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It is a web server feature that displays the directory contents when there is no index file in a specific website directory. However, leaving this feature active in production leaves your server vulnerable to information disclosure.<\/p>\n<p> <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/search?q=%22parent+directory%22+%22last+modified%22\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noindex noreferer nofollow\">See how easy it is to find servers with active directory listing using Google.<\/a><\/p>\n"}},{"@type":"Question","name":"How dangerous are directory listing vulnerabilities?","acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","text":"<p>Directory listing may lead to the exposure of very sensitive information, such as backups, database dumps, and more. This information may be directly used against you by malicious hackers, or it may allow for privilege escalation. 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menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-37"><a href="#">Partners</a> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li id="menu-item-27215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27215"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/partners/">Channel</a></li> <li id="menu-item-27218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-27218"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/clp/managed-security-service-provider/">MSSP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-38" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-38"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/support/">Support</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </header> <div class="content"> <div class="container flex"> <aside class="sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-contents">Table of Contents</div> <div class="sidebar-menu"> <div class="menu-learn-sidebar-menu-container"><ul id="menu-learn-sidebar-menu" class="menu"><li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent menu-item-has-children' data-val='Vulnerabilities'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/vulnerabilities/">Vulnerabilities</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-code-execution-rce/">Remote Code Execution (RCE): Payloads, Commands & Vulnerabilities</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/os-command-injection/">OS Command Injection | Payloads, prevention, & attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/server-side-request-forgery-ssrf/">Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF | Attack Types & Risks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/sql-injection-sqli/">What is an SQL Injection (SQLi)? Prevention, Examples, Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='In-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/in-band-sql-injection/">In-band SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-sql-injection/">Blind SQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band SQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-sql-injection-oob-sqli/">Out-of-band SQL injection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Local file inclusion (LFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/local-file-inclusion-lfi/">Local file inclusion (LFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Remote file inclusion (RFI)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/remote-file-inclusion-rfi/">Remote file inclusion (RFI)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Directory traversal'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-traversal-path-traversal/">Directory traversal</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-scripting-xss/">Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) Vulnerability Guide</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Stored/persistent cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/stored-xss-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Stored/persistent cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reflected-xss-non-persistent-cross-site-scripting/">Reflected XSS – Cross-Site Scripting Payloads & Examples</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DOM-based cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dom-based-cross-site-scripting-dom-xss/">DOM-based cross-site scripting</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Blind cross-site scripting'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/blind-cross-site-scripting/">Blind cross-site scripting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-site-request-forgery-csrf/">Cross-site request forgery (CSRF)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xml-external-entity-xxe/">XML external entity (XXE) Injection | Attack & Examples</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/out-of-band-xml-external-entity-oob-xxe/">Out-of-band XML external entity (OOB XXE)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='CRLF injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/crlf-injection/">CRLF injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Email injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/email-injection/">Email injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTML injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/html-injection/">HTML injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='NoSQL injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/nosql-injection/">NoSQL injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='JSON Injection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/json-injection/">JSON Injection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/insecure-direct-object-references-idor/">Insecure Direct Object References (IDOR) Vulnerability References</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Unvalidated redirects and forwards'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/unvalidated-redirects-and-forwards/">Unvalidated redirects and forwards</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/open-redirect-open-redirection/">Open Redirect: Redirection Vulnerability, Payloads, and More…</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub current-menu-item' data-val='Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/directory-listing/">Directory Listing | Risks & Vulnerabilities Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Password reset poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/password-reset-poisoning/">Password reset poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Buffer overflow'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/buffer-overflow-stack-overflow-heap-overflow/">Buffer