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Germanio - Vikipedio

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href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Redakti</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav><!-- version 1.0.2 (change every time you update a partial) --> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"> <div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"> <span class="cdx-message__icon"></span> <div class="cdx-message__content"> <p><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermanio%26stable%3D1">publikigita versio</a> estis <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSpeciala%25C4%25B5o:Protokolo%26type%3Dreview%26page%3DGermanio">patrolita</a> je <i>3 nov. 2024</i>. Estas <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermanio%26action%3Dinfo%23mw-flaggedrevs-action-info-pages-waiting-for-review">kontrolendaj ŝanĝoj de ŝablonoj/dosieroj</a>.</p> <p><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermanio%26action%3Dinfo%23mw-flaggedrevs-action-info-pages-waiting-for-review">Ŝanĝoj al ŝablonoj aŭ dosieroj</a> en ĉi tiu versio estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Markitaj_versioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Markitaj versioj">kontrolendaj</a>. La <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermanio%26stable%3D1">stabila versio</a> estis <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DSpeciala%25C4%25B5o:Protokolo%26type%3Dreview%26page%3DGermanio">patrolita</a> je <i>3 nov. 2024</i>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Apartigiloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Apartigiloj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/25px-Disambig-dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/38px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Disambig-dark.svg/50px-Disambig-dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="340"></a></span></td> <td style="padding:0.2em;"><i>Ĉi tiu artikolo temas pri lando en Eŭropo. Por kemia elemento rigardu la paĝon <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germaniumo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germaniumo">Germaniumo</a>.</i></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><b>Germanio</b> aŭ <b>Germanujo</b> estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demokratio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demokratio">demokrata</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacio">federacia ŝtato</a> en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meze%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezeŭropo">Mezeŭropo</a>. Najbaraj ŝtatoj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danio">Danio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollando">Pollando</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5io?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉeĥio">Ĉeĥio</a> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landlimo_de_%C4%88e%C4%A5io_kaj_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landlimo de Ĉeĥio kaj Germanio">Landlimo de Ĉeĥio kaj Germanio</a>), <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aŭstrio">Aŭstrio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svislando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svislando">Svislando</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francio">Francio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgo_(lando)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburgo (lando)">Luksemburgo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgio">Belgio</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlando">Nederlando</a>; la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norda_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norda Maro">Norda Maro</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balta_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balta Maro">Balta Maro</a> estas la naturaj ŝtataj limoj en la nordo.</p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:%C3%96tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%C3%96tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg/775px-%C3%96tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="775" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%25C3%2596tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg/1163px-%25C3%2596tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%25C3%2596tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg/1550px-%25C3%2596tlingen_-_Panoramaansicht_klein_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8089" data-file-height="1168"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <table class="infobox" style="background: #FAFAFA; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; width: 23em; -moz-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; -webkit-box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC; box-shadow: 4px 4px 4px #CCC;"> <tbody> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9" class="kaplinio mapo">Federacia Respubliko Germanio<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0f2ff;"><b>Federacia Respubliko Germanujo<sup id="cite_ref-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2" style="background-color: #e0f2ff;"><b>Bundesrepublik Deutschland</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Flago-de-Germanio.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Flago de Germanio"><img alt="Flago de Germanio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/1/10/Flago-de-Germanio.svg/150px-Flago-de-Germanio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/1/10/Flago-de-Germanio.svg/225px-Flago-de-Germanio.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/1/10/Flago-de-Germanio.svg/300px-Flago-de-Germanio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a></span></p></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Blazono de Germanio"><img alt="Blazono de Germanio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"></a></span></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flago_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flago de Germanio">Flago</a></td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#F9F9F9;"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blazono_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blazono de Germanio">Blazono</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_himno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia himno">Nacia himno</a></b>: <i>national anthem of Germany</i></small></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" colspan="2"><small><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devizo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devizo">Nacia devizo</a></b>: <i>“Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit”<br></i> </small><p><small>(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">Germana</a> por: Unueco, justo kaj libero)<i></i></small></p></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid #0066FF; background-color: white; text-align:center;"> <div class="thumb centered" style="margin-top: .5em; width:260px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style=""> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:EU-Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/250px-EU-Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/375px-EU-Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/EU-Germany.svg/500px-EU-Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a></span> </div> <div class="thumbimage"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg/250px-Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg/375px-Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg/500px-Deutschland_Lage_Berlins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801"></a></span> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#E0F2FF; color:#000000; padding-left:1em;" class="wikidata-content"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suverena_%C5%9Dtato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suverena ŝtato">suverena ŝtato</a> <small>(–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jur%C5%9Dtato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jurŝtato">jurŝtato</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sociala_%C5%9Dtato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sociala ŝtato">sociala ŝtato</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lando">lando</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q63791824" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q63791824"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">lando ĉe la Balta Maro</span></a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183?uselang%3Deo%23P31" title="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata"><img alt="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></small> <sup><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P31" class="extiw" title="d:Q183">vd</a></sup></th> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0f2ff;"> <th colspan="2">Bazaj informoj</th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%88efurbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉefurbo">Ĉefurbo</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Oficiala(j) lingvo(j)</b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding: 0.2em; text-align:left; font-size: 100%; font-weight: 700;"> <table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="padding:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E0F2FF;"> <div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> &nbsp; </div>Lingvoj</th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <th><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingvo">Uzata(j) lingvo(j)</a></th> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cvaba_dialekto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝvaba dialekto">ŝvaba dialekto</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svisgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svisgermana lingvo">svisgermana lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ripuara_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ripuara dialektaro">ripuara dialektaro</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saterfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saterfrisa lingvo">saterfrisa lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jeni%C5%9Da_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jeniŝa lingvo">jeniŝa lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alemana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alemana lingvo">alemana</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientfrislanda_platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientfrislanda platgermana lingvo">orientfrislanda platgermana lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suprasaksa_germana_dialekto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suprasaksa germana dialekto">Suprasaksa germana dialekto</a>, Main-Franconian, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vestfalia_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vestfalia lingvo">vestfala lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburga_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luksemburga lingvo">leceburga lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dana lingvo">dana lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsuprasoraba_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsuprasoraba lingvo">malsuprasoraba lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suprasoraba_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suprasoraba lingvo">suprasoraba lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palatinata_germana_dialektaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palatinata germana dialektaro">Palatinata germana dialektaro</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordfrisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordfrisa lingvo">nordfrisa lingvo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platgermana lingvo">platgermana lingvo</a>, germana signolingvo, okcidentjida lingvo</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religio">Plej ofta(j) religio(j)</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantismo">protestanta</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolikismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolikismo">katolika</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Areo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Areo">Areo</a></b></td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">357&nbsp;168 km²</span><br></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lo%C4%9Dantaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loĝantaro">Loĝantaro</a></b></td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">84&nbsp;358&nbsp;845 </span> <small>(2022)</small></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lo%C4%9Ddenso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loĝdenso">Loĝdenso</a></b></td> <td><span style="white-space: nowrap;">266 loĝ./km²</span></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Horzono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Horzono">Horzono</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B01:00?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a>; <div style="clear:both;"></div>somere <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC%2B02:00?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_domajno_de_plej_alta_nivelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia domajno de plej alta nivelo">Interreta domajno</a></b></td> <td>de</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landokodoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landokodoj">Landokodo</a></b></td> <td>DEU</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Telefona kodo</b></td> <td>+49</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Plej alta punkto</b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugspitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b>Plej malalta punkto</b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neuendorf-Sachsenbande?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neuendorf-Sachsenbande">Neuendorf-Sachsenbande</a></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0f2ff;"> <th colspan="2">Politiko</th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politiko">Politika sistemo</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Respubliko">respubliko</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Ctatestro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝtatestro">Ŝtatestro</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%88efministro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉefministro">Ĉefministro</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlamento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlamento">Parlamento</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Konsilio_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia Konsilio (Germanio)">Bundesrat</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Parlamento_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia Parlamento (Germanio)">Bundestag</a></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_tago?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia tago">Nacia tago</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3-a_de_oktobro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3-a de oktobro">3-a de oktobro</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tago_de_la_germana_unueco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tago de la germana unueco">Tago de la germana unueco</a> (ekde 1990)</td> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0f2ff;"> <th colspan="2">Ekonomio</th> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valuto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valuto">Valuto</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭro">eŭro</a> (EUR)</td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malneta_enlanda_produkto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malneta enlanda produkto">MEP</a></b></td> <td>laŭ 2013<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>– suma</td> <td>3 636 miliardoj da <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usona_dolaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usona dolaro">USD</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>– pokapa</td> <td>44 999 <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usona_dolaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usona dolaro">USD</a></td> </tr> <tr style="background-color:transparent;"> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding: 0.2em; text-align:left; font-size: 100%; font-weight: 400;"> <table class="infobox collapsible collapsed" width="100%" style="padding:0;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#E0F2FF;"> <div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"> &nbsp; </div>Membro de</th> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <td class="wikidata-content"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q498496" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q498496"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">International Centre for Migration Policy Development</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498496?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small>(2020–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q141720" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q141720"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Eŭropa aertransporta komando</span></a> <small>(2010–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konvencio_pri_la_rajtoj_de_handikapitoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konvencio pri la rajtoj de handikapitoj">Konvencio pri la rajtoj de handikapitoj</a> <small>(2009–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3866537" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3866537"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Eŭropa Movada Kunordiga Centro</span></a> <small>(2007–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grupo_de_la_20_(industriaj_kaj_sojlaj_landoj)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grupo de la 20 (industriaj kaj sojlaj landoj)">Grupo de la 20</a> <small>(1999–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1667341" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1667341"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1667341?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small>(1999–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q699466" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q699466"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q699466?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small>(1998–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q356694" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q356694"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356694?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small>(1998–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37143" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q37143"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">G8</span></a> <small>(1998–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Holoka%C5%ADsta_Memora_Alianco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Holokaŭsta Memora Alianco">Internacia Holokaŭsta Memora Alianco</a> <small>(1998–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C4%B5o_por_la_malpermeso_de_kemiaj_armiloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizaĵo por la malpermeso de kemiaj armiloj">Organizaĵo por la Malpermeso de Kemiaj Armiloj</a> <small>(1997–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q331520" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q331520"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331520?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small>(1996–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schengen-spaco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schengen-spaco">Schengen-spaco</a> <small>(1995–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Komerco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Komerco">Monda Organizaĵo pri Komerco</a> <small>(1995–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kadra_Konvencio_de_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj_pri_Klimata_%C5%9Can%C4%9Di%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kadra Konvencio de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj pri Klimata Ŝanĝiĝo">UNFCCC</a> <small>(1994–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q789769" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q789769"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Konsilio de Baltmaraj Ŝtatoj</span></a> <small>(1992–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q566397" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q566397"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Vajmara Triangulo</span></a> <small>(1991–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pintokunsido_de_Parizo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pintokunsido de Parizo">Pintokunsido de Parizo</a> <small>(1990–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2595976" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q2595976"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Ekonomia, Valuta kaj Sociala Unio</span></a> <small>(1990–1990)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45177" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q45177"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Vizorezigna programo de Usono</span></a> <small>(1989–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Multflanka_Investo-Garantia_Agentejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Multflanka Investo-Garantia Agentejo">Multflanka Investado-Garantia Agentejo</a> <small>(1988–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1072120" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1072120"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Misilo-Teknologia Regada Reĝimo</span></a> <small>(1987–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C4%B5o_de_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj_pri_Industria_Disvolvi%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizaĵo de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj pri Industria Disvolviĝo">OUNID</a> <small>(1985–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q782942" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q782942"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Aŭstralia Grupo</span></a> <small>(1985–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antarkta_traktato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antarkta traktato">Antarkta traktato</a> <small>(1979–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Fonduso_por_Agrikultura_Disvolvi%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Fonduso por Agrikultura Disvolviĝo">Internacia Fonduso por Agrikultura Disvolviĝo</a> <small>(1977–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Kosma_Agentejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo">Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo</a> <small>(1977–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grupo_de_la_Sep?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grupo de la Sep">G7</a> <small>(1977–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Turismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Turismo">Monda Organizaĵo pri Turismo</a> <small>(1976–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traktato_kontra%C5%AD_pliigo_de_atomarmiloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traktato kontraŭ pliigo de atomarmiloj">Traktato pri Nuklea Ne-disvastiĝo</a> <small>(1975–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unuiĝintaj Nacioj">Unuiĝintaj Nacioj</a> <small>(1973–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Sekureco_kaj_Kunlaboro_en_E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizaĵo pri Sekureco kaj Kunlaboro en Eŭropo">Organizo por Sekureco kaj Kunlaboro en Eŭropo</a> <small>(1973–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_de_Intelekta_Propra%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Organizaĵo de Intelekta Propraĵo">Monda Organizaĵo de Intelekta Propraĵo</a> <small>(1970–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Centro_por_Aran%C4%9Do_de_la_Investaj_Disputoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Centro por Aranĝo de la Investaj Disputoj">Internacia Centro por Dispozicio de Disputoj pri Investado</a> <small>(1969–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Banko_por_Azia_Disvolvi%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Banko por Azia Disvolviĝo">Banko por Azia Disvolviĝo</a> <small>(1966–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_suda_observatorio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa suda observatorio">Eŭropa suda observatorio</a> <small>(1964–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Ekonomiaj_Kunlaboro_kaj_Evoluigo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizaĵo pri Ekonomiaj Kunlaboro kaj Evoluigo">Organizaĵo pri Ekonomiaj Kunlaboro kaj Evoluigo</a> <small>(1961–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Evoluiga_Organiza%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Evoluiga Organizaĵo">Internacia Disvolviĝa Asocio</a> <small>(1960–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADrokontrol?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭrokontrol">Eŭropa Organizaĵo por la Sekureco de Aera Navigado</a> <small>(1960–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Mara_Organiza%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Mara Organizaĵo">Internacia Mara Organizo</a> <small>(1959–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q966758" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q966758"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Internacia Konsilio de Milita Sporto</span></a> <small>(1959–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Unio">Eŭropa Unio</a> <small>(1958–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Atomenergia_Organiza%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Atomenergia Organizaĵo">Internacia Atomenergia Organizaĵo</a> <small>(1957–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Komunumo_pri_Atomenergio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Komunumo pri Atomenergio">Eŭropa Komunumo pri Atomenergio</a> <small>(1957–2009)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Financa_Korporacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Financa Korporacio">Internacia Financa Korporacio</a> <small>(1956–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Civila_Aviada_Organiza%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Civila Aviada Organizaĵo">Internacia Civila Aviada Organizaĵo</a> <small>(1956–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">NATO</a> <small>(1955–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Meteologio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Meteologio">Monda Organizaĵo pri Meteologio</a> <small>(1954–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcident-E%C5%ADropa_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcident-Eŭropa Unio">Okcident-Eŭropa Unio</a> <small>(1954–2011)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Konvencio_pri_Homaj_Rajtoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Konvencio pri Homaj Rajtoj">Eŭropa Konvencio pri Homaj Rajtoj</a> <small>(1953–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutmonda_Pridogana_Organizo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutmonda Pridogana Organizo">Tutmonda Pridogana Organizo</a> <small>(1952–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Banko_por_la_Rekonstruo_kaj_Disvolvigo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Banko por la Rekonstruo kaj Disvolvigo">Internacia Banko por Rekonstruo kaj Disvolvigo</a> <small>(1952–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Banko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Banko">Monda Banko</a> <small>(1952–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Valuta_Fonduso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Valuta Fonduso">Internacia Valuta Fonduso</a> <small>(1952–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%9Cenerala_Interkonsento_pri_Tarifoj_kaj_Komerco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĝenerala Interkonsento pri Tarifoj kaj Komerco">Ĝenerala Interkonsento pri Tarifoj kaj Komerco</a> <small>(1951–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unesko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unesko">Unesko</a> <small>(1951–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monda_Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Sano?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monda Organizaĵo pri Sano">Monda Organizaĵo pri Sano</a> <small>(1951–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Komunumo_pri_Karbo_kaj_%C5%9Ctalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Komunumo pri Karbo kaj Ŝtalo">Eŭropa Komunumo pri Karbo kaj Ŝtalo</a> <small>(1951–2002)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C4%B5o_pri_Nutrado_kaj_Agrikulturo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizaĵo pri Nutrado kaj Agrikulturo">Organizaĵo pri Nutrado kaj Agrikulturo</a> <small>(1950–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konsilio_de_E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konsilio de Eŭropo">Konsilio de Eŭropo</a> <small>(1950–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interpol?