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class="header-text_body__x5rZI" data-sentry-component="ArticleHeaderText" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><div class="header-text_type__7AZ9Q"><a class="header-text_seriesLink__TLy6I" href="/essays/timeline-of-art-history"><span data-sentry-element="Markdown" data-sentry-component="MarkdownParser" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx">Timeline of Art History</span></a></div><div><h1 class="header-text_title__gc0_Q serif"><span data-sentry-element="Markdown" data-sentry-component="MarkdownParser" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx">Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century)</span></h1></div><div class="header-text_description__ELOXE"><span data-sentry-element="Markdown" data-sentry-component="MarkdownParser" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx">It is possible that the inhabitants of Igbo-Ukwu had a metalworking art that flourished as early as the ninth century (though this date remains controversial).</span></div><div class="header-text_byLine__14w8e"><div data-sentry-component="ContributorDisplayGroup" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><address class="header-contributor_headerContributor__Cv43d" data-sentry-component="HeaderContributor" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><span class="name_name__QJu4b" data-sentry-component="Name" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx">Alice Apley</span></address></div><time class="header-text_date__rk5tn" dateTime="October 1, 2001" title="October 1, 2001">October 1, 2001</time></div></div></header><div data-sentry-component="ObjectsWithViewer" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><div data-sentry-element="Container" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx" class="shelf_wrapper__ZzHm8" data-sentry-component="Shelf"><div class="shelf_accessibilityMessage__9rNf1"><div>A slider containing zero items.<br/>Press the down key to skip to the last item.</div></div><div class="shelf_slider__c2o5b"></div></div></div></div><section class="page-section_wrapper__mFtQK" data-sentry-element="PageSection" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" data-sentry-component="PageSection"><article class="editorial-rich-text_article__Xq9_7" data-sentry-component="EditorialRichText" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><p>It is possible that the inhabitants of Igbo-Ukwu had a metalworking art that flourished as early as the ninth century (though this date remains controversial). Three sites have been excavated, revealing hundreds of ritual vessels and regalia castings of bronze or <a target="_self" rel="noreferrer" data-sentry-element="Link" data-sentry-component="ExternalLink" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" href="http://dev-met-timeline.pantheon.io/nonmet/igbo_2/">leaded bronze</a> that are among the most inventive and <a target="_self" rel="noreferrer" data-sentry-element="Link" data-sentry-component="ExternalLink" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" href="http://dev-met-timeline.pantheon.io/nonmet/igbo_1/">technically accomplished bronzes</a> ever made. The people of Igbo-Ukwu, ancestors of present-day Igbo, were the earliest smithers of copper and its alloys in West Africa, working the metal through hammering, bending, twisting, and incising. They are likely among the earliest groups of West Africans to employ the <a target="_self" rel="noreferrer" data-sentry-element="Link" data-sentry-component="ExternalLink" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" href="/toah/hd/wax/hd_wax.htm">lost-wax casting</a> techniques in the production of bronze sculptures. Oddly, evidence suggests that their metalworking repertoire was limited and Igbo smiths were not familiar with techniques such as raising, soldering, riveting, and wire making, though these techniques were used elsewhere on the continent.</p><p>Regardless, the talent of these casters was truly astonishing. Many of the castings were made in stages. For instance, in one bronze bowl set on a flat stand found at Igbo-Ukwu, small decorative items including insects and spirals were cast first and placed in the wax model before the main parts of the bowl were made. The vessel itself was then cast in two parts and fitted together by casting a middle band. In addition to a variety of ritual vessels (whose designs appear to reproduce the form of gourd vessels to which metal handles have been attached), many other bronze items have been found at Igbo-Ukwu, including pendants, crowns and breastplates, staff ornaments, swords, and fly-whisk handles. These works were also found with tens of thousands of beads, attained through trade for slaves, ivory, or spices. Igbo-Ukwu bronzeworking was an isolated phenomenon at the time, but <a target="_self" rel="noreferrer" data-sentry-element="Link" data-sentry-component="ExternalLink" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" href="/toah/hd/bnch/hd_bnch.htm">bronze casting developed several centuries later in other parts of Nigeria</a>.