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class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-哲学思想" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲学思想"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>哲学思想</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-哲学思想-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关哲学思想子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-哲学思想-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-形而上学学说" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形而上学学说"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>形而上学学说</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形而上学学说-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天文學及占星學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天文學及占星學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>天文學及占星學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天文學及占星學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其它貢獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其它貢獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>其它貢獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其它貢獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其它貢獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其它貢獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-化學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>化學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-紀念" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紀念"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>紀念</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-紀念-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關影視" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關影視"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相關影視</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關影視-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參閱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參閱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參閱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參閱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">伊本·西那</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。153种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">153种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%89%A5%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%B2%E1%8A%93" title="ኢብን ሲና – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኢብን ሲና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF%D2%93%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Әбүғәлисина – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әбүғәлисина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Av%C4%97cena" title="Avėcena – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Avėcena" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіцэна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Авіцэна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіцэна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Авіцэна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авицена – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авицена" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सीना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इब्न सीना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ইবনে সিনা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে সিনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisenna" title="Avisenna – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Avisenna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Sina" title="Ibn-Sina – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ibn-Sina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئیبن سینا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن سینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bni_Sina" title="İbni Sina – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İbni Sina" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αβικέννας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αβικέννας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviceno" title="Aviceno – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aviceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_S%C4%ABn%C4%81" title="Ibn Sīnā – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ibn Sīnā" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avizena" title="Avizena – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Avizena" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_sina" title="Ibn sina – 富拉语" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ibn sina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="富拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenne" title="Avicenne – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Avicenne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisenna" title="Avisenna – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Avisenna" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊本·西那" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenne" title="Avicenne – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Avicenne" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis%C3%A9na" title="Aviséna – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Aviséna" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90" title="אבן סינא – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן סינא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सीना – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न सीना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ավիցեննա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավիցեննա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="イブン・スィーナー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イブン・スィーナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avisena" title="Avisena – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Avisena" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იბნ სინა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ სინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_Ibn_Sina" title="Abu Ali Ibn Sina – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Abu Ali Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಅವಿಸೆನ್ನ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅವಿಸೆನ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%90_%EC%8B%9C%EB%82%98" title="이븐 시나 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이븐 시나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ebn_S%C3%AEna" title="Îbn Sîna – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îbn Sîna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авицена – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авицена" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8" title="ഇബ്നു സീന – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്നു സീന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авиценна – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Авиценна" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="इब्न सिना – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इब्न सिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abicena" title="Abicena – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Abicena" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC" title="အာဗီဆန်နာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာဗီဆန်နာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авиценна – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Авиценна" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بوعلی سینا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوعلی سینا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn-Sin%C3%A2" title="Ibn-Sinâ – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ibn-Sinâ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਬਨ ਸੀਨਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਬਨ ਸੀਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awicenna" title="Awicenna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Awicenna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avic%C3%ABnna" title="Avicënna – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Avicënna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A" title="ابن سينا بلخي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابن سينا بلخي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Avicena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіценна – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Авіценна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8" title="अविसेन्न – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अविसेन्न" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱱᱟ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱵᱷᱤᱥᱮᱱᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سينا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن سينا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بو علی سینا – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بو علی سینا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Siinaa" title="Ibn Siinaa – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ibn Siinaa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ibnu Sina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="இப்னு சீனா – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இப்னு சீனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ఇబ్నె సీనా – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇబ్నె సీనా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Ибни Сино – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ибни Сино" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อิบน์ ซีนา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อิบน์ ซีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Aly_ibn_Sina" title="Abu Aly ibn Sina – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abu Aly ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_Sina" title="İbn Sina – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn Sina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Әбу Гали ибн Сина – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әбу Гали ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ибн Сина – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Ибн Сина" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%BA%8B%EF%AF%A9%EF%BA%92%EF%AF%A9%EF%BB%A6_%EF%BA%B3%EF%AF%A9%EF%BB%A8%EF%BA%8E" title="ﺋﯩﺒﯩﻦ ﺳﯩﻨﺎ – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ﺋﯩﺒﯩﻦ ﺳﯩﻨﺎ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Авіценна – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авіценна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ابن سینا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن سینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ali_ibn_Sino" title="Abu Ali ibn Sino – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abu Ali ibn Sino" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina" title="Ibn Sina – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ibn Sina" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊本·西那" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იბნ სინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იბნ სინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%90" title="אוויצענא – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוויצענא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%8D" title="阿維森納 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿維森納" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Avicenna" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B3%93%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%BF" title="伊賓斯拿 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊賓斯拿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8011#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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.mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">伊本·西那（<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">ابن سينا</span>‎）<br /><small>阿维森纳（Avicenna）</small></span><br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size: smaller; font-weight: normal;">阿布·阿里·侯赛因·本·阿卜杜拉·本·哈桑·本·阿里·本·西那</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Avicenna_TajikistanP17-20Somoni-1999_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="183" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">约公元980年<br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉">布哈拉</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="薩曼王朝">薩曼王朝</a>的首都）附近的Afshana，现今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦">乌兹别克斯坦</a>境内。</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1037年6月（56—57歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%B9" title="哈马丹">哈马丹</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">居住地</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%9B%BC%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="薩曼王朝">薩曼王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="大呼罗珊">大呼罗珊</a><small>（在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%B9" title="哈马丹">哈马丹</a>19年）</small>；<br />薩曼王朝<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a><small>（在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%B9%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="庫尼亞烏爾根奇">庫尼亞烏爾根奇</a>13年）</small>；<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="齊亞爾王朝">齊亞爾王朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%94%98" title="戈尔甘">戈尔甘</a>: <small>公元1012－1014年</small>；<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9B%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="白益王朝">白益王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="拉格斯">拉格斯</a>1年；<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%B9" title="哈马丹">哈马丹</a>9年；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95%E7%BD%95" title="伊斯法罕">伊斯法罕</a>13年；公元1037年死于哈马丹。）</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯人">波斯人</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">别名</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="">Sharaf al-Mulk, Hujjat al-Haq, Sheikh al-Rayees</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">學術背景</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">受影響自</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="可兰经">可兰经</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B" title="贾法尔·萨迪克">贾法尔·萨迪克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="妙闻本集" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sushruta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A6%99%E9%97%BB%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="妙闻本集（页面不存在）">妙闻本集</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushruta" class="extiw" title="en:Sushruta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sushruta</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="查克拉">查克拉</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%BC%A6" title="盖伦">盖伦</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E8%AF%BA" title="普罗提诺">普罗提诺</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="印度数学">印度数学</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasil_ibn_Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasil ibn Ata（页面不存在）">Wasil ibn Ata</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E8%BF%AA" title="肯迪">肯迪</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="法拉比">法拉比</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齐">拉齐</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">比魯尼</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Philoponus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Philoponus（页面不存在）">John Philoponus</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">學術工作</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">年代</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">主要領域</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学">逻辑学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="伊斯蘭神學">伊斯兰神学</a>（凱拉姆學），<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="物理学">物理学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E6%AD%8C" title="诗歌">诗歌</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="科学">科学</a>。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">著名作品</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E4%B9%8B%E6%9B%B8" title="治療之書">治療之書</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="医典" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Canon of Medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医典（页面不存在）">医典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" class="extiw" title="en:The Canon of Medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Canon of Medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">著名思想</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">现代医学之父；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="芳香療法">芳香療法</a>先驱</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">施影响于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">比魯尼</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%96%A9%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="安薩里">安薩里</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="欧玛尔·海亚姆">欧玛尔·海亚姆</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi（页面不存在）">Fakhruddin al-Razi</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abubacer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abubacer（页面不存在）">Abubacer</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi（页面不存在）">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī（页面不存在）">Tusi</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Nafis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Nafis（页面不存在）">Ibn al-Nafis</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="艾爾伯圖斯·麥格努斯">艾爾伯圖斯·麥格努斯</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E8%84%B1" title="邓斯·司各脱">邓斯·司各脱</a>，<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a></b>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E6%88%B4%E8%92%82" title="乔万尼·巴蒂斯塔·贝内戴蒂">乔万尼·巴蒂斯塔·贝内戴蒂</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4" title="威廉·哈维">威廉·哈维</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">邁蒙尼德</a>，<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_%27Ubayd_al-Juzjani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani（页面不存在）">Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul 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style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">数学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Esculaap4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/18px-Esculaap4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/28px-Esculaap4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Esculaap4.svg/37px-Esculaap4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:医学">医学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:人物">人物主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <p><b>阿布·阿里·侯赛因·本·阿卜杜拉·本·哈桑·本·阿里·本·西那</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">أبو علي الحسين بن عبد الله بن الحسن بن علي بن سينا</span>‎，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯文">波斯文</a>：<span lang="fa">ابوعلی حسین بن عبدالله بن حسن بن علي بن سینا</span>‎；980年—1037年6月），一般简称<b>伊本·西那</b>（阿拉伯文、波斯文：<span lang="ar" dir="rtl" title="阿拉伯語文本">ابن سينا</span>‎），<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="塔吉克人">塔吉克人</a>，生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="布哈拉">布哈拉</a>附近。中世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学家">哲学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="醫學家">医学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="自然科学家">自然科学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="文学家">文学家</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="欧洲人">欧洲人</a>称其为<b>阿维森纳</b>（又译<b>阿维真纳</b>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">Aβιτζιανός</span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：<span lang="la">Avicenna</span>）。 </p><p>伊本·西那青年时曾任宫廷御医；二十岁时，因王朝覆灭而迁居<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1" title="花剌子模">花剌子模</a>；十一年后，因政治原因逃至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>。他<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%89%8D" title="通才">博学多才</a>，有多方面的成就。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>上，丰富了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="內科">内科</a>知识，重视解剖，所著《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="医典" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Canon of Medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医典（页面不存在）">医典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" class="extiw" title="en:The Canon of Medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Canon of Medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span>》是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="十七世纪">十七世纪</a>以前<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>广大地区的主要医学教科书和参考书。