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interpol">Interpol</a> <small>(1923–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Organiza%C4%B5o_de_Laboro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Organizaĵo de Laboro">Internacia Organizaĵo de Laboro</a> <small>(1919–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konvencio_de_Berno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konvencio de Berno">Konvencio de Berno</a> <small>(1887–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universala_Po%C5%9Dta_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universala Poŝta Unio">Universala Poŝta Unio</a> <small>(1875–)</small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Telekomunika_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Telekomunika Unio">Internacia Telekomunika Unio</a> <small>(1866–)</small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1654951" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1654951"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">IT Planning Council</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1654951?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADrozono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭrozono">Eŭrozono</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q838116" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q838116"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Grupo de Kvar</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Hidrografia_Organizo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Hidrografia Organizo">Internacia Hidrografia Organizo</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internacia_Energia_Agentejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internacia Energia Agentejo">Internacia Energi-Agentejo</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1928989" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1928989"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Traktato pri Malfermita Ĉielo</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1377612" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1377612"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Eŭropa Paga Unio</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3772571" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q3772571"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Kariba Disvolva Banko</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5611262" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q5611262"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Grupo pri Teraj Observoj</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Ekonomia_Areo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Ekonomia Areo">Eŭropa Ekonomia Areo</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q521227" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q521227"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation</span></a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521227?uselang%3Deo" title="Traduki"><img alt="Traduki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161"></a></span> <small></small><br><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1480793" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q1480793"><span style="color:#5f9cbb;">Atomkerna Provizanta Grupo</span></a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika_Banko_por_Disvolvi%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika Banko por Disvolviĝo">Afrika Banko por Disvolviĝo</a> <small></small><br><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Misio_de_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj_kaj_Afrika_Unio_en_Darfuro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Misio de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj kaj Afrika Unio en Darfuro">Misio de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj kaj Afrika Unio en Darfuro</a> <small> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183?uselang%3Deo%23P463" title="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata"><img alt="Redakti la valoron en Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></small> <sup><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183%23P463" class="extiw" title="d:Q183">vd</a></sup></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></th> </tr> <tr style="background-color: #e0fff2;"> <td colspan="2" align="center"><b>Esperanto-movado</b></td> </tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esperanto-asocio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esperanto-asocio">Landa E-asocio</a></b></td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Esperanto-Asocio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Esperanto-Asocio">Germana Esperanto-Asocio</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding: 0.1em; font-size:90%;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="shangu-shablonon infoboximage" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding:0 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em"> <div class="noprint toccolours" style="border:2px solid #a2a9b1;padding:5px;background-color:#E9E9E9;color:black;font-size:xx-small;font-weight:normal"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183" title="d:Q183"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/15px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/23px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Informkestoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Informkestoj"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/15px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/23px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure><span class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="text-align:center"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cablono:Informkesto_lando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝablono:Informkesto lando">v</a> • <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cablono-Diskuto:Informkesto_lando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝablono-Diskuto:Informkesto lando">d</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%25C5%259Cablono%253AInformkesto_lando%26action%3Dedit">r</a></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <span> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="7266" data-mwtitle="Kp157-federaciismo.opus" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Dosiero:Kp157-federaciismo.opus"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Kp157-federaciismo.opus/Kp157-federaciismo.opus.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Kp157-federaciismo.opus" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;opus&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Kp157-federaciismo.opus/Kp157-federaciismo.opus.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span> <figcaption> Epizodo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podkasto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podkasto">podkasto</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kern.punkto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kern.punkto">Kern.punkto</a> pri germana federaciismo. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La oficiala titolo estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germane</a>&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</span></i> [<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Prononcindiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Prononcindiko">BUNdesrepubli:k DOJĈlant</a>] (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pri tiu ĉi sono"><img alt="Pri tiu ĉi sono" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/12px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/18px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></span>&nbsp;<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg"><small>aŭskultu</small></a></span>), kiu estas vortkreaĵo de la unua ŝtata prezidanto post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Theodor_Heuss?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a> - en Esperanto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacia Respubliko Germanio">Federacia Respubliko Germanio</a> laŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazetara_kaj_informa_centro_de_la_federacia_registaro_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazetara kaj informa centro de la federacia registaro de Germanio">gazetara kaj informa centro de la federacia registaro de Germanio</a> aŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Respubliko_Germanujo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacia Respubliko Germanujo">Federacia Respubliko Germanujo</a> laŭ listo de la ŝtata ministerio pri eksteraj rilatoj.<sup id="cite_ref-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La federacia ĉefurbo kaj registara centro estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a> laŭ artikolo 22/1 de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstitucio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konstitucio">konstitucio</a>; sed multaj ministraj laborlokoj kaj kelkaj federaciaj institucioj ankoraŭ restas en la eksa ĉefurbo (nun: federacia urbo) <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonno">Bonno</a>. Ekde la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_reunui%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germana reunuiĝo">germana reunuiĝo</a> de la 3-a de oktobro 1990 ĝi daŭrigas la ŝtatan agadon de la du antaŭaj laŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malvarma_Milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvarma Milito">Malvarma Milito</a> dividitaj germanaj ŝtatoj, neformale kutime nomataj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidenta_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidenta Germanio">okcidenta</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orienta_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orienta Germanio">orienta Germanio</a>, kiuj ambaŭ establiĝis en 1949.</p> <p>La politika sistemo estas federacia kaj organizita kiel parlamenta demokratio: laŭ artikolo 20 de la konstitucio Germanio komprenas sin kiel demokrata kaj sociala federacia ŝtato kaj kiel jura ŝtato. Ĝi konsistas el 16 parte suverenaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_lando_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia lando (Germanio)">landoj</a>.</p> <p>Germanio havas pli ol 80 milionojn da loĝantoj kaj post <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusio">Rusio</a> estas la due plej popolriĉa ŝtato de Eŭropo. La Federacia Respubliko Germanio apartenas al la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Unio">Eŭropa Unio</a> kaj estas interalie membro de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unuiĝintaj Nacioj">Unuiĝintaj Nacioj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">Nato</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grupo_de_la_ok?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo de la ok">G8-ŝtatoj</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="eo" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Enhavo</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografio"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geografio</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Akvovojoj"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Akvovojoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Insuloj"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Insuloj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Montaroj_kaj_malleva%C4%B5oj"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Montaroj kaj mallevaĵoj</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historio"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historio</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mezepoko_%C4%9Dis_Franca_Revolucio_de_1789"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mezepoko ĝis Franca Revolucio de 1789</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1814_%C4%9Dis_1871"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">1814 ĝis 1871</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1871_%C4%9Dis_1918"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">1871 ĝis 1918</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1918_%C4%9Dis_1945"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">1918 ĝis 1945</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iamaj_orientaj_teritorioj_de_Germanio"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1945_%C4%9Dis_1990,_du_germanaj_%C5%9Dtatoj"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">1945 ĝis 1990, du germanaj ŝtatoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekde_la_reunui%C4%9Do"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Ekde la reunuiĝo</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politika_sistemo"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Politika sistemo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politika_subdivido"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politika subdivido</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eksteraj_rilatoj"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Eksteraj rilatoj</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomio"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Ekonomio</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kompanioj"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Kompanioj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scienco_kaj_teknologio"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Scienco kaj teknologio</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lo%C4%9Dantaro"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Loĝantaro</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lingvoj"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Lingvoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografio"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Demografio</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kulturo"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Kulturo</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Scienco"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Scienco</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Literaturo_kaj_filozofio"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literaturo kaj filozofio</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Muziko"><span class="tocnumber">6.3</span> <span class="toctext">Muziko</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Arto_kaj_arkitekturo"><span class="tocnumber">6.4</span> <span class="toctext">Arto kaj arkitekturo</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kinarto"><span class="tocnumber">6.5</span> <span class="toctext">Kinarto</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kuirarto"><span class="tocnumber">6.6</span> <span class="toctext">Kuirarto</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sporto"><span class="tocnumber">6.7</span> <span class="toctext">Sporto</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Institucioj"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Institucioj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Esperanto"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Esperanto</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Oficialaj_informiloj"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oficialaj informiloj</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Referencoj"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Referencoj</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vidu_anka%C5%AD"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Vidu ankaŭ</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Eksteraj_ligiloj"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Eksteraj ligiloj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geografio">Geografio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Geografio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Germanio situas en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meze%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezeŭropo">Mezeŭropo</a>, inter 47°16'15" kaj 55°05'33" laŭ norda latitudo kaj inter 5°52'01" kaj 15°02'37" laŭ orienta longitudo. Germanio norde limas al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danio">Danio</a> (sur longeco de 67&nbsp;km), nordoriente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollando">Pollando</a> (442&nbsp;km), oriente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%88e%C4%A5io?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉeĥio">Ĉeĥio</a> (811&nbsp;km), sudoriente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aŭstrio">Aŭstrio</a> (815&nbsp;km, sen la limo tra la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodenlago?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodenlago">Bodenlago</a>), sude al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svislando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Svislando">Svislando</a> (316&nbsp;km, inkluzive la limon de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eksklavo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eksklavo">eksklavo</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%BCsingen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Büsingen">Büsingen</a>, sed sen la limo tra la Bodenlago), sudokcidente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francio">Francio</a> (448&nbsp;km), okcidente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luksemburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luksemburgo">Luksemburgo</a> (135&nbsp;km) kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgio">Belgio</a> (156&nbsp;km) kaj nordokcidente al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlando">Nederlando</a> (567&nbsp;km). La tuta longeco de la limo estas 3 757&nbsp;km. La nordokcidentaj marbordoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norda_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norda Maro">Norda Maro</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balta_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Balta Maro">Balta Maro</a> formas naturan limon. En la sudo, Germanio havas porcion da <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpoj">Alpoj</a> (vd. <i>Montaroj kaj mallevaĵoj</i>).</p> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordgermana_Ebena%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordgermana Ebenaĵo">Nordgermana Ebenaĵo</a> aŭ <i>Nordaj Malaltaj Teroj</i> (germane <i>Norddeutsches Tiefland</i>) estas unu el la ĉefaj geografiaj regionoj de Germanio. Ĝi estas la germana parto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norde%C5%ADropa_Ebena%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordeŭropa Ebenaĵo">Nordeŭropa Ebenaĵo</a>. La regiono limas kun la marbordoj de la Norda Maro kaj de la Balta Maro norde, kun la Germanaj Centraj Altaj Teroj (<i>die Mittelgebirge</i>) sude, kun Nederlando okcidente kaj kun Pollando oriente.</p> <p><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norda_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norda Germanio">Norda Germanio</a> (germane <i>Norddeutschland</i>) estas lingva, geografia, soci-kultura kaj historia areo ene de la Federacia Respubliko Germanio kiu inkludas la regionojn norde de la Uerdinger-linio. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suda_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suda Germanio">Suda Germanio</a> (germane <i>Süddeutschland</i>) estas la nomo por la sudaj partoj de la Federacia Respubliko Germanio, kutime konsiderata la federaciaj ŝtatoj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavario">Bavario</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-Virtembergo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Virtembergo">Baden-Virtembergo</a> same kiel la plej suda parto de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesio">Hesio</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Akvovojoj">Akvovojoj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Akvovojoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8860200">.mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.5em;font-style:italic}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#202122;color:white;border:1px solid #333333}html.skin-theme-clientpref-light .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#F9F9F9;color:black;border:1px solid #AAAAAA}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cxefartikolo{background-color:#202122;color:white;border:1px solid #333333}}</style> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listo_de_riveroj_en_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listo de riveroj en Germanio">Listo de riveroj en Germanio</a>. </div> <p>La plej grava rivero de Germanio estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rejno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rejno">Rejno</a>, venanta el Svislando, limanta al Francio, transiranta okcidentan Germanion (interalie <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rejnlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rejnlando">Rejnlandon</a>) kaj forlasante al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlando">Nederlando</a>. Ĝin alfluas interalie la riveroj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neckar?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neckar">Neckar</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Majno_(rivero)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Majno (rivero)">Majno</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mozelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mozelo">Mozelo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ahr">Ahr</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sieg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sieg">Sieg</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a>.</p> <p>En la sudo fluas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danubo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danubo">Danubo</a>, fontanta en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cvabio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Ŝvabio">Ŝvabio</a>, survoje al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aŭstrio">Aŭstrio</a>.</p> <p>Venanta el Ĉeĥio, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbo_(rivero)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbo (rivero)">Elbo</a> trafluas mezan kaj poste nordan Germanion kaj plilarĝiĝanta post <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a>, ĝi fluas en la Nordan Maron. Same la nordan maron celas la riveroj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Emso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Emso">Emso</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weser?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weser">Weser</a>. La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odro">Odro</a> ekde la Dua Mondmilito estas limrivero al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollando">Pollando</a>.</p> <p>Grandaj lagoj estas interalie la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodenlago?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodenlago">Bodenlago</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCritz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Müritz">Müritz</a>. La lagoj de Bavario, ekzemple <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammersee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammersee">Ammersee</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiemsee_(lago)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiemsee (lago)">Chiemsee</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kochelsee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kochelsee">Kochelsee</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simssee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simssee">Simssee</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Staffelsee?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Staffelsee">Staffelsee</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Starnberger_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Starnberger See">Starnberger See</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tachinger_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tachinger See">Tachinger See</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tegernsee_(lago)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tegernsee (lago)">Tegernsee</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waginger_See?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waginger See">Waginger See</a>, havas apartan ĉar fone de iliaj bordoj videblas la impresa montara panoramo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpoj">Alpoj</a>.</p> <p>Gravas por la lando ankaŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Kanalo">kanaloj</a>, subzorge de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akvotransporta_oficejo_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akvotransporta oficejo de Germanio">Akvotransporta oficejo de Germanio</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Insuloj">Insuloj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Insuloj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg/250px-Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg/250px-Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg/375px-Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg/500px-Ruegen-kreidefelsen.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Kretroko sur la insulo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BCgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rügen">Rügen</a> en 2003 </figcaption> </figure> <p>Inter la plej gravaj insuloj de Germanio estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BCgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usedom">Usedom</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fehmarn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fehmarn">Fehmarn</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylt">Sylt</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helgoland?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%B6hr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Föhr">Föhr</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordstrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordstrand">Nordstrand</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pellworm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pellworm">Pellworm</a>.</p> <p>Mezurita laŭ la marborda linio, Germanio havas rimarkindan kvanton da insuloj. En la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norda_Maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Norda Maro">Norda Maro</a> la insuloj plej ofte estas en arkipelagoj, kiuj antaŭsituas la firmteron kaj kiuj reprezentas reziduan firmteron separitan de marbordo per landmalaltiĝo kaj sekvanta superakvigado. Tiuj estas subdividitaj en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordfrisaj_insuloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordfrisaj insuloj">nordfrisajn</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientfrisaj_insuloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientfrisaj insuloj">orientfrisajn</a> insulojn, kiuj estas konsisteroj de la germana <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vadmaro_en_Germana_Golfo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadmaro en Germana Golfo">Vadmaro</a>. La nord-frisaj insuloj apartenas al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Clesvigo-Holstinio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio">Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio</a> kaj konsistas el la pli grandaj insuloj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sylt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sylt">Sylt</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F%C3%B6hr?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Föhr">Föhr</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amrum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amrum">Amrum</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pellworm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pellworm">Pellworm</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordstrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordstrand">Nordstrand</a> kaj la konsiderinde pli malgrandaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haligo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haligo">haligoj</a> (insuletoj). La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientfrisaj_insuloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientfrisaj insuloj">orientfrisaj insuloj</a>, kiuj apartenas al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Saksio">Malsupra Saksio</a>, estas tre similaj laŭ grandeco kaj konstruo. La plej granda el tiuj insuloj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borkum?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borkum">Borkum</a>. Speciala kazo estas la tre malproksime situanta insulo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helgoland?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helgoland">Helgoland</a>, la sola germana insulo en libera maro.