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href="#Royal_Air_Force_involvement:_1939–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Royal Air Force involvement: 1939–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Air_Force_involvement:_1939–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_of_military_action_by_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_of_military_action_by_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Threats of military action by Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_of_military_action_by_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vichy_French_attacks:_1940" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vichy French attacks: 1940</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_French_attacks:_1940-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Felix:_1940–1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Felix:_1940–1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Operation Felix: 1940–1941</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Felix:_1940–1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Italian bombing of Gibraltar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_frogmen_raids_1940–1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_frogmen_raids_1940–1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Italian frogmen raids 1940–1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_frogmen_raids_1940–1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abwehr_saboteurs_from_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abwehr_saboteurs_from_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Abwehr saboteurs from Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abwehr_saboteurs_from_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Tracer:_1941–1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Tracer:_1941–1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Operation Tracer: 1941–1942</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Tracer:_1941–1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign:_1941–1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign:_1941–1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Mediterranean U-boat Campaign: 1941–1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign:_1941–1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_African_Campaign:_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_African_Campaign:_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>North African Campaign: 1942</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_African_Campaign:_1942-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North African Campaign: 1942 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_African_Campaign:_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_tunnels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_tunnels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>War tunnels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_tunnels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_of_Władysław_Sikorski:_1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Władysław_Sikorski:_1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Death of Władysław Sikorski: 1943</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_of_Władysław_Sikorski:_1943-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Military history of Gibraltar during World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاريخ العسكري لجبل طارق خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_militar_de_Gibraltar_durant_la_Segona_Guerra_Mundial" title="Història militar de Gibraltar durant la Segona Guerra Mundial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història militar de Gibraltar durant la Segona Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Gibraltar en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gibraltar en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_militaire_de_Gibraltar_durant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire militaire de Gibraltar durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire militaire de Gibraltar durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84_%EC%A4%91_%EC%A7%80%EB%B8%8C%EB%A1%A4%ED%84%B0%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="제2차 세계 대전 중 지브롤터의 군사 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전 중 지브롤터의 군사 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibilterra_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Gibilterra nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gibilterra nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_tijdens_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Gibraltar tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gibraltar tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar_podczas_II_wojny_%C5%9Bwiatowej" title="Gibraltar podczas II wojny światowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gibraltar podczas II wojny światowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Гибралтар во Второй мировой войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гибралтар во Второй мировой войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Searchlights_on_the_Rock_of_Gibraltar,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Searchlights_on_the_Rock_of_Gibraltar%2C_1942.jpg/300px-Searchlights_on_the_Rock_of_Gibraltar%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caribbean" title="Battle of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">St. Lawrence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Barrage" title="Northern Barrage">Northern Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Blockade of Germany (1939–1945)">Blockade of Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gibraltar</a><hr /></li></ul> <p><b>1939</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">River Plate</a></li></ul> <p><b>1940</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_47" title="Convoy HX 47">HX 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_49" title="Convoy HX 49">HX 49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Happy_Time" title="First Happy Time">1st Happy Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_65" title="Convoy HX 65">HX 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_2" title="Convoy SC 2">SC 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_72" title="Convoy HX 72">HX 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_7" title="Convoy SC 7">SC 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_79" title="Convoy HX 79">HX 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_84" title="Convoy HX 84">HX 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordseetour" title="Operation Nordseetour"><i>Nordseetour</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_90" title="Convoy HX 90">HX 90</a></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_19" title="Convoy SC 19">SC 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_20" title="Convoy SC 20">SC 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Berlin_(Atlantic)" title="Operation Berlin (Atlantic)"><i>Berlin</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_106" title="Convoy HX 106">HX 106</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_53" title="Convoy HG 53">HG 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OB_293" title="Convoy OB 293">OB 293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_112" title="Convoy HX 112">HX 112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_April_1941" title="Action of 4 April 1941">4 April</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OB_318" title="Convoy OB 318">OB 318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_126" title="Convoy HX 126">HX 126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rhein%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Rheinübung"><i>Rheinübung</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_battle_of_Bismarck" title="Last