overflow</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/integer-overflow/">Integer Overflow Guide: Attacks, Examples, Vulnerabilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Attacks'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/attacks/">Attacks</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-hijacking/">Session Hijacking: Detection, Defense & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-fixation/">What is a Session Fixation Attack? Vulnerabilities, Prevention, and More</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Session prediction'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/session-prediction/">Session prediction</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-hijacking/">Cookie hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-poisoning/">Cookie poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Clickjacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/clickjacking/">Clickjacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Forced browsing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/forced-browsing/">Forced browsing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='XSS filter evasion'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/xss-filter-evasion/">XSS filter evasion</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Source code disclosure'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/source-code-disclosure/">Source code disclosure</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Host header attacks'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/host-header-attacks/">Host header attacks</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-cache-poisoning/">Web Cache Poisoning | Cache Poisoning Attack Explained</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Privilege escalation'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Privilege escalation</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/web-shell/">What is a Web Shell | Types, Attacks, Detection & Protection</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Reverse shell'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/reverse-shell/">Reverse shell</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cross-frame scripting (XFS)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cross-frame-scripting-xfs/">Cross-frame scripting (XFS)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Broken link hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/broken-link-hijacking-blh/">Broken link hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SEO poisoning'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/seo-poisoning/">SEO poisoning</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/low-orbit-ion-cannon-loic/">Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/high-orbit-ion-cannon-hoic/">High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='Slowloris attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/slowloris-attack/">Slowloris attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom' data-val='R.U.D.Y. attack'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/rudy-attack/">R.U.D.Y. attack</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/man-in-the-middle-attacks-mitm/">Man-in-the-middle attacks (MITM)</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--2"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-arp-spoofing/">ARP Spoofing Attack: Prevention, Detection, Tools</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ip-spoofing-ip-address-spoofing/">IP Spoofing (IP Spoofer) | How to, Attacks, Detection, & Solutions</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-dns-spoofing-dns-cache-poisoning/">DNS Cache Poisoning (DNS Spoofing) – Attack Detection & Prevention</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP spoofing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-https-spoofing-idn-homograph-attack/">HTTP spoofing</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL hijacking'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-hijacking/">SSL hijacking</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='SSL stripping'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/mitm-ssl-stripping/">SSL stripping</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Protection'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/protection/">Protection</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Same-origin policy (SOP)'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/same-origin-policy-sop/">Same-origin policy (SOP)</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/http-strict-transport-security-hsts/">HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS): Example & Fix</a></li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='Cookie security flags'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/cookie-security-flags/">Cookie security flags</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub menu-item-has-children' data-val='Tools'><div class="menu-item-block"><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/tools/">Tools</a><span class="menu-expander"><svg width="10" height="8" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M1.175.912 5 4.73 8.825.912 10 2.087l-5 5-5-5L1.175.912Z" fill="currentColor" fill-opacity=".25"/></svg></span></div> <ul class="sub-menu level--1"> <li class=' menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-hub' data-val='What is DAST? A Guide to Dynamic Application Security Testing'><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/dynamic-application-security-testing-dast/">What is DAST? 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When enabled, it displays the contents of a directory that has no index file. This function should always be turned off. It is dangerous to leave it enabled because it leads to information disclosure.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-default" style="margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0px"> <table class="has-text-color" style="color:var(--color-nsdark)"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Severity:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">medium severity</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Prevalence:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">discovered often</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Scope:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> <picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.webp " type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2022/11/15094456/skull.png" class=" sp-no-webp" alt="" style="float:left;height:1em" > </picture> </td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">may appear in all web servers</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Technical impact:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">information disclosure</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Worst-case consequences:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">sensitive information breach</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"><strong>Quick fix:</strong></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none"></td> <td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left" style="border: none">disable directory listing in web server configuration</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </figure> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How does directory listing work?