</p> <p>La insuloj situantaj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Balta_maro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Balta maro">Balta maro</a> tendence estas pli grandaj kaj pli reliefiĝaj. La plej granda el tiuj kaj samtempe la plej granda insulo de la tuta lando estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%BCgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>. Dua laŭ grandeco estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usedom">Usedom</a>, kies orienta anguleto jam apartenas al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pollando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pollando">Pollando</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Montaroj_kaj_mallevaĵoj"><span id="Montaroj_kaj_malleva.C4.B5oj"></span>Montaroj kaj mallevaĵoj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Montaroj kaj mallevaĵoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg/250px-Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg/250px-Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg/375px-Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg/500px-Zugspitzmassiv_von_Westen_aus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La Tirpintmasivo de la okcidenta flanko. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La plej bone konata, parte germana montaro estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alpoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alpoj">Alpoj</a>, situanta en la sudo de Germanio kaj estanta la sola altmontaro en la tuta nacio. Tie situas la plej alta monto nomata Zugspitze (2.962 m, elparolata kiel Cúgŝpice). De la sudo ĝis la nordo la mezaltaj montaroj tendence plialtiĝas kaj vastiĝas. Tiel, la federacia subŝtato, en kiu la alpoj komenciĝas, nome al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavario">Bavario</a>, dividiĝas en la tiel-nomata <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supra_Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supra Bavario">Supra Bavario</a>, kiu jam enkondukas la alpojn per pli alta grundo, kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Bavario">Malsupra Bavario</a>, kiu estas altece malpli alta ol la Supra parto de la subŝtato.</p> <p>Alia konata montaro estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harco">Harco</a>-montaro situante meze de Germanio kiel plej norda montaro de la lando. Ĝi situas en la subŝtatoj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Saksio">Malsupra Saksio</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio-Anhalto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio-Anhalto">Saksio-Anhalto</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingio">Turingio</a>. En la harca montaro ankaŭ situas la konata esperanto-urbo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herzberg_am_Harz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herzberg am Harz">Herzberg am Harz</a>. La pejzaĝa regiono <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhön">Rhön</a> estas mezalta montaro en la centro de Germanio. La teritorio etendiĝas tra partoj de tri federaciaj landoj – nome la oriento de Hesio, la nordo de Bavario kaj la sudokcidento de Turingio. La plej alta punkto estas la monto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wasserkuppe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wasserkuppe">Wasserkuppe</a>, 950 metrojn super la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marnivelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marnivelo">marnivelo</a>, kies pinto apartenas al la komunumo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gersfeld?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gersfeld">Gersfeld</a> en Hesio.</p> <p>Aliaj gravaj montaroj en Germanio estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elba_Grejsmontaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elba Grejsmontaro">Elba Grejsmontaro</a>, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ercmontaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ercmontaro">Ercmontaro</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luzacia_Montaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzacia Montaro">Luzacia Montaro</a>. La plej alta mezmontara pinto estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feldberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Feldberg">Feldberg</a> (1.493 m) en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cvarcvaldo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŝvarcvaldo">Ŝvarcvaldo</a>.</p> <p>Vidu ankaŭ artikolon <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listo_de_vulkanoj_en_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listo de vulkanoj en Germanio">Listo de vulkanoj en Germanio</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historio">Historio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Historio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Historio de Germanio">Historio de Germanio</a>. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mezepoko_ĝis_Franca_Revolucio_de_1789"><span id="Mezepoko_.C4.9Dis_Franca_Revolucio_de_1789"></span>Mezepoko ĝis Franca Revolucio de 1789</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Mezepoko ĝis Franca Revolucio de 1789" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikoloj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio_en_la_mezepoko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Germanio en la mezepoko (paĝo ne ekzistas)">Germanio en la mezepoko</a>&nbsp;kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Renesanco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Renesanco">Germana Renesanco</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Heinrich_III._(HRR)_Miniatur.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/150px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="1083"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/150px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/225px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg/300px-Heinrich_III._%28HRR%29_Miniatur.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henriko_la_3-a_(Sankta_Romia_Imperio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henriko la 3-a (Sankta Romia Imperio)">Henriko la 3-a</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La etnogenezo, la estiĝo de la germana popolo, estis longdaŭra <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procezo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Procezo">procezo</a>. Post la disigo de latinidalingva okcidento kaj ĝermanlingva oriento, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orientfranka_imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orientfranka imperio">orientfranka regno</a> fariĝis la lulilo de posta Germanio.</p> <p>Je la fino de la mezepoko, ĉirkaŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1500?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1500">1500 p.K.</a>, la tiel nomata <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankta_Romia_Imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankta Romia Imperio">Sankta Romia Imperio de Germana Nacieco</a></i>, la tiutempe unuiĝinta <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unua_Germana_Regno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Unua Germana Regno">Unua Germana Regno</a> kaj la posta orientfranka regno, konsistis el centoj da pli malgrandaj ŝtatoj. Sed ĝi estis nur loza lando, ĉar la princoj kaj reĝoj de la subŝtatoj ankoraŭ havis multe da politika potenco.</p> <p>La <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostsiedlung?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></i> (laŭvorte orienta setlado), nome <b>Germana orienta etendo</b>, estis la mezepoka orientena migrado kaj setlado de German-parolantoj el la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankta_Romia_Imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankta Romia Imperio">Sankta Romia Imperio</a>, speciale el ties sudaj kaj orientaj partoj, al malpli loĝataj regionoj de orienta <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centra_E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Centra Eŭropo">Centra Eŭropo</a> kaj okcidenta <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orienta_E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orienta Eŭropo">Orienta Eŭropo</a>. La koncerna areo proksimume etendis el <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovenio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovenio">Slovenio</a> en la sudo al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Estonio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Estonio">Estonio</a> en la nordo, kaj etendis en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transilvanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transilvanio">Transilvanion</a> sudoriente. Parte, <i>Ostsiedlung</i> sekvis la teritorian etendon de la Imperio kaj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Te%C5%ADtona_Ordeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teŭtona Ordeno">Teŭtona Ordeno</a>.</p> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Renesanco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Renesanco">Germana Renesanco</a>, parto de la Norda <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renesanco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renesanco">Renesanco</a>, estis kultura kaj arta movado kiu etendis inter germanaj pensuloj en la 15a kaj 16a jarcentoj, kiu originiĝis en la Itala Renesanco. Multaj areoj de artoj kaj sciencoj estis influitaj, ĉefe pro la etendo de la Renesanca humanismo al variaj germanaj ŝtatoj kaj princlandoj. Estis multaj avancoj faritaj ĉe la disvolvigo de novaj teknikoj en la kampoj de arkitekturo, artoj kaj sciencoj. Germanio produktis du antaŭenigojn kiuj hegemonios en la 16a jarcento tra tuta Eŭropo: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presarto">presarto</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestanta_Reformacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestanta Reformacio">Protestanta Reformacio</a>.</p> <p>Kiam eksplodis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tridekjara_Milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tridekjara Milito">Tridekjara Milito</a> de 1618 ĝis 1648, la Imperio estis malplifortigita, ĉar en ĝiaj limoj estiĝis religiaj malsamoj inter la katolika kaj la protestantisma eklezio.</p> <p>Fine de la 18-a jarcento, okazis unu el la plej gravaj okazaĵoj de la eŭropa historio: Per la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franca_revolucio_de_1789?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franca revolucio de 1789">franca revolucio de 1789</a> komencis la nova Epoko de la Respubliko kaj la franca absolutismo estis detruita. Sed jam post iom da tempo akiris <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleono_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleono Bonaparte">Napoleono Bonaparte</a>, la <i>revolucia estro</i>, la ŝtatan potencon kaj nomis sin mem <i>Imperiestro de la francoj</i>. Tio ankaŭ influis la germanan politikon, ĉar Napoleono volis pligrandigi la teritorion de Francio.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1814_ĝis_1871"><span id="1814_.C4.9Dis_1871"></span>1814 ĝis 1871</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: 1814 ĝis 1871" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Post dudek jaroj da sangoplena batalado, la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleonaj_militoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonaj militoj">Napoleonaj militoj</a></i>, dum kiuj Napoleono provis aneksi aliajn landojn, finiĝis kaj la militintaj kontraŭuloj de Francio (tiuj estis Britio, Aŭstrio, Rusio, Prusio kaj la aliaj germanaj ŝtatoj) faris konferencon en Vieno (nomita <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viena_Kongreso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Viena Kongreso">Viena Kongreso</a> de 1814</i>), en kiu estis decidiĝonta la futuro kaj la nova strukturigo de la eŭropa kontinento. Eksaj ŝtatoj estis nun kunigitaj en pli grandaj, ekzemple en Bavario. Tiel la germana teritoria formad-proceso progresis. Sed la Viena Kongreso ankaŭ havis aliajn rezultojn por Germanio: La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Federacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Federacio">Germana Federacio</a> estis fondita, loza ŝtata alianco, kiu iomete rememorigas pri la eksa Sankta Romia Imperio, kiu estis disbatita per Napoleono en la jaro 1804. En tiu federacio lokiĝis ankaŭ la grandpotencoj Prusio kaj Aŭstrio, kiuj jam delonge konkuradis.</p> <p>La ideoj, kiuj estis vekitaj en la Franca Revolucio pluvivis, kvankam la princoj kaj reĝoj de la militvenkintaj landoj refirmigis la monarĥiojn en la tiel nomata <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bidermajro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bidermajro">Bidermajra epoko</a></i>. Sed tiam la monarĥioj estis konfrontitaj kun demokratiistoj, kiam en la jaro 1848 en Francio denove eksplodis revolucio. La revolucio estis, same kiel en la jaro 1789, direktata kontraŭ la monarĥioj de Eŭropo. Ĝi ŝanĝis la situacion en multaj landoj, ekzemple en Francio ĝi restarigis respublikon, sed finfine la revolucio fiaskis, forigita de la trupoj de la monarkoj.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Dua Germana Imperio fondita en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Versajlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Versajlo">Versajlo</a>, 1871. Bismarck staras centre en blanka uniformo. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Baldaŭ post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolucio_de_1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolucio de 1848">Revolucio de 1848</a>, la plej grandaj potencoj ene de la Germana Federacio, Aŭstrio kaj Prusio, komencis kontraŭagi. La ministroprezidanto de la reĝlando Prusio, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, celis unuigi la germanajn ŝtatojn sub la prusa regado. Kiam Prusio aneksis la teritoriojn de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Clesvigo-Holstinio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio">Ŝlesvigo kaj Holstinio</a>, kiuj estis regionoj en norda Germanio, Aŭstrio vidis danĝeron en la prusa potenco. En la jaro 1866 eksplodis milito inter la du grandpotencoj, kaj la Germana Federacio, fondita en la Viena Kongreso, disfalis. La sudgermanaj landoj aliĝis kun Aŭstrio kontraŭ Prusio, sed tamen ili ne povas venki super la tre progresema reĝlando.</p> <p>Post la venko de Prusio en la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia-A%C5%ADstria_milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia-Aŭstria milito">Interfrata Milito</a></i> (<i>interfrata</i>, ĉar Prusio kaj Aŭstrio estis ambaŭ delonge partoj de la Sankta Romia Imperio, do preskaŭ kiel fratoj), nova alianco estiĝis: la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordgermana_Federacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordgermana Federacio">Nordgermana Federacio</a>, kiu estis konfederacio inter ĉiuj aliancanaj ŝtatoj de la Prusa Reĝlando en la Interfrata Milito.</p> <p>Plua <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francia-Prusia_Milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francia-Prusia Milito">milito kontraŭ Francio</a>, kiu vidis la rapidan kreskon de la prusa potenco timante tro fortan najbaron, instigis la sudajn germanajn ŝtatojn aliĝi al la Nordgermana Federacio. Post venko super la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Franca_Imperio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Franca Imperio">Franca Imperio</a> en 1871, Prusio estis venkanta mondpotenco, kaj nun ĝi povis esperi, havi sufiĉe da influo al la aliaj germanaj ŝtatoj. Por finigi la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unuigo_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unuigo de Germanio">Germanan Unuigon</a>, Bismarck sendis leteron al la bavaria regno, kiu jam havis grandan influon al la sudgermanaj landoj kaj persvadis lin fari alvokon al ĉiuj reĝoj de tiuj regnoj, proponi al la prusa reĝo titolon de Germana Imperiestro. Akceptinte tion, la prusa reĝo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_1-a_(Germana_Regno)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilhelmo la 1-a (Germana Regno)">Vilhelmo la 1-a</a> iĝis Unua Imperiestro de la Dua <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Imperiestra_Regno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Imperiestra Regno">Germana Imperiestra Regno</a> - nun estante ne interŝtata alianco, sed tute firma imperia ŝtato.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1871_ĝis_1918"><span id="1871_.C4.9Dis_1918"></span>1871 ĝis 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: 1871 ĝis 1918" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A,_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="789"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg" data-width="200" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1991-076-14A%2C_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II..jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_2-a_(Germana_Regno)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilhelmo la 2-a (Germana Regno)">Vilhelmo la 2-a</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Kun ĉirkaŭ du trionoj de ĝia teritorio kaj loĝantaro, Prusio estis la dominanta parto de la nova Germana Imperio; la reĝo de Prusio ankaŭ agis kiel Germana Imperiestro, kaj Berlino iĝis ĝia ĉefurbo. La politiko de Bismarcko celis formi aliancojn kun aliaj eŭropaj potencoj, izoli Francion kaj eviti militon.</p> <p>Sed kiam <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vilhelmo_la_2-a_(Germana_Regno)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilhelmo la 2-a (Germana Regno)">Vilhelmo la 2-a</a> iĝis Imperiestro de la regno fine de la 19-a jarcento, Germanio serĉis mondvastan agnoskon per kolonioj, ekzemple en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Orient-Afriko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Orient-Afriko">Germana Orient-Afriko</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Sudokcidenta_Afriko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Sudokcidenta Afriko">Germana Sudokcidenta Afriko</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Togolando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Togolando">Togolando</a>, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kameruno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kameruno">Kameruno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La tempo sekva estis akompanata de granda <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industriigo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industriigo">industriigo</a> en Germanio, precipe en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhr-regiono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruhr-regiono">Ruhr-regiono</a>. La plej multaj aliancoj, en kiuj Germanio estis iĝinta parto, ne estis renovigataj, kaj novaj aliancoj eksklusivis la landon.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>La 28an de junio 1914, okazis la tiel nomata <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atenco_de_Sarajevo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atenco de Sarajevo">atenco de Sarajevo</a></i>, la mortigo de arkiduko <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Ferdinand_d%27Este?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Ferdinand d'Este">Franz Ferdinand</a> kaj lia edzino. Tio estis la finfina instigo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unua Mondmilito">Unua Mondmilito</a>. Germanio, kiel parto de la <i>alianco de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Centraj_Potencoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Centraj Potencoj">Centraj Potencoj</a></i>, devis suferi malvenkon kontraŭ la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entento">entento</a></i> (granda alianco, interalie kun Francio kaj Britio) en unu el la plej sangoplenaj konfliktoj de ĉiuj epokoj. Ĉirkaŭ du milionoj da germanaj soldatoj mortis en la Unua Mondmilito.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kiam <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usono">Usono</a> eniris en la militon, ĝia prezidanto <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> postulis, ke Germanio demokratiiĝu antaŭ ol iuj traktatoj estis farotaj. Novembre 1918, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novembra_Revolucio_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novembra Revolucio (Germanio)">Germana Revolucio</a> eksplodis kaj devigis kaj Vilhelmon la 2-an kaj ĉiujn regantajn princojn eksiĝi. Armistico finigis la militon, la 11-an de novembro, kaj Germanio devis subskribi la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Traktato_de_Versajlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Traktato de Versajlo">traktaton de Versajlo</a> junie 1919. En Germanio oni konsideris la traktaton kiel humiligan kontinuigon de la milito, kaj ĝi estas ofte citata kiel influo al la ascendo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naziismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naziismo">naziismo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dume, 1917, eksplodis Soveta Revolucio en Rusio, kaj la lando fariĝis komunisma reĝimo, laŭ la ideo de la germana filozofo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marks?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Marks">Karl Marks</a>: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovetunio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovetunio">Sovetunio</a> fondiĝis.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1918_ĝis_1945"><span id="1918_.C4.9Dis_1945"></span>1918 ĝis 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: 1918 ĝis 1945" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikoloj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajmara_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajmara Respubliko">Vajmara Respubliko</a>&nbsp;kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazia_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazia Germanio">Nazia Germanio</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882,_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="799"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 269px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="269" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Adolf Hitler </figcaption> </figure> <p>En <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajmaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajmaro">Vajmaro</a>, kultura urbo en Germanio, estis malfermita la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_Asembleo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia Asembleo">Nacia Asembleo</a>, kiu havis la taskon, doni al Germanio novan konstitucion post la malvenkita milito. Ĉar la Imperiestro jam estis eksiĝinta, la ŝtata formo iĝis demokratia, kaj pro tio la nova ŝtato nomiĝis <i>Vajmara Respubliko</i>. Sed rekte en ĝia komenco, la respubliko devis suferi krizajn jarojn, dum kiuj okazis mortigoj de politikistoj, protestoj kontraŭ la traktato de Versajlo, mona krizo kaj okupo de la Ruhr-regiono per francoj kaj belgoj. Krome la nova regno ne estis parto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ligo_de_Nacioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ligo de Nacioj">Ligo de Nacioj</a>, mondvasta organizaĵo, kiu reprezentis la ŝtataron je tiu tempo kiel antaŭanton de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj. Tion ŝanĝis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a>, kiu iĝis Regna Kanceliero en la plej krizoplena jaro 1923, en kunlaboro kun la franca ĉefministro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aristide_Briand?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a>, kaj por ebligi al Germanio la vojon al la ŝtataro, ili ambaŭ ricevis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_paco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobel-premio pri paco">nobel-premion pri paco</a>.</p> <p>Sed la germana dekstro konsideris la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Versajla_Traktato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Versajla Traktato">Versajlan Traktaton</a> kiel nacian insulton, kaj kiam mortis Stresemann (kiel fondanto de paco inter Germanio kaj Francio) en 1929, la naziismo povis kreski kaj gajni anojn. En la jaro 1933 iĝis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> Regna Kanceliero, kiu estis ideologie tre dekstra politikisto, kiu devenis el Aŭstrio. Li estigis diktaturan Germanion. En tiu diktaturo li lasis persekuti naciajn minoritatojn kaj jam tri jarojn post lia kancelieriĝo, 1936, Germanio helpis al la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hispana_Enlanda_Milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hispana Enlanda Milito">faŝisma revolucio en Hispanio</a>. Kaj tri jarojn post tio, 1939, germanaj soldatoj ekatakis Pollandon; la komenco de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a>. Kiam ankaŭ Francio kaj la Sovetunio estis atakitaj de Germanio, kaj kiam Usono eniris en la militon, la milita fato sin turnis. La milito finiĝis en la jaro 1945, kiam Hitler sin mortigis kaj la armeo de Germanio kapitulacis.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/220px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="449"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/220px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/330px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/440px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Berlino en ruinoj post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a> </figcaption> </figure> <p>Post la milito, en kiu la germanoj denove estis venkitaj, la nazioj estis starigitaj antaŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nurenberga_proceso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurenberga proceso">tribunalon de Nurenbergo</a>, kie juĝistoj el la venkintaj ŝtatoj faris juĝojn super la ĉefkrimuloj de la milito. Oni vidis, ke la reĝimo de Hitler ne nur faris suferigan militon, sed ankaŭ estis opresinta ĉiujn, kiuj ne volis esti parto de tiu krimo. Ili praktikis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Genocido?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Genocido">genocidon</a> per mortigi 6 milionojn da Judoj (vd. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holoka%C5%ADsto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holokaŭsto">Holokaŭsto</a>), kaj ili mortigis ĉiujn aliajn homojn, kiuj ne similis al la modelo, kiu estis - laŭ la personeca impreso de Hitler - «<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arjoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arjoj">arja</a>».</p> <p><br> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"></p> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forpelo_de_Germanoj_(1944%E2%80%931950)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Forpelo de Germanoj (1944–1950)">Forpelo de Germanoj (1944–1950)</a>. </div> <p>Dum la lastaj etapoj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a> kaj dum la post-milita periodo, Germanaj civitanoj kaj personoj de Germana praularo estis elpelitaj el variaj Orienteŭropaj landoj kaj senditaj al la restanta teritorio de Germanio kaj Aŭstrio. Post 1950, kelkaj el ili elmigris al Usono, Aŭstralio, kaj al aliaj landoj el tie post konstato de malfacila integriĝo al siaj novaj germanaj loĝlokoj. La koncernaj areoj estis ĉefa la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iamaj_orientaj_teritorioj_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio">iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio</a>, kiuj estis aneksitaj ĉefe de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pola_Popola_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pola Popola Respubliko">Pollando</a> kaj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sovetunio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sovetunio">Sovetunio</a> post la milito, same kiel la Germanoj kiuj estis loĝantaj trans la antaŭmilitaj limoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Pola_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Pola Respubliko">Pollando</a>, Ĉeĥoslovakio, Hungario, Rumanio, Jugoslavio, kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baltaj_%C5%9Dtatoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltaj ŝtatoj">Baltaj ŝtatoj</a>. La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazioj">Nazioj</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Generalplan_Ost?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Generalplan Ost">estis farintaj planojn</a> — nur parte kompletigitaj antaŭ la malvenko de Nazioj — por forigi multajn Slavajn kaj Judajn popolojn el Orienta Eŭropo kaj setligi la areon el Germanoj.<sup id="cite_ref-Schmuhl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schmuhl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La postmilita elpelo de Germanoj formis gravan parton de la geopolitika kaj etna rekunfigurado de Orienta Eŭropo en la konsekvencoj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a>, kiuj klopodis krei etne homogenajn landojn ene de redifinitaj landlimoj.<sup id="cite_ref-a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inter 1944 kaj 1948 ĉirkaŭ 31 milionoj da personoj, kiel etnaj Germanoj ('Volksdeutsche') same kiel la Germanaj civitanoj ('Reichsdeutsche'), estis porĉiame aŭ provizore translokigitaj el Centra kaj Orienta Eŭropo.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Iamaj_orientaj_teritorioj_de_Germanio">Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png/220px-Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="648"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png/220px-Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png" data-width="220" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png/330px-Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png/440px-Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio perditaj profite al Pollando kaj Sovetunio dum la Unua kaj Dua Mondmilitoj aperas grize kaj nigre, respektive. Nuntempa Germanio estas markita ruĝe en tiu mapo. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iamaj_orientaj_teritorioj_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio">iamaj orientaj teritorioj de Germanio</a> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germane</a>&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Ehemalige deutsche Ostgebiete</span></i>) estas tiuj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Provinco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Provinco">provincoj</a> aŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regiono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Regiono">regionoj</a> orientaj al la nunaj orientaj limoj de Germanio (nome la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odro-Niso-limo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odro-Niso-limo">Odro-Niso-limo</a>) kiuj estis perditaj de Germanio post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unua Mondmilito">Unua Mondmilito</a> kaj poste en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dua_Mondmilito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dua Mondmilito">Dua Mondmilito</a>. La teritorioj perditaj post la Unua Mondmilito estas plej el la Provinco Posen kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidenta_Prusio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidenta Prusio">Okcidenta Prusio</a>, kaj pliaj teritorioj perditaj post la Dua Mondmilito estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orienta_Prusio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orienta Prusio">Orienta Prusio</a>, Transpomeranio, Orienta Brandenburgo, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supra_Silezio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supra Silezio">Supra Silezio</a>, kaj preskaŭ la tuta <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Silezio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Silezio">Malsupra Silezio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1945_ĝis_1990,_du_germanaj_ŝtatoj"><span id="1945_.C4.9Dis_1990.2C_du_germanaj_.C5.9Dtatoj"></span>1945 ĝis 1990, du germanaj ŝtatoj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: 1945 ĝis 1990, du germanaj ŝtatoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Historio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Du_%C5%9Dtatoj_en_Germanio_(1949-1990)" title="Historio de Germanio">Historio de Germanio#Du ŝtatoj en Germanio (1949-1990)</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Map-Germany-1945.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Okupitaj zonoj en Germanio, 1947. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlina_Muro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlina Muro">Berlina Muro</a> antaŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburger_Tor?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburger Tor">Brandenburger Tor</a> antaŭ sia falo en 1989 </figcaption> </figure> <p>1945: La Dua Mondmilito ege detruis multegajn urbojn en la tuta Eŭropo. La venkintoj konstatis, ke tiu milito estis eĉ pli vasta, pli detruiginta ol la Unua Mondmilito. Por tio, ke la mondpaco estu garantiota en la futuro kaj ke neniam denove ekestu militoj kiel tiaj, ili decidis je la fondiĝo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Unuiĝintaj Nacioj">Unuiĝintaj Nacioj</a>. Sed kvankam preskaŭ ĉiuj landoj de la mondo estis partoj de ĝi, la UN ne povis eviti la tiel nomatan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malvarma_Milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvarma Milito">Malvarman Militon</a>: La malsimilecon kaj konkuradon inter la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komunismo">komunisma</a> sistemo de la Sovetunio kaj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapitalismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kapitalismo">kapitalisma</a> sistemo de Usono. La komunismo en la Sovetunio ne estis tia, pri kia <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marks?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Marks">Karl Marks</a> estis pensinta, sed ĝi havis reĝiman estraron.</p> <p><br> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"></p> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okupacio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okupacio de Germanio">Okupacio de Germanio</a>. </div> <p>Kiam Germanio estis dividita en kvar okupitajn zonojn, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_okupita_zono_de_postmilita_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France okupita zono de postmilita Germanio">la franca</a>, usona kaj brita zonoj unuiĝis, dum la sovetunia zono en la oriento restis sola. Sub la superforto de Usono, la okcidentaj <i>nekomunismaj</i> ŝtatoj fondis la tiel nomatan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">NATO</a>-n, militan pakton, en la jaro 1949. Poste fondiĝis alia milita pakto, nome la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Varsovia_Kontrakto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Varsovia Kontrakto">Varsovia Kontrakto</a>, kiel ekvivalenta <i>komunisma</i> interŝtata alianco, dominata de la Sovetunio. La limo de la nekomunismaj al la komunismaj ŝtatoj estis nomata <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fera_Kurteno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fera Kurteno">Fera Kurteno</a></i>. Kun la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plano_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plano Marshall">Plano Marshall</a></i>, projekto por restarigi Eŭropon, lanĉita en 1947, Usono volis plibonigi siajn rilatojn al Germanio.</p> <p>En la sovetunia parto de Germanio baldaŭ kreiĝis ŝtato nomita <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Demokratia_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germana Demokratia Respubliko">Germana Demokratia Respubliko</a></i> (GDR), dum en la nekomunisma, de Usono dominita parto, kreiĝis ŝtato kun la nomo <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacia Respubliko Germanio">Federacia Respubliko Germanio</a></i> (FRG), kiel la lando, kiu hodiaŭ estas nomata <i>Germanio</i>. La eksa ĉefurbo, Berlino, estis dividita kaj konsistis nun el okcidenta parto, kiu apartenis al la FRG, kaj el orienta parto, kiu estis parto de GDR. En la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_konstitucio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana konstitucio">Germana Konstitucio</a> (de la FRG) estas deklarita la reunuiĝo de Germanio en libera Eŭropo kiel ŝtata celo.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Aŭguste de 1961 estis kreita la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlina_Muro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlina Muro">Berlina Muro</a>, kiel forigo de la Fera Kurteno kaj kiel signo de la divido de Germanio. La kialo por tio estis tumultoj en la GDR en 1953 kaj daŭraj fuĝoj el la GDR.</p> <p>La <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ostpolitik?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i> estis politiko gvidita de okcidentgermana kanceliero <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willy_Brandt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, kiu celis kompromiti rilatojn inter Okcidenta Germanio kaj la komunistaj blokaj landoj uzante la sloganon "Ŝanĝo per proksimiĝo".</p> <p>Per la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glasnost?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i>- kaj <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perestrojko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perestrojko">Perestrojko</a></i>-politiko de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mi%C4%A5ail_Gorba%C4%89ov?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miĥail Gorbaĉov">Miĥail Gorbaĉov</a>, kiu plibonigis la rilatojn inter la Sovetunio kaj la NATO-ŝtatoj kaj precipe ŝanĝis aferojn koncerne la enlandan politikon, kaj per la konsentema politiko en la ambaŭ germanaj ŝtatoj kaj en Usono, la limo transpasebliĝis. Sed la instigon donis la popoloj mem, kiuj trapasis amase la limojn inter la komunismaj kaj nekomunismaj landoj en la jaro 1989. Finfine, la 3-an de oktobro 1990, okazis ŝtata akto en Berlino por la reunuiĝo de la du Germanioj al la unuiĝanta Federacia Respubliko Germanio.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ekde_la_reunuiĝo"><span id="Ekde_la_reunui.C4.9Do"></span>Ekde la reunuiĝo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Ekde la reunuiĝo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Post kiam la tiel-nomata <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demando_pri_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Demando pri Germanio">demando pri unueca germana ŝtato</a> estis solvata, la politikistoj faris kelkajn decidojn por pliunuigi ambaŭ germanajn partojn. Oni decidis, ke la riĉaj federaciaj landoj pagu monon al la plimalriĉaj, inter kiuj estis precipe la orientgermanaj federaciaj landoj, al kiuj mankis ekonomia forteco, post kiam la socialisma ekonomio ne estis bone funkcianta dum ĉirkaŭ 40 jaroj. Krome, la ĉefurbo de la Federacia Respubliko moviĝis de Bonn al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a> en la jaro 1999.</p> <p>Paradokse, en la subŝtatoj, kiuj antaŭe estis partoj de la Germana Demokratia Respubliko kaj do estis socialismaj, la partio <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacidemokrata_partio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacidemokrata partio de Germanio">NPD</a> ekis havi grandan influon al la popolo. Alie ol en la okcidenta landoparto, tiu ekstreme dekstra partio gajnis seĝojn en du orientaj federaciaj landoj, nome al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meklenburgo-Anta%C5%ADpomerio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meklenburgo-Antaŭpomerio">Meklenburgo-Antaŭpomerio</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio">Saksio</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Politika_sistemo">Politika sistemo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Politika sistemo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konstitucio_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Konstitucio (Germanio)">Konstitucio (Germanio)</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Bundestag.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundestag.jpg/250px-Bundestag.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="265"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundestag.jpg/250px-Bundestag.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bundestag.jpg/375px-Bundestag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Bundestag.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, plenkunvenejo. </figcaption> </figure> <p>La Federacia Respubliko estas federacia <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Ctato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝtato">ŝtato</a> laŭ popola suvereno. Centra organo estas la unuĉambra <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlamento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlamento">parlamento</a> (germane <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i>), elektita laŭ personigita proporcia baloto de la germanoj. La parlamento elektas interalie la ĉefministron (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanceliero_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanceliero (Germanio)">Kanceliero</a>) kaj la superajn juĝistojn; la ĉefa laboro estas decidi pri la federaciaj leĝoj (kaj la ŝtata budĝeto). Oficperiodo estas kvar jaroj.</p> <p>Krom la parlamento ekzistas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Konsilio_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia Konsilio (Germanio)">Federacia Konsilio</a> (germane <i>Bundesrat</i>), kiu estas propra organo (ne konsiderata kiel parto nek ĉambro de la parlamento) kaj daŭrigas la federaciisman tradicion de la malnova <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reichstag?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Reichstag">Reichstag</a> antaŭ 1806. La Federacia Konsilio konsistas el reprezentantoj de la regionaj subŝtatoj kaj kundecidas pri la federaciaj leĝoj (se ili tuŝas la interesojn de la regionaj subŝtatoj).</p> <p>Kiel dirite, la parlamento elektas nur la Federacian Kancelieron (germane <i>Bundeskanzler</i>) laŭ propono de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prezidanto de Germanio">Federacia Prezidanto</a>. La Kanceliero mem proponas al la Federacia Prezidanto la ministrojn. Estas iom specialaj la reguloj rilate al elekto kaj malelekto de Kanceliero; plej gravas, ke la parlamento povas forelekti ĉefministron nur se ĝi samtempe elektas novan. Tiu procedo nomiĝas <i>konstrua</i> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mocio_de_demisio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mocio de demisio">mocio de demisio</a> (germane <i>Konstruktives Misstrauensvotum</i>).</p> <p>La plej alta reprezentanto estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prezidanto_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prezidanto de Germanio">Federacia Prezidanto</a>, elektita de speciala organo nomata <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Kunveno_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia Kunveno (Germanio)">Federacia Kunveno</a>. Tiu organo kunvenas nur por elekti Federacian Prezidanton, kutime ĉiun kvinan jaron. Ĝi konsistas el ĉiuj anoj de la (federacia) parlamento kaj same granda nombro de homoj elektitaj de la parlamentoj de la regionaj ŝtatoj. Kvankam la Federacia Prezidanto havas ĉefe nur reprezentajn taskojn, restas certaj kompetentecoj specialaj por krizaj kazoj. Ekzemple, la prezidanto rajtas dissolvi la parlamenton.</p> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_kabineto_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia kabineto de Germanio">Federacia Kabineto</a> aŭ la <b>Federacia Registaro</b> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germane</a>&nbsp;<i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Bundeskabinett</span></i> aŭ <i><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Bundesregierung</span></i>, mallongigita: <b>BReg</b>, plennomo: <span class="lang-de" lang="de">Die <b>Bundesregierung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland</b></span>, kio signifas la Federacia Registaro de la Federacia Respubliko de Germanio) estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plenuma_povo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plenuma povo">plenuma povo</a> de Germanio. La kabineto konsistas el la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanceliero_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanceliero de Germanio">kanceliero</a> (ĉefministro) kaj diversaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ministro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ministro">ministroj</a>. Kabinetaj proceduroj estas bazitaj sur Artikoloj 62 ĝis 69 de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_konstitucio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana konstitucio">Germana konstitucio</a>.</p> <p>Kutime Germanio estas regata de koalicio el du partioj, unu granda, unu malgranda. Tiuj du partioj havas la (absolutan) plimulton en la parlamento kaj komune formas la registaron. La du grandaj partioj estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristandemokrata_Unio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristandemokrata Unio de Germanio">Kristandemokrata Unio (CDU)</a> (en Bavario: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristan-Sociala_Unio_en_Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristan-Sociala Unio en Bavario">Kristansociala Unio</a>) kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socialdemokratia_Partio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socialdemokratia Partio de Germanio">Socialdemokrata Partio (SPD)</a>. Krom tiuj en la nuna parlamento (elektita lastfoje en 2013) sidas la frakcioj de la verduloj (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alianco_%2790/La_Verduloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alianco '90/La Verduloj">Alianco '90/La Verduloj</a>) kaj de la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Die_Linke?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Linke">Maldekstra Partio</a></i>, kiu antaŭe nomiĝis PDS (<i>Partio por Demokratia Socialismo</i>). La libera partio (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Freie Demokratische Partei">FDP</a>), kiu ĉiam apartenis al la parlamento ekde la kreiĝo de la respubliko, ne plu apartenas al ĝi ekde la federacia elekto de 2013.</p> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Registaro_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Registaro de Germanio">Registaro de Germanio</a> disponas je sia servo de la agado de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazetara_kaj_informa_centro_de_la_federacia_registaro_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazetara kaj informa centro de la federacia registaro de Germanio">Gazetara kaj informa centro</a> kiu kolektas ĉiujn informojn de la unuopaj ŝtataj ministerioj kaj de la oficejo de la federacia kanceliero de Germanio, kiun ĝi peras al novaĵagentejoj, amaskomunikiloj, unuopaj ĵurnalistoj kaj al la ĝenerala publiko.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Politika_subdivido">Politika subdivido</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Politika subdivido" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="float: right; clear: right; padding: 0 2em 0 0.8em;"> <div style="position: relative;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Marko sur bildo"> <noscript> <img alt="Marko sur bildo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="406" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 406px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/300px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png" data-alt="Marko sur bildo" data-width="300" data-height="406" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/450px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg/600px-Karte_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span></p> <div style="position: absolute; left:48px; top: 116px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Saksio">Malsupra Saksio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:73px; top: 92px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Bremen_Wappen(Mittel).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="417"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/15px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/23px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg/30px-Bremen_Wappen%28Mittel%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremeno">Bremeno</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:108px; top: 71px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:156px; top: 32px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_(great).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania_%28great%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:176px; top: 32px;"> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meklenburgo-Anta%C5%ADpomerio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meklenburgo-Antaŭpomerio">Meklenburgo-<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;Antaŭpomerio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:148px; top: 157px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="178"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/15px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/23px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg/30px-Wappen_Sachsen-Anhalt.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio-Anhalto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio-Anhalto">Saksio-Anhalto</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:224px; top: 187px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio">Saksio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:184px; top: 92px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:204px; top: 92px;"> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgio">Brandenburgio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:217px; top: 120px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:139px; top: 210px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="596"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingio">Turingio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:69px; top: 217px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="617"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesio">Hesio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:-5px; top: 178px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="532"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordrejn-Vestfalio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordrejn-Vestfalio">Nordrejn-Vestfalio</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:-2px; top: 242px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="580"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:18px; top: 242px;"> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rejnlando-Palatinato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rejnlando-Palatinato">Rejnlando-<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Palatinato</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:166px; top: 306px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Bayern_Wappen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/15px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="684"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/15px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/23px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bayern_Wappen.svg/30px-Bayern_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavario">Bavario</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:57px; top: 327px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="590"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/15px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-Virtembergo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Virtembergo">Baden-<br> Virtembergo</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:17px; top: 287px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="630"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 18px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/15px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="18" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/23px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg/30px-Wappen_des_Saarlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarlando">Sarlando</a></b> </div> <div style="position: absolute; left:78px; top: 12px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="462"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/15px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png" data-width="15" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/23px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg/30px-DEU_Schleswig-Holstein_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> <b><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Clesvig-Holstinio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŝlesvig-Holstinio">Ŝlesvig-Holstinio</a></b> </div> </div> </div> <p>La regionaj ŝtatoj estas nomataj en Germanio <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_lando_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia lando (Germanio)">federaciaj landoj</a> (<i>Land</i> aŭ <i>Bundesland</i>, pl. <i>Länder</i>). Ili estas ŝtatecaj politikaj unuoj. Ekde 1990 estas 16 landoj:</p> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-Virtembergo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Virtembergo">Baden-Virtembergo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavario">Bavario</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburgio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburgio">Brandenburgio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremeno">Bremeno</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesio">Hesio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malsupra_Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malsupra Saksio">Malsupra Saksio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meklenburgo-Anta%C5%ADpomerio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meklenburgo-Antaŭpomerio">Meklenburgo-Antaŭpomerio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordrejn-Vestfalio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordrejn-Vestfalio">Nordrejn-Vestfalio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rejnlando-Palatinato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rejnlando-Palatinato">Rejnlando-Palatinato</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio">Saksio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saksio-Anhalto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saksio-Anhalto">Saksio-Anhalto</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarlando">Sarlando</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Clesvigo-Holstinio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio">Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turingio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turingio">Turingio</a></li> </ul> <p>Ano de federacia lando estas ĉiu loĝanto kiu havas tie sian oficialan loĝejon minimume ekde tri monatoj. La limoj de regiona ŝtato estas ŝanĝeblaj nur per plebiscito de la koncernaj loĝantoj.</p> <p>Inter la Federacio kaj regionaj ŝtatoj ekzistas divido de la taskoj. Ekzemple, nur la Federacio okupiĝas pri eksteraj rilatoj, defendo, valuto kaj mezuroj, kaj nur la regionaj ŝtatoj okupiĝas pri lernejoj. Multaj taskoj tamen estas komuna agadkampo de ambaŭ. La regionaj ŝtatoj estas reprezentataj en speciala germana organo, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Konsilio_(Germanio)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federacia Konsilio (Germanio)">Federacia Konsilio</a> (<i>Bundesrat</i>), kiu havas certajn veto-rajtojn rilate al federaciaj leĝoj. Ĉar laŭ la germana konstitucio ĉiuj germanoj devas havi proksimume samajn vivkondiĉojn en la tuta lando, Germanio estas tre unuecisma federacia ŝtato (kompare ekzemple al Usono).</p> <p>Germana regiona ŝtato havas propran ĉefministron, registaron kaj parlamenton, sed ankaŭ konstitucion, flagon kaj ofte ankaŭ himnon.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Eksteraj_rilatoj">Eksteraj rilatoj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj rilatoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg/220px-Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3714" data-file-height="2407"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 143px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg/220px-Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="143" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg/330px-Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg/440px-Poroschenko_Merkel_and_Biden_Security_Conference_February_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Merkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> estas konata figuro en la internacia politiko; tie kun <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petro_Poro%C5%9Denko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petro Poroŝenko">Petro Poroŝenko</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joe_Biden?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a>, 7a de februaro 2015. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Jam komence de la 20-a centojaro, Germanio estis “tro malgranda por regi super aliaj, sed tro granda por la balanco de potencoj en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropo">Eŭropo</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ke Germanio estas “tro granda por Eŭropo, sed tro malgranda por la mondo”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, estas fakto ankaŭ koncerne la hodiaŭan Germanion, kiu ŝajnas havi precipan rolon en la Eŭropa politiko. Tion kaŭzis la financa dominanteco de Germanio, pro kiu Angela Merkel, kiu estas kanceliero dum la Eŭropa ŝuldokrizo, gajnis da politika potenco ankaŭ en la aliaj landoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EU?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a>. En <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grekio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grekio">Grekio</a>, kie la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krizo_de_la_greka_publika_%C5%9Duldo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krizo de la greka publika ŝuldo">krizo</a> plej fortas, koleriĝintaj demonstraciantoj nomis la germanan ŝtaton “kvara regno”, aludante al la “tria regno”, kiu estas sinonimo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazia_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazia Germanio">Nazia Germanio</a>.</p> <p>Ekde la eniĝo de okcidenta Germanio en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NATO">NATO</a>, la federacia respubliko apartenas al alianca sistemo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usono">Usono</a>, kiu estas ties plej grava partnero sur la internacia scenejo. Krome, la germana nacio provas ĉiam teni bonajn rilatojn al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israelo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israelo">Israelo</a>, al kiu ĝi ŝuldas multon pro la nazia diktatoreco.