/php151_jr.html">On Being Present Where You Are</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214144038/http://pamphlets.quaker.org/phd/php151_jr.html">Archived</a> 14 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wallingford, Pa: Pendle Hill Pamphlet No. 151</li> <li>Frederick B. Tolles, <i>Meeting House and Counting House</i> (1948), on Quaker businessmen in colonial Philadelphia</li> <li>Frederick B. Tolles, <i>Quakers and the Atlantic Culture</i> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Elton_Trueblood" title="D. Elton Trueblood">D. Elton Trueblood</a> <i>The People Called Quakers</i> (1966)</li> <li>John Michael Vlach, "Quaker Tradition and the Paintings of Edward Hicks: A Strategy for the Study of Folk Art", <i>Journal of American Folklore</i> Vol. 94, 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F540122">10.2307/540122</a> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/540122">540122</a></li> <li>Karen Anna Vogel, <i>Christmas Union: Quaker Abolitionists of Chester County, PA</i>. Murray Pura's Cry of Freedom Series, Volume 5</li> <li>James Walvin, <i>The Quakers: Money and Morals</i> (1997) 243 pp.</li> <li>Clarence H. Yarrow, <i>The Quaker Experience in International Conciliation</i> (1979) for post-1945</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>J. Brent Bill, <i>Imagination and Spirit: A Contemporary Quaker Reader</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-944350-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-944350-61-5">0-944350-61-5</a></li> <li>Amelia Gummere, ed. <i>The Journal and Essays of John Woolman</i> (1922) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalandessay01woolgoog">online edition</a></li> <li>Rufus M. Jones, ed. <i>The Journal of George Fox: An Autobiography</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224431/http://www.strecorsoc.org/gfox/title.html#contents">online edition</a></li> <li>Lucretia Coffin Mott, ed. Beverly Wilson Palmer, <i>Selected Letters of Lucretia Coffin Mott</i>, U. of Illinois Press, 2002, 580 pp.</li> <li>Robert Lawrence Smith, <i>A Quaker Book of Wisdom</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-17233-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-17233-4">0-688-17233-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a>, ed. <i>The Quaker Reader</i> (1962) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87574-916-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87574-916-X">0-87574-916-X</a> collection of essays by Fox, Penn and other notable Quakers</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children's_books"><span id="Children.27s_books"></span>Children's books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Children's books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Marguerite De Angeli, <i>Thee, Hannah!</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8361-9106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8361-9106-4">0-8361-9106-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Milhous" title="Katherine Milhous">Katherine Milhous</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Egg_Tree" title="The Egg Tree">The Egg Tree</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-71568-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-71568-6">978-0-689-71568-6</a></li> <li><i>Appolonia's Valentine</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-92306-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-92306-2">978-0-684-92306-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brinton Turkle <ul><li><i>The Adventures of Obadiah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-10614-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-10614-3">0-670-10614-3</a></li> <li><i>Obadiah the Bold</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893103-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893103-19-6">1-893103-19-6</a></li> <li><i>Rachel and Obadiah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893103-18-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-893103-18-8">1-893103-18-8</a></li> <li><i>Thy Friend, Obadiah</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-050393-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-050393-5">0-14-050393-5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quakers&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efcer.org/">Evangelical Friends Church</a>, the largest Quaker association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centralfriendscamp.org/the-friends-evangel">The Friends Evangel</a>, Quaker publication</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://friendsmission.com/">Evangelical Friends Mission</a>, international Quaker mission work</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quakerinfo.com/rdf.shtml">Richmond Declaration of Faith of the Religious Society of Friends (1887)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwfriends.org/">Northwestern Yearly Meeting</a>, Friends congregations in the western US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://friendsofthelight.org.uk/">Friends of the Light in England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plainquakers.org/">Friends in Christ in Scotland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dqc.esr.earlham.edu:8080/xmlmm/login.html">Digital Quaker Collection: – a list of Christian Quaker literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdl.org/authors.php?a_in=ALL&era=Early%20Modern&tradition=Quaker">Post Reformation Digital Library: a library of early modern Quaker texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fgcquaker.org/quakerism/">Online resource for information from the Friends General Conference</a>, a Liberal Quaker association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qhpress.org/index.html">Quaker Heritage Press</a> publishes etexts of rare and out-of-print Quaker documents.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quakernews.org/">Quaker News</a> collects and combines news from various Quaker Meetings and organizations into a single chronological “newsfeed”.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31896">Works by Quakers</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friends%2C%20S%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Society%20of%20Friends%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Society%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Society%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Society%20of%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Society%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20of%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friends%2C%20S%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friends%2C%20S%2E%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Society%20Friends%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Society%20of%20Friends%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Society%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Society%20Friends%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Society%20of%20Friends%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Society%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20o%2E%20Friends%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20of%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%20o%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Society%20Friends%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Friends%2C%20Society%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Society of Friends</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/299">Society