<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>上，他是阿拉伯/波斯<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里士多德學派">亚里士多德学派</a>的主要代表之一。持<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="二元论">二元论</a>，并创造了自己的学说。肯定物质世界是永恒的、不可创造的，同时又承认<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="真主">真主</a>是永恒的。主张<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a>不灭，也不轮回，反对死者复活之说。主要著作还有《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82%E4%B9%8B%E6%9B%B8" title="治療之書">治療之書</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96_(%E6%9B%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知識論 (書)（页面不存在）">知识论</a>》等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲学思想"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6.E6.80.9D.E6.83.B3"></span>哲学思想</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：哲学思想"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊本·西那在早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a>上著述颇丰，特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学">逻辑学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a>等主题上，这包括名为逻辑学和形而上学的论述文章。他大部分的作品是用<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>写成——这是当时事实上的科学语言；有一部分是用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a>写成。有几部波斯语写成的书迄今仍有语言学上的价值。伊本·西那对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>的评论经常对后者纠正，鼓励一种在伊智提哈德精神下的生动辩论。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">中世纪伊斯兰世界</a>，由于伊本·西那对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="亚里士多德主义">亚里士多德主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">卡拉姆學</a>的成功调和，“伊本·西那主义”在12世纪最终成为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a>的领导思想流派<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，同时伊本·西那也成了哲学上的主要权威。 </p><p>伊本·西那主义同样在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="中世纪">中世纪</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>有影响力，特别是他关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a>的性质和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" title="存在">存在</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="本质">本质</a>区分的学说，以及因此在欧洲学术界引起的辩论和审查。这一现象在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E" title="巴黎">巴黎</a>尤其显著，1210年伊本·西那主义在那里被严加禁止。虽然如此，他的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="心理学">心理学</a>和知识理论影响了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥弗涅·威廉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William of Auvergne (bishop)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%B6%85%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥弗涅·威廉（页面不存在）">奥弗涅·威廉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Auvergne_(bishop)" class="extiw" title="en:William of Auvergne (bishop)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William of Auvergne (bishop)</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="大阿尔伯特">大阿尔伯特</a>，他的形而上学影响了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形而上学学说"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E8.80.8C.E4.B8.8A.E5.AD.A6.E5.AD.A6.E8.AF.B4"></span>形而上学学说</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：形而上学学说"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯兰形而上学（页面不存在）">伊斯兰形而上学</a>，比<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="亚里士多德主义">亚里士多德主义</a>更加清楚的区分了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="本质">本质</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" title="存在">存在</a>的区别。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="天文學及占星學"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8.E5.8F.8A.E5.8D.A0.E6.98.9F.E5.AD.B8"></span>天文學及占星學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：天文學及占星學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊本·西那寫過一篇名為<i>Resāla fī ebṭāl aḥkām al-nojūm</i>的文章攻擊<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="占星學">占星學</a>，其中他引用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="可蘭經">可蘭經</a>的經文，認為占星學沒有预知未来的能力<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他認為每顆星球都對地球有些影響，但他不認為占星師有辦法確定其實際的影響為何<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>伊本·西那的天文學作品影響了一些後來的天文學家，不過他的研究沒有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="海什木">海什木</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">比魯尼</a>那麼深入。伊本·西那作品的特徵是將天文學視為和占星學不同的學科<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他批評亞里斯多德認為<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>的光是因為太陽而來的觀點，他認為恆星本身就會發光，不過他也認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>本身會發光<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他聲稱觀察到一次<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F%E5%87%8C%E6%97%A5" title="金星凌日">金星凌日</a>，這是有可能的，在1032年5月24日的確有一次金星凌日，不過他沒有提出觀測的日期，而現代的科學家質疑當時在他所在的區域是否可以看到金星凌日，他有可能將<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%BB%91%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽黑子">太陽黑子</a>視為是金星。他利用觀察到的金星凌日推論，在托勒密宇宙论的觀點，金星在太陽的下方（至少部份時候如此）<sup id="cite_ref-Ragep_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ragep-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，也就是說在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E8%AF%B4" title="地心说">地心說</a>的架構下，金星的圓要比太陽的圓接近地球<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其它貢獻"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E5.AE.83.E8.B2.A2.E7.8D.BB"></span>其它貢獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：其它貢獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8"></span>化學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：化學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>伊本·西那利用<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸餾">蒸餾</a>的方式提煉玫瑰精油等精油，形成後來<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" title="芳香療法">芳香療法</a>的基礎<sup id="cite_ref-Marlene_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marlene-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>伊本·西那和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="拉齐">拉齊</a>不同，伊本·西那明確的否定<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%BC%E9%87%91%E6%9C%AF" title="炼金术">炼金术</a>相信可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A2%E8%80%85%E4%B9%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="賢者之石">賢者之石</a>使物質轉換的理論： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>那些化學工藝無法讓不同種的物質之間相互變化，不過可以產生類似這類變化的效果。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>有四本傳統認為是伊本·西那所著的炼金术書籍翻譯為拉丁文<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。： </p> <ul><li><i>Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae</i></li> <li><i>Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali</i></li> <li><i>Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum</i></li> <li><i>Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta</i></li></ul> <p>其中<i>Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae</i>最有影響力，影響了像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E9%9F%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%8A%E5%B0%9A" title="博韦的樊尚">博韦的樊尚</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中古時期">中古時期</a>化學家及炼金术士，不過Anawati認為這本是西班牙人寫的，而<i>Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali</i>也認為不是伊本·西那所著。第三本 (<i>The Book of Minerals</i>) 認為是伊本·西那的作品<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>伊本·西那以亞里斯多德及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94" title="贾比尔">贾比尔</a>的概念為基礎，將礦物分類為石頭、可熔物質、硫及鹽<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<i>Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta</i>中對煉金術的懷疑較少，Anawati認為是伊本·西那所寫，但是是在較早期，他還不太確定物質之間不可能嬗变時所寫的<sup id="cite_ref-Anawati_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anawati-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="紀念"><span id=".E7.B4.80.E5.BF.B5"></span>紀念</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：紀念"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2018年8月7日，<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>在部份國家的首頁以<a href="/wiki/Doodle" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodle">首頁塗鴉</a>紀念伊本·西那的1038歲誕辰<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關影視"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E5.BD.B1.E8.A6.96"></span>相關影視</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：相關影視"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神醫 (2013電影)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Physician (2013 film)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E9%86%AB_(2013%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神醫 (2013電影)（页面不存在）">神醫 (2013電影)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Physician_(2013_film)" class="extiw" title="en:The Physician (2013 film)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Physician (2013 film)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-ii">D. Gutas, 1987, "AVICENNA ii. Biography", Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. Iranicaonline.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-01-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118164627/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-ii">存档</a>于2020-11-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.btitle=D.+Gutas%2C+1987%2C+%22AVICENNA+ii.+Biography%22%2C+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Iranicaonline.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-ii&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), p. 80–81, "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)", <i>Electronic Theses and Dissertations</i>, University of Notre Dame.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Avicenna/Ibn Sina (CA. 980-1037)</a>. Iep.utm.edu. 2006-01-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-01-19</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090703234444/http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/avicenna.htm#H5">存档</a>于2009-07-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy%2C+Avicenna%2FIbn+Sina+%28CA.+980-1037%29&rft.date=2006-01-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Iep.utm.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fa%2Favicenna.htm%23H5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Saliba (1994), <i>A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam</i>, p. 60, 67-69. New York University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780814780237" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8147-8023-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Saliba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Saliba（页面不存在）">Saliba, George</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii">Avicenna</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-09-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220161012/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/avicenna-viii">存档</a>于2020-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.atitle=Avicenna&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Saliba&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Favicenna-viii&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#chapter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragep-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragep_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sally P. Ragep. Thomas Hockey , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā</a>. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers (Springer Science+Business Media). 2007: 570–572 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-09-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200921050851/https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_Sina_BEA.htm">存档</a>于2020-09-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.au=Sally+P.+Ragep&rft.btitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al%E2%80%90%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=570-572&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FIbn_Sina_BEA.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|encyclopedia=</code>与模板<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">{{cite book}}</code>不匹配（建议改用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">{{cite encyclopaedia}}</code>或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|work=</code>） (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#periodical" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ariew, Roger. The phases of venus before 1610. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A. March 1987, <b>18</b> (1): 81–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3681%2887%2990012-4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/0039-3681(87)90012-4</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.atitle=The+phases+of+venus+before+1610&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.aulast=Ariew&rft.date=1987-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+A&rft.pages=81-92&rft.volume=18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3681%2887%2990012-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, Bernard R. Some Medieval Reports of Venus and Mercury Transits. Centaurus (John Wiley & Sons). 1969, <b>14</b> (1): 49–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Cent...14...49G"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1969Cent...14...49G</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.atitle=Some+Medieval+Reports+of+Venus+and+Mercury+Transits&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Bernard+R.&rft.date=1969&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.pages=49-59&rft.volume=14&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Cent...14...49G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1969.tb00135.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, Bernard R. Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy. Isis (University of Chicago Press). March 1972, <b>63</b> (1): 39–47 [44]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350839"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/350839</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.atitle=Theory+and+Observation+in+Medieval+Astronomy&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.date=1972-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.pages=39-47+44&rft.volume=63&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350839&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marlene-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marlene_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlene Ericksen (2000). <i>Healing with Aromatherapy</i>, p. 9. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780658003820" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-658-00382-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Briffault (1938). <i>The Making of Humanity</i>, p. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anawati-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anawati_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges C. Anawati (1996), "Arabic alchemy", in Roshdi Rashed, ed., <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science（页面不存在）">Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</a></i>, Vol. 3, pp. 853–885 [875]. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, London and New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeicester1971" class="citation">Leicester, Henry Marshall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJZVQnqcwv4C&pg=PA70">The Historical Background of Chemistry</a>, Courier Dover Publications: 70, 1971 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-09-09</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780486610535" title="Special:网络书源/9780486610535"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780486610535</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019193005/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJZVQnqcwv4C&pg=PA70">存档</a>于2020-10-19）, <q>There was one famous Arab physician who doubted even the reality of transmutation. This was 'Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina (980–1037), called Avicenna in the West, the greatest physician of Islam. ... Many of his observations on chemistry are included in the <i>Kitab al-Shifa</i>, the "Book of the Remedy". In the physical section of this work he discusses the formation of minerals, which he classifies into stones, fusible substances, sulfurs, and salts. Mercury is classified with the fusible substances, metals</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.aufirst=Henry+Marshall&rft.aulast=Leicester&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Background+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780486610535&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJZVQnqcwv4C%26pg%3DPA70&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/doodles/ibn-sinas-1038th-birthday">伊本西那 1038 歲冥誕</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-08-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207213244/http://www.google.com/doodles/ibn-sinas-1038th-birthday">存档</a>于2021-02-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&rft.btitle=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3+1038+%E6%AD%B2%E5%86%A5%E8%AA%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fdoodles%2Fibn-sinas-1038th-birthday&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參閱"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E9.96.B1"></span>參閱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：參閱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E6%89%8D" title="通才">通才</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%AB%A5" title="神童">神童</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="伊斯蘭黃金時代">伊斯蘭黃金時代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81" title="宰赫拉威">宰赫拉威</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Al-Qumri" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Qumri"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Qumri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Qumri（页面不存在）">Al-Qumri</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qumri" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Qumri"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Qumri</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%A6%84%E9%9B%8C%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="海榄雌科">海榄雌科</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%A0%91%E6%9E%97" title="红树林">红树林</a>中的一個種，學名Avicenna</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿维森纳科学研究院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Avicenna Research Institute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿维森纳科学研究院（页面不存在）">阿维森纳科学研究院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Research_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Avicenna Research Institute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Avicenna Research Institute</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿维森纳獎" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Avicenna Prize"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%BA%B3%E7%8D%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿维森纳獎（页面不存在）">阿维森纳獎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna_Prize" class="extiw" title="en:Avicenna Prize"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Avicenna Prize</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="穆斯林學者列表">穆斯林學者列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="施拉吉特">施拉吉特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">東方哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲學（页面不存在）">伊朗哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="當代伊斯蘭哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%BB%A3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當代伊斯蘭哲學（页面不存在）">當代伊斯蘭哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Contemporary Islamic philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學">中世紀伊斯蘭世界的科學</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊斯蘭科學家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Muslim scientists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭科學家列表（页面不存在）">伊斯蘭科學家列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Muslim_scientists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Muslim scientists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Muslim scientists</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘇非哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sufi philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E9%9D%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇非哲學（页面不存在）">蘇非哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sufi philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗科技" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science and technology in Iran"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗科技（页面不存在）">伊朗科技</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" class="extiw" title="en:Science and technology in Iran"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science and technology in Iran</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古伊朗醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Iranian medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古伊朗醫學（页面不存在）">古伊朗醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Iranian medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Iranian medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗科學家及學者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Persian scientists and scholars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗科學家及學者列表（页面不存在）">伊朗科學家及學者列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Persian_scientists_and_scholars" class="extiw" title="en:List of Persian scientists and scholars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Persian scientists and scholars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Avicenna?uselang=zh">伊本·西那</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216025958/http://avicenna.h80.org/">Ibn Sina - Avicenna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontology.co/avicenna.htm">Avicenna (Ibn-Sina) on the Subject and the Object of Metaphysics</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110707054255/http://www.ontology.co/avicenna.