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Ekonomio">Ekonomio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Ekonomio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekonomio_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekonomio de Germanio">Ekonomio de Germanio</a>. </div> <p>La ekonomio de Germanio estas la unua plej granda en Eŭropo kaj la kvara plej granda en la mondo laŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malneta_enlanda_produkto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malneta enlanda produkto">malneta enlanda produkto</a>, aktuale en 2017. Germana MEP estis 3,69 <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duiliono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duiliono">duilionoj</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USD?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="USD">USD</a> tiun jaron. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MEP?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="MEP">MEP</a> pokape, ekskludante aĉetpovo-parecon (PPP), estis proksimume 52,000 USD, kaj estis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listo_de_landoj_la%C5%AD_MEP_po_kapo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Listo de landoj laŭ MEP po kapo">16-a plej alta en la mondo</a>. En 2013 la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Malneta_enlanda_produkto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malneta enlanda produkto">malneta enlanda produkto</a> estis laŭ aktualaj prezoj 3 636 miliardoj da usonaj dolaroj,<sup id="cite_ref-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do mezume ĉirkaŭ 44 999 usonaj dolaroj por ĉiu loĝanto. Ĉefa faktoro de la bona industrio de Germanio estis dum multaj jarcentoj la grundaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karbo">karbo</a>-provizoj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruhr-Regiono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr-Regiono">Ruhr-Regiono</a>.</p> <p>La germana ekonomio estas eksportorientita. Aktuale en 2017, la volumo de eksportaĵoj de Germanio estas la tria plej alta en la mondo, post <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%88inio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉinio">Ĉinio</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usono">Usono</a> kaj je konsiderinda marĝeno de la kvara plej granda eksportisto, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanio">Japanio</a>. Kaj eksportaĵoj konsistigis 47% de ĝia MEP tiujare, indico signife pli alta ol tiu de Ĉinio kaj Usono. Ĉi tio estas malgraŭ la relativa forto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭro">eŭro</a>. Ĝiaj ĉefaj komercaj partneroj inkluzivas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Francio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Francio">Francion</a>, Usonon, Ĉinion, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Britio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Britio">Brition</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italio">Italion</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlando">Nederlandon</a>. La ĉefaj eksportindustrioj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veturilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veturilo">veturiloj</a>, maŝinaro, elektronika ekipaĵo, kemiaĵoj kaj farmaciaĵoj.</p> <p>Industrio konsistigis ĉirkaŭ 30% de MEP en 2017. Ĉi tiu indico estas relative alta por okcidentaj landoj, kvankam, kiel aliaj landoj, la parto de industria produktado malpliiĝas ekde la fino de la 20-a jarcento. La industria sektoro dependas de sperta personaro, reputacio kaj multjara tradicio. Signifa rolo en la industrio estas ludita fare de malgrandaj kaj mezgrandaj firmaoj, kelkaj el kiuj estis familioposedataj dum generacioj (ĉi tiuj entreprenoj estas neformale referitaj kiel <i>Mittelstand</i>).</p> <p>Agrikulturo laborigas proksimume 1.4% de la laborantaro, rekte kontribuas proksimume 0.7% de la MEP (aktuale en 2017), kaj liveras grandan parton de la krudaĵoj por la nutraĵa industrio - laktejoj, vinfarejoj kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bierfarejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bierfarejo">bierfarejoj</a> ekzemple. Relative granda parto de la agrikultura produkto venas de malgrandaj familiaj bienoj, kvankam la parto de kompanioj kiuj posedas gigantaj bienoj konstante pliiĝas. La lando estas benita kun fekunda kaj facile kultivebla tero kaj akvo, kaj proksimume duono de sia areo estas uzita por agrikulturo. Inter la gravaj kultivaĵoj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerealo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerealo">cerealoj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sukerbeto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sukerbeto">sukerbetoj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terpomo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terpomo">terpomoj</a>, same kiel <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brutaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutaro">brutaro</a>, ĉefe <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porko">porkoj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bovoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovoj">bovoj</a> por <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viando">viando</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lakto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lakto">lakto</a>.</p> <p>Germanio havas ampleksan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonfarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonfarto">bonfartan sistemon</a>, kiu provizas civitanojn per diversaj servoj. La socia bonfara sistemo en Germanio havas profundajn historiajn radikojn; Ĝi komenciĝis per la proksima rilato inter la individuo kaj socio kiu kreiĝis post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformacio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformacio">reformacio</a>, tra la reviviĝo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_re%C4%9Dlando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prusia reĝlando">prusia reĝlando</a> post la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tridekjara_milito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridekjara milito">tridekjara milito</a>, kaj poste je komenco de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_revolucio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria revolucio">industria revolucio</a>. La antikva bonfara sistemo estas rigardata kiel pozitiva aspekto de germana socio, kaj multaj germanoj fieras pri ĝi. La sistemo disponigas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universala_sanzorgado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universala sanzorgado">universala sanzorgado</a> (kvankam neregistara), <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sendunga_pago?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sendunga pago">senlaborsubtenojn</a>, infansubvenciojn kaj aliajn sociajn bezonojn.</p> <p>Temo, kiu kaŭzas maltrankvilon en Germanio, estas la alta nivelo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senlaboreco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senlaboreco">senlaboreco</a>, kiu restas alta dum multaj jaroj (precipe en la orientaj landoj kaj ĉe junaj plenkreskuloj), kaj kaŭzas malpliiĝon de loka postulo, kiu malrapidigas la ekonomian kreskon. Tamen, la germana ekonomio devis sorbi la kostojn de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reunui%C4%9Do_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunuiĝo de Germanio">reunuiĝo</a>, faktoro kiun iuj riproĉas por la malrapida kreskorapideco de Germanio kompare kun aliaj landoj en la Eŭropa Unio. Ĝis hodiaŭ, en la areoj kiuj apartenis al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orienta_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orienta Germanio">Orienta Germanio</a>, ekzistas neniu taŭga ekonomia infrastrukturo por la establado de malgrandaj kaj mezgrandaj entreprenoj, kiuj estis la fundamento de la ekonomia sukceso de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidenta_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidenta Germanio">Okcidenta Germanio</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kompanioj">Kompanioj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Kompanioj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>El la mondaj 500 plej grandaj kompanioj mezuritaj laŭ iliaj enspezoj en 2014 listigitaj per la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_Global_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 28 estas ĉefsidejitaj en Germanio. 30 Germanio-bazitaj kompanioj estas inkluditaj en la germana <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akcio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akcio">akcia</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indico?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Indico">indico</a> (<i>Deutscher Aktienindex, DAX</i>). Konataj internaciaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Firmao?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Firmao">firmaoj</a> inkludas la sekvajn: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercedes-Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAP_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP AG">SAP</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkswagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audi?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemens_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allianz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allianz">Allianz</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/DHL?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="DHL">DHL</a> (en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Post AG">germana poŝta grupo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Germanio estas agnoskita por sia granda parto da fakaj malgrandaj kaj mezaj entreprenoj. Ĉirkaŭ 1 000 el tiuj entreprenoj estas, en la tutmonda <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Merkato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Merkato">merkato</a>, estroj en sia fako<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a> evoluigis floran, kosmopolitan centron por <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekfirmao?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekfirmao">ekfirmaoj</a> kaj iĝis gvida loko por riskkapitalo-financita firmaoj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Unio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Unio">Eŭropa Unio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scienco_kaj_teknologio">Scienco kaj teknologio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Scienco kaj teknologio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg/220px-Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg/220px-Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg/330px-Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg/440px-Desy_tesla_cavity01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superkonduktanto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Superkonduktanto">Superkonduktanta</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Resonanco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Resonanco">resonanca</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kavo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Kavo">kavo</a> el <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niobo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Niobo">niobo</a> por TESLA-projekto en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a>; la kavo je 1,25 m havas resonancfrekvencon de 1,3 <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herco">Ghz</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germaniaj atingoj en la sciencoj estis signifaj, kaj strebado al esploro kaj disvolvigo (angle <i>research and development</i>, mallongigo <i>R&amp;D</i>) estas esenca parto de la ekonomio<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_(12052189474).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/220px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/220px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/330px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg/440px-Views_in_the_Main_Control_Room_%2812052189474%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> Eŭropa kosma operacia centro (EKOC) en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Darm%C5%9Dtato?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmŝtato">Darmŝtato</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germanio estis la hejmo de multaj famaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inventisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inventisto">inventistoj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/In%C4%9Deniero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inĝeniero">inĝenieroj</a>, kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, kiu estas konsiderita kiel inventisto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presma%C5%9Dino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presmaŝino">presmaŝino de moveblaj tipoj</a> en Eŭropo; <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>, la kreinto de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kalkulilo_Geiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kalkulilo Geiger">kalkulilo Geiger</a>; kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konrad_Zuse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>, kiu konstruis la unuan plene aŭtomatan ciferecan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komputilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komputilo">komputilon</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tiaj germanaj inventistoj, inĝenieroj kaj industriuloj kiel la grafo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Zeppelin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ferdinand von Zeppelin">Ferdinand von Zeppelin</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_Junkers?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo Junkers">Hugo Junkers</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> helpis elvolvi modernan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADtomobilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aŭtomobilo">aŭtomobilan</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aviadilo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aviadilo">aviadilan</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transporto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transporto">transport</a>-teĥnologion<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Germanaj institucioj kiel la germana kosma centro (germane <i>Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt</i>) estas la plej granda kontribuanto al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Kosma_Agentejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo">Eŭropa Kosma Agentejo</a> (EKA). La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aerospaca_scienco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aerospaca scienco">aerospaca</a> inĝeniero <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> evoluigis la unuan kosman <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raketo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raketo">raketon</a> ĉe <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> kaj poste estis elstara membro de la usona agentejo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> kaj evoluinta la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_(raketo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn (raketo)">Saturn-5</a> kiel luna raketo.</p> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Loĝantaro"><span id="Lo.C4.9Dantaro"></span>Loĝantaro</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Loĝantaro" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>La loĝantaro de Germanio konsistas laŭ etnoj el 95,1% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanoj">germanoj</a>, 2,4% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkoj">turkoj</a>, 0,7% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italoj">italoj</a>, 0,4% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grekoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grekoj">grekoj</a>, 0,4% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poloj">poloj</a> kaj 1,1% aliaj. Laŭ religioj estas 32,3% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katolikismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katolikismo">katolikoj</a>, 32,1% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantismo">protestantoj</a>, 3,2% <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islamo">islamanoj</a>, 3% anoj de aliaj religioj kaj 28,5% homoj sen <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konfesio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konfesio">konfesio</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Lingvoj">Lingvoj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Lingvoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a>. </div> <p>La oficiala lingvo estas la germana. Krome ekzistas minoritataj lingvoj tradicie parolataj sur la germana teritorio, kiel la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Platgermana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Platgermana lingvo">platgermana</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dana lingvo">dana</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Frisa lingvo">frisa</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soraba_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soraba lingvo">soraba</a>; ĉi tiuj kvar lingvoj estas oficiale agnoskitaj minoritataj lingvoj. Krome ekzistas minoritataj lingvoj de enmigrintoj, kiuj tamen ne estas oficiale agnoskitaj: la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turka_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turka lingvo">turka</a>, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusa_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusa lingvo">rusa</a>, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pola_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pola lingvo">pola</a> kaj aliaj.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Demografio">Demografio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Demografio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Demografio_de_Germanio.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Demografio_de_Germanio.png/390px-Demografio_de_Germanio.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="548"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 390px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Demografio_de_Germanio.png/390px-Demografio_de_Germanio.png" data-width="390" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Demografio_de_Germanio.png/585px-Demografio_de_Germanio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Demografio_de_Germanio.png/780px-Demografio_de_Germanio.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> evoluo de la loĝantaro de Germanio de 1961 ĝis 2010 </figcaption> </figure> <p>La plej grandaj urboj de Germanio estas:</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>N-ro</th> <th>loĝantonombro</th> <th>urbo</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1.</td> <td align="right">3 644 826</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlino">Berlino</a> (Berlin)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2.</td> <td align="right">1 841 179</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburgo">Hamburgo</a> (Hamburg)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3.</td> <td align="right">1 471 508</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munkeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munkeno">Munkeno</a> (München)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4.</td> <td align="right">1 085 664</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kolonjo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kolonjo">Kolonjo</a> (Köln)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>5.</td> <td align="right">753 056</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurto_%C4%89e_Majno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurto ĉe Majno">Frankfurto ĉe Majno</a> (Frankfurt am Main)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>6.</td> <td align="right">634 830</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stutgarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stutgarto">Stutgarto</a> (Stuttgart)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>7.</td> <td align="right">619 294</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Duseldorfo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Duseldorfo">Duseldorfo</a> (Düsseldorf)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>8.</td> <td align="right">587 857</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lepsiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lepsiko">Lepsiko</a> (Leipzig)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>9.</td> <td align="right">587 010</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dortmundo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmundo">Dortmundo</a> (Dortmund)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>10.</td> <td align="right">583 109</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asindo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Asindo">Asindo</a> (Essen)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>11.</td> <td align="right">569 352</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremeno">Bremeno</a> (Bremen)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>12.</td> <td align="right">554 649</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresdeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresdeno">Dresdeno</a> (Dresden)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>13.</td> <td align="right">538 068</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanovro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanovro">Hanovro</a> (Hannover)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>14.</td> <td align="right">518 365</td> <td><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nurenbergo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nurenbergo">Nurenbergo</a> (Nürnberg)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Kulturo">Kulturo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Kulturo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Beethoven.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/220px-Beethoven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1443"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/220px-Beethoven.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/330px-Beethoven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Beethoven.jpg/440px-Beethoven.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La germana <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komponisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komponisto">komponisto</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> (1770-1827). </figcaption> </figure> <p>La germana lando estas ofte nomata <i>Das Land der Dichter und Denker</i> (la tero de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poeto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Poeto">poetoj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pensulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensulo">pensuloj</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La germana kulturo ekis multe antaŭ la apero de Germanio kiel naci-ŝtato kaj ĝi enhavis la tutan zonon de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">germana lingvo</a>. Ekde ties radikoj, la kulturo, en Germanio formiĝis de la ĉefaj intelektaj kaj popularaj tendencoj en Eŭropo, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Religio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Religio">religiaj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laikismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laikismo">nereligiaj</a>. kiel rezulto, estas malfacile identigi difinitan tradicion kiel germana separante ĝin el la pli ampleksa kadro de la alta kulturo tuteŭropa.</p> <p>Alia sekvo de tiuj cirkonstancoj estas la fakto ke kelkaj historiaj figuroj, kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nikolao_Koperniko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolao Koperniko">Nikolao Koperniko</a>, inter aliaj, kvankam ne estis ŝtatanoj de Germanio en la moderna senco, devas esti konsiderataj ene de la kunteksto de la kultura germana etoso por kompreni iliajn verkojn.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Scienco">Scienco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Scienco" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Alexandre_humboldt.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexandre_humboldt.jpg/170px-Alexandre_humboldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1655" data-file-height="2288"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexandre_humboldt.jpg/170px-Alexandre_humboldt.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexandre_humboldt.jpg/255px-Alexandre_humboldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alexandre_humboldt.jpg/340px-Alexandre_humboldt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1769–1859). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Germanio estis hejmo de kelkaj el la plej elstaraj priserĉistoj en diversaj sciencaj fakoj.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel-premio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobel-premio">Nobel-premio</a> estis aljuĝita al pli ol 100 <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel-premiitoj_(la%C5%ADlanda_listo)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Germanio" title="Nobel-premiitoj (laŭlanda listo)">germanaj (ĉu devenaj aŭ ŝtatanece) premiitoj</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En la komenco de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20-a_jarcento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20-a jarcento">20-a jarcento</a>, germanaj premiitoj havis pli da premioj ol ajna alia nacio, speciale en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scienco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scienco">sciencoj</a> (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiziko">fiziko</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C4%A4emio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ĥemio">ĥemio</a>, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiziologio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiziologio">fiziologio</a> aŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medicino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medicino">medicino</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rimarkindaj germanaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fizikisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fizikisto">fizikistoj</a> antaŭ la 20-a jarcento inkludas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciencisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sciencisto">sciencistojn</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_von_Fraunhofer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph von Fraunhofer">Joseph von Fraunhofer</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabriel_Daniel_Fahrenheit?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit">Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit</a>, inter aliaj.</p> <p>Poste <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> enkondukis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Relativeca_teorio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Relativeca teorio">relativecan teorion</a> pri <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lumo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lumo">lumo</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gravito?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gravito">gravito</a> en 1905 kaj 1915 respektive. Kune kun <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, li estis instrumenta en la enkonduko de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kvantuma_mekaniko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kvantuma mekaniko">kvantuma mekaniko</a>, en kiu <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Born?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> poste plenumis gravajn kontribuojn<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Hahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> estis pioniro en la kampoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio%C4%A5emio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radioĥemio">radioĥemio</a> kaj malkovris <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuklea_fisio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuklea fisio">nuklean fision</a>. La atingoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_Hahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> ludis gravan rolon por la fondo de la moderna <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fiziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiziko">fiziko</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuklea_energio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuklea energio">atomkemio</a>, kiujn <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Born?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> plie disvolvigis.