of Friends Church history collection</a>, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Quakers73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Quakers" title="Template:Quakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quakers" title="Template talk:Quakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quakers73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quakers" title="List of Quakers">Individuals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_(English_Quaker)" title="William Allen (English Quaker)">William Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Robert Barclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Bean" title="Joel Bean">Joel Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Benezet" title="Anthony Benezet">Anthony Benezet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Boulding" title="Kenneth E. Boulding">Kenneth E. Boulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Brinton" title="Howard Brinton">Howard Brinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cadbury" title="John Cadbury">John Cadbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Coffin" title="Levi Coffin">Levi Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Conway_(philosopher)" title="Anne Conway (philosopher)">Anne Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Corder" title="Susanna Corder">Susanna Corder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dean" title="James Dean">James Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judi_Dench" title="Judi Dench">Judi Dench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Evans_(Quaker_minister)" title="Joshua Evans (Quaker minister)">Joshua Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fell" title="Margaret Fell">Margaret Fell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fox" title="George Fox">George Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fry" title="Elizabeth Fry">Elizabeth Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Gurney" title="Joseph John Gurney">Joseph John Gurney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harrison" title="Ruth Harrison">Ruth Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heath" title="Carl Heath">Carl Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hicks" title="Edward Hicks">Edward Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Hicks" title="Elias Hicks">Elias Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hodgkin" title="Henry Hodgkin">Henry Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Jones_(writer)" title="Rufus Jones (writer)">Rufus Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Raymond_Kelly_(Quaker_mystic)" title="Thomas Raymond Kelly (Quaker mystic)">Thomas R. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lay" title="Benjamin Lay">Benjamin Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews" title="Dave Matthews">Dave Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Nayler" title="James Nayler">James Nayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Palmer" title="Parker Palmer">Parker Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pleasants" title="Robert Pleasants">Robert Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Coffin_Starbuck" title="Mary Coffin Starbuck">Mary Coffin Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessamyn_West_(writer)" title="Jessamyn West (writer)">Jessamyn West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilbur_(Quaker_minister)" title="John Wilbur (Quaker minister)">John Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woolman" title="John Woolman">John Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yearly_Meeting" title="Yearly Meeting">Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_meeting" title="Monthly meeting">Monthly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Quaker_Action_Group" title="A Quaker Action Group">A Quaker Action Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_Yearly_Meeting" title="Britain Yearly Meeting">Britain Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Yearly_Meeting_of_Friends" title="Central Yearly Meeting of Friends">Central Yearly Meeting of Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Conservative Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Friends_Church_International" title="Evangelical Friends Church International">Evangelical Friends Church International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Committee_on_National_Legislation" title="Friends Committee on National Legislation">Friends Committee on National Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_General_Conference" title="Friends General Conference">Friends General Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_United_Meeting" title="Friends United Meeting">Friends United Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_World_Committee_for_Consultation" title="Friends World Committee for Consultation">Friends World Committee for Consultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheist_Quakers" title="Nontheist Quakers">Nontheist Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Council_for_European_Affairs" title="Quaker Council for European Affairs">Quaker Council for European Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_United_Nations_Office" title="Quaker United Nations Office">Quaker United Nations Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakerism_in_Sichuan" title="Quakerism in Sichuan">Szechwan Yearly Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Gathering_of_Young_Friends" title="World Gathering of Young Friends">World Gathering of Young Friends</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testimonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_peace" title="Testimony of peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_equality" title="Testimony of equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_integrity" title="Testimony of integrity">Integrity ("Truth")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_North_America" title="Quakers in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Latin_America" title="Quakers in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Europe" title="Quakers in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Africa" title="Quakers in Africa">Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities" title="List of Quaker businesses, organizations and charities">Businesses, organizations and charities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_science" title="Quakers in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_(Quaker)" title="Clerk (Quaker)">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker decision-making">Decision Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Discipline_(Quaker)" title="Book of Discipline (Quaker)"><i>Faith and Practice</i> or <i>Book of Discipline</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Quakers" title="History of the Quakers">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Experiment" title="Holy Experiment">Holy Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_Quakerism" title="Homosexuality and Quakerism">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward_light" title="Inward light">Inward light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_meeting_house" title="Friends meeting house">Meeting houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection#Quaker_teaching" title="Christian perfection">Perfectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Query_(Quaker)" title="Query (Quaker)">Query</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Friends_schools" title="List