</h3> <p>To start with an example, when a user types <em>www.invicti.com/learn/</em> in the browser address bar without specifying a file name in the URL (such as <em>index.html</em>, <em>index.php</em>, <em>index.htm</em>, or <em>default.asp</em>), the web server processes this request, returns the index HTML file for that directory (in this case, the <em>/learn/</em> directory), and the web browser displays the web page. However, if the index file did not exist and directory listing was enabled, the web server would instead return the contents of a directory, like a file manager.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Why do web server administrators turn directory listing on?</h3> <p>Many web server administrators still follow the concept of security through obscurity. They assume that if there are no public links to files in a directory, nobody can access them. This is not true, and it is especially not true when directory listing is enabled and black hat hackers can easily find all the files in a directory (in fact, even<a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22parent+directory%22+%22last+modified%22" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener nofollow"> search engines can index such directories</a>). This is why directory listing should never be turned on, especially when hosting dynamic websites and web applications, such as WordPress sites.</p> <p>Another reason why many web servers have directory listing turned on by default is that many older web server releases came with this feature enabled by default for convenience. This was at a time when web security was less of a concern, and access permissions were lax. Nowadays, most web server distributions, both for Linux and Windows, come with directory listing turned off by default.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Directory browsing without directory listing</h3> <p>Even if directory listing is disabled on a web server, attackers might still discover and exploit web server vulnerabilities that let them perform directory browsing. For example, there was an old Apache Tomcat vulnerability where improper handling of null bytes (<code>%00</code>) and backslash (<code>\</code>) made the server prone to directory listing attacks.</p> <p>Attackers might also discover directory indexes using cached or historical data contained in online databases. For example, Google’s cache database might contain historical data for a target that previously had directory listing enabled, even if the feature is now disabled. Such data allows an attacker to obtain useful information without having to exploit vulnerabilities.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="example">Example of a directory listing attack</h2> <p>A user makes a website request to <em>www.vulnweb.com/admin/</em>. The response from the server includes the directory content of the directory <em>admin</em>, as seen in the below screenshot.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112056/directory_listing_1.webp 725w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112056/directory_listing_1-300x187.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112056/directory_listing_1.png" height="453" width="725" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112056/directory_listing_1.png 725w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112056/directory_listing_1-300x187.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px" class="wp-image-36603 sp-no-webp" alt="" > </picture></figure> <p>From the above directory listing, you can see that in the <em>admin</em> directory, there is a sub-directory called <em>backup</em>, which might include enough information for an attacker to craft an attack.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><picture><source srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112114/directory_listing_2.webp 725w,https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112114/directory_listing_2-300x187.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px" type="image/webp"><img src="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112114/directory_listing_2.png" height="453" width="725" srcset="https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112114/directory_listing_2.png 725w, https://cdn.invicti.com/app/uploads/2023/01/31112114/directory_listing_2-300x187.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 725px) 100vw, 725px" class="wp-image-36604 sp-no-webp" alt="" > </picture></figure> <p>The attacker can display the whole list of files in the <em>backup</em> directory. This directory includes sensitive files such as password files, database files, FTP logs, and PHP scripts. It is obvious that this information was not intended for public viewing.</p> <p>A web server misconfiguration has caused a file list disclosure and the data is publicly available. Worse still, files like these, such as FTP logs, might contain other sensitive information, potentially including usernames, IP addresses, or the complete directory structure of the web hosting operating system.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="detect">How to detect directory listing vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>The best way to detect directory listing vulnerabilities varies depending on whether they are already known or unknown.</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>If you only use commercial or open-source software and do not develop software of your own, it may be enough to identify the exact version of the system or application you are using. If the identified version is susceptible to directory listing, you can assume that your software is vulnerable. You can identify the version manually or use a suitable security tool, such as a<a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/software-composition-analysis-sca/"><strong> </strong>software composition analysis (SCA)</a> solution for web applications.