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> malkovris la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ikso-radio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikso-radio">ikso-radiojn</a>, nome atingo kiu havigis al li la unua <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_fiziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobel-premio pri fiziko">Nobel-Premion pri Fiziko</a> en 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En Germanio kaj aliaj landoj, la ikso-radio nomiĝas <i>"Röntgenstrahlen"</i> (radioj de Röntgen). La laboro de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a> en la kampo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elektromagnetismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elektromagnetismo">elektromagneta</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radiado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radiado">radiado</a> ludis ŝlosilan rolon por la disvolvigo de la moderna <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telekomunikado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telekomunikado">telekomunikado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a> estas fama ĉar disvolvigis la unuan <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laboratorio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laboratorio">laboratorion</a> de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psikologio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psikologio">psikologio</a>, al kiu oni donis poste la kategorion de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scienco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scienco">scienco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> kaj lia verko kiel <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natursciencisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Natursciencisto">natursciencisto</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esploristo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Esploristo">esploristo</a> estis fundamenta por la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biogeografio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biogeografio">biogeografio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> estis fondinto de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mikrobiologio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mikrobiologio">mikrobiologio</a>.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg/220px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1475"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg/220px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg/330px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg/440px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La germana <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fizikisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fizikisto">fizikisto</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1879-1955). </figcaption> </figure> <p>Nombraj gravaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matematiko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matematiko">matematikistoj</a> naskiĝis en Germanio, kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hilbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernhard_Riemann?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernhard Riemann">Bernhard Riemann</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Weyl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Weyl">Hermann Weyl</a>.</p> <p>Gravaj institucioj de esplorado estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Societo_Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Societo Max Planck">Societo Max Planck</a>, la <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft">Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft</a></i> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Societo_Fraunhofer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Societo Fraunhofer">Societo Fraunhofer</a>. Tiuj laboras ĉu sendepende aŭ konektataj ekstere al la universitata sistemo kontribuante konsiderinde al la scienca produktado. La prestiĝa premio Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz estas atribuata ĉiujare al dek sciencistoj kaj akademianoj. Kun maksimuma kvanto de 2,5 milionoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭro">eŭroj</a>, estas unu el la premioj de esplorado plej alte dotitaj en la mondo.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Literaturo_kaj_filozofio">Literaturo kaj filozofio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Literaturo kaj filozofio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Nietzsche1882.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/170px-Nietzsche1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/170px-Nietzsche1882.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/255px-Nietzsche1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/340px-Nietzsche1882.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> La filozofo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> (1844-1900). </figcaption> </figure> <p>La germana literaturo komencis je la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mezepoko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mezepoko">Mezepoko</a> kaj per la verkoj de verkistoj kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>. Diversaj germanaj aŭtoroj kaj poetoj atingis grandan agnoskon, kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>. La kolektoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popolrakonto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Popolrakonto">popolrakontoj</a> publikigitaj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fratoj_Grimm?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fratoj Grimm">Fratoj Grimm</a> popularigis la germanan folkloron je internacia nivelo. La plej influantaj aŭtoroj de la 20a jarcento estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Mann?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermann_Hesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>.</p> <p>La influo de Germanio en la filozofio estas historie grava kaj multaj elstaraj germanaj filozofoj kontribuis al formigo de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidenta_filozofio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidenta filozofio">okcidenta filozofio</a> el la Mezepoko. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a> kaj liaj kontribuoj al <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raciismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raciismo">raciismo</a>, la pensaroj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Immanuel_Kant?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a> preparis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Idealismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealismo">idealismon</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Marx?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Engels?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> formulis la teorion de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komunismo">komunismo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a> disvolvigis la komponon de la metafizika <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pesimismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pesimismo">pesimismo</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> disvolvigis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perspektivismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perspektivismo">perspektivismon</a>, la verko de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Heidegger?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> en <i>Esto kaj Tempo</i>, kaj la sociaj teorioj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> estis ĉefe influaj.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Muziko">Muziko</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Muziko" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:1em"> <tbody> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann S. Bach</a><br><small>Toccata und Fuge d-Moll BWV 565</small></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig v. Beethoven</a><br><small><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/5-a_simfonio_(Beethoven)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="5-a simfonio (Beethoven)">5-a simfonio</a></small></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a><br><small><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></small></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#dcdcdc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="514" data-mwtitle="Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg/Toccata_et_Fugue_BWV565.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:left; background:#d3d3d3;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="437" data-mwtitle="Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5b/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg/Ludwig_van_Beethoven_-_Symphonie_5_c-moll_-_1._Allegro_con_brio.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span></span></td> <td style="text-align:left; background:silver;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="100" style="width:100px;" data-durationhint="1677" data-mwtitle="Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs=&quot;vorbis&quot;" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg/Wagner_-_die_walkure_fantasie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio></span></span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>En Germanio disvolviĝis kelkaj el plej rekonataj komponistoj de la eŭropa <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Klasika_muziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Klasika muziko">klasika muziko</a>, kun inkludo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Brahms?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Wagner?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>. El <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a>, Germanio estas la kvina merkato de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muziko">muziko</a> en la mondo kaj estis influinta en la muziko <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pop?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pop">pop</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rok-muziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rok-muziko">rok</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_metalroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industria metalroko">industria metalroko</a> pere de artistoj kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_Talking?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern Talking">Modern Talking</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rammstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>, Lacrimosa, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kraftwerk?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpions?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpions">Scorpions</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tokio_Hotel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tokio Hotel">Tokio Hotel</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Arto_kaj_arkitekturo">Arto kaj arkitekturo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Arto kaj arkitekturo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/220px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3160" data-file-height="3160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/220px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/330px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg/440px-Schwerin_Palace_Park_Garden_Mecklenburg_Germany_Schweriner_Schloss_Garten_BUGA_2009.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palaco_de_Schwerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Palaco de Schwerin">Palaco de Schwerin</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Meklenburgo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Meklenburgo">Meklenburgo</a> (1358—1857) </figcaption> </figure> <p>Nombraj germanaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pentrarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pentrarto">pentristoj</a> ĝuis el internacia prestiĝo tra siaj verkoj en diversaj artaj tendencoj. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_la_Maljuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lucas Cranach la Maljuna">Lucas Cranach la Maljuna</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hans_Holbein_la_malplia%C4%9Da?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Holbein la malpliaĝa">Hans Holbein la malpliaĝa</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matthias_Gr%C3%BCnewald?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matthias Grünewald">Matthias Grünewald</a>, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alberto_Durero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto Durero">Alberto Durero</a> estis gravaj artistoj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renesanco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renesanco">Renesanco</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Caspar David Friedrich</a> de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romantismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantismo">Romantismo</a>, kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Ernst?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Ernst">Max Ernst</a> de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Superrealismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Superrealismo">superrealismo</a>.</p> <p>Inter la germanaj kontribuoj en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arkitekturo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arkitekturo">arkitekturo</a> oni inkludas la stilojn kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karolida_arto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karolida arto">karolida</a> kaj otona, kiuj estas gravaj pioniroj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romanika_arkitekturo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romanika arkitekturo">romaniko</a>. La regiono poste konvertiĝis en la loko de gravaj verkoj en stiloj kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gotika_arkitekturo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gotika arkitekturo">gotika</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renesanca_arkitekturo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renesanca arkitekturo">renesanca</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baroko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baroko">baroko</a>. Estas speciale grava en la unuaj modernaj movadoj, ĉefe tra la movado <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bauhaus?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> fondita de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walter_Gropius?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludwig Mies van der Rohe">Ludwig Mies van der Rohe</a> iĝis unu el la plej renomataj arkitektoj de la mondo en la dua duono de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20a_jarcento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="20a jarcento">20a jarcento</a>. La fasado el <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vitro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vitro">vitro</a> en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuboskrapulo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuboskrapulo">nuboskrapuloj</a> estis lia ideo.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kinarto">Kinarto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Kinarto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>La germana kinarto estis ĉefe influa dum la jaroj de la Respubliko de Weimar, ekzemple pro la germanaj esprimistoj kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Wiene?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Wiene">Robert Wiene</a> <i>(La kabineto de la Doktoro Caligari)</i> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>. La naziisma epoko produktis gravajn verkojn kiaj la filmo <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Münchhausen">Münchhausen</a></i> (1943) aŭ la polemika laboro de la reĝisorino <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>.</p> <p>Dum la periodo 1970-1980 reĝisoroj kiaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volker Schlöndorff">Volker Schlöndorff</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Werner_Herzog?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Werner Herzog">Werner Herzog</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wim_Wenders?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a> metis la germanan kinarton revene en la internacia scenejo pere de filmoj foje provokemaj. Pli ĵuse, filmoj kiaj <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Boot?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Das Boot">Das Boot</a></i> (1981), <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lola_rennt?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lola rennt">Lola rennt</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Good_bye,_Lenin!?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Good bye, Lenin!">Good bye, Lenin!</a></i> (2003), <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontra%C5%AD_la_muro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kontraŭ la muro">Gegen die Wand</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Der_Untergang?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Der Untergang">Der Untergang</a></i> (2004) kaj <i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Leben_der_Anderen?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Das Leben der Anderen">Das Leben der Anderen</a></i> (2007) ĝuis internacian sukceson.</p> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlinale?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlinale">Berlinale</a>, okazinta jare ekde 1951, estas unu el la kinfestivaloj plej prestiĝaj. La ĉiujara ceremonio de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Filmpremio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Filmpremio">Eŭropa Filmpremio</a> okazas ĉiun duan jaron en la urbo Berlino, kie troviĝas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Filmakademio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Filmakademio">Eŭropa Filmakademio</a>. La studioj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Babelsberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a> en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pocdamo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocdamo">Pocdamo</a> estas la plej malnovaj grandskale en la mondo kaj konstituas internacian centron por la produktado de filmoj.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Kuirarto">Kuirarto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Kuirarto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuirarto_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuirarto de Germanio">Kuirarto de Germanio</a>. </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg/200px-Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="2007"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg/200px-Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg/300px-Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg/400px-Wei%C3%9Fwurst-1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <center> Tradiciaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blanka_kolbaso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blanka kolbaso">blankaj kolbasoj</a>, servitaj kun dolĉa <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mustardo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mustardo">mustardo</a> kaj mola <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Breco?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Breco">breco</a> </center> </figcaption> </figure> <p>La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanoj">germana</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuirarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuirarto">kuirarto</a> varias multe el regiono al alia de la teritorio kaj estas tre influita de la kultura kaj socia medioj, ekzemple, la regionoj de la sudo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavario?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavario">Bavario</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Cvabio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Ŝvabio">Ŝvabio</a> kunhavas multe stilojn kaj tipajn pladojn kun la najbaroj kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Svisio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Svisio">svisaj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aŭstrio">aŭstriaj</a>. En la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Okcidento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Okcidento">okcidento</a> la influoj el la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuirarto_de_Francio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuirarto de Francio">franca kuirarto</a> estas sufiĉe pli markitaj kaj montras reciprokajn influojn pri vinproduktado kun tiu lando, dum la regionoj de la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oriento?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oriento">oriento</a> montras influojn el la landoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orienta_E%C5%ADropo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orienta Eŭropo">Orienta Eŭropo</a> kaj tiuj de la nordo kun la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nederlanda_kuirarto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nederlanda kuirarto">nederlanda kuirarto</a>, ĉefe ĉe la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marbordo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marbordo">marbordaj zonoj</a> en kiuj troveblas abundo de pladoj el <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C5%9Da%C4%B5o?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fiŝaĵo">fiŝaĵo</a>, kaj krome estas multaj elementoj komune kun la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skandinavio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skandinavio">skandinavia kuirarto</a>.</p> <p>Estas multaj specoj de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Froma%C4%9Do?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fromaĝo">fromaĝoj</a>. La nigra pano (<i><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pumperniklo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pumperniklo">Pumperniklo</a></i> kaj aliaj) estas pli tipa proporcie ol ĉe aliaj najbaraj landoj. Por trinkaĵoj, krom la tipaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vino?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vino">vinoj</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biero?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biero">bieroj</a>, eble la nacia trinkaĵo (<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biero_en_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biero en Germanio">Biero en Germanio</a>), en Germanio estas tre popularaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brando?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brando">brandoj</a> produktitaj el fruktoj, kiaj <i>kirsch</i>. Multe trinkiĝas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suko">sukoj</a>, kaj miksaĵoj el sukoj kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minerala_akvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Minerala akvo">minerala akvo</a> nomataj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Corlo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ŝorlo">ŝorlo</a>. Tipaj regionaj pladoj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Flamkuko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Flamkuko">flamkukoj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sa%C5%ADrkra%C5%ADto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saŭrkraŭto">saŭrkraŭto</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Knedliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Knedliko">knedlikoj</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mielkuko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mielkuko">mielkukoj</a> inter aliaj.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sporto">Sporto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Sporto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/200px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="2856"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/200px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/300px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg/400px-Signal_iduna_park_stadium_dortmund_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <i>Signal Iduna Park</i> estas la plej granda futbala <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadiono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stadiono">stadiono</a> en Germanio. </figcaption> </figure> <p><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futbalo">Futbalo</a> estas la plej populara sporto en Germanio. La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_nacia_teamo_de_futbalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana nacia teamo de futbalo">nacia teamo</a> gajnis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbala_Mondpokalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futbala Mondpokalo">Futbalan Mondpokalon</a> 4-foje (1954, 1974, 1990 kaj 2014), kaj aperas en la finalo multfoje. La teamo ankaŭ gajnis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/E%C5%ADropa_Futbal-%C4%88ampionado?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eŭropa Futbal-Ĉampionado">Eŭropan Futbal-Ĉampionadon</a> 3-foje (1972, 1980 kaj 1996) kaj aperas en la finalo multfoje. La supra futballigo en Germanio estas la <i>Bundesliga</i>. Ankaŭ, la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Futbal-Asocio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Futbal-Asocio">Germana Futbal-Asocio</a> (<i>Deutscher Fußball-Bund</i>) estas la plej granda en la mondo. Kelkaj el la mondaj plej bonaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Famaj_ludistoj" title="Futbalo">futbalistoj</a> venis de Germanio. Inter ili inkludiĝas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miroslav_Klose?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miroslav Klose">Miroslav Klose</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Kahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Kahn">Oliver Kahn</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerd_M%C3%BCller?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerd Müller">Gerd Müller</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Ballack?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Ballack">Michael Ballack</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bastian_Schweinsteiger?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bastian Schweinsteiger">Bastian Schweinsteiger</a>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franz_Beckenbauer?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franz Beckenbauer">Franz Beckenbauer</a>, kaj tiel plu. Plie, multaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turniro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Turniro">turniroj</a> okazis en Germanio. La plej freŝdataj estis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Futbala_Mondpokalo_2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Futbala Mondpokalo 2006">Futbala Mondpokalo 2006</a> kaj la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virina_Futbala_Mondpokalo_2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virina Futbala Mondpokalo 2011">Virina Futbala Mondpokalo 2011</a>. La <i>Audi Cup</i> okazas en Germanio ĉiujare en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munkeno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munkeno">Munkeno</a>.</p> <p>Germanio ankaŭ estas konata pro siaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A%C5%ADtosporto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aŭtosporto">aŭtosportoj</a>, kie kompanioj kiel la BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Aud brilis. Inter sukcesaj germanaj vetkuro-ŝoforoj estas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Schumacher?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Vettel">Sebastian Vettel</a>.</p> <p>Sukcesaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenisisto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenisisto">tenisistoj</a> ankaŭ venis el Germanio, inkluzivas <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steffi_Graf?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Steffi Graf">Steffi Graf</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boris_Becker?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boris Becker">Boris Becker</a>. Pli freŝdate, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sabine_Lisicki?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sabine Lisicki">Sabine Lisicki</a> atingis la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finalo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finalo">finalon</a> en la virina turniro de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wimbledon_(turniro)?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wimbledon (turniro)">Wimbeldon</a> en 2013.</p> <p>Germanio estas unu el la plej bonaj landoj en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olimpiaj_Ludoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Olimpiaj Ludoj">Olimpiaj Ludoj</a>. Germanio estas la tria en la listo de la plej nombraj olimpikaj medaloj en la historio (miksante okcidentajn kaj orientajn germanajn medalojn). La lando finis unuan rangon en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vintra_Olimpiko_2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vintra Olimpiko 2006">Vintra Olimpiko 2006</a>, kaj dua en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vintra_Olimpiko_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vintra Olimpiko 2010">Vintra Olimpiko 2010</a>. Germanio ricevis kvinan rangon en la Someraj Olimpikoj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somera_Olimpiko_2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somera Olimpiko 2008">2008</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Somera_Olimpiko_2016?