battle of Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_133" title="Convoy HX 133">HX 133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_69" title="Convoy OG 69">OG 69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_71" title="Convoy OG 71">OG 71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_42" title="Convoy SC 42">SC 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_73" title="Convoy HG 73">HG 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_48" title="Convoy SC 48">SC 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_156" title="Convoy HX 156">HX 156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_76" title="Convoy HG 76">HG 76</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster"><i>Postmaster</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Happy_Time" title="Second Happy Time">2nd Happy Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torpedo_Alley" title="Torpedo Alley">Torpedo Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_67" title="Convoy SC 67">SC 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Neuland" title="Operation Neuland"><i>Neuland</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ON_67" class="mw-redirect" title="ON 67">ON 67</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_March_1942" title="Action of 27 March 1942">27 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_OG_82" title="Convoy OG 82">OG 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Connecticut_(1938)" title="SS Connecticut (1938)"><i>Connecticut</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_92" title="Convoy ON 92">ON 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_June_1942" title="Action of 6 June 1942">6 June</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HG_84" title="Convoy HG 84">HG 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_78" title="Convoy SL 78">SL 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_QS-15" title="Convoy QS-15">QS 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_113" title="Convoy ON 113">ON 113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_115" title="Convoy ON 115">ON 115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_94" title="Convoy SC 94">SC 94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_122" title="Convoy ON 122">ON 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bell_Island" title="Battle of Bell Island">Bell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_QS-33" title="Convoy QS-33">QS 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_127" title="Convoy ON 127">ON 127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laconia_incident" title="Laconia incident"><i>Laconia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SQ-36" title="Convoy SQ-36">SQ 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_100" title="Convoy SC 100">SC 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Stephen_Hopkins#Action_of_27_September_1942" title="SS Stephen Hopkins">27 September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_SG-6/LN-6" title="Convoys SG-6/LN-6">SG 6/LN 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_104" title="Convoy SC 104">SC 104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_212" title="Convoy HX 212">HX 212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_125" title="Convoy SL 125">SL 125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_107" title="Convoy SC 107">SC 107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_144" title="Convoy ON 144">ON 144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_153" title="Convoy ON 153">ON 153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_154" title="Convoy ON 154">ON 154</a></li></ul> <p><b>1943</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_TM_1" title="Convoy TM 1">TM 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Dorchester#Loss" title="SS Dorchester">SG 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_118" title="Convoy SC 118">SC 118</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_166" title="Convoy ON 166">ON 166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CU_convoys" title="CU convoys">UC 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_121" title="Convoy SC 121">SC 121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_228" title="Convoy HX 228">HX 228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UG_convoys" title="UG convoys">UGS 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_HX_229/SC_122" title="Convoys HX 229/SC 122">HX 229/SC 122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_231" title="Convoy HX 231">HX 231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ONS_5" title="Convoy ONS 5">ONS 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_237" title="Convoy HX 237">HX 237</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_129" title="Convoy SC 129">SC 129</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_130" title="Convoy SC 130">SC 130</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_Faith" title="Convoy Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_ONS_18/ON_202" title="Convoys ONS 18/ON 202">ONS 18/ON 202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SC_143" title="Convoy SC 143">SC 143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_ONS_20/ON_206" title="Convoys ONS 20/ON 206">ONS 20/ON 206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sept-%C3%8Eles" title="Battle of Sept-Îles">Sept-Îles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_ON_207" title="Convoy ON 207">ON 207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_138/MKS_28" title="Convoy SL 138/MKS 28">SL 138/MKS 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_139/MKS_30" title="Convoy SL 139/MKS 30">SL 139/MKS 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_SL_140/MKS_31" title="Convoy SL 140/MKS 31">SL 140/MKS 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stonewall" title="Operation Stonewall"><i>Stonewall</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Tiger" title="Exercise Tiger">Lyme Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_April_1944" title="Action of 26 April 1944">26 April 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-505#Twelfth_patrol_and_capture" title="German submarine U-505">Capture of <i>U-505</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoy_HX_300" title="Convoy HX 300">HX 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_L%C3%A9opoldville_(1929)#Sinking" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Léopoldville (1929)">WEP 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BX_convoys" title="BX convoys">BX 141</a></li></ul> <p><b>1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Teardrop" title="Operation Teardrop"><i>Teardrop</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_Judith" title="Battle of Point Judith">Point Judith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_5%E2%80%936_May_1945" title="Actions of 5–6 May 1945">5–6 May 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_of_7%E2%80%938_May_1945" title="Actions of 7–8 May 1945">7–8 May 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_Theatre" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II"><span class="wrap">Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Adriatic campaign of World War II">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Atlas" title="Operation Atlas">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_campaign" title="Dodecanese campaign">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation_of_Corsica_(Operation_Vesuvius)" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alpes-Maritimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_actions_of_Vichy_France_during_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Template:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Vichy_France_Military_in_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Vichy France Military in