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class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-116368 apercu surlignable"><p>The ‘ancillary restraints’ doctrine is applied to validate restraints (including merger agreements) which are objectively necessary to implement a legitimate objective which has neutral or positive effects on competition. The restriction must be proportionate to, and directly related (strictly indispensable) to, the implementation of the legitimate objective of the agreement or merger. Ancillary restraints, including reasonable non-competition clauses, may be imposed on a franchisee, to protect the know-how and reputation of the franchise network. They may also be necessary to prevent free riding in a selective distribution system. A sporting regulatory body may impose restrictive rules on athletes’ freedom of action in pursuit of a legitimate objective such as the maintenance of competitive balance among sporting teams.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-116368 texte surlignable"><p>Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits agreements that have as their object or effect the restriction of competition unless they satisfy the criteria in Article 101(3). The Court of Justice has stated ‘not every agreement between undertakings or every decision of an association of undertakings which restricts the freedom of action of the parties or of one of them necessarily falls within the prohibition laid down in Article [101(1)] of the Treaty’ (Wouters, 2002, paragraph 97).</p> <p>Article 101(1) will not apply to a restriction in an agreement where it is objectively necessary to implement a legitimate objective which has neutral or positive effects on competition. The restriction must be proportionate to, and directly related to, the legitimate objective of the agreement (MasterCard, 2014, paragraph 89). These restrictions are called ‘ancillary restraints’. The successful completion of a merger or concentration may also require undertakings to enter into ancillary restraints.</p> <p>For the restriction to be classified as an ‘ancillary restraint’ the question is asked ‘whether that operation would be impossible to carry out in the absence of the restriction in question’ (MasterCard, 2014, paragraph 91). The restriction must be strictly indispensable to the implementation of the main operation. If the restrictions go beyond what is objectively necessary to implement the objectives or are not proportionate to the objectives they must be assessed under Article 101(1) or considered for exemption under Article 101(3).</p> <p>Ancillary restraints, including reasonable non-competition clauses, may be imposed on a franchisee, to protect the know-how and reputation of the franchise network so that competitors do not benefit indirectly from the assistance provided. Territorial<br class='autobr' /> restraints may be necessary to facilitate entry to a new market or prevent free riding in<br class='autobr' /> a selective distribution system. Restrictions may also be imposed on members of a<br class='autobr' /> joint purchasing association, which enable members to exercise buying power vis-à-vis<br class='autobr' /> suppliers, preventing them from joining competing joint purchasing arrangements, if<br class='autobr' /> the restrictions imposed are limited to what is necessary (European Commission,<br class='autobr' /> 2022). The exchange of commercially sensitive information for the implementation of<br class='autobr' /> a legitimate R&D agreement may be an ancillary restraint (European Commission,<br class='autobr' /> 2022, paragraph 152) if it is objectively necessary to implement the R&D agreement<br class='autobr' /> and is proportionate to its objectives. An exchange of commercially sensitive<br class='autobr' /> information, including on prices, may also be necessary to implement a production agreement that provides for joint distribution or to implement a joint commercialisation agreement (European Commission, 2022, paragraphs 224-225; 376- 377).</p> <p>Legitimate objectives can include the pursuit of a public policy or regulatory purpose such as the Dutch Bar Council making rules to ensure the proper practice of the legal profession (Wouters, paragraph 107). A sporting regulatory body may impose restrictive rules on athletes’ freedom of action in pursuit of anti-doping rules for competitive sport to be conducted fairly and to safeguard equality of opportunity for athletes (Meca-Medina, 2006, paragraphs 43-45). The question arises whether this invites some assessment of the reasonableness of the regulatory rule. </p> <p>Whether the objective is legitimate does not turn on its public or regulatory purpose. The assessment must not be made in the abstract (Meca-Medina, paragraph 42). Within the overall context of the agreement the objective must have a neutral or positive effect on competition. Whether the consequential effects restrictive of competition are inherent in the pursuit of those objectives (Wouters, paragraph 97) and are proportionate to them must then be considered.