of Friends schools">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_Tapestry" title="Quaker Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_views_on_women" title="Quaker views on women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">ASFC Nobel nominees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_sin" title="Eternal sin">Eternal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">Mortal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sins_that_cry_to_Heaven_for_Vengeance" title="Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance">Sins that cry to Heaven for Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">Venial sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_mortgage" title="Social mortgage">Social mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_destination_of_goods" title="Universal destination of goods">Universal destination of goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Option_for_the_poor" title="Option for the poor">Option for the poor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worldview" title="Christian worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_alcohol" title="Christian views on alcohol">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">Flagellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introit" title="Introit">Introit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptive_suffering" title="Redemptive suffering">Redemptive suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation" title="Self-flagellation">Self-flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">... and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">... and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">... as an ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Christian" title="Nominal Christian">Nominal Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views on love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Views on homosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Christianity in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Christianity in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">Christianity in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="England112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">England</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_Churches_in_Western_Europe" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_the_British_Isles_and_Ireland" title="Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland (Antioch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain (Constantinople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Western_Europe" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe (ROCOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh (Moscow)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Britain_and_Scandinavia" title="Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia">Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Britain and Ireland">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK,_Europe_and_Africa_Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese" title="UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Holy_Family_of_London" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Anglican Catholic Ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestant">Proto-Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hussite11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_England" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of England">Evangelical Lutheran Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Great_Britain" title="Lutheran Church in Great Britain">Lutheran Church in Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/English_Presbyterianism" title="English Presbyterianism">Main article</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodists">Calvinistic Methodists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countess_of_Huntingdon%27s_Connexion" title="Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion">Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Communion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Diocese of the United Kingdom">Diocese of the United Kingdom</a> (ACC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_(Continuing)" title="Church of England (Continuing)">Church of England (Continuing)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Realignment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Mission_in_England" title="Anglican Mission in England">Anglican Mission in England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Episcopal_Church" title="Open Episcopal Church">Open Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Grace_Baptist_Churches_(South_East)" title="Association of Grace Baptist Churches (South East)">Association of Grace Baptist Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_Together" title="Baptists Together">Baptists Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Standard" title="Gospel Standard">Gospel Standard Strict Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Baptist_Union" title="Old Baptist Union">Old Baptist Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Methodist_Connexion" title="Independent Methodist Connexion">Independent Methodist Connexion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Holiness_Church" title="Wesleyan Holiness Church">Wesleyan Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Reform_Union" title="Wesleyan Reform Union">Wesleyan Reform Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth<br />Brethren</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needed_Truth_Brethren" title="Needed Truth Brethren">Needed Truth Brethren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Calvary Church of God in Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_of_Prophecy" title="Church of God of Prophecy">Church of God of Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">New Testament Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God" title="Redeemed Christian Church of God">Redeemed Christian Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished<br />Work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1916_denomination)" title="Apostolic Church (1916 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Great_Britain" title="Assemblies of God in Great Britain">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Pentecost" title="The Church of Pentecost">The Church of Pentecost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Churches_UK_and_Ireland" title="Vineyard Churches UK and Ireland">Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthus_Christian_Fellowship" title="Ichthus Christian Fellowship">Ichthus Christian Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Stone–Campbell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_England" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in England">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irvingism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvingism">Irvingism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_186-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the other <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_187-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_187-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scotland112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scotland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_Churches_in_Western_Europe" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain (Constantinople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh (Moscow)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK,_Europe_and_Africa_Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese" title="UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Holy_Family_of_London" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Anglican Catholic Ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_England" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of England">Evangelical Lutheran Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Great_Britain" title="Lutheran Church in Great Britain">Lutheran Church in Great Britain</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Associated Presbyterian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didasko" title="Didasko">Didasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_191-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Reform_Union" title="Wesleyan Reform Union">Wesleyan Reform Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth<br />Brethren</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needed_Truth_Brethren" title="Needed Truth Brethren">Needed Truth Brethren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_Pentecostalism" title="Holiness Pentecostalism">Holiness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redeemed_Christian_Church_of_God" title="Redeemed Christian Church of God">Redeemed Christian Church of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finished_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Finished Work">Finished<br />Work</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Church_(1916_denomination)" title="Apostolic Church (1916 denomination)">Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Great_Britain" title="Assemblies of God in Great Britain">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_the_Fire_World" title="Catch the Fire World">Catch the Fire World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Churches_UK_and_Ireland" title="Vineyard Churches UK and Ireland">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Stone–Campbell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irvingism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvingism">Irvingism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the other <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_191-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_191-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Northern_Ireland112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Northern Ireland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eastern_Orthodox20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_the_British_Isles_and_Ireland" title="Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of the British Isles and Ireland (Antioch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_Ireland" title="Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Ireland">Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Ireland (Constantinople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Western_Europe" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe (ROCOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh (Moscow)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Protestant">Proto-Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hussite11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hussite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussite">Hussite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church_of_the_British_Province" title="Moravian Church of the British Province">Moravian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Ireland" title="Lutheran Church in Ireland">Lutheran Church in Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_(Ireland)" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church (Ireland)">Evangelical Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Union_of_Ireland" title="Congregational Union of Ireland">Congregational Union of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Baptist_Churches_in_Ireland" title="Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland">Association of Baptist Churches in Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Methodist_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches">Fellowship of Independent Methodist Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Methodist Church in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth<br />Brethren</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needed_Truth_Brethren" title="Needed Truth Brethren">Needed Truth Brethren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Churches_Ireland" title="Christian Churches Ireland">Christian Churches Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Churches_UK_and_Ireland" title="Vineyard Churches UK and Ireland">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-subscribing_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers_in_Ireland" title="Quakers in Ireland">Quakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Stone–Campbell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Ireland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Ireland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irvingism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvingism">Irvingism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wales112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wales</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Russian_Orthodox_Churches_in_Western_Europe" title="Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe">Archdiocese of Russian Orthodox Churches in Western Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Thyateira_and_Great_Britain" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain (Constantinople)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Great_Britain_and_Western_Europe" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Great Britain and Western Europe (ROCOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Sourozh" title="Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh">Russian Orthodox Diocese of Sourozh (Moscow)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Orthodox_Church" title="British Orthodox Church">British Orthodox Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_in_Wales" title="Coptic Orthodox Church in Wales">Coptic Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK,_Europe_and_Africa_Malankara_Orthodox_Diocese" title="UK, Europe and Africa Malankara Orthodox Diocese">Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Great_Britain" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain">Syro-Malabar Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Holy_Family_of_London" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of the Holy Family of London">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Anglican Catholic Ordinariate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_England" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of England">Evangelical Lutheran Church of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Welsh_Independents" title="Union of Welsh Independents">Union of Welsh Independents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinistic_Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic Methodists">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_Unitarian_and_Free_Christian_Churches" title="General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches">General Assembly of Unitarian and Free Christian Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_Together" title="Baptists Together">Baptists