World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_actions_of_Vichy_France_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Military actions of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Vichy_French_attacks:_1940">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=B%E1%BA%AFc_S%C6%A1n_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bắc Sơn uprising (page does not exist)">1940 Bắc Sơn uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Cochinchina_uprising" title="1940 Cochinchina uprising">1940 Cochinchina uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%C3%B4_L%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_mutiny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Đô Lương mutiny (page does not exist)">Đô Lương mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Phum_Preav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Phum Preav (page does not exist)">Battle of Phum Preav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Battle of Ko Chang</a></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Angkor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Angkor (page does not exist)">Battle of Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Operation Torch</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton"><i>Case Anton</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_French_fleet_at_Toulon" title="Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon">Scuttling of the French fleet at Toulon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> <p><b>1944</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khai_Phat_and_Na_Ngan" title="Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan">Battles of Khai Phat and Na Ngan</a></li></ul> <p><b>1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba_T%C6%A1_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ba Tơ uprising (page does not exist)">1945 Ba Tơ uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:History of Gibraltar">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">History of <span class="fn org label">Gibraltar</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar"><img alt="Coat of arms of Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg/50px-Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg/75px-Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg/100px-Arms_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Prehistory_and_ancient_history" title="History of Gibraltar">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthals_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals of Gibraltar">Neanderthals of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_1" title="Gibraltar 1">Gibraltar 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_2" title="Gibraltar 2">Gibraltar 2</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Muslim_rule_(711–1309,_1333–1462)" title="History of Gibraltar">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Gibraltar" title="Moorish Gibraltar">Moorish Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Siege of Gibraltar">Second Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Siege of Gibraltar">Third Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Siege of Gibraltar">Fourth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Siege of Gibraltar">Fifth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Siege of Gibraltar">Sixth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh Siege of Gibraltar">Seventh Siege of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Castilian_and_Spanish_rule_(1462–1704)" title="History of Gibraltar">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth Siege of Gibraltar">Eighth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Siege of Gibraltar">Ninth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Siege of Gibraltar">Tenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquisate_of_Gibraltar" title="Marquisate of Gibraltar">Marquisate of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar">Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#The_19th_century" title="History of Gibraltar">19th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Calpe_Hunt" title="Royal Calpe Hunt">Royal Calpe Hunt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#The_20th_century" title="History of Gibraltar">20th century</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military history of Gibraltar during World War II</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population <span class="nowrap">during World War II</span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Felix" title="Operation Felix">Operation Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">First sovereignty referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_1969" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969">First constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Closure_of_the_Gibraltar-Spain_border&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Closure of the Gibraltar-Spain border (page does not exist)">Border closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a>/<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar#Modern_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Modern Gibraltar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">Second sovereignty referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_Agreement,_2006" title="Cordoba Agreement, 2006">Cordoba Agreement, 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">Second constitution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Gibraltar" title="History of nationality in Gibraltar">History of nationality in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Political_development_in_modern_Gibraltar" title="Political development in modern Gibraltar">Political development in <span class="nowrap">modern Gibraltar</span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Gibraltar" title="Fortifications of Gibraltar">Fortifications of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/16px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/24px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar">Gibraltar portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Gibraltar" title="Template:History of Gibraltar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Gibraltar" title="Template talk:History of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Gibraltar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Gibraltar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>military history of Gibraltar during World War II</b> exemplifies <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>'s position as a <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> fortress from the early-18th century onwards and as a vital factor in British military strategy, both as a foothold on the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">continent of Europe</a>, and as a bastion of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British sea power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Gibraltar served a vital role in both the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Theatre of World War II">Mediterranean Theatre</a>, controlling virtually all naval traffic moving between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its commanding position, Gibraltar provided a strongly-defended harbour from which ships could operate both in the Atlantic and in the Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Force_H" title="Force H">Force H</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/James_Fownes_Somerville" class="mw-redirect" title="James Fownes Somerville">Vice-Admiral James Somerville</a> was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Malta (1940)">besieged island of Malta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the war, Gibraltar came under aerial bombardment from <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> aircraft and from aircraft of the Italian Royal Air Force (<i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></i>) based on <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. Additionally, the fortress was the focus of underwater attacks by the Italian Royal Navy (<i><a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></i>) <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> unit (<i><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></i>) and their <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">human torpedoes</a>. This Italian unit was based on the interned Italian ship <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship_Olterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary ship Olterra">SS <i>Olterra</i></a> in the nearby Spanish harbour of <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of attacks were also carried out by Spanish and Gibraltarian agents acting on behalf of the German <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>. </p><p>Inside the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a> itself, miles of tunnels were excavated from the limestone. Masses of rock were blasted out to build an "underground city".