</p> <p>Sustainability objectives may also be achieved through ancillary restraints. They are not a distinct category of horizontal agreement for the purposes of Article 101. The Commission has stated that the same questions of whether the objective has a neutral or positive impact on competition will apply (European Commission, 2022, ch. 9). </p> <p>Ancillary restraints may also be restrictions directly related and necessary to the<br class='autobr' /> implementation of a concentration or merger. These restrictions are generally subject to self-assessment by the parties because the Merger Regulation automatically covers such restrictions once the concentration is declared compatible. Individual assessment by the Commission may arise for ‘specific novel or unresolved issues giving rise to genuine uncertainty’ (Merger Regulation, recital 21). The Commission has issued a Notice which provides guidelines on compatible restrictions. For the agreement to be objectively necessary the merger ‘could not be implemented or could only be implemented under considerably more uncertain conditions, at a substantially higher cost, over an appreciably longer period or with considerably greater difficulty’ (European Commission, 2005, paragraph 13). Examples include the licensing of patents or know-how. Non-competition clauses can also ensure that the transfer has the intended beneficial effect on competition if they are objectively necessary and proportionate to the transfer and strictly limited in duration and scope to that purpose.</p> <p>The ancillary restraint doctrine also applies under Section 1 of the US Sherman Act 1890 to validate restraints on competition imposed by legitimate business collaborations or joint ventures where a certain degree of cooperation is essential if the product is to be available at all. The FTC and DOJ will analyse an agreement under the rule of reason if it is ‘an efficiency-enhancing integration of economic activity … that is reasonably related to the integration and reasonably necessary to achieve its procompetitive benefits … even if it is of a type that might otherwise be considered per se illegal’ (FTC and DOJ, 2000, 8). ‘However, if the participants could achieve an equivalent or comparable efficiency-enhancing integration through practical, significantly less restrictive means, then the Agencies conclude that the agreement is not reasonably necessary’ (Ibid, 9).</p> <p>An abbreviated so-called ‘quick look’ to examine the context of the agreement in question is used in place of a full rule of reason analysis. Per se treatment is thought inappropriate to condemn rules where the economic impact of certain practices is not immediately obvious. The blanket licenses for copyrighted music issued to broadcast networks, for example, were not found to be per se price fixing under s1. They were considered a cost-effective method of avoiding the virtual impossibility of individual negotiation with each copyright owner, ‘the whole is truly greater than the sum of its parts; it is, to some extent, a different product’ (Broadcast Music, 1979, 440-441).</p> <p>The Supreme Court refused to apply the ancillary restraint doctrine to a joint venture<br class='autobr' /> between two oil companies to refine and sell gasoline at a single price because ‘the business practice being challenged involves the core activity of the joint venture itself—namely, the pricing of the very goods produced and sold’ (Dagher, 2006, 7-8). While regulations of a sporting body that maintain a competitive balance among amateur athletic teams are generally legitimate and procompetitive the Supreme Court found that the restraints on student compensation could not be dealt with under a ‘quick look’ but required a rule of reason analysis because the NCAA enjoyed monopsony power in the market for student athletes’ labour (Alston, 2021, 15-19).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-116368 reference"><p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/441/1/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS, Inc., 441 U.S. 1 (1979)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-382/12&language=EN" class="spip_out" rel="external">MasterCard v Commission, C-382/12 P, EU:C:2014:2201</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-519/04" class="spip_out" rel="external">Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission, C-519/04 P, EU:C:2006:492</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/20-512_gfbh.pdf" class="spip_out" rel="external">National Collegiate Athletic Association v. Alston, 594 U.S. ___ (2021)</a></p> <p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/547/1/" class="spip_out" rel="external">Texaco, Inc v Dagher, 547 U.S. 1 (2006)</a></p> <p><a href="https://curia.europa.eu/juris/liste.jsf?num=C-309/99" class="spip_out" rel="external">Wouters v Algemene Raad van de Nederlands Orde van Advocaten Case C-309/99, EU:C:2002:98</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-116368 jurisprudence"><p>Council Regulation (EU) No 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 on the control of concentrations between undertakings (EU Merger Regulation). </p> <p>European Commission (2005), Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and<br class='autobr' /> necessary to concentrations (Ancillary Restraints Notice), (2005/C 56/03).</p> <p>European Commission (2022), Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to horizontal co-operation agreement (2022/C164/01).</p> <p>Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice (2000), Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations among Competitors.</p> <p>Werden, G.J., ‘The Ancillary Restraints Doctrine after Dagher’, 8 Sedona Conference J. 17 (2007).