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id="toc-Member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schedules of Controlled Substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scheduling_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scheduling_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scheduling process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scheduling_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Health_Organization_evaluations_of_specific_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Health_Organization_evaluations_of_specific_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_Health_Organization_evaluations_of_specific_drugs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_Health_Organization_evaluations_of_specific_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ephedrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ephedrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ephedrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ephedrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ketamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ketamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ketamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ketamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MDMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MDMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>MDMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MDMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MBDB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MBDB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>MBDB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MBDB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methcathinone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methcathinone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Methcathinone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methcathinone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nicotine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nicotine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Nicotine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nicotine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetrahydrocannabinol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetrahydrocannabinol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Tetrahydrocannabinol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetrahydrocannabinol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2C-B_(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2C-B_(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2C-B_(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_and_scientific_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_and_scientific_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Medical and scientific uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_and_scientific_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychedelic_plants_and_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelic_plants_and_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Psychedelic plants and fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelic_plants_and_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Organic plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Analogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penal_provisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penal_provisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Penal provisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penal_provisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Treatment and prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Recent trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recent trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recent_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_in_stimulant_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_in_stimulant_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Rise in stimulant trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_in_stimulant_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canadian_noncompliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canadian_noncompliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Canadian noncompliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_noncompliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licit_drug_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licit_drug_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Licit drug problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licit_drug_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_controlled_psychotropic_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_controlled_psychotropic_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>List of controlled psychotropic substances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_controlled_psychotropic_substances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of controlled psychotropic substances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_controlled_psychotropic_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Schedule I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychedelics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychedelics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.1</span> <span>Psychedelics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychedelics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entactogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entactogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.2</span> <span>Entactogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entactogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimulants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.3</span> <span>Stimulants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cannabinoids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannabinoids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.4</span> <span>Cannabinoids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannabinoids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissociatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissociatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2.5</span> <span>Dissociatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissociatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Schedule II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Schedule III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.5</span> <span>Schedule IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulated_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulated_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.6</span> <span>Regulated elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulated_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_scheduled_by_UN_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_scheduled_by_UN_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.7</span> <span>Not scheduled by UN conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_scheduled_by_UN_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes and references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اتفاقية المؤثرات العقلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتفاقية المؤثرات العقلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixotrop_madd%C9%99l%C9%99r_haqq%C4%B1nda_Konvensiya" title="Psixotrop maddələr haqqında Konvensiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Psixotrop maddələr haqqında Konvensiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbereinkommen_%C3%BCber_psychotrope_Stoffe" title="Übereinkommen über psychotrope Stoffe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übereinkommen über psychotrope Stoffe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenio_sobre_Sustancias_Sicotr%C3%B3picas" title="Convenio sobre Sustancias Sicotrópicas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Convenio sobre Sustancias Sicotrópicas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_sur_les_substances_psychotropes" title="Convention sur les substances psychotropes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Convention sur les substances psychotropes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensi_Psikotropika" title="Konvensi Psikotropika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konvensi Psikotropika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convenzione_sulle_sostanze_psicotrope" title="Convenzione sulle sostanze psicotrope – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Convenzione sulle sostanze psicotrope" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_inzake_psychotrope_stoffen" title="Verdrag inzake psychotrope stoffen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag inzake psychotrope stoffen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%91%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%96%AC%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="向精神薬に関する条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="向精神薬に関する条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konvensjonen_om_psykotrope_stoffer" title="Konvensjonen om psykotrope stoffer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konvensjonen om psykotrope stoffer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixotrop_moddalar_to%CA%BBg%CA%BBrisidagi_konvensiya" title="Psixotrop moddalar toʻgʻrisidagi konvensiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Psixotrop moddalar toʻgʻrisidagi konvensiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konwencja_o_substancjach_psychotropowych" title="Konwencja o substancjach psychotropowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konwencja o substancjach psychotropowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sobre_Subst%C3%A2ncias_Psicotr%C3%B3picas" title="Convenção sobre Substâncias Psicotrópicas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Convenção sobre Substâncias Psicotrópicas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Конвенция о психотропных веществах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конвенция о психотропных веществах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykotrooppisia_aineita_koskeva_yleissopimus" title="Psykotrooppisia aineita koskeva yleissopimus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykotrooppisia aineita koskeva yleissopimus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykotropkonventionen" title="Psykotropkonventionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykotropkonventionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Конвенція про психотропні речовини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конвенція про психотропні речовини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">1971 UN treaty to regulate recreational drugs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ecstasy tablets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg/300px-Ecstasy_monogram.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Ecstasy_monogram.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="424" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (Ecstasy) pills. The Convention allows only government-approved medical and scientific uses of this and other substances.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1971</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 1976</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">40 ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist">34</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">184</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Convention on Psychotropic Substances</b> of 1971 is a United Nations <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> designed to control <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychoactive drugs</a> such as <a href="#Amphetamine-type_stimulants">amphetamine-type stimulants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a> signed in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria on 21 February 1971. The <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> of 1961 did not ban the many newly discovered psychotropics,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since its scope was limited to drugs with <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>-like effects. </p><p>During the 1960s such <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">drugs</a> became widely available, and government authorities opposed this for numerous reasons, arguing that along with negative health effects, drug use led to lowered moral standards. The Convention, which contains import and export restrictions and other rules aimed at limiting drug use to scientific and medical purposes, came into force on 16 August 1976. As of 2013, 183 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states</a> are Parties to the treaty. The treaty is not self-implementing; individual countries must pass domestic laws to enact punishments and restrictions. Though not all scheduled substances are restricted in all signatory countries, many laws have been passed to implement or exceed the requirements of the Convention, including the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a>, the UK <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a> and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_Substances_Act_(United_States)" title="Psychotropic Substances Act (United States)">Psychotropic Substances Act</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Lande" title="Adolf Lande">Adolf Lande</a>, under the direction of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">United Nations Office of Legal Affairs</a>, prepared the Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Commentary, published in 1976, is an aid to interpreting the treaty and constitutes a key part of its <a href="/wiki/Legislative_history" title="Legislative history">legislative history</a>. </p><p>Provisions to end the international trafficking of drugs covered by this Convention are contained in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a>. This treaty, signed in 1988, regulates <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Precursor" class="extiw" title="wikt:Precursor">precursor</a> chemicals to drugs controlled by the Single Convention and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It also strengthens provisions against <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">drug-related crimes</a>. These <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">three UN drug conventions</a> together establish the current international drug control framework. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" title="Special:EditPage/Convention on Psychotropic Substances">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>International drug control began with the 1912 <a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a>, a treaty which adopted import and export restrictions on the <a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppy</a>'s psychoactive derivatives. Over the next half-century, several additional treaties were adopted under <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> auspices, gradually expanding the list of controlled substances to encompass <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and other drugs and granting the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">Permanent Central Opium Board</a> power to monitor compliance. After the United Nations was formed in 1945, those enforcement functions passed to the UN. </p><p>In 1961, a conference of <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Plenipotentiaries">plenipotentiaries</a> in New York adopted the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>, which consolidated the existing drug control treaties into one document and added <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a> to the list of prohibited plants. In order to appease the pharmaceutical interests, the Single Convention's scope was sharply limited to the list of drugs enumerated in the Schedules annexed to the treaty and to those drugs determined to have similar effects. </p><p>During the 1960s, drug use increased in Western developed nations. Young people began using hallucinogenic, stimulant, and other drugs on a widespread scale that has continued to the present. In many jurisdictions, police had no laws under which to prosecute users and traffickers of these new drugs; <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, for instance, was not prohibited federally in the U.S. until 1967. </p><p>In 1968, "[d]eeply concerned at reports of serious damage to health being caused by LSD and similar hallucinogenic substances", the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">United Nations Economic and Social Council</a> (ECOSOC) passed a resolution calling on nations to limit the use of such drugs to scientific and medical purposes and to impose import and export restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> requested that ECOSOC call upon its <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Narcotic Drugs">Commission on Narcotic Drugs</a> to "give urgent attention to the problem of the abuse of the psychotropic substances not yet under international control, including the possibility of placing such substances under international control".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Circa 1969, with use of <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a> growing, ECOSOC noted with considerable consternation that the Commission "was unable to reach agreement on the applicability of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 to these substances".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the Single Convention and its legislative history precluded any interpretation that would allow international regulation of these drugs under that treaty. A new convention, with a broader scope, would be required in order to bring those substances under control. Using the Single Convention as a template, the Commission prepared a draft convention which was forwarded to all UN member states. The <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> scheduled a conference for early 1971 to finalize the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, countries had already begun passing legislation to implement the draft treaty. In 1969, Canada added Part IV to its <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drugs_Act" title="Food and Drugs Act">Food and Drugs Act</a>, placing a set of "restricted substances", including LSD, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a>, under federal control. In 1970, the United States completely revamped its existing drug control laws by enacting the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> (amended in 1978 by the <a href="/wiki/Psychotropic_Substances_Act_(United_States)" title="Psychotropic Substances Act (United States)">Psychotropic Substances Act</a>, which allows the U.S. drug control Schedules to be updated as needed to comply with the Convention). In 1971, the United Kingdom passed the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>. A host of other nations followed suit. A common feature shared by most implementing legislation is the establishment of several classes or Schedules of controlled substances, similarly to the Single Convention and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that compliance with international law can be assured simply by placing a drug into the appropriate Schedule. </p><p>The conference convened on 11 January 1971. Nations split into two rival factions, based on their interests. According to a <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a> report, "One group included mostly developed nations with powerful pharmaceutical industries and active psychotropics markets ... The other group consisted of developing states ... with few psychotropic manufacturing facilities".<sup id="cite_ref-CansenReport_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CansenReport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organic drug-making states that had suffered economically from the Single Convention's restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> fought for tough regulations on synthetic drugs. The synthetic drug-producing states opposed those restrictions. Ultimately, the developing states' lobbying power was no match for the powerful pharmaceutical industry's, and the international regulations that emerged at the conference's close on 21 February were considerably weaker than those of the Single Convention. </p><p>The Convention's adoption marked a major milestone in the development of the global drug control regime. Over 59 years, the system had evolved from a set of loose controls focused on a single drug into a comprehensive regulatory framework capable of encompassing almost any mind-altering substance imaginable. According to Rufus King, "It covers such a grab-bag of natural and manufactured items that at every stage of its consideration its proponents felt obliged to stress anew that it would not affect alcohol or tobacco abuse."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Member_states">Member states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of February 2018, there are 184 state parties to the convention.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This total includes 182 <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a>. The 11 UN member states that are not party to the convention are <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. Liberia has signed the treaty but has not ratified it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schedules_of_Controlled_Substances">Schedules of Controlled Substances<span class="anchor" id="Amphetamine-type_stimulants"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Schedules of Controlled Substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list of Schedules and the substances presently therein can be found on the International Narcotics Control Board's website.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Convention has four Schedules of controlled substances, ranging from Schedule I (most restrictive) to Schedule IV (least restrictive). A list of psychotropic substances, and their corresponding Schedules, was annexed to the 1971 treaty. The text of the Convention does not contain a formal description of the features of the substances fitting in each Schedule, in contrast to the US <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> of 1970, which gave specific criteria for each Schedule in the US system. The <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine-type_stimulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamine-type stimulants">amphetamine-type stimulants</a> (ATS), a legal class of stimulants – not all of which are <a href="/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine" title="Substituted amphetamine">substituted amphetamines</a> – were defined in the 1971 treaty and in subsequent revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2002 European Parliament report and a 1996 UNODC report on ATS describe the international Schedules as listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EuroParlReport_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuroParlReport-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Schedule I</b> includes drugs claimed to create a serious risk to public health, whose therapeutic value is not currently acknowledged by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It includes isomers of <a href="/wiki/THC" class="mw-redirect" title="THC">THC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synthetic <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a>, and natural psychedelics like certain substituted tryptamines. ATS such as <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>, <a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (ecstasy) also fall under this category.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Schedule II</b> includes certain ATS with therapeutic uses, such as delta-9-THC (including dronabinol, its synthetic form), <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Schedule III</b> includes <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a> products with fast or average effects, which have been the object of serious abuse even though useful therapeutically, strongly sedative benzodiazepines like <a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a> and some analgesics like <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a>. The only ATS in this category is <a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">cathine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Schedule IV</b> includes some weaker barbiturates like (<a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a>) and other <a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">hypnotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">anxiolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> (except flunitrazepam), and some weaker stimulants (such as <a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">armodafinil</a>). Over a dozen ATS are included in this category, including the substituted amphetamine <a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">phentermine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ATS-defined_on_page_5_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATS-defined_on_page_5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A 1999 UNODC report notes that Schedule I is a completely different regime from the other three. According to that report, Schedule I mostly contains <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogenic</a> drugs such as LSD that are produced by illicit laboratories, while the other three Schedules are mainly for licitly produced pharmaceuticals. The UNODC report<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also claims that the Convention's Schedule I controls are stricter than those provided for under the Single Convention, a contention that seems to be contradicted by the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a><sup id="cite_ref-CansenReport_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CansenReport-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2003 <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> reports.