<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In huge man-made caverns, barracks, offices, and a fully-equipped hospital were constructed, complete with an <a href="/wiki/Operating_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating room">operating theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray equipment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a> in November 1942, was coordinated from the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar"> "Rock"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, who was given command of the operation, set up his headquarters in Gibraltar during the planning phases of the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the successful completion of the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> in May 1943 and the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Italy">surrender of Italy</a> in September 1943, Gibraltar's role shifted from that of a forward operating base to that of a rear-area supply position. The harbour continued to operate dry-docks and supply depots for the <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoy</a> routes through the Mediterranean until <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">V-E Day</a> in 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude_and_evacuation">Prelude and evacuation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude and evacuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; width:350px;" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Military history of Gibraltar during World War II</a> <br /> • Timeline of events • <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_(March_1942).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg/300px-A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg/450px-A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg/600px-A_Catalina_flies_by_the_North_Front_of_the_Rock_as_it_leaves_Gibraltar_on_a_patrol_%28March_1942%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <small>A Catalina flies by the North Front of the Rock<br /> as it leaves Gibraltar on a patrol, 1942 (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>)</small> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:75px;">Late 1939 </td> <td>Construction of a <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar Airport">solid surface runway</a> begins in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>9 Sep 1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/No._202_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 202 Squadron RAF">No. 202 Squadron RAF</a> is ordered to Gibraltar. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>25 Sep 1939 </td> <td>No 200 (Coastal) Group is formed as a subordinate formation to HQ RAF Mediterranean. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Jun 1940 </td> <td>13,500 <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">civilian evacuees</a> are shipped to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>13 Jul 1940 </td> <td>Following the creation of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian people">Gibraltarian</a> civilians are returned to Gibraltar prior to movement to other locations. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Jul 1940 </td> <td>Evacuees are shipped to the Atlantic island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>9 Oct 1940 </td> <td>1,093 refugees re-evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>10 Mar 1941 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Operation_Felix" title="Operation Felix">Operation Felix</a>, the German plan for the invasion of Gibraltar, is amended to become <i>Operation Felix-Heinrich</i>, which delays the invasion until after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, effectively putting an end to German invasion plans. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Late 1941 </td> <td>Plans for Operation Tracer, a stay-behind plan to be put in place in the event of an invasion of Gibraltar, are formulated. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Jan 1942 </td> <td>Equipment trials for Operation Tracer begin. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Mid-1942 </td> <td>Operation Tracer is pronounced ready for deployment. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Jul 1942 </td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> is appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>5 Nov 1942 </td> <td>Eisenhower arrives in Gibraltar to take command </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>4 Jul 1942 </td> <td>A <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator" title="Consolidated B-24 Liberator">Liberator bomber</a> from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command" title="RAF Transport Command">RAF Transport Command</a> takes off from Gibraltar and crashes, killing <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, Polish military and political leader </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>Nov 1943 </td> <td>Resettlement Board established. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>6 Apr 1944 </td> <td>First group of 1,367 repatriates arrives on Gibraltar directly from the United Kingdom. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>28 May 1944 </td> <td>First repatriation party leaves Madeira for Gibraltar. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>8 May 1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The Second World War dramatically changed the lives of Gibraltarians.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">enforce mass evacuation</a> in order to increase the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock</a> with more <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> personnel meant that most Gibraltarians (some for up to ten years) had nowhere to call 'home'.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only those civilians with essential jobs were allowed to stay but it gave the entire community a sense of being 'British' by sharing in the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early June 1940, about 13,500 evacuees were shipped to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French Morocco">French Morocco</a>. However, following the <a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(surrender)" title="Capitulation (surrender)">capitulation</a> of the French to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> armies later in June 1940, the new Pro-German French Vichy Government found the presence of Gibraltarian evacuees in Casablanca an embarrassment and sought opportunities for their removal.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opportunity soon arose when 15 British <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo vessels</a> arrived under Commodore Crichton, repatriating 15,000 French servicemen who had been rescued from <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once their own rescued servicemen had disembarked, the ships were interned until they agreed to take away all the evacuees.