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） with a list of translations of the logical and philosophical works and an annotated bibliography</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00855lt">Avicenna</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="BBC Radio 4"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)（页面不存在）">In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" class="extiw" title="en:BBC Radio 4"><span lang="en" dir="auto">BBC Radio 4</span></a></span>）</span></span>的《In Our Time》節目。(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/console/b00855lt/In_Our_Time_Avicenna">現在聆聽</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/Search.do?field=autor&text=Avicena&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&language=enEn">Digitized works by Avicena</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201019193019/http://bdh.bne.es/bnesearch/Search.do?field=autor&text=Avicena&showYearItems=&exact=on&textH=&advanced=false&completeText=&language=enEn">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Digital_Hisp%C3%A1nica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Digital Hispánica（页面不存在）">Biblioteca Digital Hispánica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España（页面不存在）">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041740/http://ibnsinaconference.blogspot.in/">International Conference on "Life & Contribution of Ibn Sina"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avicenna-sina.narod.ru/">Авиценна — биография, поэзия, труды о медицине (in Russian)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201022150102/http://www.avicenna-sina.narod.ru/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:科學哲學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:科學哲學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:科學哲學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="科学哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗">先驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%BA%A6%E6%80%A7_(%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="可通约性 (科学哲学)">可通约性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">划界问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" title="经验证据">经验证据</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="解釋力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Explanatory power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="解释力">解釋力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_power" class="extiw" title="en:Explanatory power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Explanatory power</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93" title="我們現在不知道，將來也不知道">我們現在不知道，將來也不知道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="智巧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ingenuity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智巧（页面不存在）">智巧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity" class="extiw" title="en:Ingenuity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ingenuity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="探究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探究（页面不存在）">探究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學探究模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Models of scientific inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學探究模型（页面不存在）">科學探究模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Models of scientific inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本性 (哲學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nature (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%80%A7_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本性 (哲學)（页面不存在）">本性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Nature (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nature (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客觀性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0_(%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA)" title="发现 (认识论)">发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歸納問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Problem of induction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">歸納問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" class="extiw" title="en:Problem of induction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Problem of induction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學解釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Models of scientific inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學解釋（页面不存在）">科學解釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Models of scientific inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B" title="科学规律">定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="科学理论">科学理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E6%80%A7" title="可測試性">可測試性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="选择理论">选择理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="不充分決定論">不充分決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:科學元理論">科學元理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="驗證整體論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confirmation holism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驗證整體論（页面不存在）">驗證整體論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confirmation holism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語境主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contextualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="语境主义">語境主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" class="extiw" title="en:Contextualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contextualism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳統主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conventionalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="传统主义">傳統主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism" class="extiw" title="en:Conventionalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conventionalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演繹的法則的" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deductive-nomological model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87%E7%9A%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演繹的法則的（页面不存在）">演繹的法則的</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" class="extiw" title="en:Deductive-nomological model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deductive-nomological model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可謬論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基礎主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foundationalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基礎主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" class="extiw" title="en:Foundationalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foundationalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="假設－演繹模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hypothetico-deductive model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%EF%BC%8D%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假設－演繹模型（页面不存在）">假設－演繹模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" class="extiw" title="en:Hypothetico-deductive model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hypothetico-deductive model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無限主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infinitism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無限主義（页面不存在）">無限主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infinitism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="工具主義">工具主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學理論的接受觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Received view of theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的接受觀（页面不存在）">科學理論的接受觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Received view of theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Received view of theories</span></a></span>）</span></span> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學理論的語義觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semantic view of theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的語義觀（页面不存在）">語義觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Semantic view of theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semantic view of theories</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="科學實在論">科學實在論</a> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反實在論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反實在論（页面不存在）">反實在論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均變論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%96" title="活力論">活力論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;">科學哲學<br />相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學哲學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History and philosophy of science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學史（页面不存在）">科學哲學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:History and philosophy of science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History and philosophy of science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱力學和統計物理哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學和統計物理哲學（页面不存在）">熱力學和統計物理哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">環境哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="時間和空間哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of