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although estimates and other controls specified by the Single Convention are not present in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> corrected the omission by asking Parties to submit information and statistics not required by the Convention, and using the initial positive responses from various organic drug producing states to convince others to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Convention does impose tighter restrictions on imports and exports of Schedule I substances. A 1970 <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_on_Narcotics" title="Bulletin on Narcotics">Bulletin on Narcotics</a> report notes:<sup id="cite_ref-Unodc.org-Report2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unodc.org-Report2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>LSD, mescaline, etc., are controlled in a way which is more stringent than morphine under the narcotics treaties. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_7:_SPECIAL_PROVISIONS_REGARDING_SUBSTANCES_IN_SCHEDULE_1" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 7</a>, which sets down this regime, provides that such substances can only be moved in international trade when both exporter and importer are government authorities, or government agencies or institutions specially authorized for the purpose; in addition to this very rigid identification of supplier and recipient, in each case export and import authorization is also mandatory.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scheduling_process">Scheduling process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scheduling process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_2:_SCOPE_OF_CONTROL_OF_SUBSTANCES" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 2</a> sets out a process for adding additional drugs to the Schedules. First, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) must find that the drug meets the specific criteria set forth in Article 2, Section 4, and thus is eligible for control. Then, the WHO issues an assessment of the substance that includes: </p> <ul><li>The extent or likelihood of abuse,</li> <li>The degree of gravity in the public health and social problem,</li> <li>The degree of utility of the substance in legitimate medical therapy, and</li> <li>Whether international control measures as provided in the treaty would be appropriate and useful.</li></ul> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_2" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 2, Paragraph 4</a>: </p> <blockquote><p><i>If the World Health Organization finds: (a) That the substance has the capacity to produce (i) (1) A state of dependence, and (2) Central nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or behaviour or perception or mood, or (ii) Similar abuse and similar ill effects as a substance in Schedule I, II, III or IV, and (b) That there is sufficient evidence that the substance is being or is likely to be abused so as to constitute a public health and social problem warranting the placing of the substance under international control, the World Health Organization shall communicate to the Commission an assessment of the substance, including the extent or likelihood of abuse, the degree of seriousness of the public health and social problem and the degree of usefulness of the substance in medical therapy, together with recommendations on control measures, if any, that would be appropriate in the light of its assessment.</i> </p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Commentary</i> gives alcohol and tobacco as examples of psychoactive drugs that were deemed to not fit the above criteria by the 1971 Conference which negotiated the Convention. Alcohol can cause dependence and central nervous depression resulting in disturbances of thinking and behavior, furthermore alcohol causes similar effects as barbiturates, alcohol causes very serious "public health and social problems" in many countries, and also alcohol has minimal use in modern medicine. Nevertheless, according to the <i>Commentary</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>Alcohol does not 'warrant' that type of control because it is not 'suitable' for the regime of the Vienna Convention. It appears obvious that the application of the administrative measures for which that treaty provides would not solve or alleviate the alcohol problem.</i></dd></dl> <p>Similarly, tobacco can cause dependence and has little medical use, but it was not considered to be a stimulant or depressant or to be similar to other scheduled substances. Most important, according to the <i>Commentary</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>[Tobacco] is not suitable for the kinds of controls for which the Vienna Convention provides, and which if applied would not make any useful impact on the tobacco problem. That problem, however serious, therefore does not 'warrant' the placing of tobacco 'under international' control, i.e. under the Vienna Convention.</i></dd></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Narcotic Drugs">Commission on Narcotic Drugs</a> makes the final decision on whether to add the drug to a Schedule, "taking into account the communication from the World Health Organization, whose assessments shall be determinative as to medical and scientific matters, and bearing in mind the economic, social, legal, administrative and other factors it may consider relevant". A similar process is followed in deleting a drug from the Schedules or transferring a drug between Schedules. For instance, at its 33rd meeting, the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended transferring <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> to Schedule IV of the Convention, citing its medical uses and low abuse potential.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs has declined to vote on whether to follow the WHO recommendation and reschedule tetrahydrocannabinol. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">UN Economic and Social Council</a>, as a parent body of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, can alter or reverse the Commission's scheduling decisions. </p><p>In the event of a disagreement about a drug's Scheduling, Article 2, Paragraph 7 allows a Party to, within 180 days of the communication of the Commission's decision, give the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> "a written notice that, in view of exceptional circumstances, it is not in a position to give effect with respect to that substance to all of the provisions of the Convention applicable to substances in that Schedule." This allows the nation to comply with a less stringent set of restrictions. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>'s <i>21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(4)</i> implies that placing a drug in Schedule IV or V of the Act is sufficient to "carry out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provision, which calls for temporarily placing a drug under federal drug control in the event the Convention requires it, was invoked in 1984 with Rohypnol (<a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a>). Long before abuse of the drug was sufficiently widespread in the United States to meet the Act's drug control criteria, rohypnol was added to the Schedules of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the U.S. government had to place rohypnol in Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act in order to meet its minimum treaty obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of March 2005, 111 substances were controlled under the Convention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Health_Organization_evaluations_of_specific_drugs">World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ephedrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> was recommended for control under the Convention. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dietary_Supplement_Safety_and_Science_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dietary Supplement Safety and Science Coalition (page does not exist)">Dietary Supplement Safety and Science Coalition</a> lobbied against control, stressing the drug's history and safety, and arguing that "ephedrine is not a controlled substance in the US today, nor should it be internationally" because is a soft stimulant similar to <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-year debate, the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence decided against regulating ephedrine. However, the Commission on Narcotics Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board listed the drug as a Table I precursor under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a> because <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> can be used as a chemical precursor for the synthesis and manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, both of which are controlled substances. As such, this move did not require WHO approval. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ketamine2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Ketamine2.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Despite its well-known presence in the rave scene, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> remains uncontrolled internationally due to its importance as an <a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> in veterinary medicine.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ketamine">Ketamine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ketamine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Expert Committee on Drug Dependence cautiously began investigating <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> at its thirty-third meeting, noting, "Its use in veterinary medicine must also be considered in relation to its control".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ketamine remains uncontrolled internationally, although many nations (e.g. US and UK) have enacted restrictions on the drug. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MDMA">MDMA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MDMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Expert Committee's evaluation of <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> during its 22nd meeting in 1985 was marked by pleas from physicians to allow further research into the drug's therapeutic uses. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Grof" title="Paul Grof">Paul Grof</a>, chairman of the Expert Committee, argued that international control was not yet warranted, and that scheduling should be delayed pending completion of more studies. The Expert Committee concluded that because there was "insufficient evidence to indicate that the substance has therapeutic usefulness," it should be placed in Schedule I. However, its report did recommend more MDMA research:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>the Expert Committee held extensive discussions concerning therapeutic usefulness of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. While the Expert Committee found the reports intriguing, it felt that the studies lacked the appropriate methodological design necessary to ascertain the reliability of the observations. There was, however, sufficient interest expressed to recommend that investigations be encouraged to follow up these preliminary findings. To that end, the Expert Committee urged countries to use the provisions of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_7:_SPECIAL_PROVISIONS_REGARDING_SUBSTANCES_IN_SCHEDULE_1" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 7</a> of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances to facilitate research on this interesting substance.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>MDMA was added to the convention as a Schedule I controlled substance in February 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MBDB">MBDB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: MBDB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine" class="mw-redirect" title="1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine">MBDB</a> (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) is an <a href="/wiki/Empathogen-entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen-entactogen">entactogen</a> with similar effects to <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>. The thirty-second meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (September 2000) evaluated MBDB and recommended against scheduling.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-second_Report_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-second_Report-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the WHO Expert Committee assessment of MBDB: </p> <dl><dd><i>Although MBDB is both structurally and pharmacologically similar to MDMA, the limited available data indicate that its stimulant and euphoriant effects are less pronounced than those of MDMA. There have been no reports of adverse or toxic effects of MBDB in humans. Law enforcement data on illicit trafficking of MBDB in Europe suggest that its availability and abuse may now be declining after reaching a peak during the latter half of the 1990s. For these reasons, the Committee did not consider the abuse liability of MBDB would constitute a significant risk to public health, thereby warranting its placement under international control. Scheduling of MBDB was therefore not recommended.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methcathinone">Methcathinone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Methcathinone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 1994, the United States government notified the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary General</a> that it supported controlling <a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">methcathinone</a>, an addictive stimulant manufactured with common household products, as a Schedule I drug under the Convention. The FDA report warned of the drug's dangers, even noting that addicts in Russia were observed to often have "<a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> burns on their fingers" and to "tend not to pay attention to their appearance, thus looking ragged with dirty hands and hair".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With methcathinone having no medical use, the decision to place the drug in Schedule I was uncontested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicotine">Nicotine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nicotine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the UN has been reluctant to control <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> and other drugs traditionally legal in Europe and North America, citing tolerance of a wide range of lifestyles. This contrasts with the regulatory regime for other highly addictive drugs. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_G._Nahas" title="Gabriel G. Nahas">Gabriel G. Nahas</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_on_Narcotics" title="Bulletin on Narcotics">Bulletin on Narcotics</a> report, noted:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Some psychotropic substances such as nicotine, myristicin, ephedrine, mitraginyne, salvinorin A, arecoline, theophylline, theobromine, kava, khat, tobacco, L-theanine, or caffeine (in moderate amounts) or in moderate and responsible consumption, or alcoholic drinks (in small amounts or limited consumption) do not produce any measurable symptoms of neuropsychological toxicity, main physical damage, acute physical damage or main physical dependence or addiction, as also acute side effects or several adverse effects. Some pharmacologists have associated the symptoms of neuropsychological toxicity with behavioural toxicity or the toxic and addictive personality, the toxicity of drugs generally and overall depends by several factors as, environmental factors, economic factors, the field of the drug use, the place, the date, the time and social, psychological, emotional, mental, spiritual and intellectual factors that if are weak can to contribute as a risk factor or a risk behaviour. which include in addition: suppression of normal anxiety, toxic emotions, toxic relationships, toxic behavior, negative thinkings, reduction in motivation and non-purposive or inappropriate behaviour, illegal offense or immoral act necessary. However, the latter behavioural symptoms do not present "markers" which may be measurable in societies accepting as "normal" a wide range of life styles.</i></dd></dl> <p>Nonetheless, in October 1996, the Expert Committee considered controlling nicotine, especially products such as gum, patches, nasal spray, and inhalers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UN ultimately left nicotine unregulated. Since then, nicotine products have become even more loosely controlled; <a href="/wiki/Nicorette" title="Nicorette">Nicorette</a> gum, for instance, is now an <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drug</a> in the United States and in Finland, readily available in Finland from grocery stores and pharmacies. Another <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_gum" title="Nicotine gum">nicotine gum</a> sold in Finland is called Nicotinell. All kinds of nicotine products are readily available in Finnish grocery stores and pharmacies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tetrahydrocannabinol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">Tetrahydrocannabinol</a> (THC), the main active ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">cannabis</a>, was originally placed in Schedule I when the Convention was enacted in 1971. At its twenty-sixth meeting, in response to a 1987 request from the Government of the United States that THC be transferred from Schedule I to Schedule II, the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that THC be transferred to Schedule II, citing its low abuse potential and "moderate to high therapeutic usefulness" in relieving nausea in chemotherapy patients. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs rejected the proposal. However, at its twenty-seventh meeting, the WHO Expert Committee again recommended that THC be moved to Schedule II. At its 45th meeting, on 29 April 1991, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs approved the transfer of dronabinol and its stereochemical variants from Schedule I to Schedule II of the Convention, while leaving other tetrahydrocannabinols and their stereochemical variants in Schedule I. </p><p>At its thirty-third meeting (September 2002), the WHO Committee issued another evaluation of the drug and recommended that THC be moved to Schedule IV, stating: </p> <dl><dd><i>The abuse liability of dronabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is expected to remain very low so long as cannabis continues to be readily available. The Committee considered that the abuse liability of dronabinol does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and society. In accordance with the established scheduling criteria, the Committee considered that dronabinol should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.</i></dd></dl> <p>No action was taken on this recommendation. And at its thirty-fourth meeting the WHO Committee recommended that THC be moved instead to Schedule III. In 2007 the Commission on Narcotic Drugs decided not to vote on whether to reschedule THC, and they requested that the WHO make another review when more information is available.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the WHO Expert Committee recommended that all isomers of THC be withdrawn from the Schedules of the 1971 Convention and included in the 1961 Convention alongside other Cannabis-related products and pharmaceutical preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this was rejected by a vote at the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Narcotic Drugs">Commission on Narcotic Drugs</a> on 2 December 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2C-B_(4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)"><span id="2C-B_.284-Bromo-2.2C5-dimethoxyphenethylamine.29"></span>2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">phenethylamine</a>. At its thirty-second (September 2000) meeting the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that 2C-B be placed in Schedule II, rather than with other scheduled psychedelics in Schedule I.<sup id="cite_ref-Thirty-second_Report_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thirty-second_Report-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The committee stated that "[t]he altered state of mind induced by hallucinogens such as 2C-B may result in harm to the user and to others", but did not cite any evidence. </p><p>From the WHO Expert Committee assessment of 2C-B: </p> <dl><dd><i>At high doses it is a strong hallucinogen, producing particularly marked visual hallucinations with an intense colour play, intriguing patterns emerging on surfaces and distortions of objects and faces. 2C-B is also reported to enhance sexual feelings, perception and performance.... Apart from its controversial experimental use in <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">psychotherapy</a>, 2C-B, like most other hallucinogens, does not have any known therapeutic usefulness.... The Committee noted, however, that hallucinogens are rarely associated with compulsive use and that abuse of 2C-B has been infrequent, suggesting that the drug is likely to constitute a substantial, rather than an especially serious, risk to public health. For these reasons, the Committee recommended that 2C-B be placed in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_and_scientific_uses">Medical and scientific uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medical and scientific uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the Single Convention on narcotic medicines, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances recognizes scientific and medical use of psychoactive drugs, while banning other uses. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_7:_SPECIAL_PROVISIONS_REGARDING_SUBSTANCES_IN_SCHEDULE_1" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 7</a> provides that, </p> <dl><dd><i>In respect of substances in Schedule I, the Parties shall: (a) Prohibit all use except for scientific and very limited medical purposes by duly authorized persons, in medical or scientific establishments which are directly under the control of their Governments or specifically approved by them.</i></dd></dl> <p>In this sense, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> is stricter than the Convention requires. Both have a tightly restricted category of drugs called Schedule I, but the US Act restricts medical use of Schedule I substances to research studies, while the Convention allows broader, but limited and restricted, medical use of Schedule I controlled substances but scientific or industrial use of controlled substances is normally permitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychedelic_plants_and_fungi">Psychedelic plants and fungi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Psychedelic plants and fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peyote_Cactus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peyote_Cactus.jpg/220px-Peyote_Cactus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peyote_Cactus.jpg/330px-Peyote_Cactus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Peyote_Cactus.jpg/440px-Peyote_Cactus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Article 32 makes an exception for <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> and other wild psychotropic plants, to protect use in religious rituals in case such plants themselves were in the future added to Schedule I.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several of the substances originally placed in Schedule I are <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelic</a> drugs which are contained in natural plants and fungi (such as <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a>) and which have long been used in religious or healing rituals. The Commentary notes the "Mexican Indian Tribes <a href="/wiki/Mazatec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazatec people">Mazatecas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huichol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichol people">Huicholes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarahumara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarahumara people">Tarahumaras</a>" as well as the "<a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Kariri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Pankararu</a> of eastern Brazil" as examples of societies that use such plants. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_32:_RESERVATIONS" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 32, paragraph 4</a> allows for States, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, to make a reservation noting an exemption for<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>plants growing wild which contain psychotropic substances from among those in Schedule I and which are traditionally used by certain small, clearly determined groups in magical or religious rites</i>.