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Crichton was unable to obtain permission to clean and restock his ships (and contrary to <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> orders which forbade the taking on of evacuees), when he saw the mass of civilians pouring through the dockyards, he opened up his gangways for boarding.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just beforehand, the British fleet had destroyed a number of French warships at <a href="/wiki/Mers_el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mers el-Kebir">Mers el-Kebir</a> in order to prevent them ending up in German hands. The attack, during which 1,297 French sailors died, led to high tensions, which were evident when families were forced at bayonet point by French troops to board taking only what they could carry, leaving many possessions behind. However, when they arrived at Gibraltar, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">governor</a> would not allow them to land, fearing that once the evacuees were back on the Rock, it would be virtually impossible to evacuate them a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-c1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowds gathered in <a href="/wiki/John_Mackintosh_Square" title="John Mackintosh Square">John Mackintosh Square</a> in the centre of Gibraltar as the news broke, speeches were made and two <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city councillors</a> accompanied by the acting president of the exchange and commercial library went to see the governor (Sir <a href="/wiki/Clive_Gerard_Liddell" title="Clive Gerard Liddell">Clive Liddell</a>) to ask that the evacuees be allowed to land.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving instructions from <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, a landing was allowed as long as the evacuees returned when other ships arrived to take them away from the Rock, and by 13 July the re-evacuation back to Gibraltar had been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">conservative</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stanley" title="Oliver Stanley">Oliver Stanley</a> agreed to accept the evacuees in the United Kingdom, but he argued with Gibraltar over the number of people involved.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governor, he declared, had given the number of evacuees first as 13,000, then as 14,000 and finally as 16,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia199415_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia199415-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He asked for the situation to be clarified, stressing the shortage of accommodation in Britain and insisting that only 13,000 could be accepted, 2,000 of whom were to be sent to the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> Atlantic island of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The situation, replied General Liddell on 19 July, "is that this is a fortress liable to heavy and immediate attack and there should be no civilians here whereas there are 22,000.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13,000 was the number sent to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and more would have been sent had the situation there not altered."<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London the evacuees were placed in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Health (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Health</a>, and many were housed in <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a> area.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concern for them in Gibraltar mounted as the air raids against London intensified, coupled with the arrival of harrowing letters, describing the circumstances in which the evacuees were living.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September rumours were already circulating among the evacuees, and in Gibraltar, that the possibility of re-evacuating the Gibraltarians once more was being mooted, this time the destination being <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">West Indies</a>. After much contention, it was decided to send a party directly from Gibraltar to the island, and 1,093 evacuees left for Jamaica direct, on 9 October, with more following later on. However, petitions followed and the demands were met, partly for strategic reasons and the lack of available shipping. The situation at the end of 1940, therefore, was that approximately 2,000 evacuees were in Jamaica and a lesser number in Madeira, with the bulk of around 10,000 housed in the London area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarcia199416–17_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarcia199416–17-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Air_Force_involvement:_1939–1941"><span id="Royal_Air_Force_involvement:_1939.E2.80.931941"></span>Royal Air Force involvement: 1939–1941</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Royal Air Force involvement: 1939–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg/220px-Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg/330px-Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg/440px-Bulldozer_and_steamroller_during_the_construction_of_Gibraltar_Airport%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>A bulldozer and steamroller being used during the construction of a new aerodrome later to become <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Gibraltar International Airport</a>, November 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of a solid surface runway began in late 1939 and in 1940 it was proposed to extend the existing runway to a length of 1,550 yards (1,417 m).<sup id="cite_ref-raf_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land reclamation commenced towards the end of 1941 along with the construction of an RAF camp at the "North Front", now <a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raf_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAF dispatched their next squadron to Gibraltar at this time and it was in September 1939 that war with Germany was declared and the strong possibility of <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">German submarines</a> concentrating in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and using Spanish port facilities, loomed large in Admiralty thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-raf_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So at 09:00 (<a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>) on 9 September 1939, <a href="/wiki/No._202_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 202 Squadron RAF">No. 202 Squadron RAF</a> was ordered to Gibraltar, loaded to the gunwales with equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-raf_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September 1939, <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._200_(Coastal)_Group_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 200 (Coastal) Group RAF (page does not exist)">No. 200 (Coastal) Group RAF</a> was formed as a subordinate formation to HQ RAF Mediterranean in control of No 202 Squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-uolib1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uolib1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Group's function was the control of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> units operating from Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-uolib1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uolib1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1940 the Group was transferred to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">Coastal