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/kathryn-mcmahon" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton47480-3b346.jpg?1711370711) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Kathryn McMahon</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">University of Warwick</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">United Kingdom</span> <span class="articles"><em>3</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>10131</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Kathryn McMahon, </span> <span class="entry-title">Ancillary restraints</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12358</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">31820</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12358 texte surlignable"><p>Restrictions on the parties to an agreement (including an agreement to form a concentration), which do not constitute the primary object of the agreement, but are directly related to and necessary for the proper functioning of the objectives envisaged by agreement. In the field of co-operation agreements, an example would be an obligation within an R&D agreement not to carry out, independently or together with third parties, research and development in the field to which the agreement relates. An example of a restraint ancillary to a concentration is a non-competition clause imposed by the buyer on the vendor for a transitional period of time. See the Merger Regulation, Commission Notice on restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations (2005/C 56/03) <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKHr7nml+tb1jCh1cC5VQ58PBNV777xjBG3sqOzhUfDRDKMf8T0razp2UZjzBJ8WtkG6+kzilrEn5WFOJq+7RD/NinmKiYjOF2UD8LHimkXxa+2vZjn6bfBL9+y9tp4eQp0teErf/21w2E6LC8uq1iHzw+B6/JaqDWzY6GknRYFPQvf8Ax48xyeaJ8HI+KykNn4t33xOFnjHVwgMbAe5vWQeP5R+y4mSiBCGix27etSnKeoiReRVzwwFGATIcgPIxG/U0ZcmgMpgZg3Fd5vGikkpyV3pA9qtOWkBVc//XkN7y7LUD+c0DjslmWKrwT4XwD4tgHtgMdVc2SOBDn1U=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/parity-clause-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong> Parity clause </strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that the price parity clauses imposed on hotels by online travel agencies are not ancillary restrictions and invites the national court to define the relevant product market by examining the substitutability between online intermediation services and other sales channels (<em>Booking.com / 25hours Hotel Company Berlin e.a.</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120725 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 19, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in case C-264/23 (Booking.com BV and Booking.com (Deutschland) GmbH/25hours Hotel Company Berlin GmbH and others). following a request for a preliminary ruling from the Amsterdam District Court. <br class='autobr' /> In the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-finds-that-an-online-accommodation-platform-s-price" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice finds that an online accommodation platform’s price parity clauses cannot be classified as ‘ancillary restraints’ and may amount to a restriction of competition <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120740 introduction entry-content"> <p>Online accommodation reservation platforms: price parity clauses cannot, in principle, be classified as ‘ancillary restraints’ for the purposes of EU competition law* <br class='autobr' /> Booking.com, a company incorporated under Netherlands law with its registered office in Amsterdam (Netherlands), offers a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kristien-geeurickx">Kristien Geeurickx</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-masterton">Daniel Masterton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-rules-that-an-online-accommodation-platform-s-price" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice rules that an online accommodation platform’s price parity clauses do not qualify as ancillary restraints under Art. 101(1) TFEU <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120846 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 September 2024 the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) issued a preliminary ruling in a referral made by the Amsterdam District Court in the context of a dispute between Booking.com and a number of German accommodation providers. The CJEU was asked whether the wide and narrow price parity (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/james-marshall">James Marshall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sophie-albrighton">Sophie Albrighton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vicky-ling">Vicky Ling</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-issues-a-preliminary-ruling-that-an-online-travel" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice issues a preliminary ruling that an online travel booking platform’s price parity clauses are not ancillary restraints under Art. 101(1) TFEU <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121042 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 September 2024, the European Court of Justice (“ECJ” or the “Court”) issued a preliminary ruling in response to a request from a Dutch court for clarification, inter alia, on whether wide and narrow price parity clauses in agreements between Booking.com and accommodation service providers (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrzej-kmiecik">Andrzej Kmiecik</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victor-emanuel-ion">Victor-Emanuel Ion</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-finds-that-price-parity-clauses-used-by-an-online" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice finds that price parity clauses used by an online travel booking platform are not ancillary