space and time"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%92%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時間和空間哲學（页面不存在）">時間和空間哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of space and time"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of space and time</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神經科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學哲學（页面不存在）">神經科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">心灵哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感知哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of perception"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知哲學（页面不存在）">感知哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of perception"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of perception</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="計算機科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of computer science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算機科學哲學（页面不存在）">計算機科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of computer science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of computer science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">資訊哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技術哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學修辭學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rhetoric of science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%AD%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學修辭學（页面不存在）">科學修辭學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Rhetoric of science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rhetoric of science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="科学知识社会学">科学知识社会学</a></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學哲學條目列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of philosophy of science articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學條目列表（页面不存在）">更多...</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy of science articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of philosophy of science articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:科学哲学家">科学哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">古典时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多葛主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">中世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%91%E6%A0%BC" title="聖維克托的休格">聖維克托的休格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根">罗吉尔·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8B%84%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%B4%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯（页面不存在）">多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" class="extiw" title="en:Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dominicus Gundissalinus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·基爾沃比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Kilwardby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%83%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·基爾沃比（页面不存在）">羅伯特·基爾沃比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Kilwardby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Kilwardby</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">近代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="弗朗西斯·培根">弗朗西斯·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E6%A1%91%E7%8B%84" title="皮埃尔·伽桑狄">皮埃尔·伽桑狄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">18~19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E6%9E%97" title="弗里德里希·谢林">弗里德里希·谢林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·惠威爾">威廉·惠威爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">奥古斯特·孔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·斯宾塞">赫伯特·斯宾塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士">查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%AD" title="威廉·文德尔班">威廉·文德尔班</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">亨利·龐加萊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%98%82" title="皮埃尔·迪昂">皮埃尔·迪昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="鲁道夫·施泰纳">鲁道夫·施泰纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="卡尔·皮尔逊">卡尔·皮尔逊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">科学哲学创立</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查理·鄧巴·博爾德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="C. D. Broad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E9%84%A7%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理·鄧巴·博爾德（页面不存在）">查理·鄧巴·博爾德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" class="extiw" title="en:C. D. Broad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">C. D. Broad</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩">托马斯·库恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7" title="拉卡托什·伊姆雷">拉卡托什·伊姆雷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">其他<br />现代哲学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲學</a></b>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7" title="阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德">阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·亨普尔">卡尔·亨普尔</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="南希·卡特萊特 (哲學家)">南希·卡特萊特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="马里奥·邦格">马里奥·邦格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="罗伊·巴斯卡">罗伊·巴斯卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="奧圖·紐拉特">奧圖·紐拉特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">鲁道夫·卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%B6%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="保罗·费耶阿本德">保罗·费耶阿本德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="路德維克·弗萊克">路德維克·弗萊克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91" title="伊恩·哈金">伊恩·哈金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BD%BB" title="菲利普·基彻">菲利普·基彻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F2DE79;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:科學哲學（页面不存在）">主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:科學哲學">分類</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中世紀哲學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:中世紀哲學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:中世紀哲學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中世紀哲學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中世紀哲學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀哲學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯蘭教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">早期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賈希茲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Al-Jahiz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賈希茲（页面不存在）">賈希茲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz" class="extiw" title="en:Al-Jahiz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Al-Jahiz</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E8%BF%AA" title="肯迪">肯迪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·拉万迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ibn al-Rawandi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%87%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·拉万迪（页面不存在）">伊本·拉万迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn al-Rawandi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ibn al-Rawandi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" title="阿布·贝克尔·拉齐">阿布·贝克尔·拉齐</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="法拉比">法拉比</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·马萨拉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ibn Masarrah"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·马萨拉（页面不存在）">伊本·马萨拉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Masarrah" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Masarrah"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ibn Masarrah</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布·哈桑·阿米里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%A1%91%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·哈桑·阿米里（页面不存在）">阿布·哈桑·阿米里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" class="extiw" title="en:Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·米斯凯维" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ebn Meskavayh"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·米斯凯维（页面不存在）">伊本·米斯凯维</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebn_Meskavayh" class="extiw" title="en:Ebn Meskavayh"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ebn Meskavayh</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E4%BB%80%E6%9C%A8" title="伊本·海什木">伊本·海什木</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">比魯尼</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> “<u><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="精誠兄弟會" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Brethren of Purity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E8%AA%A0%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精誠兄弟會（页面不存在）">精誠兄弟會</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" class="extiw" title="en:Brethren of Purity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Brethren of Purity</span></a></span>）</span></span></u>”</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">全盛</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊本·西那</a></b><small> [阿维森纳]</small><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·哈茲姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ibn Hazm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%8C%B2%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·哈茲姆（页面不存在）">伊本·哈茲姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Hazm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ibn Hazm</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%9C%AD%E5%88%A9" title="阿布·哈米德·加札利">阿布·哈米德·加札利</a><small> [安薩里]</small><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布·巴拉卡特·巴格達迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%81%94%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·巴拉卡特·巴格達迪（页面不存在）">阿布·巴拉卡特·巴格達迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="en:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%B2" title="伊本·巴哲">伊本·巴哲</a><small> [阿芬巴塞]</small><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾因古扎特·哈马丹尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%9B%A0%E5%8F%A4%E6%89%8E%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾因古扎特·哈马丹尼（页面不存在）">艾因古扎特·哈马丹尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn-al-Quzat_Hamadani" class="extiw" title="en:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E8%B4%B9%E5%8B%92" title="伊本·图费勒">伊本·图费勒</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></b><small> [阿威罗伊]</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">晚期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·萨卜因" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ibn