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Somera Olimpiko 2016">2016</a>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Institucioj">Institucioj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Institucioj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg/220px-Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg/220px-Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg/330px-Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg/440px-Posttower_Bonn_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a> <figcaption> <center> "poŝta turo", la konzerna centralo de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Post AG">Deutsche Post AG</a> en Bonno. </center> </figcaption> </figure> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutscher_Akademischer_Austauschdienst?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst">Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Bahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Bahn">Deutsche Bahn</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutscher_Bundesjugendring?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutscher Bundesjugendring">Deutscher Bundesjugendring</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Post_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Post AG">Deutsche Post AG</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Postbank?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Postbank">Deutsche Postbank</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Esperanto">Esperanto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Esperanto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8860200"> <div class="cxefartikolo" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 2px; text-align: left; font-size: 95%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="57"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/12px-Loupe.svg.png" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/18px-Loupe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Loupe.svg/24px-Loupe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> Pli detalaj informoj troveblas en artikolo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esperanto_en_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esperanto en Germanio">Esperanto en Germanio</a>. </div> <p>La lingvo Esperanto havas gravan historion en la lando. La <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universala_Kongreso?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Universala Kongreso">Universala Kongreso</a> jam okazis 8-foje en germanaj urboj. Listo de germanaj esperantistoj troviĝas jene: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listo_de_germanaj_esperantistoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listo de germanaj esperantistoj">Listo de germanaj esperantistoj</a>.</p> <p>La landa Esperanto-Asocio estas la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Esperanto-Asocio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Esperanto-Asocio">Germana Esperanto-Asocio</a>.</p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Oficialaj_informiloj">Oficialaj informiloj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Oficialaj informiloj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7988355">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:#fff!important}</style> <div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"> <div class="main"> <div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="La informilo Jen: La Federacia Respubliko Germanio eldoniĝis en 1985 okaze de la tiujaraj kongresoj UK 1985 kaj IJK per la gazetara kaj informa centro de FRG"> <noscript> <img alt="La informilo Jen: La Federacia Respubliko Germanio eldoniĝis en 1985 okaze de la tiujaraj kongresoj UK 1985 kaj IJK per la gazetara kaj informa centro de FRG" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg/89px-Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="2473"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg/89px-Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg" data-alt="La informilo Jen: La Federacia Respubliko Germanio eldoniĝis en 1985 okaze de la tiujaraj kongresoj UK 1985 kaj IJK per la gazetara kaj informa centro de FRG" data-width="89" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg/133px-Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg/178px-Jen_la_Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> La informilo <i>Jen: La Federacia Respubliko Germanio</i> eldoniĝis en 1985 okaze de la tiujaraj kongresoj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UK_1985?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UK 1985">UK 1985</a> kaj <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IJK_1985?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IJK 1985">IJK</a> per la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazetara_kaj_informa_centro_de_FRG?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazetara kaj informa centro de FRG">gazetara kaj informa centro de FRG</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dosiero:Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Kovrilpaĝo de Helmut Arntz: Faktoj pri Germanujo, 1958"> <noscript> <img alt="Kovrilpaĝo de Helmut Arntz: Faktoj pri Germanujo, 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg/135px-Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1013"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 135px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg/135px-Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg" data-alt="Kovrilpaĝo de Helmut Arntz: Faktoj pri Germanujo, 1958" data-width="135" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg/202px-Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/eo/thumb/6/6a/Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg/270px-Faktoj_pri_Germanujo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Kovrilpaĝo de Helmut Arntz: <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Faktoj_pri_Germanujo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Faktoj pri Germanujo">Faktoj pri Germanujo</a>, 1958 </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Referencoj">Referencoj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Referencoj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="reflist references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; padding-right: 6px;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">laŭ la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gazetara_kaj_informa_centro_de_la_federacia_registaro_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gazetara kaj informa centro de la federacia registaro de Germanio">Gazetara kaj informa centro de la federacia registaro de Germanio</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo-2">↑ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo_2-0"><sup>2,0</sup></a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FederaciaRespublikoGermanujo_2-1"><sup>2,1</sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/373556/publicationFile/131097/BundesrepublikDeutschland.pdf">Laŭ la pdf-dosiero <i>Amtliche Übersetzungen für "Bundesrepublik Deutschland"</i></a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso-3">↑ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso_3-0"><sup>3,0</sup></a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMF_Internacia_Monfonduso_3-1"><sup>3,1</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Raporto de <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx">IMF (Internacia Monfonduso)</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="libro" style="font-style:normal;"> (2005) Black, John: <i>100 maps</i>. Sterling Publishing, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">p. 202</span>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/9781402728853?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781402728853</a>.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Fulbrook 1991, paĝoj 135, 149.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Crossland,&nbsp;David,&nbsp;"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,530319,00.html">Last German World War I Veteran Believed to Have Died</a>", <i>Spiegel Online</i>, 22-a de Januaro 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="libro" style="font-style:normal;" id="referenco-Lee-2003">Lee, Stephen J.. (2003) <i>Europe, 1890–1945</i>. Routledge, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">p. 131</span>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/9780415254557?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780415254557</a>.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Schmuhl-8"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schmuhl_8-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Walter Schmuhl. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, 1927–1945: crossing boundaries. Volume 259 of Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Coutts MyiLibrary. SpringerLink Humanities, Social Science &amp; LawAuthor. Springer, 2008. <small>(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/140206599X?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-4020-6599-X</a>)</small>, 9781402065996, p. 348–349</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20031130012220/http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%2520Word%2520-%25206247.pdf">Yad Vashem, Generalplan Ost</a>. Arkivita el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%2520Word%2520-%25206247.pdf">la originalo</a> je 2003-11-30. Alirita 2017-09-06 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-a-10"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-a_10-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="libro" style="font-style:normal;">Jan-Werner Müller. (2002) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DwOsSG0K8hCYC%26q%3D%2522mass%2Bexpulsions%2Bfrom%2BEastern%2BEurope%2522%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3D%2522mass%2520expulsions%2520from%2520Eastern%2520Europe%2522%26f%3Dfalse">Nationhood in German legislation</a></i>. Cambridge University Press, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">p. 254–256</span>.</cite> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Paul Robert Magocsi, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D8iPa2Q1HtP8C%26pg%3DPA281%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DMagocsi%252031%2520million%25201945%26f%3Dfalse">Historical Atlas of East Central Europe</a></i>, University of Washington Press (1993), pp. 164-68; <small>(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/0295972483?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0295972483</a>)</small>. Porter, <i>The Ghosts of Europe</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Escepte pro malgranda areo oriente de, kaj ĉirkaŭ <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoyerswerda?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoyerswerda">Hoyerswerda</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Brauburger kaj Georg Graffe: <i>Die Wege der Deutschen</i> (2010, filmo de ZDF) el: <i>Die Deutschen</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/beitrag/video/1188464/Die-Wege-der-Deutschen%23/beitrag/video/1188464/Die-Wege-der-Deutschen">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213052734/http://www.zdf.de/ZDFmediathek/beitrag/video/1188464/Die-Wege-der-Deutschen%23/beitrag/video/1188464/Die-Wege-der-Deutschen">Arkivigite je</a> 2011-12-13 per la retarkivo <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Knopp, Guido: <i>Die Deutschen. Wilhelm und die Welt.</i> Ligilo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3Dh1lQjD8XydM">http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h1lQjD8XydM</a>. Vidita la 22-an de Decembro 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Hofmann, Gunter: <i>Merkels Deutschland. Zu groß für Europa, zu klein für die Welt</i>. El: <i>Cicero</i>. Publikigata la 3-an de Januaro 2012. Ligilo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.cicero.de/berliner-republik/zu-gross-fuer-europa-zu-klein-fuer-die-welt/47853">http://www.cicero.de/berliner-republik/zu-gross-fuer-europa-zu-klein-fuer-die-welt/47853</a> . Vidita la 22-an de Decembro 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Brössler, Daniel: <i>Deutschlands Stellung in der Welt. Zu klein für die Welt, zu groß für Europa</i>. El: <i>Süddeutsche Zeitung (SZ)</i>. Publikigata la 23-an de Septembro 2012. Ligilo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutschlands-stellung-in-der-welt-imperium-aus-versehen-1.1475103-2">http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/deutschlands-stellung-in-der-welt-imperium-aus-versehen-1.1475103-2</a>. Vidita la 22-an de Decembro 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315012352/http://bestglobalbrands.com/2014/ranking/"><i>Best Global Brands - 2014 Rankings</i> (2014-takso)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Interbrand. Arkivita el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://bestglobalbrands.com/2014/ranking/">la originalo</a> je 2015-03-15. Alirita 26-a de marto 2015 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Mike Gavin (23-a de septembror 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-09-23/germany-has-1-000-market-leading-companies-manager-magazin-says.html"><i>Germany Has 1,000 Market-Leading Companies, Manager-Magazin Says</i> (Germanio havas la 1 000 ĉefajn kompaniojn de la merkato laŭ Manager-Magazin)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Alirita 27-a de marto 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Simon Frost. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.euractiv.com/sections/innovation-industry/berlin-outranks-london-start-investment-317140"><i>Berlin outranks London in start-up investment</i> (Berlino superregas Londonon pri investo por ekfirmaoj)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Alirita 28-a de oktobro 2015 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160514110947/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/Federal_Report_on_Research_and_Innovation_2014.pdf"><i>Federal Report on Research and Innovation 2014</i> (Federacia raporto pri esploro kaj novigado)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>) (PDF). Federacia Ministerio pri Eduko kaj Esploro (2014). Arkivita el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bmbf.de/pub/Federal_Report_on_Research_and_Innovation_2014.pdf">la originalo</a> je 2016-05-14. Alirita 26-a de marto 2015 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.yorku.ca/lbianchi/sts3700b/lecture17a.html">La grandaj elektromeĥanikaj komputiloj</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Alirita 17-a de aprilo 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Horst, Zuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320135355/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/">Vivo kaj laboro de Konrad Zuse</a> <i>Everyday Practical Electronics (EPE)</i>, <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Retejo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Retejo">Retejo</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501132157/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">La Zeppelin</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). <i>U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission</i>. Arkivita el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">la originalo</a> je 2011-05-01. Alirita 7-a de majo 2015 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029081248/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576902_5/Automobile.html">Aŭtomobilo.</a> <i>Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006</i>. Alirdato 2007, 01-02.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">«Germans and indians». Spiegel Online International 06.04.2006 (en angla). 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germans-and-indians-spaetzle-westerns-a-410135.html">[2]</a> Konsultita la 18an de marto de 2008.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206180900/http://www.campus-germany.de/english/2.60.260.html">Back to the Future: Germany - A Country of Research</a> German Academic Exchange Service, 23a de februaro de 2005.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://nobelprize.org/">Nobel-premio</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Nobelprize.org. Alirita 27-a de marto 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929062910/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards"><i>Swedish academy awards</i> (Premioj de la Sveda akademio)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Arkivita el <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards">la originalo</a> je 2012-09-29. Alirita 1-a de oktobro 2010 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Science Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/sci.html">by citizenship at the time of the award</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/scinat.html">by country of birth</a>. El Jürgen Schmidhuber (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html"><i>Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th century</i> (Evoluo de la gajnitaj nacia Nobel-premioj dum la 20-a jarcento)</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Alirita 27-a de marto 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="libro" style="font-style:normal;"> (2002) <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>), <span style="white-space:nowrap;">p. 1014</span>. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/9780713996111?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7139-9611-1</a>.</cite></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, J. M. <i>The New Penguin History of the World</i>, Penguin History, 2002. Pg. 1014. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/0141007230?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-14-100723-0</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322191352/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId%3D226611">The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners, 1901–2003</a> History Channel from <i>The World Almanac and Book of Facts</i> 2006. Alirita 2007, 01-02.(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5984670,00.html">La unua </a><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_fiziko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobel-premio pri fiziko">Nobel-premio pri fiziko</a> en <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1901?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1901">1901</a>.&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">germane</span></a>) (8-a de septembro). Alirita 27-a de marto 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html"><i>Historical figures in telecommunications</i> (Historiaj figuroj pri telekomunikado).</a>&nbsp;(<a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angla_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angla lingvo"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">angle</span></a>). Internacia Telekomunika Unio (14-a de januaro 2004). Alirita 27-a de marto 2011 .</span></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Kim, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/">Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt</a> Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Jun. 16, 2006. Alirita 2007, 01-02.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209165339/http://www.eaglehill.us/ahumb.html">The Natural History Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt (1769 to 1859)</a>, Humboldt Field Research Institute and Eagle Hill Foundation</span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117204903/http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize</a>, DFG, Alirita la 12an de Marto, 2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">2006 A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture (Paperback), Second (angle), Oxford University Press, 880. <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Speciala%C4%B5o:Citoj_el_libroj/0198606788?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-860678-8</a></span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Vidu_ankaŭ"><span id="Vidu_anka.C5.AD"></span>Vidu ankaŭ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Vidu ankaŭ" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="noprint" id="aliaj_projektoj" style="float: right; clear: right; width: 250px; border: 1px solid #aaa; padding: 4px; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9;"> <ul class="noarchive"> <li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deutschland?uselang%3Deo">Germanio en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span></li> <li class="commons"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germany?uselang%3Deo">Kategorio Germanio en la <span>Vikimedia Komunejo</span></a> (Multrimedaj datumoj)</span></li> <li class="dictionary"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germanio" class="extiw" title="wikt:Germanio">Germanio en la <span>Vikivortaro</span></a> (Universala vortaro)</li> <li class="quote"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikiquote.org/wiki/Germanio" class="extiw" title="q:Germanio">Germanio en la <span>Vikicitaro</span></a> (Kolekto de citaĵoj)</li> <li class="source"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikisource.org/wiki/Kategorio:Germanio" class="extiw" title="s:Kategorio:Germanio">Germanio en <span>Vikifontaro</span></a> (Universala biblioteko)</li> <li class="news"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikinews.org/wiki/Kategorio:Germanio" class="extiw" title="n:Kategorio:Germanio">Germanio en <span>Vikinovaĵoj</span></a> (Liberaj novaĵoj)</li> <li class="news"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikinews.org/wiki/Kategorio:Germanio" class="extiw" title="n:Kategorio:Germanio">Kategorio Germanio en la <span>Vikinovaĵoj</span></a> (Liberaj novaĵoj)</li> <li class="wikivoyage"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Germanio" class="extiw" title="voy:Germanio">Germanio en <span>Vikivojaĝo</span></a> (Turisma gvidilo)</li> <li class="retavortaro"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://reta-vortaro.de/revo/art/germani.html" class="extiw" title="revo:germani">Germanio en <span>ReVo</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esperanto_en_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esperanto en Germanio">Esperanto en Germanio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federacia_Respubliko_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacia Respubliko Germanio">Federacia Respubliko Germanio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_lingvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana lingvo">Germana lingvo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germana_Regno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germana Regno">Germana Regno</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanaj_Imperiestroj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanaj Imperiestroj">Germanaj Imperiestroj</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Listo_de_urboj_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listo de urboj de Germanio">Listo de urboj de Germanio</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutgermanismo?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutgermanismo">Tutgermanismo</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vajmara_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vajmara Respubliko">Vajmara Respubliko</a></li> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Landlimo_de_%C4%88e%C4%A5io_kaj_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Landlimo de Ĉeĥio kaj Germanio">Landlimo de Ĉeĥio kaj Germanio</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Eksteraj_ligiloj">Eksteraj ligiloj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redakti sekcion: Eksteraj ligiloj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>redakti</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul> <li>Bazaj informoj pri <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uea.org/vikio/Germanio">Germanio</a> en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uea.org/vikio/%25C4%2588efpa%25C4%259Do">la vikio de UEA</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Esperanto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Esperanto"><span style="color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">esperante</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.statistikportal.de">Statistika portalo pri Germanio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.deutschland.de">Retejo <i>deutschland.de</i>, en la germana, angla, franca, hispana, rusa kaj araba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Startseite/startseite_node.html">Retejo de la federacia</a> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Registaro_de_Germanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Registaro de Germanio">registaro de Germanio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.bundestag.de/">Retejo de la germana parlamento</a></li> </ul> <p><br></p> <div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:10px; top:45px;" class="titola_ikono noprint"> <div style="position: relative; width: 14px; height: 14px;"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; font-size: 100px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 100px; z-index: 3; font-size:150pt;"> <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Elstaraj_artikoloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Elstaraj artikoloj"><span title="Ĉi tiu artikolo plenumas laŭ redaktantoj de Esperanto-Vikipedio kriteriojn por elstara artikolo."></span></a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Elstaraj_artikoloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ĉi tiu artikolo plenumas laŭ redaktantoj de Esperanto-Vikipedio kriteriojn por elstara artikolo."> <noscript> <img alt="Ĉi tiu artikolo plenumas laŭ redaktantoj de Esperanto-Vikipedio kriteriojn por elstara artikolo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/14px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/14px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" data-alt="Ĉi tiu artikolo plenumas laŭ redaktantoj de Esperanto-Vikipedio kriteriojn por elstara artikolo." data-width="14" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/21px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/28px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <table class="noprint plainlinks" style="margin: 0 10%; border-collapse: collapse; background: #FBFBFB; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #66CC44;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em;text-align: center;"> <div style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width:52px;"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"> <span title="Elstara artikolo"> <noscript> <img alt="Elstara artikolo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qsicon_Exzellent.svg/24px-Qsicon_Exzellent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="24"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qsicon_Exzellent.svg/24px-Qsicon_Exzellent.svg.png" data-alt="Elstara artikolo" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qsicon_Exzellent.svg/36px-Qsicon_Exzellent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Qsicon_Exzellent.svg/48px-Qsicon_Exzellent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span> <figcaption> Elstara artikolo </figcaption> </figure> </div></td> <td style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width: 100%;">Ĉi tiu artikolo estis je la <i>nekonata dato</i> akceptita en la liston de <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Elstaraj_artikoloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Elstaraj artikoloj">elstaraj artikoloj</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="noprint plainlinks" style="margin: 0 10%; border-collapse: collapse; background: #FBFBFB; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #66CC44; font-size:90%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em;text-align: center;"> <div style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width:52px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weeks_featured_article.png/45px-Weeks_featured_article.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weeks_featured_article.png/45px-Weeks_featured_article.png" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weeks_featured_article.png/68px-Weeks_featured_article.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Weeks_featured_article.png/90px-Weeks_featured_article.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span> </div></td> <td style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;width: 100%;">Tiu ĉi artikolo estis <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Artikolo_de_la_semajno?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Artikolo de la semajno">artikolo de la semajno</a> en la <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Artikolo_de_la_semajno/2016/39?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Artikolo de la semajno/2016/39">39-a semajno</a> de la jaro <a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Artikolo_de_la_semajno/2016?