</dd></dl> <p>However, the official <i>Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances</i> makes it clear that psychedelic plants (and indeed any plants) were not included in the original Schedules and are not covered or included at all by the Convention. This includes "infusion of the roots" of <i><a href="/wiki/Mimosa_tenuiflora" title="Mimosa tenuiflora">Mimosa tenuiflora</a></i> (M. hostilis; which contains <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>) and "beverages" made from <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">psilocybin mushrooms</a> or psychotropic <a href="/wiki/Acacias" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacias">acacias</a>, the latter of which are used in the <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>-containing beverage known colloquially as Ayahuasca. The purpose of Paragraph 4 of Article 32 was to allow States to "make a reservation assuring them the right to permit the continuation of the traditional use in question" in the case that plants were in the future added to the Schedule I. Currently, naught plants or plant products are included in the Schedules of the 1971 Convention. </p> <dl><dd><i>Commentary 32-12: It may be pointed out that at the time of this writing the continued toleration of the use of hallucinogenic substances which the 1971 Conference had in mind would not require a reservation under paragraph 4. Schedule I does not list any of the natural hallucinogenic materials in question, but only chemical substances which constitute the active principles contained in them. The inclusion in Schedule I of the active principle of a substance does not mean that the substance itself is also included therein if it is a substance clearly distinct from the substance constituting its active principle. This view is in accordance with the traditional understanding of that question in the field of international drug control. Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the Peyote cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis, <a href="/wiki/Peganum_Harmala" class="mw-redirect" title="Peganum Harmala">Peganum Harmala</a> that contains Harmala alkaloids or Syrian Rue, or Hawaiian Baby Woodrose plant and morning glory flowers that contains LSA or <a href="/wiki/Lysergic_Acid_Amide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic Acid Amide">Lysergic Acid Amide</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chacruna" class="mw-redirect" title="Chacruna">Chacruna</a>, a psychotropic shrub or plant which is used for make the <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> brew, [Footnote: "An infusion of the roots is used"] nor <a href="/wiki/Psilocybe_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilocybe mushrooms">Psilocybe mushrooms</a> [Footnote: "Beverages made from such mushrooms are used"] themselves are included in Schedule I, but only their respective active principles, mescaline, DMT and psilocybine (psilocine, psilotsin).</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Commentary 32-13: It can however not be excluded that the fruit of the Peyote cactus, the roots of Mimosa hostilis, Psilocybe mushrooms or other hallucinogenic plant parts used in traditional magical or religious rites will in the future be placed in Schedule I by the operation of article 2, at a time at which the State concerned, having already deposited its instrument of ratification or accession, could no longer make the required reservation. It is submitted that Parties may under paragraph 4 make a reservation assuring them the right to permit the continuation of the traditional use in question in the case of such future actions by the Commission.</i></dd></dl> <p>Furthermore, in a letter, dated 13 September 2001, to the Dutch Ministry of Health, Herbert Schaepe, Secretary of the UN <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a>, clarified that the UN Conventions do not cover "preparations" of <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">psilocybin mushrooms</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>As you are aware, mushrooms containing the above substances are collected and abused for their hallucinogenic effects. As a matter of international law, no plants (natural material) containing psilocine and psilocybin are at present controlled under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Consequently, <b>preparations made of these plants are not under international control and, therefore, not subject of the articles of the 1971 Convention</b>. However, criminal cases are decided with reference to domestic law, which may otherwise provide for controls over mushrooms containing psilocine and psilocybin. As the Board can only speak as to the contours of the international drug conventions, I am unable to provide an opinion on the litigation in question.</p></blockquote> <p>Nonetheless, in 2001 the U.S. Government, in <i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._O_Centro_Espirita_Beneficente_Uniao_do_Vegetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal">Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal</a></i>, argued that <a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">ayahuasca</a>, an infusion of Mimosa hostilis and other psychoactive plants that is used in religious rituals, was prohibited in the US because of the 1971 Convention. That case involved a seizure by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> of several drums of <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a>-containing liquid. Plaintiffs sued to have the drugs returned to them, claiming that they used it as a central part of their religion.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the discussions on <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_32:_RESERVATIONS" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 32, paragraph 4</a>, noted in the Official Record of the 1971 Conference, the representative from the United States supported the explicit exemption of sacred psychoactive substances, stating: "Substances used for religious services should be placed under national rather than international control", while the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> observed: "If exemptions were made in favour of certain ethnic groups, there would be nothing to prevent certain organizations of <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> from trying to make out, on religious grounds, that their consumption of psychotropic substances was permissible."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organic_plants">Organic plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Organic plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes that while many plant-derived chemicals are controlled by the treaty, the plants themselves are not:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrooms.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Shrooms.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Psilocybin mushrooms are not controlled by the Convention, but the drugs contained in them are.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><i>The term "synthetic" appears to refer to a psychotropic substance manufactured by a process of full chemical synthesis. One may also assume that the authors of the Vienna Convention intended to apply the term "natural material" to parts of a plant which constitute a psychotropic substance, and the term "natural psychotropic substance" to a substance obtained directly from a plant by some process of manufacturing which was relatively simple, and in any event much simpler than a process of full chemical synthesis.</i></dd> <dd><i>(...)</i></dd> <dd><i>Cultivation of plants for the purpose of obtaining psychotropic substances or raw materials for the manufacture of such substances is not "manufacture" in the sense of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_1:_USE_OF_TERMS" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 1</a>, paragraph (i). Many provisions of the Vienna Convention governing psychotropic substances would be unsuitable for application to cultivation. The harvesting of psychotropic substances, i.e. separation of such substances from the plants from which they are obtained, is "manufacture".</i></dd> <dd><i>(...)</i></dd> <dd><i>The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention. (...) Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a> cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis nor Psilocybe mushrooms themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principles, <a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, in particular, argued that "production" of psychotropic drugs should not apply to wild-growing plants such as <a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">peyote</a> cacti or <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a> mushrooms. The <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_on_Narcotics" title="Bulletin on Narcotics">Bulletin on Narcotics</a> noted that "Mexico could not undertake to eradicate or destroy these plants".<sup id="cite_ref-Unodc.org-Report2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unodc.org-Report2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> (which calls for "uprooting of all coca bushes which grow wild" and governmental licensing, purchasing, and wholesaling of licit opium, coca, and cannabis crops), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances devotes few words to the subject of psychoactive plants. </p><p>On 2 July 1987, the United States Assistant Secretary of Health recommended that the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a> initiate scheduling action under the <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> in order to implement restrictions required by <a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a>'s Schedule I status under the Convention. The 1993 DEA rule placing cathinone in the CSA's Schedule I noted that it was effectively also banning <a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">khat</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of the plant Catha edulis (khat). The young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. Enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material which contains cathinone into Schedule I.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors">Precursors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1971 <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_on_Narcotics" title="Bulletin on Narcotics">Bulletin on Narcotics</a> notes:<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_2:_SCOPE_OF_CONTROL_OF_SUBSTANCES" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 2</a>, in paragraph 4 of the original text, carried over the concept in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#Article_3:_CHANGES_IN_THE_SCOPE_OF_CONTROL" class="extiw" title="s:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Article 3</a> (3) (iii) of the Single Convention, and required the application to a "precursor " – i.e. a substance "readily convertible" into a substance under control – of measures of control. In Vienna the complexity of controlling precursors of psychotropic substances was agreed to be so overwhelming that no absolute obligation to control them was provided. The new article 2 in paragraph 9 asks Parties "to use their best endeavours" to apply "such measures of supervision as may be practicable" to substances which may be used in the illicit manufacture of psychotropic substances, i.e. their precursors and possibly also substances essential in the chemistry of manufacture.</i></dd></dl> <p>This provision was eventually judged to be inadequate, and was strengthened by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a>'s precursor control regime, which established two Tables of controlled precursors. The <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Narcotic Drugs">Commission on Narcotic Drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> were put in charge of adding, removing, and transferring substances between the Tables. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogs">Analogs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Analogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circa 1999, the Government of Spain proposed amending Schedules I and II to include <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a>, salts of isomers, esters and ethers, and any "substance resulting from modification of the chemical structure of a substance already in Schedule I or II and which produced pharmacological effects similar to those produced by the original substances".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WHO opposed this change. The <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Narcotic Drugs">Commission on Narcotic Drugs</a> did amend the Schedules to include <a href="/wiki/Stereoisomerism" title="Stereoisomerism">stereoisomerisms</a>, however, with the understanding that "specific isomers that did not have hazardous pharmacological activity and that posed no danger to society could be excluded from control, as <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a> had been in the case of Schedule I of the 1961 Convention." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penal_provisions">Penal provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Penal provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:LSDLabGlassware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/LSDLabGlassware.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>LSD and equipment used in its manufacture are subject to seizure under Article 22.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_22:_PENAL_PROVISIONS" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 22</a> provides: </p> <dl><dd><i>1. (a) Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall treat as a punishable offence, when committed intentionally, any action contrary to a law or regulation adopted in pursuance of its obligations under this Convention, and shall ensure that serious offences shall be liable to adequate punishment, particularly by imprisonment or other penalty of deprivation of liberty.</i></dd> <dd><i>1. (b) Notwithstanding the preceding sub-paragraph, when abusers of psychotropic substances have committed such offences, the Parties may provide, either as an alternative to conviction or punishment or in addition to punishment, that such abusers undergo measures of treatment, education, after-care, rehabilitation and social reintegration in conformity with paragraph 1 of article 20.</i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (crime)">Conspiracy</a>, attempts, preparatory acts, and financial operations related to drug offenses are also called on to be criminalized. Parties are also asked to count convictions handed down by foreign governments in determining <a href="/wiki/Recidivism" title="Recidivism">recidivism</a>. Article 22 also notes that <a href="/wiki/Extradition" title="Extradition">extradition</a> treaties are "desirable", although a nation retains the right to refuse to grant extradition, including "where the competent authorities consider that the offence is not sufficiently serious." </p><p>As with all articles of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the provisions of Article 22 are only suggestions which do not override the domestic law of the member countries: </p> <dl><dd><i>4. The provisions of this article shall be subject to the provisions of the domestic law of the Party concerned on questions of jurisdiction.</i></dd> <dd><i>5. Nothing contained in this article shall affect the principle that the offences to which it refers shall be defined, prosecuted and punished in conformity with the domestic law of a Party.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment_and_prevention">Treatment and prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Treatment and prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_22:_PENAL_PROVISIONS" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 22</a> allows Parties, in implementing the Convention's penal provisions, to make exceptions for drug abusers by substituting "treatment, education, after-care, <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> and social reintegration" for <a href="/wiki/Imprisonment" title="Imprisonment">imprisonment</a>. This reflects a shift in focus in the war on drugs from incarceration to treatment and prevention that had already begun to take hold by 1971. Indeed, in 1972, a parallel provision allowing treatment for drug abusers was added to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs by the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Amending_the_Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>. </p><p><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances#Article_20:_MEASURES_AGAINST_THE_ABUSE_OF_PSYCHOTROPIC_SUBSTANCES" class="extiw" title="s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Article 20</a> mandates drug treatment, education, and prevention measures and requires Parties to assist efforts to "gain an understanding of the problems of abuse of psychotropic substances and of its prevention" and to "promote such understanding among the general public if there is a risk that abuse of such substances will become widespread." To comply with these provisions, most Parties financially support organizations and agencies dedicated to these goals. The United States, for instance, established the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Drug_Abuse" title="National Institute on Drug Abuse">National Institute on Drug Abuse</a> in 1974 to comply with the research requirement and began sponsoring <a href="/wiki/Drug_Abuse_Resistance_Education" title="Drug Abuse Resistance Education">Drug Abuse Resistance Education</a> in 1983 to help fulfill the educational and prevention requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_trends">Recent trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recent trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_in_stimulant_trafficking">Rise in stimulant trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rise in stimulant trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Control of <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a> has become a major challenge for the UN. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/World_Drug_Report" title="World Drug Report">World Drug Report</a> warned:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Since the mid-1980s the world has faced a wave of synthetic stimulant abuse, with approximately nine times the quantity seized in 1993 than in 1978, equivalent to an average annual increase of 16 per cent. The principle synthetic drugs manufactured clandestinely are the amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) which include the widely abused <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, as well as the more recently popularized methylenedioxymethamphetamine (<a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>), known as ecstasy." It is estimated that throughout the world 30,000,000, people use ATS. This is 0.5 per cent of the global population and exceeds the number using heroin and probably those using <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.</i></dd></dl> <p>A 1998 UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem report noted:<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Between 1971 and 1995, there was a nearly fivefold increase in the number of amphetamine-type stimulants under international control. . . <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">ecstasy</a> and related designer drugs are under schedule one of the 1971 Convention, because they have virtually no medical use, while <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> are under schedule 2 because they began life with medical use. But even though they are scheduled, the system is not really working for these illegally produced drugs. One of the main limitations of the control system is that the Psychotropic Convention was not designed to control illicit markets. It was designed to control and regulate legitimate pharmaceutical markets to prevent their <a href="/wiki/Drug_diversion" title="Drug diversion">diversion</a> into illicit markets.</i></dd></dl> <p>The report mentioned proposals to increase the flexibility of scheduling drugs under the Convention and to amend the drug-control treaties to make them more responsive to the current situation. Neither proposal has gained traction, however. Due to the ease of manufacturing methamphetamine, methcathinone, and certain other stimulants, control measures are focusing less on preventing drugs from crossing borders. Instead, they are centering on increasingly long prison sentences for manufacturers and traffickers as well as regulations on large purchases of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Precursor" class="extiw" title="wikt:Precursor">precursors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a>. The International Narcotics Control Board and Commission on Narcotic Drugs help coordinate this fight by adding additional precursors to the Tables of chemicals controlled under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances</a>. </p><p>In 1997, ECOSOC called on nations to help enforce international law by cooperating "with relevant international organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a> . . . in order to promote coordinated international action in the fight against illicit demand for and supply of amphetamine-type stimulants and their precursors." That resolution also called on governments overseeing precursor exports "to inquire with the authorities of importing States about the legitimacy of transactions of concern, and to inform the International Narcotics Control Board of the action taken, particularly when they do not receive any reply to their inquiries".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Methamphetamine.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8e/Methamphetamine.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="164" /></a><figcaption>Crystal meth has emerged as a commonly abused drug, from the American and European <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> scenes to East Asia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pockets of high-intensity clandestine production and trafficking, such as rural southwest <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, exist in most industrialized nations. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> believes that East Asia (particularly <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>) now has the most serious amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) problem in the world. A 2002 report by that agency noted:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For many countries the problem of ATS is relatively new, growing quickly and unlikely to go away. The geographical spread is widening. . . Abuse is increasingly concentrated among younger populations, who generally and erroneously believe that the substances are safe and benign. The abuse of ATS is threatening to become part of mainstream culture. The less optimistic suggest that ATS is already embedded in normative young adult behavior to such an extent that it will be very difficult to change, notwithstanding the issues of physical, social and economic damage.</p></blockquote> <p>The Office called on nations to bring more resources to bear in the <a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">demand reduction</a> effort, improving treatment and <a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">rehabilitation</a> processes, increasing private sector participation in eliminating drugs from the workplace, and expanding the drug information clearing house to share information more effectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canadian_noncompliance">Canadian noncompliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Canadian noncompliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a> chastised Canada for refusing to comply with the Convention's requirement that international transactions in controlled psychotropics be reported to the Board. INCB Secretary Herbert Schaepe said:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>From Canada there is just a big, black hole. We don't know what is going into the country, nor coming out. We cannot monitor the international movement of these substances, which is our mandate. The lack of controls in Canada means that they could be destined for fake companies that will divert them into the hands of traffickers. Traffickers in third countries could be getting them through Canada. Normally, Canada has a very good reputation for fulfilling its international obligations, but here it is just breaking the treaty – a treaty that it ratified a long time ago. It is very disturbing.</i></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licit_drug_problems">Licit drug problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Licit drug problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an unusual departure from its normally pro-industry leanings, the INCB issued a press release in 2001 warning of excessive use of licit psychotropics: </p> <dl><dd><i>. . . the Board points to loose regulation, unreliable estimates and information regarding medical needs, aggressive marketing techniques and improper or even unethical prescription practices as the main reasons for the oversupply of such controlled substances as <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a> and various amphetamine type stimulants. Easy availability leads to overconsumption of such substances, either in the form of drug abuse or by fuelling a culture of drug-taking to deal with a variety of non-medical problems. . . Insomnia, anxiety, obesity and child hyperactivity as well as various kinds of pain are listed among the most common problems to be treated by prescribing psychotropic substances. The Board is especially concerned that preference is given to quick solutions without looking at the long-term effects, as prolonged, excessive consumption of such drugs could result in dependency and other physical and mental suffering.