</li> <li>If you develop your own software or want the ability to potentially find previously unknown directory listing vulnerabilities (zero-days) in known applications, you can use a vulnerability scanner tool that can discover web server misconfigurations, including directory listing. Examples of such tools are<a href="https://www.invicti.com/"> Invicti</a> and<a href="https://acunetix.com/"> Acunetix by Invicti</a>. We recommend using this method even for known vulnerabilities.</li> </ul> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="mitigate">How to mitigate directory listing vulnerabilities?</h2> <p>To disable directory listing and mitigate any vulnerabilities on a specific web server, you need to change the web server configuration. This means you need to have administrator access to that web server.</p> <p>In the following blog post, you can find practical tutorials on how to disable directory listing for all popular web servers, including Nginx Apache HTTPD, Tomcat, Microsoft IIS, and more:<a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/disable-directory-listing-web-servers/"> How you can disable directory listing on your web server – and why you should</a>.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently asked questions</h2> <div class="invicti-block accordion style-one" id="accordion_67b4fe5c8f205"> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">What are directory listing vulnerabilities?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Directory listing is not a vulnerability in itself. It is a web server feature that displays the directory contents when there is no index file in a specific website directory. However, leaving this feature active in production leaves your server vulnerable to information disclosure.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=%22parent+directory%22+%22last+modified%22" target="_blank" rel="noindex noreferer nofollow">See how easy it is to find servers with active directory listing using Google.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How dangerous are directory listing vulnerabilities?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>Directory listing may lead to the exposure of very sensitive information, such as backups, database dumps, and more. This information may be directly used against you by malicious hackers, or it may allow for privilege escalation. For example, passwords included in files accessed through directory listing may allow an attacker to follow up with a different attack and ultimately even gain complete control of your systems.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/privilege-escalation/">Learn more about the dangers of privilege escalation.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-section"> <h4 class="accordion-heading">How to avoid directory listing?</h4> <div class="accordion-text-holder"> <div class="accordion-text"><p>To avoid directory listing, you need to manually change the configuration of your web server so it does not display directory content. You can usually do that for all major web servers by using a simple text editor to edit the Nginx conf file, Apache web server .htaccess files, or Tomcat configuration files. For Microsoft IIS, you can turn off directory browsing using the IIS Manager GUI.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/disable-directory-listing-web-servers/">Learn how to disable directory listing for all major web servers.</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-table is-style-stripes ccfg-unique-aaaaf9-6e"><table><thead><tr><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">Classification</th><th class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">ID</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">CAPEC</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">127</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">CWE</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">548</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">WASC</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">16</td></tr><tr><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">OWASP 2021</td><td class="has-text-align-left" data-align="left">A5</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Related blog posts</h2> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.invicti.com/blog/web-security/disable-directory-listing-web-servers/">How you can disable directory listing on your web server – and why you should</a></li> </ul> <p></p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide" /> <p></p> <p class="has-small-font-size"><em><a href="https://www.invicti.com/learn/about/">Written by: Tomasz Andrzej Nidecki, reviewed by: Benjamin Daniel Mussler</a></em></p> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="container primary-footer"> <div class="company-info-wrapper"> <figure> <img class="logo-icon footerlogo" src="https://cdn.invicti.com/branding/invicti-logo-black.svg" alt="Invicti Logo - The Largest Dynamic Application Security Solutions Provider In The World" width="128" height="36" /> </figure> <div class="social-icons"> <a 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s={};s["language-"+e]={pattern:/(^<!\[CDATA\[)[\s\S]+?(?=\]\]>$)/i,lookbehind:!0,inside:Prism.languages[e]},s.cdata=/^<!\[CDATA\[|\]\]>$/i;var t={"included-cdata":{pattern:/<!\[CDATA\[[\s\S]*?\]\]>/i,inside:s}};t["language-"+e]={pattern:/[\s\S]+/,inside:Prism.languages[e]};var n={};n[a]={pattern:RegExp("(<__[^>]*>)(?:<!\\[CDATA\\[(?:[^\\]]|\\](?!\\]>))*\\]\\]>|(?!<!\\[CDATA\\[)[^])*?(?=</__>)".replace(/__/g,(function(){return 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Prism.languages.aspnet=Prism.languages.extend("markup",{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{"page-directive":{pattern:/<%\s*@\s*(?:Assembly|Control|Implements|Import|Master(?:Type)?|OutputCache|Page|PreviousPageType|Reference|Register)?|%>/i,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.markup.tag.inside}},directive:{pattern:/<%.*%>/,alias:"tag",inside:{directive:{pattern:/<%\s*?[$=%#:]{0,2}|%>/,alias:"tag"},rest:Prism.languages.csharp}}}),Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.pattern=/<(?!%)\/?[^\s>\/]+(?:\s+[^\s>\/=]+(?:=(?:("|')(?:\\[\s\S]|(?!\1)[^\\])*\1|[^\s'">=]+))?)*\s*\/?>/,Prism.languages.insertBefore("inside","punctuation",{directive:Prism.languages.aspnet.directive},Prism.languages.aspnet.tag.inside["attr-value"]),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet","comment",{"asp-comment":{pattern:/<%--[\s\S]*?--%>/,alias:["asp","comment"]}}),Prism.languages.insertBefore("aspnet",Prism.languages.javascript?"script":"tag",{"asp-script":{pattern:/(<script(?=.*runat=['"]?server\b)[^>]*>)[\s\S]*?(?=<\/script>)/i,lookbehind:!0,alias:["asp","script"],inside:Prism.languages.csharp||{}}}); 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