Sab'in"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%9C%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·萨卜因（页面不存在）">伊本·萨卜因</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn Sab'in"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ibn Sab'in</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谢哈布丁·苏拉瓦迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%A2%E5%93%88%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谢哈布丁·苏拉瓦迪（页面不存在）">谢哈布丁·苏拉瓦迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="extiw" title="en:Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法赫尔丁·拉齐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法赫尔丁·拉齐（页面不存在）">法赫尔丁·拉齐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" class="extiw" title="en:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="伊本·阿拉比">伊本·阿拉比</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="扎卡里亚·卡兹维尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zakariya al-Qazwini"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8E%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="扎卡里亚·卡兹维尼（页面不存在）">扎卡里亚·卡兹维尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" class="extiw" title="en:Zakariya al-Qazwini"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zakariya al-Qazwini</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿布·拉蒂夫·巴格达迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿布·拉蒂夫·巴格达迪（页面不存在）">阿布·拉蒂夫·巴格达迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" class="extiw" title="en:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿西尔丁·阿卜哈里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿西尔丁·阿卜哈里（页面不存在）">阿西尔丁·阿卜哈里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="extiw" title="en:Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E7%BB%A5%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81" title="奈绥尔丁">奈绥尔丁·图西</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊本·纳菲斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ibn al-Nafis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊本·纳菲斯（页面不存在）">伊本·纳菲斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" class="extiw" title="en:Ibn al-Nafis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ibn al-Nafis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%AE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%90" title="库特布丁·设拉子">库特布丁·设拉子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E8%91%89" title="伊本·泰米葉">伊本·泰米葉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E6%95%A6" title="伊本·赫勒敦">伊本·赫勒敦</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">猶太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="中世紀" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">中世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">邁蒙尼德</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%BD%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%81" title="拉施德丁">拉施德丁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="吉尔松尼德">吉尔松尼德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E5%93%88%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="納哈瑪尼德">納哈瑪尼德</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">中世紀早期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">“<u><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%88%B6_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2)" title="教父 (基督教歷史)">教父時期</a></u>”：<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">希波的奥古斯丁</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%B1%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="波爱修斯">波爱修斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%BE%9D%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%84" title="圣依西多禄">圣依西多禄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%95%99%E6%A0%B9%E7%B4%8D" title="約翰內斯·司各特·愛留根納">愛留根納</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%90%B4" title="阿尔琴">阿尔琴</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">11～12世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">“<u><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></u>”：<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%9B%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E7%91%9F%E8%8E%AB" title="坎特伯雷的安瑟莫">坎特伯雷的安瑟莫</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94" title="皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔">皮埃尔·阿伯拉尔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉昂的安瑟莫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anselm of Laon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%89%E7%91%9F%E8%8E%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉昂的安瑟莫（页面不存在）">拉昂的安瑟莫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" class="extiw" title="en:Anselm of Laon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anselm of Laon</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%91%E6%A0%BC" title="聖維克托的休格">聖維克托的休格</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7" title="聖維克多的理查德">圣维克托的理查</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%9E%E6%9E%97" title="羅塞林">羅塞林</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="彼得·伦巴德">伯多祿·隆巴迪</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大的亞勒斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander of Hales"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大的亞勒斯（页面不存在）">亞歷山大的亞勒斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander of Hales"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander of Hales</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙特尔的伯爾納鐸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bernard of Chartres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E9%90%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙特尔的伯爾納鐸（页面不存在）">沙特尔的伯爾納鐸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Chartres" class="extiw" title="en:Bernard of Chartres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bernard of Chartres</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多明我·岡迪薩林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E6%88%91%C2%B7%E5%B2%A1%E8%BF%AA%E8%96%A9%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明我·岡迪薩林（页面不存在）">多明我·岡迪薩林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" class="extiw" title="en:Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dominicus Gundissalinus</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普瓦捷的吉爾伯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gilbert de la Porrée"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%93%A6%E6%8D%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普瓦捷的吉爾伯特（页面不存在）">普瓦捷的吉爾伯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_de_la_Porr%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="en:Gilbert de la Porrée"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gilbert de la Porrée</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD" title="里爾的阿蘭">里尔的亞蘭因</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">13～14世紀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="罗伯特·格罗斯泰斯特">罗伯特·格罗斯泰斯特</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="艾爾伯圖斯·麥格努斯">艾爾伯圖斯·麥格努斯</a></b><small> [大阿尔伯特]</small><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7" title="聖文德">文德</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="达契亚的波提烏斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Boetius of Dacia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%BE%E5%A5%91%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="达契亚的波提烏斯（页面不存在）">达契亚的波提烏斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" class="extiw" title="en:Boetius of Dacia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Boetius of Dacia</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="根特的亨利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry of Ghent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E7%89%B9%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根特的亨利（页面不存在）">根特的亨利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" class="extiw" title="en:Henry of Ghent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry of Ghent</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根">罗吉尔·培根</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若望·伯克漢姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Peckham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E6%BC%A2%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若望·伯克漢姆（页面不存在）">若望·伯克漢姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peckham" class="extiw" title="en:John Peckham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Peckham</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E6%9F%B3%E5%88%A9" title="拉蒙·柳利">拉蒙·柳利</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伯多祿·奧勒魯斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Petrus Aureolus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8B%92%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯多祿·奧勒魯斯（页面不存在）">伯多祿·奧勒魯斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Aureolus" class="extiw" title="en:Petrus Aureolus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Petrus Aureolus</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮埃羅·马里库尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pierre de Maricourt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮埃羅·马里库尔（页面不存在）">皮埃羅·马里库尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Maricourt" class="extiw" title="en:Pierre de Maricourt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pierre de Maricourt</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杜蘭杜斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E8%98%AD%E6%9D%9C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜蘭杜斯（页面不存在）">杜蘭杜斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" class="extiw" title="en:Durandus of Saint-Pourçain"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Durandus of Saint-Pourçain</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="羅馬的吉爾斯">羅馬的吉爾斯</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="芳登的古德斐爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Godfrey