</p></article><section id="contributors" class="article-page-section_wrapper__FJrgg" data-sentry-component="ArticlePageSection" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><hr class="article-page-section_divider__orm0d"/><h4 class="article-page-section_title__vApqN">Contributors</h4><div style="display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:var(--spacing-micro)" class="essay_xsText__s0Zdx" data-sentry-element="Element" data-sentry-component="FlexContainer" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx"><div class="essay_xsText__s0Zdx"><p><strong>Alice Apley</strong><br/>Independent Scholar<br/></p><p>October 2001</p></div></div></section><section id="citation" class="article-page-section_wrapper__FJrgg" data-sentry-component="ArticlePageSection" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><hr class="article-page-section_divider__orm0d"/><h4 class="article-page-section_title__vApqN">Citation</h4><div class="essay_citationFix__yjCm7"><div class="tab-drawer_wrapper__Go80z undefined" data-sentry-component="TabDrawers" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><div class="tabs_wrapper__xVpUT undefined" data-sentry-component="Tabs" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx"><fieldset class="tabs_fieldset__NRtDM"><legend data-sentry-element="Element" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx" class="screen-reader-only_text__226tQ" data-sentry-component="ScreenReaderOnly">View Citations</legend><div class="tabs_tab__shByP"><input type="radio" id="MLA-tab-id" class="tabs_input__mwg3g" name="citation-tabs" checked="" value="MLA"/><label for="MLA-tab-id" class="tabs_label__YG6gQ tabs_small__4mOy2"><div class="tabs_tabText__tixoU">MLA</div></label></div></fieldset></div><div class="tab-drawer_bodyWrapper__qg8iy null"><div><p>Apley, Alice. “Igbo-Ukwu (ca. 9th Century).” In <em>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</em>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/igbo/hd_igbo.htm (October 2001)</p><div class="copy-to-clipboard_copyToClipboard__Wnd48" data-sentry-component="CopyToClipboard" data-sentry-source-file="index.tsx"><button class=" tertiary" data-sentry-component="Button" data-sentry-source-file="index.jsx">Copy to clipboard <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 48 48" class="copy-to-clipboard_copyIcon__z1UXM"><g fill="#333"><path d="M40 6a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v26.007a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-2V32.74a2 2 0 0 0 1-1.733V11a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H16.999a2 2 0 0 0-1.732 1h-3.268V8a2 2 0 0 1 2-2z"></path><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M36 14a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H8a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v26a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h26a2 2 0 0 0 2-2zm-3 3a2 2 0 0 0-2-2H11a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v20a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h20a2 2 0 0 0 2-2z" clip-rule="evenodd"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></div></div></div></section><hr class="page-section_divider__gPkcZ"/></section><section 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Three sites have been excavated, revealing hundreds of ritual vessels and regalia castings of bronze or \",[\"$\",\"$L1f\",\"51d7b5dca4bc1\",{\"className\":null,\"href\":\"http://dev-met-timeline.pantheon.io/nonmet/igbo_2/\",\"target\":\"_self\",\"rel\":\"noreferrer\",\"data-sentry-element\":\"Link\",\"data-sentry-component\":\"ExternalLink\",\"data-sentry-source-file\":\"index.jsx\",\"children\":[\"leaded bronze\"]}],\" that are among the most inventive and \",[\"$\",\"$L1f\",\"51d7b5dca4bc3\",{\"className\":null,\"href\":\"http://dev-met-timeline.pantheon.io/nonmet/igbo_1/\",\"target\":\"_self\",\"rel\":\"noreferrer\",\"data-sentry-element\":\"Link\",\"data-sentry-component\":\"ExternalLink\",\"data-sentry-source-file\":\"index.jsx\",\"children\":[\"technically accomplished bronzes\"]}],\" ever made. The people of Igbo-Ukwu, ancestors of present-day Igbo, were the earliest smithers of copper and its alloys in West Africa, working the metal through hammering, bending, twisting, and incising. They are likely among the earliest groups of West Africans to employ the \",[\"$\",\"$L1f\",\"51d7b5dca4bc5\",{\"className\":null,\"href\":\"/toah/hd/wax/hd_wax.htm\",\"target\":\"_self\",\"rel\":\"noreferrer\",\"data-sentry-element\":\"Link\",\"data-sentry-component\":\"ExternalLink\",\"data-sentry-source-file\":\"index.jsx\",\"children\":[\"lost-wax casting\"]}],\" techniques in the production of bronze sculptures. Oddly, evidence suggests that their metalworking repertoire was limited and Igbo smiths were not familiar with techniques such as raising, soldering, riveting, and wire making, though these techniques were used elsewhere on the continent.\"]}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"0e77a2ab7ba2\",{\"children\":[\"Regardless, the talent of these casters was truly astonishing. 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