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vikipedio:Artikolo de la semajno/2016">2016</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div style="position:absolute; z-index:100; right:20px; top:-40px; background-color:transparent" class="metadata" id="featured-star"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vikipedio:Listo_de_havendaj_artikoloj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tiu ĉi artikolo apartenas al la aro de la mil plej gravaj artikoloj"> <noscript> <img alt="Tiu ĉi artikolo apartenas al la aro de la mil plej gravaj artikoloj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="36"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 36px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/1000HA.png" data-alt="Tiu ĉi artikolo apartenas al la aro de la mil plej gravaj artikoloj" data-width="36" data-height="36" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></a></span> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:both; margin-top:0px; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); padding: 0px; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td class="navbox-group"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norma_datumaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norma datumaro">Bibliotekoj</a></td> <td class="plainlinks hlist" style="font-size: 80%;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helpo:Bibliotekoj?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helpo:Bibliotekoj">PeEnEo</a>: <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/?curid%3D1346">1346</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komuna_Norma_Datumaro?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komuna Norma Datumaro">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/4011882-4">4011882-4</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kontrolnumero_de_la_Kongresa_Biblioteko_de_Usono?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kontrolnumero de la Kongresa Biblioteko de Usono">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80125931">n80125931</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/VIAF?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="VIAF">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://viaf.org/viaf/189116956">189116956</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISNI?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISNI">ISNI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://isni.org/isni/0000000122854945">0000000122854945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://www.idref.fr/030685435">030685435</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_Francio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia Biblioteko de Francio">BNF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205186t,">152996644 12205186t, 152996644</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_Dieto?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia Biblioteko de Dieto">NDL</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561571">00561571</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_la_%C4%88e%C4%A5a_Respubliko?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia Biblioteko de la Ĉeĥa Respubliko">NKC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://aut.nkp.cz/ge135889">ge135889</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nacia_Biblioteko_de_Hispanio?_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nacia Biblioteko de Hispanio">BNE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX450924">XX450924</a></span></li> </ul></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div><!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐864bbfd546‐dnpkf Cached time: 20241201112104 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, vary‐page‐id, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 4.035 seconds Real time usage: 4.957 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 14143/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 285706/2097152 bytes Template argument 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.040 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&amp;useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Elŝutita el "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DGermanio%26oldid%3D8909512">https://eo.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;oldid=8909512</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://eo-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Germanio&amp;action=history&amp;_x_tr_sl=auto&amp;_x_tr_tl=en&amp;_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="LiMrBot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1730654283"> <span>Laste redaktita je 3 nov. 2024, 17:18</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Lingvoj</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0" title="Германиа — abĥaza" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abĥaza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman — aĉea" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aĉea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Германие — adigea" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland — afrikansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland — svisgermana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svisgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን — amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — aragona" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland — Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni — Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا — araba" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ — Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="المانيا — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="জাৰ্মানী — asama" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — avara" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana — Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — avadhia" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C3%25B1a" title="Alimaña — ajmara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya — azerbajĝana" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajĝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — baŝkira" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baŝkira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — balia" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%25C4%25ABt%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Vuokītėjė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Германія — belorusa" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belorusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нямеччына — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A8tslan" title="Dètslan — Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — bulgara" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani — bislamo" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislamo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C9%25B2i" title="Alimaɲi — bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি — bengala" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="འཇར་མན། — tibeta" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibeta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি — Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn — bretona" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka — bosna" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%258D%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%2591%25E1%25A8%2586%25E1%25A8%258A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ — buĝia" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buĝia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи — Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — kataluna" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataluna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania — Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A1ik-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Dáik-guók — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25BE%25D1%258C" title="Девтойчоь — ĉeĉena" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ĉeĉena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — cebua" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña — ĉamora" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="ĉamora" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258F%25A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ — ĉeroka" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ĉeroka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%2527ev%25C3%25A9%2527ho%2527%25C3%25A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno — ĉejena" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="ĉejena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="ئەڵمانیا — sorana" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya — Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmecko" title="Německo — ĉeĥa" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ĉeĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%25C3%25B4" title="Niemieckô — Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Нѣмьци — malnovslava" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="malnovslava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи — ĉuvaŝa" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ĉuvaŝa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen — kimra" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kimra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="leginda artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland — dana" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland — germana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya — Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska — malsuprasoraba" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="malsuprasoraba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2596%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2582%25DE%25AA%25DE%2588%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25A7%25DE%258C%25DE%25B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް — maldiva" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="maldiva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི — dzonko" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzonko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya — evea" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="evea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία — greka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A2gna" title="Germâgna — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — angla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="leginda artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania — hispana" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa — estona" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania — eŭska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="eŭska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya — fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="rekomendata artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa — finna" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani — fiĝia" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiĝia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25BDskland" title="Týskland — feroa" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne — franca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes — Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%25C3%25BCschl%25C3%25B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj — nord-frisa" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nord-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie — friula" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BAtsl%25C3%25A2n" title="Dútslân — okcident-frisa" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="okcident-frisa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%25C3%25A1in" title="An Ghearmáin — irlanda" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya — Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 — Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2527_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt — skot-gaela" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skot-gaela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña — galega" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان — Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemáña — gvarania" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvarania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 — Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580" title="જર્મની — guĝarata" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guĝarata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan — manksa" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus — haŭsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haŭsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet — Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%25C4%2581nia" title="Kelemānia — havaja" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גרמניה — hebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — hinda" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka — kroata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmska" title="Němska — suprasoraba" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="suprasoraba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay — haitia kreola" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitia kreola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9metorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Németország — hungara" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա — armena" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Interlingvao" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingvao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman — ibana" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — indonezia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Interlingveo" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingveo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9man%25E1%25BB%258B" title="Jémanị — igba" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan — eskima" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="eskima" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania — iloka" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Немций мохк — inguŝa" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="inguŝa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25BDskaland" title="Þýskaland — islanda" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — itala" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2594%25AE%25E1%2592%25AA%25E1%2593%2582" title="ᔮᒪᓂ — inuita" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584" title="ドイツ — japana" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%2527e" title="dotygu'e — Loĵbano" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Loĵbano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — java" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="java" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია — kartvela" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="kartvela" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya — Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman — kabila" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Джэрмэн — kabarda" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabarda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama — Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%25CC%25B1ni" title="Jami̱ni — Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi — Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%25C4%25A9r%25C4%25A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani — kikuja" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — kazaĥa" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaĥa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25BA%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ — kmera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ — kanara" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kanara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC" title="독일 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Немечму — Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — karaĉaj-balkara" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaĉaj-balkara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جَرمَنی — kaŝmira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaŝmira" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Dütschland — kolonja" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kolonja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya — kurda" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — komia" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn — kornvala" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornvala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — kirgiza" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania — judhispana" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="judhispana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A4itschland" title="Däitschland — luksemburga" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — lezga" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane — ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland — limburga" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%25C3%25A9mani" title="Alémani — lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ — laŭa" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laŭa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="leginda artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija — litova" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja — Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581cija" title="Vācija — latva" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A8rman" title="Jèrman — madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — majtila" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="majtila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Дойчмастор — mokŝa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokŝa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina — malagasa" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2587_%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB" title="Немыч Эл — Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana — maoria" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — minankabaŭa" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minankabaŭa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Германија — makedona" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ജർമ്മനി — malajalama" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман — mongola" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ — manipura" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman — malaja" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja — malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha — miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ — birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Германия Мастор — erzja" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان — mazandarana" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — napola" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Düütschland — platgermana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="platgermana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand — Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — nepala" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — nevara" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland — nederlanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland — novnorvega" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novnorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland — dannorvega" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="dannorvega" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258A%25DF%259F%25DF%258F%25DF%25A1%25DF%258A%25DF%25B2%25DF%2598%25DF%258E%25DF%25AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ — N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane — nord-sota" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nord-sota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9sh_Bich%25CA%25BCahii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah — navaha" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — njanĝa" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="njanĝa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha — okcitana" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii — Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii — oroma" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oroma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A8%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ — orijo" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="orijo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман — oseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="oseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ — panĝaba" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panĝaba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — pangasina" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania — Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland — Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland — Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी — Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy — pola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία — Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني — paŝtua" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paŝtua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha — portugala" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya — keĉua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="keĉua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — romanĉa" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanĉa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya — Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi — burunda" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="burunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania — rumana" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii — arumana" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie — Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — rusa" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2597%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Нїмецько — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage — ruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="शर्मण्यदेशः — sanskrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrito" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — jakuta" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ — santala" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A0nia" title="Germània — sarda" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sarda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania — sicilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — skota" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني — sinda" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sinda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska — nord-samea" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="nord-samea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka — serbo-Kroata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-Kroata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman — ŝelha" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ŝelha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ — ŝana" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="ŝana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="ජර්මනිය — sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko — slovaka" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C4%258Dija" title="Nemčija — slovena" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani — samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa — anar-samea" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="anar-samea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani — ŝona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="ŝona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka — somala" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania — albana" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Њемачка — serba" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre — surinama" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="surinama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane — svazia" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svazia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane — sota" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sota" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound — Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9rman" title="Jérman — sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland — sveda" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sveda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani — svahila" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy — silezi-pola" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silezi-pola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="ஜெர்மனி — tamila" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamila" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25AB%25E1%25A5%2592%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2590%25E1%25A5%25A6%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2598%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ — Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2580" title="జర్మనీ — telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña — tetuna" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetuna" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Олмон — taĝika" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="taĝika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี — taja" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን — tigraja" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigraja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%25C3%25BDa" title="Germaniýa — turkmena" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmena" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — tagaloga" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%25C9%2599" title="Almanijə — Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane — tongana" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani — Tokpisino" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tokpisino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya — turka" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — sedeka" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="sedeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani — conga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="conga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — tatara" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany — Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani — tahitia" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия — udmurta" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="گېرمانىيە — ujgura" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgura" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Німеччина — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی — urduo" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urduo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya — uzbeka" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%25C3%25A0nia" title="Zermània — Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Đức — vjetnama" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%25C3%25A4n" title="Deutän — Volapuko" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne — valona" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya — varaja" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%25C3%25B1" title="Almaañ — volofa" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volofa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 — vua" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D3%2599_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн — kalmuka" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani — ksosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="ksosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="elstara artikolo"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="דייטשלאנד — jida" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jida" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AC" title="Jẹ́mánì — joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz — ĝuanga" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ĝuanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland — Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B5%2589%25E2%25B5%258E%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ — tamaziĥta maroka norma" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamaziĥta maroka norma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 — ĉina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ĉina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok — Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 — kantona" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&amp;tl=en&amp;hl=en-GB&amp;u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani — zulua" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-eo.svg" alt="Vikipedio" width="110" height="18" style="width: 6.875em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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