Together</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Wales" title="Baptist Union of Wales">Baptist Union of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Baptist_Union" title="Old Baptist Union">Old Baptist Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth<br />Brethren</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Brethren" title="Exclusive Brethren">Exclusive Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Open Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren_Christian_Church" title="Plymouth Brethren Christian Church">Plymouth Brethren Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needed_Truth_Brethren" title="Needed Truth Brethren">Needed Truth Brethren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_in_Great_Britain" title="Assemblies of God in Great Britain">Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elim_Pentecostal_Church" title="Elim Pentecostal Church">Elim Pentecostal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfrontiers" title="Newfrontiers">Newfrontiers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Stone–Campbell</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Churches_of_Christ" title="International Churches of Christ">International Churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Irvingism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irvingism">Irvingism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the other <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Porvoo_Communion" title="Porvoo Communion">Porvoo Communion</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Philadelphia%2C_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philadelphia" title="Portal:Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania" title="Portal:Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Quakers</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Quaker" class="extiw" title="wikt:Quaker">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Quaker" class="extiw" title="c:Quaker">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Quakers" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Quakers">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Quakers" class="extiw" title="q:Quakers">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Quakers" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Quakers">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208" class="extiw" title="d:Q170208">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170208#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121597932">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167782622">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/215213453">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3829151474904900490007">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1162588810">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79066083">United States</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no99092244">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118665342">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118665342">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566943">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kvakeři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph535726&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Náboženská společnost přátel"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=osa20191055570&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987008729884405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026413914">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/043207">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640916">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s50g0g">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quakers&oldid=1282430419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quakers&oldid=1282430419</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Quakerism" title="Category:Quakerism">Quakerism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1652_establishments_in_England" title="Category:1652 establishments in England">1652 establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_groups_with_universalist_beliefs" title="Category:Christian groups with universalist beliefs">Christian groups with universalist beliefs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_mysticism" title="Category:Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peace_churches" title="Category:Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Protestant_denominations_established_in_the_17th_century" title="Category:Protestant denominations established in the 17th century">Protestant denominations established in the 17th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_organizations_established_in_the_1650s" title="Category:Religious organizations established in the 1650s">Religious organizations established in the 1650s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Silence" title="Category:Silence">Silence</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_November_2015" title="Category:Use British English from November 2015">Use British English from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2019">Use dmy dates from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 March 2025, at 10:42<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quakers&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Quakers</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>74 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6bb5cf9976-tjpng","wgBackendResponseTime":329,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.704","walltime":"3.142","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28075,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":774050,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19294,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":834199,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2602.546 1 -total"," 41.07% 1068.978 9 Template:Reflist"," 17.65% 459.462 74 Template:Cite_book"," 11.52% 299.937 74 Template:Cite_web"," 9.78% 254.466 10 Template:Clade"," 7.03% 182.881 40 Template:ISBN"," 6.62% 172.347 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.30% 164.048 4 Template:Annotated_link"," 5.96% 155.177 1 Template:Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom"," 5.77% 150.194 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.574","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24322721,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","400","21.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","10.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","6.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.2"],["(for generator)","40","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.2"],["[others]","460","24.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-585dc88b6-dvvsc","timestamp":"20250327081859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Quakers","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Quakers","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170208","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q170208","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-18T17:55:42Z","dateModified":"2025-03-26T10:42:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/95\/Religious_denominations_of_the_world_-_comprising_a_general_view_of_the_origin%2C_history%2C_and_condition_of_the_various_sects_of_Christians%2C_the_Jews%2C_and_Mahometans%2C_as_well_as_the_pagan_forms_of_%2814761837356%29.jpg","headline":"Christian denominational family (1652-)"}</script> </body> </html>