restraints under Art. 101(1) TFEU <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121064 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 September 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) handed down its judgment in Booking.com and Booking.com (Deutschland), a preliminary reference ruling concerning (i) whether so-called wide and narrow price parity clauses (“PPCs”) constitute ancillary restraints and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/joonas-huovinen">Joonas Huovinen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tuomas-saraste">Tuomas Saraste</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-policy-brief-detailing-the-current-antitrust" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a policy brief detailing the current antitrust enforcement efforts in the labour markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-20T22:00:00Z">21 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121411 introduction entry-content"> <p>In May 2024 Commission published a policy brief on ‘Antitrust in Labour Markets’. Policy brief details the current antitrust enforcement efforts in the labour markets. Beyond just a mere policy brief, the Commission has been opening a new avenue in its antitrust enforcement. In her speech of 22 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uk-competition-authority">UK Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-uk-competition-authority-opens-an-investigation-into-an-edtech-firm-for" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition Authority opens an investigation into an EdTech firm for allegedly frustrating schools seeking to switch to alternate providers <em>(ESS)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-13T22:00:00Z">14 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118811 introduction entry-content"> <p>Education software firm probed over potential abuse of dominance* <br class='autobr' /> The CMA is investigating whether ESS has broken the law by taking action to prevent schools from switching to a new management information system provider. CMA suspects ESS may have been trying to retain customers by making it (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/anna-morfey">Anna Morfey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/fiona-garside">Fiona Garside</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/may-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-policy-brief-explaining-its-approach-to-wage" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a policy brief explaining its approach to wage-fixing and no-poach agreements </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-05-02T22:00:00Z">3 May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119000 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 3 May 2024, the European Commission published a policy brief setting out how it is likely to view wage fixing and no poach agreements. This is the latest development in competition authorities’ increasing interest in potential competition issues in labour markets in recent years. Regulators (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stijn-huijts">Stijn Huijts</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-ag-szpunar-delivers-an-opinion-on-whether-the-rules" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice AG Szpunar delivers an opinion on whether the rules adopted by football governing bodies on the transfer of players have the object or effect of restricting competition <em>(FIFA / BZ)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-29T22:00:00Z">30 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118890 introduction entry-content"> <p>AG Opinion in FIFA v BZ – Further competition trouble for football rules* <br class='autobr' /> Most professional football transfers happen when a player is free to leave because their contract expires, or when current club, player, and new club come to a mutual transfer agreement. <br class='autobr' /> But the world is not perfect. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/french-competition-authority">French Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2024/the-french-competition-authority-fines-a-chocolate-manufacturer-for" rel="bookmark">The French Competition Authority fines a chocolate manufacturer for implementing a contractual framework that prevented its franchise holders from freely selling their products online <em>(Chocolats De Neuville)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-05T23:00:00Z">6 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117231 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Autorité de la concurrence fines Chocolats De Neuville for hindering its franchisees’ commercial freedom* <br class='autobr' /> Background <br class='autobr' /> Following a report prepared by the local network of the Minister of the Economy and submitted by the Directorate General for Competition Policy, Consumer Affairs and Fraud (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pedro-callol">Pedro Callol</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2023/the-spanish-competition-authority-fines-an-electricity-producer-for-favouring" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority fines an electricity producer for favouring the access of its own renewable energy facilities to the electricity grid over a competitor’s <em>(Luminora)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-12-19T23:00:00Z">20 December 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116941 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 