of Fontaines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B3%E7%99%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芳登的古德斐爾（页面不存在）">芳登的古德斐爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_of_Fontaines" class="extiw" title="en:Godfrey of Fontaines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Godfrey of Fontaines</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E8%84%B1" title="邓斯·司各脱">邓斯·司各脱</a></b><small> [董思高]</small><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">中世紀晚期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%B9" title="让·布里丹">让·布里丹</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="尼科爾·奧雷姆">尼科爾·奧雷姆</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="薩克森的阿爾伯特 (哲學家)">薩克遜的亞伯特</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="方濟·愛希蒙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francesc Eiximenis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E6%BF%9F%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%B8%8C%E8%92%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方濟·愛希蒙（页面不存在）">方濟·愛希蒙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesc_Eiximenis" class="extiw" title="en:Francesc Eiximenis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francesc Eiximenis</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="味增爵·斐勒略" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vincent Ferrer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%B3%E5%A2%9E%E7%88%B5%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E5%8B%92%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="味增爵·斐勒略（页面不存在）">味增爵·斐勒略</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Ferrer" class="extiw" title="en:Vincent Ferrer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vincent Ferrer</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威尼斯的保祿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paul of Venice"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%9D%E7%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威尼斯的保祿（页面不存在）">威尼斯的保祿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Venice" class="extiw" title="en:Paul of Venice"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paul of Venice</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蘭伯特·德·蒙特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lambertus de Monte"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%AD%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘭伯特·德·蒙特（页面不存在）">蘭伯特·德·蒙特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertus_de_Monte" class="extiw" title="en:Lambertus de Monte"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lambertus de Monte</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若望·恩農" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Hennon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E8%BE%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若望·恩農（页面不存在）">若望·恩農</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hennon" class="extiw" title="en:John Hennon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Hennon</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%9C%E5%88%97%E4%B8%9C" title="格弥斯托士·卜列东">格弥斯托士·卜列东</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E7%BF%81" title="贝萨里翁">贝萨里翁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="弗朗西斯科·維多利亞">弗朗西斯科·維多利亞</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>参见<b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興時期哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文藝復興時期哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="古代麻醉术（英语：-&#123;History_of_general_anesthesia&#125;-）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E8%A1%93" title="Template:古代麻醉術"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E8%A1%93" title="Template talk:古代麻醉術"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E8%A1%93" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古代麻醉術"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="古代麻醉术（英语：-&#123;History_of_general_anesthesia&#125;-）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全身麻醉的历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of general anesthesia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%BA%AB%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全身麻醉的历史（页面不存在）">古代麻醉术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_general_anesthesia" class="extiw" title="en:History of general anesthesia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of general anesthesia</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LightYellow">动植物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%B4%E5%B1%9E" title="乌头属">乌头</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A0%E8%8C%84" title="颠茄">颠茄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="大麻">大麻</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB" title="医用大麻">医用大麻</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%8B%B8%E9%A6%99" title="河狸香">河狸香</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%9F%AF" title="古柯">古柯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E5%8F%82%E5%B1%9E" title="毒参属">毒参</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%9B%BC%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="毛曼陀罗">毛曼陀罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B%E9%87%91%E8%8A%B1" title="洋金花">洋金花</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BB%99%E5%AD%90_(%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9)" title="天仙子 (植物)">天仙子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B4%E8%8B%A3" title="莴苣">莴苣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%84%E5%8F%82" class="mw-redirect" title="茄参">茄参</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A6%E7%89%87" title="鸦片">鸦片</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%AF%9B%E8%8F%8A%E5%B1%9E" title="风毛菊属">风毛菊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="柳">柳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LightYellow">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%A8%81" title="宰赫拉威">宰赫拉威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE" title="伊本·蘇爾">伊本·蘇爾</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">伊本·西那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%B0%94%E8%8B%8F%E6%96%AF" title="凯尔苏斯">凯尔苏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="迪奥斯科里德斯">迪奥科里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%96%E4%BC%A6" title="盖伦">盖伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%90" title="阿布·贝克尔·拉齐">阿布·贝克尔·拉齐</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谢拉夫丁·萨本久奥卢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%A2%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%AC%E4%B9%85%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谢拉夫丁·萨本久奥卢（页面不存在）">谢拉夫丁·萨本久奥卢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerafeddin_Sabuncuo%C4%9Flu" class="extiw" title="en:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E9%97%BB" title="妙闻">妙闻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="泰奧弗拉斯托斯">泰奧弗拉斯托斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E4%BB%B2%E6%99%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="张仲景">张仲景</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: LightYellow">化合物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%A4%B4%E7%A2%B1" title="乌头碱">乌头碱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%89%98%E5%93%81" title="阿托品">阿托品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="可卡因">可卡因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E8%8A%B9%E7%A2%B1" title="毒芹碱">毒芹碱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%A2%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E9%85%9A" title="四氢大麻酚">四氢大麻酚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%A8%E8%8F%AA%E9%B9%BC" title="莨菪鹼">天仙子胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1" title="嗎啡">嗎啡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%A5%8A%E9%85%B8" title="水楊酸">水楊酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E8%8E%A8%E8%8F%AA%E9%B9%BC" title="東莨菪鹼">東莨菪鹼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8011#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/48418/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121430876">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89770781">VIAF</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6428151248003244270004">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90079307">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX968054">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889658g">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11889658g">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521609006706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118505254">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avicenna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/VEAV002253">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258182705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14589570">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avicenna, 980-1037"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80002386">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcf8x4k27cjsb2">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000204012&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620299">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000172&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35011193">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record137427">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000085290&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068532938">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608793105606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/11662">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/52887">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0097410X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/90585">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:ibn-sina.">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118505254.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/788876">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Avicenna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/27321955">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rr1w9d">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/086202936">IdRef</a></span></li> 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