</i></dd></dl> <p>The Board also warned that the Internet provides "easy access to information on drug production and drug-taking," calling it "a growing source of on-line drug trafficking." The Board pointed out that some Internet suppliers sell controlled drugs without regard to the Convention's <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescription</a> requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_controlled_psychotropic_substances">List of controlled psychotropic substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: List of controlled psychotropic substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Substances added after 2017 are not included in this list.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropics/green-list.html">INCB Green List</a> (28th Edition, 2017) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Schedules consist of 116 positions and common generalization clause for salts. Schedule I also contains a generalization clause for stereoisomers. There are also 2 specific generalizations, both for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants. There are no exclusions. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>More statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>116 positions: </p> <ul><li>20 psychedelics <ul><li>14 phenethylamine psychedelics</li> <li>5 tryptamine psychedelics</li> <li>1 ergoline</li></ul></li> <li>28 stimulants (excluding lefetamine)</li> <li>2 synthetic cannabinoids</li> <li>2 positions representing 7 tetrahydrocannabinol isomers and their stereochemical variants</li> <li>4 dissociatives</li> <li>56 depressants <ul><li>12 barbiturates</li> <li>36 benzodiazepines (including 1 z-drug)</li> <li>2 carbamates</li> <li>2 quaaludes</li> <li>4 other depressants</li></ul></li> <li>1 position – zipeprol</li> <li>1 position – lefetamine (with stimulant and opioid effects)</li> <li>1 semisynthetic opioid</li> <li>1 synthetic benzomorphan opioid</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_I">Schedule I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Schedule I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contains 33 positions (including 1 position for six tetrahydrocannabinol isomers), generalization clause for stereoisomers, specific generalization for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants and common generalization clause for salts. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>More statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>33 positions: </p> <ul><li>17 psychedelics <ul><li>11 phenethylamines</li> <li>5 tryptamines</li> <li>1 lysergamide</li></ul></li> <li>5 entactogens</li> <li>5 stimulants</li> <li>3 cannabinoids (including 1 position representing 6 isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol and their stereochemical variants</li> <li>3 dissociatives</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychedelics"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic">Psychedelics</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Psychedelics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Substituted_phenethylamine" title="Substituted phenethylamine">Phenethylamines</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/25B-NBOMe" title="25B-NBOMe">25B-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25C-NBOMe" title="25C-NBOMe">25C-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25I-NBOMe" title="25I-NBOMe">25I-NBOMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine</a> (DOB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-chloroamphetamine</a> (DOC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine</a> (DOET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" title="2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine">2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine</a> (DOM, STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine">3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine</a> (MMDA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethoxyamphetamine" title="Dimethoxyamphetamine">dimethoxyamphetamine</a> (DMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">mescaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethoxyamphetamine" title="Trimethoxyamphetamine">trimethoxyamphetamine</a> (TMA)</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Substituted_tryptamine" title="Substituted tryptamine">Tryptamines</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diethyltryptamine" title="Diethyltryptamine">diethyltryptamine</a> (DET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyltryptamine">dimethyltryptamine</a> (DMT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ethyltryptamine">etryptamine</a> (αET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">psilocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">psilocybin</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lysergamides" title="Lysergamides">Lysergamides</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysergic acid diethylamide">LSD</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entactogens"><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Entactogens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine">3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine</a> (MDOH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine">3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine</a> (MDEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine">3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine</a> (MDMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylthioamphetamine" title="4-Methylthioamphetamine">4-Methylthioamphetamine</a> (4-MTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">tenamfetamine</a> (MDA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stimulants"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Stimulants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methcathinone" title="Methcathinone">methcathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methylaminorex" title="4-Methylaminorex">4-methylaminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxyamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxyamphetamine">para-methoxyamphetamine</a> (PMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine" title="Para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine">para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine</a> (PMMA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cannabinoids"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Cannabinoids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Isomers of natural tetrahydrocannabinol: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a>, the following isomers and their stereochemical variants: <ul><li>(9R)-Δ<sup>6a(10a)</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li> <li>(9R,10aR)-Δ<sup>6a(7)</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — (9R,10aR)-8,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li> <li>(6aR,9R,10aR)-Δ<sup>7</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,9R,10aR)-6a,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li> <li>(6aR,10aR)-Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li> <li>(6aR,9R)-Δ<sup>10</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — 6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li> <li>(6aR,10aR)-Δ<sup>9(11)</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-9-methylene-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol</li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabinoids</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">dimethylheptylpyran</a> (DMHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahexyl" title="Parahexyl">parahexyl</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissociatives"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dissociatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">eticyclidine</a> (PCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">rolicyclidine</a> (PHP, PCPy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">tenocyclidine</a> (TCP)</li></ul> <p>The stereoisomers of substances in Schedule I are also controlled, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of such stereoisomers is possible within the specific chemical designation. </p><p>Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_II">Schedule II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Schedule II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contains 19 positions, specific generalization for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants and common generalization clause for salts. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>More statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>19 positions: </p> <ul><li>12 stimulants</li> <li>1 phenethylamine psychedelic</li> <li>1 position representing an isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol and its stereochemical variants</li> <li>3 depressants <ul><li>1 barbiturate</li> <li>2 qualones</li></ul></li> <li>3 dissociatives</li> <li>1 position – zipeprol</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stimulants: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amineptine" title="Amineptine">amineptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a> and its isomers (<a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levoamphetamine" title="Levoamphetamine">levoamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenethylline" title="Fenethylline">fenethylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> and its isomers (<a href="/wiki/Dextromethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethamphetamine">dextromethamphetamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levomethamphetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethamphetamine">levomethamphetamine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a> and its isomers (<a href="/wiki/Dextromethylphenidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethylphenidate">dextromethylphenidate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levomethylphenidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Levomethylphenidate">levomethylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenmetrazine" title="Phenmetrazine">phenmetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-PVP" class="mw-redirect" title="A-PVP">a-PVP</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethylpentylone" title="N-Ethylpentylone">N-Ethylpentylone</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Phenethylamine psychedelics: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C-B" title="2C-B">2C-B</a></li></ul> <p>Natural cannabinols: </p> <ul><li>Δ<sup>9</sup>-<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a> — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol, and its stereochemical variants (<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol#Dronabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">dronabinol</a> is the international non-proprietary name, although it refers to only one of the stereochemical variants of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, namely (−)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)</li></ul> <p>Depressants (<a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secobarbital" title="Secobarbital">secobarbital</a></li></ul> <p>Depressants (qualones): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecloqualone" title="Mecloqualone">mecloqualone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">methaqualone</a></li></ul> <p>Dissociatives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">diphenidine</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a> (PCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zipeprol" title="Zipeprol">zipeprol</a></li></ul> <p>Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_III">Schedule III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Schedule III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contains 9 positions and common generalization clause for salts. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>More statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>9 positions: </p> <ul><li>6 depressants <ul><li>4 barbiturates</li> <li>1 benzodiazepine</li> <li>1 other depressant</li></ul></li> <li>1 semisynthetic opioid</li> <li>1 synthetic benzomorphan opioid</li> <li>1 stimulant</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Depressants (<a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amobarbital" title="Amobarbital">amobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butalbital" title="Butalbital">butalbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclobarbital" title="Cyclobarbital">cyclobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a></li></ul> <p>Depressants (<a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flunitrazepam" title="Flunitrazepam">flunitrazepam</a></li></ul> <p>Depressants (other): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutethimide" title="Glutethimide">glutethimide</a></li></ul> <p>Semisynthetic <a href="/wiki/Agonist%E2%80%93antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agonist–antagonist">agonist–antagonist</a> opioids: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">buprenorphine</a></li></ul> <p>Synthetic agonist–antagonist opioids – benzomorphans: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">pentazocine</a></li></ul> <p>Stimulants: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathine" title="Cathine">cathine</a></li></ul> <p>Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule_IV">Schedule IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Schedule IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contains 62 positions and common generalization clause for salts. </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>More statistics </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p>Schedule IV (62): </p> <ul><li>47 depressants <ul><li>7 barbiturates</li> <li>35 benzodiazepines (including 1 z-drug)</li> <li>2 carbamates</li> <li>3 other depressants</li></ul></li> <li>14 stimulants</li> <li>1 position – lefetamine (with stimulant and opioid effects)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Depressants (<a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allobarbital" title="Allobarbital">allobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbital" title="Barbital">barbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butobarbital" title="Butobarbital">butobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenobarbital" title="Methylphenobarbital">methylphenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butabarbital" title="Butabarbital">butabarbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylbital" title="Vinylbital">vinylbital</a></li></ul> <p>Depressants (<a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromazepam" title="Bromazepam">bromazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotizolam" title="Brotizolam">brotizolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camazepam" title="Camazepam">camazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlordiazepoxide" title="Chlordiazepoxide">chlordiazepoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobazam" title="Clobazam">clobazam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonazepam" title="Clonazepam">clonazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorazepate" title="Clorazepate">clorazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiazepam" title="Clotiazepam">clotiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxazolam" title="Cloxazolam">cloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delorazepam" title="Delorazepam">delorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazepam" title="Diazepam">diazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estazolam" title="Estazolam">estazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_loflazepate" title="Ethyl loflazepate">ethyl loflazepate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludiazepam" title="Fludiazepam">fludiazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flurazepam" title="Flurazepam">flurazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halazepam" title="Halazepam">halazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloxazolam" title="Haloxazolam">haloxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketazolam" title="Ketazolam">ketazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loprazolam" title="Loprazolam">loprazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorazepam" title="Lorazepam">lorazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lormetazepam" title="Lormetazepam">lormetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medazepam" title="Medazepam">medazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midazolam" title="Midazolam">midazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimetazepam" title="Nimetazepam">nimetazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrazepam" title="Nitrazepam">nitrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordazepam" title="Nordazepam">nordazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazepam" title="Oxazepam">oxazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxazolam" title="Oxazolam">oxazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinazepam" title="Pinazepam">pinazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prazepam" title="Prazepam">prazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temazepam" title="Temazepam">temazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazepam" title="Tetrazepam">tetrazepam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazolam" title="Triazolam">triazolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolpidem" title="Zolpidem">zolpidem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z-drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drug">z-drug</a>)</li></ul> <p>Depressants (carbamates): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethinamate" title="Ethinamate">ethinamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">meprobamate</a></li></ul> <p>Depressants (other): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethchlorvynol" title="Ethchlorvynol">ethchlorvynol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">gamma-hydroxybutyric acid</a> (GHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyprylon" title="Methyprylon">methyprylon</a></li></ul> <p>Stimulants: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amfepramone" title="Amfepramone">amfepramone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminorex" title="Aminorex">aminorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzphetamine" title="Benzphetamine">benzphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilamfetamine" title="Etilamfetamine">etilamfetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencamfamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fencamfamine">fencamfamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenproporex" title="Fenproporex">fenproporex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazindol" title="Mazindol">mazindol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenorex" title="Mefenorex">mefenorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocarb" title="Mesocarb">mesocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemoline" title="Pemoline">pemoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phendimetrazine" title="Phendimetrazine">phendimetrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phentermine" title="Phentermine">phentermine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipradrol" title="Pipradrol">pipradrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrovalerone" title="Pyrovalerone">pyrovalerone</a></li></ul> <p>Drugs with both stimulant and opioid effects: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lefetamine" title="Lefetamine">lefetamine</a> (SPA) — open chain opioid having also stimulant effects</li></ul> <p>Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulated_elsewhere">Regulated elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Regulated elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">ephedrine</a> (as well as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoephedrine" title="Pseudoephedrine">pseudoephedrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanolamine" title="Phenylpropanolamine">norephedrine</a>) is regulated as an <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances#List_of_controlled_drug_precursors" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">UN-controlled drug precursor</a>.</li></ul> <p>The following are scheduled by <a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>. </p><p>Cannabis: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> — the flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant (resin not extracted)</li> <li>cannabis <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> — the separated resin, crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant</li> <li>extracts and <a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">tinctures</a> of cannabis</li></ul> <p>Coca leaf, cocaine and ecgonine: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a> leaf — the leaf of the coca bush (plant material), except a leaf from which all ecgonine, cocaine and any other ecgonine alkaloids have been removed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> (methyl <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">ester</a> of <a href="/wiki/Benzoylecgonine" title="Benzoylecgonine">benzoylecgonine</a>) — an alkaloid found in coca leaves or prepared by synthesis from ecgonine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecgonine" title="Ecgonine">ecgonine</a> — its esters and derivatives which are convertible to ecgonine and cocaine</li></ul> <p>All other drugs scheduled by the narcotic convention are agonist-only opioids (and natural sources of them). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Not_scheduled_by_UN_conventions">Not scheduled by UN conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Not scheduled by UN conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants being the source of substances scheduled by this convention are not scheduled (see <a href="#Psychedelic_plants_and_fungi">Psychedelic plants and fungi</a> and <a href="#Organic_plants">Organic plants</a> sections). </p><p>Partial list of psychotropic substances currently or formerly used in medicine, but not scheduled: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> (depressant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzydamine" title="Benzydamine">benzydamine</a> (deliriant and stimulant, used medically as a <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butorphanol" title="Butorphanol">butorphanol</a> (agonist-antagonist opioid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a> (stimulant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">dextromethorphan</a> (dissociative, used medically as a <a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">cough suppressant</a>) and its metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">dimenhydrinate</a> (deliriants)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> (dissociative) and its stereoisomer <a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">modafinil</a> (stimulant), its stereoisomer <a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">armodafinil</a>, and a similar drug <a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalbuphine" title="Nalbuphine">nalbuphine</a> (agonist-antagonist opioid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> (stimulant)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propofol" title="Propofol">propofol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fospropofol" title="Fospropofol">fospropofol</a> (anesthetics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaleplon" title="Zaleplon">zaleplon</a> (depressant <a href="/wiki/Z-drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drug">z-drug</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zopiclone" title="Zopiclone">zopiclone</a> (depressant <a href="/wiki/Z-drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Z-drug">z-drug</a>) and its stereoisomer <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">eszopiclone</a></li></ul> <p>There are also many <a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">designer drugs</a> not used in medicine that are not scheduled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="See_also">See also</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs#List_of_controlled_narcotic_drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">List of UN-controlled narcotic drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances#List_of_controlled_drug_precursors" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">List of UN-controlled drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_prohibition_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug prohibition law">Drug prohibition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Analogue_Act" title="Federal Analogue Act">Federal Analogue Act</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 1 January 1970. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Protocol+on+Psychotropic+Substances&rft.pub=United+Nations+Office+on+Drugs+and+Crime&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Funodc%2Fen%2Fbulletin%2Fbulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO_Expert_Committee_on_Drug_Dependence2003" class="citation book cs1">WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MCJG1DzZfwkC&pg=PA11"><i>WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Thirty-third Report</i></a>. World Health Organization. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-120915-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-120915-1"><bdi>978-92-4-120915-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Expert+Committee+on+Drug+Dependence%3A+Thirty-third+Report&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-92-4-120915-1&rft.au=WHO+Expert+Committee+on+Drug+Dependence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMCJG1DzZfwkC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110204316/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/811.htm">"21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(4)"</a>. 22 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/811.htm">the original</a> on 10 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+U.S.C.+%C2%A7+811%28d%29%284%29&rft.date=2002-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usdoj.gov%2Fdea%2Fpubs%2Fcsa%2F811.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516010858/http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990311b.html">"Statement on "Date Rape" Drugs by Nicholas Reuter, M.P.H."</a> U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 11 March 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990311b.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+on+%22Date+Rape%22+Drugs+by+Nicholas+Reuter%2C+M.P.H.&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft.date=1999-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fasl%2Ftestify%2Ft990311b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbs.org/current/archive/ephcontrol.html">DSSC says ephedrine should not be a controlled substance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122002836/http://www.herbs.org/current/archive/ephcontrol.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Herb World News Online, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060513150230/http://www.unicri.it/min.san.bollettino/altre/915-en.pdf">"WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. World Health Organization. 17 March 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicri.it/min.san.bollettino/altre/915-en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+Expert+Committee+on+Drug+Dependence&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2003-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicri.it%2Fmin.san.bollettino%2Faltre%2F915-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1993" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Nicholas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/e_for_ecstasy/e_for_ecstasy-a1-1.shtml#R15"><i>E for Ecstasy</i></a>. Nicholas Saunders. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9501628-8-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9501628-8-4"><bdi>0-9501628-8-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528080217/http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/e_for_ecstasy/e_for_ecstasy-a1-1.shtml#R15">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E+for+Ecstasy&rft.pub=Nicholas+Saunders&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9501628-8-4&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erowid.org%2Flibrary%2Fbooks_online%2Fe_for_ecstasy%2Fe_for_ecstasy-a1-1.shtml%23R15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_729.pdf">Twenty-second Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019192225/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_729.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Technical Report Series 729 (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Drug_Resolutions/1980-1989/1986/CND_Decision-1986-07_S-IX.pdf">"Decision to place MDMA into Schedule I"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UNODC</i>. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. 11 February 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922000603/http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Drug_Resolutions/1980-1989/1986/CND_Decision-1986-07_S-IX.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNODC&rft.atitle=Decision+to+place+MDMA+into+Schedule+I&rft.date=1986-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcommissions%2FCND%2FDrug_Resolutions%2F1980-1989%2F1986%2FCND_Decision-1986-07_S-IX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thirty-second_Report-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thirty-second_Report_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thirty-second_Report_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_903.pdf">Thirty-second Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018124115/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_903.pdf">Archived</a> 18 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Technical Report Series 903 (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528001238/http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/stimulants/59.FR.31639">"International Drug Scheduling; Convention on Psychotropic Substances; Certain Stimulant/Hallucinogenic Drugs and Certain Nonbarbiturate Sedative Drugs"</a>. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 20 June 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/stimulants/59.FR.31639">the original</a> on 28 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Drug+Scheduling%3B+Convention+on+Psychotropic+Substances%3B+Certain+Stimulant%2FHallucinogenic+Drugs+and+Certain+Nonbarbiturate+Sedative+Drugs&rft.pub=U.S.+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=1994-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparanoia.lycaeum.org%2Fstimulants%2F59.FR.31639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._G._Nahas1981" class="citation journal cs1">G. G. Nahas (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1981-01-01_2_page002.html">"A pharmacological classification of drugs of abuse"</a>. <i>Bulletin on Narcotics</i>. <b>33</b> (2). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6272921">6272921</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308105720/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1981-01-01_2_page002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nida.nih.gov/DirReports/DirRep297/DirectorReport9.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Director%27s+Report+to+the+National+Advisory+Council+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Institute+on+Drug+Abuse&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nida.nih.gov%2FDirReports%2FDirRep297%2FDirectorReport9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006124538/http://www.unodc.org/pdf/resolutions/ga_ecosoc_cnd_2007/decision-50-01.pdf">"Decision 50/2, Review of dronabinol and its stereoisomers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNODC, Commission on Narcotic Drugs. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/pdf/resolutions/ga_ecosoc_cnd_2007/decision-50-01.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decision+50%2F2%2C+Review+of+dronabinol+and+its+stereoisomers&rft.pub=UNODC%2C+Commission+on+Narcotic+Drugs&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2Fpdf%2Fresolutions%2Fga_ecosoc_cnd_2007%2Fdecision-50-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation techreport cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/UNSG_letter_ECDD41_recommendations_cannabis_24Jan19.pdf"><i>Outcome of the 41st Expert Committee on Drug Dependence of the World Health Organization</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Technical report) (1018 ed.). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary-General">United Nations Secretary-General</a>. January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728140616/https://www.who.int/medicines/access/controlled-substances/UNSG_letter_ECDD41_recommendations_cannabis_24Jan19.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Substance+Details+3-Methoxyphencyclidine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unodc.org%2FLSS%2FSubstance%2FDetails%2F9f523030-0004-46f9-9de5-f1afc66a5c66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvention+on+Psychotropic+Substances" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Convention on Psychotropic Substances">Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KPAAAAMAAJ">Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Done at Vienna on 21 February 1971</a>, Adolf Lande, United Nations: New York, 1976 (E/CN.7/589)</li> <li>Bewley-Taylor, David R. and Fazey, Cindy S. J.: The Mechanics and Dynamics of the UN System for International Drug Control, 14 March 2003.</li> <li>Saunders, Nicholas: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecstasy.org/books/e4x/e4x.ap.01/e4x.ap.01.194.html">E is for Ecstasy</a>, Appendix 1: Reference Section, <i>Letter from myself in New Scientist</i>, 18 December 1993.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1982-01-01_3_page002.html">The ratification of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 and its transposition into national legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_on_Narcotics" title="Bulletin on Narcotics">Bulletin on Narcotics</a>, 1982.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1973-05-18_3.html">1973/1773(LIV). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances: ratifications and accessions</a>, UN Economic and Social Council, 18 May 1973.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1975-12-09_1.html">3443(XXX). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>, UN General Assembly, 9 December 1975.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1979-02-22_1.html">CND Res.6(XXVIII). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>, UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 22 February 1979.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1981-05-06_1.html">1981/7. Implementation of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a>, UN Economic and Social Council, 6 May 1981.</li> <li>Cappato, Marco and Perduca, Marco: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113145210/http://servizi.radicalparty.org/documents/index.php?func=detail&par=213">Concept Paper for Campaign by the Transnational Radical Party and the International Antiprohibitionist League to Reform the UN Conventions on Drugs</a>, 9 October 2002.</li> <li>Bewley-Taylor, David R.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tni.org/reports/drugs/debate5.htm">Breaking the Impasse: Polarisation & Paralysis in UN Drug Control</a>, July 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/scheduleUN.php?schedule=2">Psychotropic Substances under International Control (“Green List”)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928160152/http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/scheduleUN.php?schedule=2">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The chemical name and structure of each substance under the control of the Treaty. Correlates the drugs and substances controlled by the Treaty with those named in the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Drugs_and_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Drugs and Substances Act">Controlled Drugs and Substances Act</a>, the UK <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1ZekzMVSQC">Drug diplomacy in the twentieth century: an international history</a>, William B. McAllister, Routledge, 2000</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" class="extiw" title="s:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050107200642/http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/right_committee/en/index.html">World Health Organization Expert Committee on Drug Dependence</a> – Reports of drug evaluations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en">Signatures and ratifications</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331074842/https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en">Archived</a> 31 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get_Your_Drugs_Tested" title="Get Your Drugs Tested">Get Your Drugs Tested</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">changes in cannabis scheduling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Other treaties</a> addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_drug_war" title="Bangladesh drug war">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_South_Korea" title="Drug policy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Malta" title="Cannabis in Malta">Cannabis in Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Poland" title="Drug policy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Romania" title="Drug policy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis_by_U.S._jurisdiction" title="Legality of cannabis by U.S. jurisdiction">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Harm reduction in the United States">harm reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">psilocybin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drug_policy_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drug policy of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Mexico" title="Cannabis in Mexico">cannabis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Listings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_and_precursor_laws_by_country_or_territory" title="Drug and precursor laws by country or territory">Drug and precursor laws by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Absinthe#Regulations" title="Absinthe">absinthe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">consumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moonshine_by_country" title="Moonshine by country">moonshine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut#Modern-day_consumption" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country" title="Legal status of ayahuasca by country">Ayahuasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine#Legal_status" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine#Regulations" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine#Legal_status" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country" title="Legal status of ibogaine by country">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava#Regulation" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat#Regulation" title="Khat">Khat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD#Legal_status" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Society_and_culture" title="MDMA">MDMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone#Legal_status" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone#Legality" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone#Legal_status" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa#Regulation" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> (also known as kratom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium#History" title="Opium">Opium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">Psychoactive Amanita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_cacti_by_country" title="Legal status of psychoactive cacti by country">Psychoactive cacti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recreational_drug_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Drug_use" title="Template talk:Drug use"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Drug_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Drug use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recreational_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">Recreational drug use</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Major_recreational_drugs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major recreational drugs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">Barbiturates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">Benzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">Alcoholic beverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">Gabapentinoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li>Medical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Hazardous <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive#Contact" title="Adhesive">contact adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_polish#Nail_polish_remover" title="Nail polish">nail polish remover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_thinner" title="Paint thinner">Paint thinner</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">Nonbenzodiazepines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">Quinazolinones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a> <ul><li>Suboxone</li> <li>Subutex</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">Codeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(drug)" title="Lean (drug)">Lean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desomorphine" title="Desomorphine">Desomorphine</a> <ul><li>Krokodil</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a> <ul><li>Darvocet</li> <li>Darvon</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">Fentanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Diamorphine</a> <ul><li>Heroin</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">Hydrocodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">Hydromorphone</a> <ul><li>Dilaudid</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitragyna_speciosa" title="Mitragyna speciosa">Mitragyna speciosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">Kratom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">Morphine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">Oxycodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxycodone/paracetamol" title="Oxycodone/paracetamol">/paracetamol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">Arecoline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca" title="Areca">Areca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_cocaine" title="Crack cocaine">Crack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedrine" title="Ephedrine">Ephedrine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">MDPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone" title="Methylone">Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_polacrilex" title="Nicotine polacrilex">Polacrilex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_salt" title="Nicotine salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobromine" title="Theobromine">Theobromine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">Chocolate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empathogen%E2%80%93entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Empathogen–entactogen">Entactogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2C_(psychedelics)" title="2C (psychedelics)">2C series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6-APB" title="6-APB">6-APB</a> <ul><li>Benzofury</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Methyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Methyltryptamine">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine" title="3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine">MDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">Hallucinogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Psychoactive toads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Vilca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_peregrina" title="Anadenanthera peregrina">Yopo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">DMT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergine" title="Ergine">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescaline" title="Mescaline">Mescaline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_peruviana" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis peruviana">Peruvian torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyote" title="Peyote">Peyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinopsis_pachanoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinopsis pachanoi">San Pedro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Psilocin" title="Psilocin">Psilocin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushrooms</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_dextromethorphan" title="Recreational use of dextromethorphan">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucine" title="Glaucine">Glaucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">Inhalants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl nitrites">alkyl nitrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">amyl nitrite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">MXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropine" title="Atropine">Atropine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scopolamine" title="Scopolamine">Scopolamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">Atropa belladonna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datura" title="Datura">Datura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscyamus_niger" title="Hyoscyamus niger">Hyoscyamus niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandragora_officinarum" title="Mandragora officinarum">Mandragora officinarum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimenhydrinate" title="Dimenhydrinate">Dimenhydrinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis (Marijuana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocannabinoid">Neocannabinoid / synthetic cannabinoids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JWH-018" title="JWH-018">JWH-018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APICA_(synthetic_cannabinoid_drug)" title="APICA (synthetic cannabinoid drug)">APICA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APINACA" title="APINACA">APINACA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice (drug)">Spice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calea_ternifolia" title="Calea ternifolia">Calea zacatechichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silene_undulata" title="Silene undulata">Silene capensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methaqualone" title="Methaqualone">Quaaludes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MDMA#Forms" title="MDMA">Molly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Recreational_use_of_nitrous_oxide" title="Recreational use of nitrous oxide">recreational use</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">Poppers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Drug_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Cannabis consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cannabis cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Cannabis rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">List of cannabis rights organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)#Cannabis_vaporizers" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Cannabis vaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history of cannabis in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">Marijuana Policy Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Cannabis and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartender" title="Bartender">Bartending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer#Beer_and_society" title="Beer">Beer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_festival" title="Beer festival">Beer festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_drinking" title="Binge drinking">Binge drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether#Recreational_use" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_game" title="Drinking game">Drinking games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_hour" title="Happy hour">Happy hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_flask" title="Hip flask">Hip flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktoberfest" title="Oktoberfest">Oktoberfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">Pub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">Pub crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(establishment)" title="Bar (establishment)">Sports bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bar" title="Wine bar">Wine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">Psychedelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_era" title="Psychedelic era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_experience" title="Psychedelic experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_microdosing" title="Psychedelic microdosing">Microdosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_shop" title="Smart shop">Smart shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_therapy" title="Psychedelic therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking#Society_and_culture" title="Smoking">Smoking culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud-chasing" title="Cloud-chasing">Cloud-chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chasing_the_dragon" title="Chasing the dragon">Chasing the dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_party" title="Dance party">Dance party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">Drug paraphernalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_tourism" title="Recreational drug tourism">Drug tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_sharing" title="Needle sharing">Needle sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_and_play" title="Party and play">Party and play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_drug_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly drug use">Poly drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_drugs" title="Religion and drugs">Religion and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_drugs" title="Sex and drugs">Sex and drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_about_drugs" title="Urban legends about drugs">Urban legends about drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoonga" title="Whoonga">Whoonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Legality_of_drug_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legality of drug use</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_drug_control_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations drug control conventions">International drug control conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1971 Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1988 Drug Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other treaties addressing drugs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Against_Doping_in_Sport" title="International Convention Against Doping in Sport">Convention Against Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_European_Union_decisions_on_designer_drugs" title="Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs">Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">Decriminalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalization" title="Legalization">Legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prohibition of drugs">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_reduction" title="Supply reduction">Supply reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">Policy reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_reduction" title="Demand reduction">Demand reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">Drug Policy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">Law Enforcement Action Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Liberalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_drug_legalization" title="Latin American drug legalization">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">Students for Sensible Drug Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_Drug_Policy_Foundation" title="Transform Drug Policy Foundation">Transform Drug Policy Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug policy<br /> by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Australia" title="Drug policy">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Canada" title="Drug policy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Germany" title="Drug policy">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_India" title="Drug policy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Drug policy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Portugal" title="Drug policy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Slovakia" title="Drug policy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Sweden" title="Drug policy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy#Switzerland" title="Drug policy">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_drug_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Federal drug policy of the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Just_Say_No" title="Just Say No">Just Say No</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district_drug_policies" title="School district drug policies">School district drug policies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_California" title="Drug policy of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Maryland" title="Drug policy of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Oregon" title="Drug policy of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Virginia" title="Drug policy of Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug legality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Legal_status" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Cannabis legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Cocaine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Methamphetamine legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_decriminalization_in_the_United_States" title="Psilocybin decriminalization in the United States">Psilocybin decriminalization in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Psilocybin mushrooms legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Salvia legality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition" title="Arguments for and against drug prohibition">Arguments for and against drug prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_drug_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for drug trafficking">Capital punishment for drug trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_drug" title="Designer drug">Designer drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_court" title="Drug court">Drug court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug possession">Drug possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Narc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_drug_abuse" title="Politics of drug abuse">Politics of drug abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">War on drugs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Colombia" title="Plan Colombia">Plan Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_drug_war" title="Philippine drug war">Philippine drug war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">Zero tolerance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drug<br /> production<br /> and trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug<br /> production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coca_production_in_Colombia" title="Coca production in Colombia">Coca production in Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_chemicals" title="Precursor chemicals">Drug precursors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Opium production in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_meth_lab" title="Rolling meth lab">Rolling meth lab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Drug trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drug trade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Aruba" title="Illegal drug trade in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugs_in_Cambodia" title="Drugs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_China" title="Illegal drug trade in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia" title="Illegal drug trade in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_El_Salvador" title="Illegal drug trade in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Haiti" title="Illegal drug trade in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Indian_Ocean_region" title="Illegal drug trade in the Indian Ocean region">Indian Ocean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Japan" title="Illegal drug trade in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latin_America" title="Illegal drug trade in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking_in_Mauritius" title="Drug trafficking in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Panama" title="Illegal drug trade in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Paraguay" title="Illegal drug trade in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines" title="Illegal drug trade in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Illegal drug trade in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Seychelles" title="Illegal drug trade in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Turkey" title="Illegal drug trade in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Illegal drug trade in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal drug trade in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Illegal drug trade in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Venezuela" title="Illegal drug trade in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_distribution" title="Pharmaceutical distribution">Pharmaceutical distribution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beer_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer shop">Beer shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis shop">Cannabis shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_store" title="Liquor store">Liquor store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">Liquor license</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues with<br />drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction" title="Addiction">Addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_rape_drug" title="Date rape drug">Date rape drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dependence" title="Substance dependence">Dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving impaired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_harmfulness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug harmfulness">Drug harmfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects of cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-related_crime" title="Drug-related crime">Drug-related crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_alcohol_spectrum_disorder" title="Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder">Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">Overdose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a> <ul><li>of tobacco or other substances</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Harm reduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_checking" title="Drug checking">Drug checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_legalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug legalization">Drug legalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_rehabilitation" title="Drug rehabilitation">Drug rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioid replacement therapy">Opioid replacement therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagent_testing" title="Reagent testing">Reagent testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsible_drug_use" title="Responsible drug use">Responsible drug use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse_prevention" title="Substance abuse prevention">Substance abuse prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries by <br /> drug use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a></li> <li>Cannabis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiates use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tobacco_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by tobacco consumption">Tobacco consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannabis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannabis" title="Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannabis" title="Template talk:Cannabis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannabis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannabis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cannabis" title="Outline of cannabis">Outline of cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Recreational and medical applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Industrial applications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoflowering_cannabis" title="Autoflowering cannabis">Autoflowering cannabis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_indica" title="Cannabis indica">indica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_ruderalis" title="Cannabis ruderalis">ruderalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_sativa" title="Cannabis sativa">sativa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_defenses_in_Cannabis" title="Chemical defenses in Cannabis">Chemical defenses in Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_consumption" title="Cannabis consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_CBD_to_THC" title="Conversion of CBD to THC">Conversion of CBD to THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cultivation" title="Cannabis cultivation">Cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cannabis_terms" title="Glossary of cannabis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_cannabis" title="List of names for cannabis">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_cannabis" title="Etymology of cannabis">cannabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagga" title="Dagga">dagga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganja" title="Ganja">ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana_(word)" title="Marijuana (word)">marijuana</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_slang_names_for_cannabis" title="List of slang names for cannabis">slang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_strains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis strains">Strains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_cannabinoids" title="Synthetic cannabinoids">Synthetic cannabis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_and_trauma" title="Cannabis use and trauma">Cannabis use and trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">Medical cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis product testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medical_cannabis" title="History of medical cannabis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Medical cannabis in the United States">In the US</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_card" title="Medical cannabis card">Medical cannabis card</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_use_of_cannabis" title="Entheogenic use of cannabis">Religious and spiritual use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalice_(pipe)" title="Chalice (pipe)">Chalice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_drug_testing" title="Cannabis drug testing">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Anonymous" title="Marijuana Anonymous">Marijuana Anonymous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanfparade" title="Hanfparade">Hanfparade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_diseases" title="List of hemp diseases">List of hemp diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_products" title="List of hemp products">List of hemp products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hempcrete" title="Hempcrete">hempcrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_jewelry" title="Hemp jewelry">jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_milk" title="Hemp milk">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_oil" title="Hemp oil">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">rolling paper</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hemp_varieties" title="List of hemp varieties">List of hemp varieties</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hemp_for_Victory" title="Hemp for Victory">Hemp for Victory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Industries_Association" title="Hemp Industries Association">Hemp Industries Association</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_Wears_No_Clothes" title="The Emperor Wears No Clothes">The Emperor Wears No Clothes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_edible" title="Cannabis edible">Cannabis edible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhang" title="Bhang">Bhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_tea" title="Cannabis tea">Cannabis tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_smoking" title="Cannabis smoking">Cannabis smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_(cannabis)" title="Joint (cannabis)">Joint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_concentrate" title="Cannabis concentrate">Cannabis concentrate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_flower_essential_oil" title="Cannabis flower essential oil">Essential oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charas" title="Charas">Charas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashish" title="Hashish">Hashish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hash_oil" title="Hash oil">Hash oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kief" title="Kief">Kief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_of_cannabis" title="Tincture of cannabis">Tincture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_prensada" title="Marihuana prensada"><i>Marihuana prensada</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_phytocannabinoids" title="Comparison of phytocannabinoids">Phytocannabinoids</a> <ul><li>Quasi-psychedelic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-8-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-8-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Δ-10-Tetrahydrocannabinol"><i>delta</i>-10-THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">THCH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabiphorol" title="Tetrahydrocannabiphorol">THCP</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiol" title="Cannabidiol">CBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabihexol" title="Tetrahydrocannabihexol">CBDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabidiphorol" title="Cannabidiphorol">CBDP</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_cannabis" title="Effects of cannabis">Effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amotivational_syndrome" title="Amotivational syndrome">Amotivational syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_pregnancy" title="Cannabis in pregnancy">Cannabis in pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_use_disorder" title="Cannabis use disorder">Cannabis use disorder</a> (CUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_hyperemesis_syndrome" title="Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome">Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome</a> (CHS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_endocannabinoid_deficiency_syndrome" title="Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome">Clinical endocannabinoid deficiency syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entourage_effect" title="Entourage effect">Entourage effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Endocannabinoid system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_impaired_driving" title="Cannabis and impaired driving">Impaired driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_time_perception" title="Cannabis and time perception">Time perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_cannabis" title="Long-term effects of cannabis">Long-term effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_concerns_of_cannabis_use" title="Occupational health concerns of cannabis use">Occupational health concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis_research" title="Medical cannabis research">Medical cannabis research</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/420_(cannabis_culture)" title="420 (cannabis culture)">420</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budtender" title="Budtender">Budtender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_by_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabis by Country">Cannabis by Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_cookbook" title="Cannabis cookbook">Cookbooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_etiquette" title="Cannabis etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Social_Club" title="Cannabis Social Club">Cannabis Social Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_shop" title="Head shop">Head shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_cannabis" title="List of books about cannabis">Books</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Culture_(magazine)" title="Cannabis Culture (magazine)">Cannabis Culture</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_columns" title="List of cannabis columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_competitions" title="List of cannabis competitions">Competitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_hoaxes" title="List of cannabis hoaxes">List of cannabis hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_cannabis" title="Category:Films about cannabis">Films</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/High_Times" title="High Times">High Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cannabis_music" title="Category:Cannabis music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_religion" title="Cannabis and religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_restaurant_industry" title="Cannabis in the restaurant industry">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_sports" title="Cannabis and sports">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overgrow" title="Operation Overgrow">Operation Overgrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke-in" title="Smoke-in">Smoke-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_TV" title="Stoner TV">Stoner TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_video_game_culture" title="Cannabis and video game culture">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_organizations" title="List of cannabis rights organizations">Cannabis rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Cannabis_Therapeutics" title="Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aotearoa_Legalise_Cannabis_Party" title="Aotearoa Legalise Cannabis Party">ALCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Marijuana_Association" title="American Medical Marijuana Association">AMMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Safe_Access" title="Americans for Safe Access">ASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Action_Network" title="Cannabis Action Network">CAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Badged_Network" title="Colorado Badged Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Law_Reform" title="Cannabis Law Reform">CLEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Rescheduling_Cannabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition for Rescheduling Cannabis">CRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagga_Couple" title="Dagga Couple">Dagga Couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_for_Cannabis_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctors for Cannabis Regulation">DFCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Policy_Alliance" title="Drug Policy Alliance">DPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ENCOD" class="mw-redirect" title="ENCOD">ENCOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAAAT_think_%26_do_tank" title="FAAAT think & do tank">FAAAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Cannabis_Association" title="Finnish Cannabis Association">FCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Legalisation_Movement_India" title="Great Legalisation Movement India">GLM India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">GMM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Action_Partnership" title="Law Enforcement Action Partnership">LEAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_Association_for_Psychedelic_Studies" title="Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies">MAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marijuana_Policy_Project" title="Marijuana Policy Project">MPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cannabis_Industry_Association" title="National Cannabis Industry Association">NCIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NORML_France" title="NORML France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_New_Zealand" title="NORML New Zealand">NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORML_UK" title="NORML UK">UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safer_Alternative_for_Enjoyable_Recreation" title="Safer Alternative for Enjoyable Recreation">SAFER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Cannabis_Clinicians" title="Society of Cannabis Clinicians">SCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Sensible_Drug_Policy" title="Students for Sensible Drug Policy">SSDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_for_Medical_Cannabis_Access" title="Veterans for Medical Cannabis Access">VMCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Cannabinoid_Medicines" title="International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines">IACM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cannabinoid_Research_Society" title="International Cannabinoid Research Society">ICRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Ethnobotanical_Education,_Research_and_Service" title="International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service">ICEERS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Adult lifetime use by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bootleggers_and_Baptists#Cannabis" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_rights" title="Cannabis rights">Cannabis rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_rights_leaders" title="List of cannabis rights leaders">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_cannabis_trafficking" title="Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking">Capital punishment for cannabis trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_legalized_cannabis" title="Effects of legalized cannabis">Effects of legalized cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marijuana_March" title="Global Marijuana March">Global Marijuana March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality of cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Internationally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cannabis_regulatory_agencies" title="List of cannabis regulatory agencies">Regulatory agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1971 Vienna Convention on Psychotropic Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances" title="United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances">1998 UN Convention on Illicit Trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li>In the U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legal history of cannabis in the United States">Legal history in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cannabis_law" title="Timeline of cannabis law">Timeline of cannabis law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major legal<br />reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Treaty law: <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_and_cannabis_resin_from_Schedule_IV_of_the_Single_Convention_on_narcotic_drugs,_1961" title="Removal of cannabis and cannabis resin from Schedule IV of the Single Convention on narcotic drugs, 1961">Rescheduling of cannabis in 2020</a></li> <li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Act" title="Cannabis Act">2018 Cannabis Act</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/German_cannabis_control_bill" title="German cannabis control bill">German cannabis control bill</a></li> <li>UK: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_classification_in_the_United_Kingdom#Return_to_class_B" title="Cannabis classification in the United Kingdom">Return to class B</a></li> <li>Uruguay: <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Uruguay" title="Cannabis in Uruguay">Law No. 19172</a></li> <li>US: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legalization_of_non-medical_cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the United States">Legalization of non-medical cannabis in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_cannabis_from_Schedule_I_of_the_Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Removal of cannabis from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act">Rescheduling per the Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_Farming_Act_of_2018" title="Hemp Farming Act of 2018">Hemp Farming Act of 2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians<br />and parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties" title="Cannabis political parties">Cannabis political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_the_United_States" title="Cannabis political parties of the United States">of the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_political_parties_of_Minnesota" title="Cannabis political parties of Minnesota">of Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_Party_(Spain)" title="Cannabis Party (Spain)">of Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_politicians_who_have_acknowledged_cannabis_use" title="List of United States politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use">List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ker_v._California" title="Ker v. California">Ker v. California</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyllo_v._United_States" title="Kyllo v. United States">Kyllo v. United States</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/ADPF_187" title="ADPF 187">ADPF 187</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_liberalization" title="Drug liberalization">Drug liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_cannabis_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the cannabis industry</a></li> <li>Substances <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannabis_leaf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/15px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/22px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Cannabis_leaf.svg/30px-Cannabis_leaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cannabis" title="Portal:Cannabis"><i>Cannabis</i> portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_policy" title="Template:Public policy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_policy" title="Template talk:Public policy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_policy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public policy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_policy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy" title="Agricultural policy">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy reform">reform</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Economic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Incomes_policy" title="Incomes policy">Incomes</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">Industrial</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Investment_policy" title="Investment policy">Investment</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Tax_policy" title="Tax policy">Tax</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Trade</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_policy" title="Education policy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy policy">Renewable energy</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_policy" title="Food policy">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Vaccination_policy" title="Vaccination policy">Vaccination</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing policy">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_policy" title="Knowledge policy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_policy" title="Military policy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research_policy" title="Stem cell research policy">Stem cell</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">Social</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_policy" title="Evidence-based policy">Evidence-based policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_budgeting" title="Public budgeting">Public budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">Public policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_school" title="Public policy school">Public policy school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_analysis" title="Policy analysis">Policy analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_policy_topics_by_country" title="List of public policy topics by country">Public policy by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_health" title="Template talk:Public health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Medical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Medical Officer">Chief Medical Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence_in_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural competence in health care">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_eugenics" title="New eugenics">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_genomics" title="Public health genomics">Genomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Globalization and disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_reduction" title="Harm reduction">Harm reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_policy" title="Health policy">Health policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_reform" title="Health care reform">Health care reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_First" title="Housing First">Housing First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Human right to water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_depression" title="Management of depression">Management of depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_law" title="Public health law">Public health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_public_health_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="National public health institutes">National public health institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_politics" title="Health politics">Health politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health" title="Maternal health">Maternal health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">Mental health</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">Ministers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_policy" title="Pharmaceutical policy">Pharmaceutical policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil pollution">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners%27_rights" title="Prisoners' rights">Prisoners' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_intervention" title="Public health intervention">Public health intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_laboratory" title="Public health laboratory">Public health laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Sociology of health and illness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_changing_rooms" title="Unisex changing rooms">Unisex changing rooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_public_toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Unisex public toilets">Unisex public toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_change_(public_health)" title="Behavior change (public health)">Behavior change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_change_theories" title="Behavioural change theories">Theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_promotion" title="Health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nutrition" title="Human nutrition">Human nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_nutrition" title="Preventive nutrition">Preventive nutrition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">Hygiene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infection_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Infection control">Infection control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_hygiene" title="Oral hygiene">Oral hygiene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Controlled Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_prevention" title="Injury prevention">Injury prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety" title="Patient safety">Patient safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_safety_organization" title="Patient safety organization">Organization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_sanitation" title="Emergency sanitation">Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">Fecal–oral transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_worker" title="Sanitation worker">Worker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_hygiene" title="School hygiene">School hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control" title="Vector control">Vector control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_health" title="Population health">Population health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">Child mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_health" title="Community health">Community health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_impact_assessment" title="Health impact assessment">Health impact assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">Health system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">Infant mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Open-source healthcare software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimorbidity" title="Multimorbidity">Multimorbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_determinants_of_health" title="Commercial determinants of health">Commercial determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_equity" title="Health equity">Health equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health" title="Race and health">Race and health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_medicine" title="Social medicine">Social medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological and<br />epidemiological statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case%E2%80%93control_study" title="Case–control study">Case–control study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_risk" title="Relative risk">Relative risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical hypothesis testing">Statistical hypothesis testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_variance" title="Analysis of variance">Analysis of variance (ANOVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">Regression analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student%27s_t-test" title="Student's t-test">Student's <i>t</i>-test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-test" title="Z-test"><i>Z</i>-test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statistical_packages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of statistical packages">Statistical software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infectious and epidemic<br />disease prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">Asymptomatic carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">Epidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics_and_pandemics" title="List of epidemics and pandemics">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notifiable_disease" title="Notifiable disease">Notifiable diseases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notifiable_diseases" title="List of notifiable diseases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_surveillance" title="Public health surveillance">Public health surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disease_surveillance" title="Disease surveillance">Disease surveillance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">Quarantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">Social distancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_trial" title="Vaccine trial">Vaccine trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food hygiene and<br />safety management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Food <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">Additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Food_safety_scandals" title="Category:Food safety scandals">Safety scandals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_agricultural_practice" title="Good agricultural practice">Good agricultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_manufacturing_practice" title="Good manufacturing practice">Good manufacturing practice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACCP" class="mw-redirect" title="HACCP">HACCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">ISO 22000</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health behavioral<br />sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_belief_model" title="Health belief model">Health belief model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deviance" title="Positive deviance">Positive deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRECEDE%E2%80%93PROCEED_model" title="PRECEDE–PROCEED model">PRECEDE–PROCEED model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_theory" title="Social cognitive theory">Social cognitive theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norms_approach" title="Social norms approach">Social norms approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_planned_behavior" title="Theory of planned behavior">Theory of planned behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheoretical_model" title="Transtheoretical model">Transtheoretical model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations,<br />education<br />and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Public_Health_Agency" title="Caribbean Public Health Agency">Caribbean Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Center_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Disease_Prevention_and_Control" title="European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control">Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliament_Committee_on_the_Environment,_Public_Health_and_Food_Safety" title="European Parliament Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety">Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_departments_in_the_United_States" title="Health departments in the United States">Health departments in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Education_for_Public_Health" title="Council on Education for Public Health">Council on Education for Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service" title="United States Public Health Service">Public Health Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Toilet_Organization" title="World Toilet Organization">World Toilet Organization</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_public_health_agencies" title="List of national public health agencies">Full list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_education" title="Health education">Health education</a></li> <li>Higher education <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science_in_Public_Health" title="Bachelor of Science in Public Health">Bachelor of Science in Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Public_Health" title="Doctor of Public Health">Doctor of Public Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degrees_of_public_health" title="Professional degrees of public health">Professional degrees of public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_of_public_health" title="Category:Schools of public health">Schools of public health</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Josephine_Baker" title="Sara Josephine Baker">Sara Josephine Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jay_Crumbine" title="Samuel Jay Crumbine">Samuel Jay Crumbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers_Darnall" title="Carl Rogers Darnall">Carl Rogers Darnall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Mallon" title="Mary Mallon">Typhoid Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_Girls" title="Radium Girls">Radium Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_health" title="Category:Public health">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public health">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Nursing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Nursing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occupational_safety_and_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template talk:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occupational_safety_and_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational <br />diseases</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">injuries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">Acrodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis ("brown lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweeps%27_carcinoma" title="Chimney sweeps' carcinoma">Chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_sport" title="Concussions in sport">Concussions in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">De Quervain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethism" title="Erethism">Erethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_associated_with_exposure_to_human_nail_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust">Exposure to human nail dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler%27s_neck" title="Fiddler's neck">Fiddler's neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_worker%27s_lung" title="Flock worker's lung">Flock worker's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblower%27s_cataract" title="Glassblower's cataract">Glassblower's cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow" title="Golfer's elbow">Golfer's elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_lung" title="Indium lung">Indium lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Occupational_exposure" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_jaw" title="Radium jaw">Radium jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo-filler%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Silo-filler's disease">Silo-filler's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Sports injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">Writer's cramp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational <br />hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupational_safety_and_health_agencies" title="List of occupational safety and health agencies">Agencies</a> and <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_and_Safety" title="Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Convention,_1981" title="Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981">Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Environment_(Air_Pollution,_Noise_and_Vibration)_Convention,_1977" title="Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977">Working Environment Convention, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">Emergency evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout-tagout" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockout-tagout">Lockout-tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">Immediately dangerous to life or health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potty_parity_in_the_United_States" title="Potty parity in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment,_health_and_safety" title="Environment, health and safety">Environment, health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(Canadian_observance)" title="National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)">National Day of Mourning (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_tort" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Category:Occupational safety and health">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_diseases" title="Category:Occupational diseases">Occupational diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_journals" title="Category:Occupational safety and health journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_organizations" title="Category:Occupational safety and health organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Occupational safety and health">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_Nations" title="Template:United Nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_Nations" title="Template talk:United Nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_Nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United Nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amina_J._Mohammed" title="Amina J. Mohammed">Amina J. Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Francis_(diplomat)" title="Dennis Francis (diplomat)"> Dennis Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System" title="United Nations System">UN System</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">Preamble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal organs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">selections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations">Deputy Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="President of the United Nations General Assembly">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Veto power</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="United Nations Economic and Social Council">Economic and Social Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Council" title="President of the United Nations Economic and Social Council">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">Trusteeship Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Funds_and_programmes,_research_and_training_institutes,_and_other_bodies" title="United Nations System">Funds, programmes,<br />and other bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Peace" title="Culture of Peace">Culture of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">IPCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">ITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">OHCHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Court_for_Sierra_Leone" title="Special Court for Sierra Leone">SCSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">UNAIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Capital_Development_Fund" title="United Nations Capital Development Fund">UNCDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">UNCITRAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Trade_and_Development" title="UN Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Global_Communications" title="United Nations Department of Global Communications">UNDGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">UNDPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNEP_OzonAction" title="UNEP OzonAction">OzonAction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID-Arendal" title="GRID-Arendal">UNEP/GRID-Arendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">UNEP-WCMC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UNFPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN-HABITAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UNHRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interregional_Crime_and_Justice_Research_Institute" title="United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute">UNICRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Disarmament_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research">UNIDIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations-Oceans" title="United Nations-Oceans">UN-Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">UNODC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Project_Services" title="United Nations Office for Project Services">UNOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Research_Institute_for_Social_Development" title="United Nations Research Institute for Social Development">UNRISD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Sustainable_Development_Group" title="United Nations Sustainable Development Group">UNSDG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System_Staff_College" title="United Nations System Staff College">UNSSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNU-CRIS" title="UNU-CRIS">UNU-CRIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNU-OP" title="UNU-OP">UNU-OP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Volunteers" title="United Nations Volunteers">UNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Women" title="UN Women">UN Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">WFP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_specialized_agencies_of_the_United_Nations" title="List of specialized agencies of the United Nations">Specialized agencies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Tourism" title="UN Tourism">UN Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Engineering_Organizations" title="World Federation of Engineering Organizations">WFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">Secretariat offices<br />and departments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference Building">Conference Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">Secretariat Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">Department of Peace Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Library" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Library">Dag Hammarskjöld Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_for_Safety_and_Security" title="United Nations Department for Safety and Security">Department for Safety and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Division_for_Palestinian_Rights" title="United Nations Division for Palestinian Rights">Division for Palestinian Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Geneva" title="United Nations Office at Geneva">Office at Geneva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Nairobi" title="United Nations Office at Nairobi">Office at Nairobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">Office at Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disarmament_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs">Office for Disarmament Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Partnerships" title="United Nations Office for Partnerships">Office for Partnerships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Internal_Oversight_Services" title="United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services">Office of Internal Oversight Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_the_High_Representative_for_the_Least_Developed_Countries,_Landlocked_Developing_Countries_and_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States">Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary-General%27s_Envoy_on_Youth" title="Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth">Office of the Secretary-General's Envoy on Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General_on_Sexual_Violence_in_Conflict" title="Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict">Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Spokesperson_for_the_Secretary-General" title="Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General">Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Sport_for_Development_and_Peace" title="United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace">Office on Sport for Development and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_organizations_by_location" title="List of United Nations organizations by location">UN organizations by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">Members<br />and observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations#1940s" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Founding members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations#Current_members" title="Member states of the United Nations">Full members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Security Council Permanent members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent representative to the United Nations">Permanent representatives to the UN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_permanent_representatives_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">General Assembly Observers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="European Union and the United Nations">European Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telegraph Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Office_of_Public_Hygiene" title="International Office of Public Hygiene">International Office of Public Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_archives" title="League of Nations archives">archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">member states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preparatory years</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_United_Nations" title="Enlargement of the United Nations">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="History of United Nations peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="Timeline of United Nations peacekeeping missions">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_governed_by_the_United_Nations" title="List of territories governed by the United Nations">governed territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Police" title="United Nations Police">UNPOL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Convention" title="World Heritage Convention">World Heritage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Permanent_Forum_on_Indigenous_Issues" title="United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues">Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Caucus" title="Indigenous Caucus">Indigenous Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">Security Council vetoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution" title="United Nations General Assembly resolution">General Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-sixth_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly">66th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_resolutions_at_the_sixty-seventh_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="List of resolutions at the sixty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly">67th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">Security Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Cyprus" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iran" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Iraq" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Israel" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_relating_to_Lebanon" title="List of United Nations resolutions relating to Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Palestine" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Syria" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_Yemen" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_secretary-general_selection" title="United Nations secretary-general selection">Secretary-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2021 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Secretary-General_selection" title="2016 United Nations Secretary-General selection">2016</a></li></ul></li> <li>International Court of Justice <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2023 International Court of Justice judges election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2022 International Court of Justice judges election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2021 International Court of Justice judges election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2020 International Court of Justice judges election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2017 International Court of Justice judges election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2014 International Court of Justice judges election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_International_Court_of_Justice_judges_election" title="2011 International Court of Justice judges election">2011</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_General_Assembly_presidential_election" title="2016 United Nations General Assembly presidential election">General Assembly President (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">Security Council (2016)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_Nations" title="Outline of the United Nations">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Advisory_Committee_of_Local_Authorities" title="United Nations Advisory Committee of Local Authorities">Advisory Committee of Local Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Art_Collection" title="United Nations Art Collection">Art Collection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">Security Council mural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_by_Block_(program)" title="Block by Block (program)">Block By Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celestial_Sphere_Woodrow_Wilson_Memorial" title="Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial">Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinating_Committee_of_International_Staff_Unions_and_Associations_of_the_United_Nations_System" title="Coordinating Committee of International Staff Unions and Associations of the United Nations System">CCISUA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delivering_as_One" title="Delivering as One">Delivering as One</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_control_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug control treaties">Drug control treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_Nations" title="Expulsion from the United Nations">Expulsion from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_Tempore_(magazine)" title="Ex Tempore (magazine)"><i>Ex Tempore</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Federal_Credit_Union" title="United Nations Federal Credit Union">Federal Credit Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Civil_Servants%27_Associations" title="Federation of International Civil Servants' Associations">FICSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Nations" title="Flag of the United Nations">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Honour_Flag" title="United Nations Honour Flag">Honour Flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Nations_Initiative" title="Four Nations Initiative">Four Nations Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact" title="United Nations Global Compact">Global Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_for_the_Total_Elimination_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons">International Day for the Total Elimination of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Peace" title="International Day of Peace">International Day of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_a_Culture_of_Peace_and_Non-Violence_for_the_Children_of_the_World" title="International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World">International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Narcotics_Control_Board" title="International Narcotics Control Board">International Narcotics Control Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School" title="United Nations International School">International School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_International_School_of_Hanoi" title="United Nations International School of Hanoi">Hanoi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interpretation_Service" title="United Nations Interpretation Service">Interpretation Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_laissez-passer" title="United Nations laissez-passer">laissez-passer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Memorial_Cemetery" title="United Nations Memorial Cemetery">Memorial Cemetery Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">Millennium Declaration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Summit" title="Millennium Summit">Millennium Summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">Official languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Postal_Administration" title="United Nations Postal Administration">Postal Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDG_Publishers_Compact" title="SDG Publishers Compact">SDG Publishers Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Administration_of_Juvenile_Justice" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice">Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_series#United_Nations" title="Treaty series">Treaty Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Prohibition_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Mandate" title="UN Mandate">UN Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Sacco_Ltd" title="UN Sacco Ltd">UN Sacco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/UN_Special" title="UN Special">UN Special</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF_club" title="UNICEF club">UNICEF club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Day" title="United Nations Day">United Nations Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_in_popular_culture" title="United Nations in popular culture">United Nations in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Medal" title="United Nations Medal">United Nations Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Radio" title="United Nations Radio">United Nations Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_television_film_series" 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href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cape_Verde" title="Category:Treaties of Cape Verde">Treaties of Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic">Treaties of the Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Chad" title="Category:Treaties of Chad">Treaties of Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Chile" title="Category:Treaties of Chile">Treaties of Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties of the People's Republic of China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Colombia" title="Category:Treaties of Colombia">Treaties of Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Comoros" title="Category:Treaties of the Comoros">Treaties of the Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo">Treaties of the Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Costa_Rica" title="Category:Treaties of Costa Rica">Treaties of Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast">Treaties of Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Croatia" title="Category:Treaties of Croatia">Treaties of Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cuba" title="Category:Treaties of Cuba">Treaties of Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Cyprus" title="Category:Treaties of Cyprus">Treaties of Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia">Treaties of Czechoslovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic">Treaties of the Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_North_Korea" title="Category:Treaties of North Korea">Treaties of North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Zaire" title="Category:Treaties of Zaire">Treaties of Zaire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Denmark" title="Category:Treaties of Denmark">Treaties of Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Djibouti" title="Category:Treaties of Djibouti">Treaties of Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Dominica" title="Category:Treaties of Dominica">Treaties of Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic">Treaties of the Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ecuador" title="Category:Treaties of Ecuador">Treaties of Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Egypt" title="Category:Treaties of Egypt">Treaties of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_El_Salvador" title="Category:Treaties of El Salvador">Treaties of El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Eritrea" title="Category:Treaties of Eritrea">Treaties of Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Estonia" title="Category:Treaties of Estonia">Treaties of Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Derg" title="Category:Treaties of the Derg">Treaties of the Derg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Fiji" title="Category:Treaties of Fiji">Treaties of Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Finland" title="Category:Treaties of Finland">Treaties of Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_France" title="Category:Treaties of France">Treaties of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Gabon" title="Category:Treaties of Gabon">Treaties of Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Gambia" title="Category:Treaties of the Gambia">Treaties of the Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)">Treaties of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_West_Germany" title="Category:Treaties of West Germany">Treaties of West Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_East_Germany" title="Category:Treaties of East Germany">Treaties of East Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ghana" title="Category:Treaties of Ghana">Treaties of Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Greece" title="Category:Treaties of Greece">Treaties of Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Grenada" title="Category:Treaties of Grenada">Treaties of Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Treaties of Guatemala">Treaties of Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea">Treaties of Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau">Treaties of Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Guyana" title="Category:Treaties of Guyana">Treaties of Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Category:Treaties of the Holy See">Treaties of the Holy See</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Honduras" title="Category:Treaties of Honduras">Treaties of Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic">Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Iceland" title="Category:Treaties of Iceland">Treaties of Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_India" title="Category:Treaties of India">Treaties of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Treaties of Indonesia">Treaties of Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Iran" title="Category:Treaties of Iran">Treaties of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Category:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq">Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Ireland" title="Category:Treaties of Ireland">Treaties of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Israel" title="Category:Treaties of Israel">Treaties of Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Italy" title="Category:Treaties of Italy">Treaties of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Jamaica" title="Category:Treaties of Jamaica">Treaties of Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Japan" title="Category:Treaties of Japan">Treaties of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Jordan" title="Category:Treaties of Jordan">Treaties of Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Kazakhstan" title="Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan">Treaties of Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Kenya" title="Category:Treaties of Kenya">Treaties of Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Kuwait" title="Category:Treaties of Kuwait">Treaties of Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan">Treaties of Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Laos" title="Category:Treaties of Laos">Treaties of Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Latvia" title="Category:Treaties of Latvia">Treaties of Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lebanon" title="Category:Treaties of Lebanon">Treaties of Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lesotho" title="Category:Treaties of Lesotho">Treaties of Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Libyan_Arab_Jamahiriya" title="Category:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya">Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Liechtenstein" title="Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein">Treaties of Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Treaties of Lithuania">Treaties of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Luxembourg" title="Category:Treaties of Luxembourg">Treaties of Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Treaties of Madagascar">Treaties of Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malawi" title="Category:Treaties of Malawi">Treaties of Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Treaties of Malaysia">Treaties of Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Maldives" title="Category:Treaties of the Maldives">Treaties of the Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mali" title="Category:Treaties of Mali">Treaties of Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Malta" title="Category:Treaties of Malta">Treaties of Malta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands">Treaties of the Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mauritania" title="Category:Treaties of Mauritania">Treaties of Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mauritius" title="Category:Treaties of Mauritius">Treaties of Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mexico" title="Category:Treaties of Mexico">Treaties of Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia">Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Monaco" title="Category:Treaties of Monaco">Treaties of Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mongolia" title="Category:Treaties of Mongolia">Treaties of Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Montenegro" title="Category:Treaties of Montenegro">Treaties of Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Morocco" title="Category:Treaties of Morocco">Treaties of Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Mozambique" title="Category:Treaties of Mozambique">Treaties of Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Treaties of Myanmar">Treaties of Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Namibia" title="Category:Treaties of Namibia">Treaties of Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nepal" title="Category:Treaties of Nepal">Treaties of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Netherlands" title="Category:Treaties of the Netherlands">Treaties of the Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Treaties of New Zealand">Treaties of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nicaragua" title="Category:Treaties of Nicaragua">Treaties of Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Niger" title="Category:Treaties of Niger">Treaties of Niger</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Nigeria" title="Category:Treaties of Nigeria">Treaties of Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Norway" title="Category:Treaties of Norway">Treaties of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Oman" title="Category:Treaties of Oman">Treaties of Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Treaties of Pakistan">Treaties of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Palau" title="Category:Treaties of Palau">Treaties of Palau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Category:Treaties of the State of Palestine">Treaties of the State of Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Panama" title="Category:Treaties of Panama">Treaties of Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea">Treaties of Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Paraguay" title="Category:Treaties of Paraguay">Treaties of Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Peru" title="Category:Treaties of Peru">Treaties of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Treaties of the Philippines">Treaties of the Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic">Treaties of the Polish People's Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Portugal" title="Category:Treaties of Portugal">Treaties of Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Qatar" title="Category:Treaties of Qatar">Treaties of Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_South_Korea" title="Category:Treaties of South Korea">Treaties of South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Moldova" title="Category:Treaties of Moldova">Treaties of Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Romania" title="Category:Treaties of Romania">Treaties of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union">Treaties of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Rwanda" title="Category:Treaties of Rwanda">Treaties of Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_San_Marino" title="Category:Treaties of San Marino">Treaties of San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe">Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia">Treaties of Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Senegal" title="Category:Treaties of Senegal">Treaties of Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro">Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Seychelles" title="Category:Treaties of Seychelles">Treaties of Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone">Treaties of Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Singapore" title="Category:Treaties of Singapore">Treaties of Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Slovakia" title="Category:Treaties of Slovakia">Treaties of Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Slovenia" title="Category:Treaties of Slovenia">Treaties of Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_Somali_Democratic_Republic" 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