20 December 2023, the CNMC has fined Luminora Solar Doce, S.L. (Luminora )€384,672 for having prioritised the processing of its renewable energy plants with Red Eléctrica (REE) over those of competitor and its parent company Soltec Development, S.A. has been declared jointly and severally (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcel-nuys">Marcel Nuys</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/florian-huerkamp">Florian Huerkamp</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2023/the-eu-court-of-justice-delivers-a-judgment-which-clarifies-the-concept-of" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice delivers a judgment which clarifies the concept of potential competition, the notion of ancillary restraints, and the category of by-object restrictions under Article 101 of TFEU <em>(EDP Comercial / Modelo Continente)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-25T22:00:00Z">26 October 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115503 introduction entry-content"> <p>Non-compete clauses that require a party to an agreement (or both parties in case of a reciprocal non-compete obligation) not to enter a market where it is currently not present are most common in M&A contracts for the sale of a business, where the seller undertakes not to compete with the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/lucas-bettoni">Lucas Bettoni</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/alerts/agreement-by-object-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-considers-that-a" rel="bookmark"><strong>Agreement by object</strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that a non-competition clause inserted into a partnership agreement between companies operating on separate markets may constitute an anti-competitive agreement by object <em>(Energias de Portugal)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-25T22:00:00Z">26 October 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117073 introduction entry-content"> <p>Facts. An electricity supplier and a food retailer entered into a partnership agreement to promote the development of their respective businesses. The agreement provides for the supplier to grant discounts on electricity prices to the distributor’s customers who hold a loyalty card, and to issue (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Italian-Competition-Authority">Italian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2023/the-italian-competition-authority-opens-an-investigation-into-a-possible-abuse" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority opens an investigation into possible abuse of dominance by a multinational engineering and technology company in the European market for electric bicycle drive systems <em>(Bosch)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114078 introduction entry-content"> <p>A567 - ICA: investigation opened into alleged abuse of dominant position by Bosch* <br class='autobr' /> According to the Competition Authority, the company did not allow electrical and digital interoperability between its drive systems and the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) for electric bicycles produced by (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/gorkem-yardim">Görkem Yardım</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nesli-cubukcu">Nesli Çubukcu</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2023/the-turkish-competition-authority-holds-that-the-non-solicitation-obligations" rel="bookmark">The Turkish Competition Authority holds that the non-solicitation obligations in bancassurance insurance agency agreements may qualify as legitimate ancillary restraints <em>(HDI Fiba / Fibabanka / Fiba Sigorta)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-09T22:00:00Z">10 August 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118870 introduction entry-content"> <p>This case summary includes an analysis of the Turkish Competition Board’s (the "Board" ) Fibabanka decision in wherein the Board evaluated the request for an individual exemption for the Life Insurance Agency Agreement between HDI Fiba Emeklilik ve Hayat A.Ş ( "HDI Fiba" ) and Fibabanka AŞ ( (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVlRhW9p2gOs/ekltoE16dBpgm26NRxZR9m9mupI233pSFFY74tCV1F9NmSbXAAW/SxYfVWu4B1j+rZqnmlDOLdp7mC3RxZ4B/gaqiun4MKKhr0zj4XeF3XkX9aHz+ZKGGyLV9jJSJtp8fQV0XS1Mf82182FaLi7upcL2BXgc1VVdvHMDasGklRCFPQHUuTfGDNHOorXgmd+geLOS9+3TplQf74Q7AI0yCOBJBRaqU9XfN6ZbDY8TTCo17lJJ2Spr5eWbk6XLmP04xgdTUemzgZXVHgjmrPPiCMFV9EOMUdfFsEz+6sJbcYfNYpM46bFoQuQSqlfCEAZWQS1mHRu80y6KO5' data-origin="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/faustine-viala">Faustine Viala</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2018/articles/the-ancillary-restraint-to-a-concentration-operation-a-circumscribed-immunity" rel="bookmark">The ancillary restraint to a concentration operation, a circumscribed immunity</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87229 introduction entry-content"> <p>Under European Union (’EU’) Law, the principle governing the assessment of restrictions directly related and necessary to concentrations - known as ancillary restraints - is that of self-evaluation by the parties. 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KEYTE * James.Keyte@skadden.com Partner, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" 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<div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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