Command</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uolib1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uolib1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a combined <a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">headquarters</a> was formed which commenced operations in early 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-raf_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raf-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_of_military_action_by_Spain">Threats of military action by Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Threats of military action by Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 19 June the Spanish leader <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> offered to bring Spain into the war on the side of Germany, then on 18 July 1940 Franco declared that Spain had 2,000,000 soldiers ready to retake Gibraltar and expand Spanish interests in North Africa. Nothing came of these threats as Spain realised how well defended Gibraltar was and the economic effects of a blockade of Spanish ports, especially on oil imports, so they pulled back the offer of being willing to enter the war with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vichy_French_attacks:_1940">Vichy French attacks: 1940</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vichy French attacks: 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 July 1940, after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">attack on the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kébir</a> by the British, the Vichy government authorized a bombing raid of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> as a response. Little damage was reported to have been done but caused the first casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was half-hearted and the majority of the bombs were deliberately dropped short of their target.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one soldier and four civilians were killed in the bombing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rankin2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rankin2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Tuesday, 24 September, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Stefani" title="Agenzia Stefani">Stefani</a> <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agency</a> reported: "As a reprisal for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">bombardment of Dakar</a> yesterday morning, one-hundred-and-twenty French aircraft based in <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">Morocco</a> attacked Gibraltar." On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/United_Press_International" title="United Press International">United Press Agency</a> reported: "The French government has issued an official denial of reports, according to which French aircraft were said to have attacked Gibraltar. Up until now, no reprisals have been undertaken." But the United Press report ended on an ominous note with: "French reprisals are imminent."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Again, on the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French government</a> issued orders for the naval base and city of Gibraltar to be bombarded. As a result, six bomber squadrons of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Air_Force" title="Vichy French Air Force">Vichy French Air Force</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_de_l%27Air_de_Vichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armée de l'Air de Vichy">Armée de l'Air de Vichy</a></i>) and four squadrons of the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French Navy">Vichy French Navy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Marine nationale de Vichy</a></i>) were employed in the operation. The 64 bombers flew from bases in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafaroui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tafaroui">Tafaroui</a> (in <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, Mediouna, and <a href="/wiki/Port_Lyautey" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Lyautey">Port Lyautey</a> (in Morocco). The French action was approved by both the <a href="/wiki/German_Armistice_Commission" title="German Armistice Commission">German Armistice Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Armistice_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Armistice Commission">Italian Armistice Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_War_p._102_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_War_p._102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French dropped 150 bombs on Gibraltar during the raid.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._29_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They inflicted heavy damage on the fortress and encountered no British aircraft while doing so. The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(architecture)" title="Mole (architecture)">South Mole</a> and a large ship in the harbour were heavily damaged. In the northern part of Gibraltar, fires broke out.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_War_p._102_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_War_p._102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the Vichy bombs again fell into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._29_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._29-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 September, the French returned with a larger force of eighty-three bombers to cause additional damage to the naval base and harbour installations. Again, aircraft of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">British Royal Air Force</a> made no appearance. However, the French crews did report encountering heavy <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft fire</a>. One <a href="/wiki/Lior%C3%A9_et_Olivier_LeO_45" title="Lioré et Olivier LeO 45">LeO 451 bomber</a> was lost and 13 other aircraft were lightly damaged during the two days of bombing attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_War_p._102_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_War_p._102-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Naval_trawler" title="Naval trawler">armed trawler</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMT_Stella_Sirius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMT Stella Sirius (page does not exist)">HMT <i>Stella Sirius</i></a> was sunk by bombs, and several civilians were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._30_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vichy authorities made it clear that bombing raids of Gibraltar would continue as long as the British continued to attack Dakar.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._30_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland_and_Canwell,_p._30-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The air attack on 25 September was the last by Vichy forces on Gibraltar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Felix:_1940–1941"><span id="Operation_Felix:_1940.E2.80.931941"></span>Operation Felix: 1940–1941</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Operation Felix: 1940–1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Felix" title="Operation Felix">Operation Felix</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meeting_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/300px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/450px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/600px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> at the railway station of Hendaye, France.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>For the aerial attack on the harbour of Gibraltar forces are to be designated which will guarantee abundant success. For the subsequent operations against naval objectives and for support of the attack of the Rock mainly dive bombers units are to be transferred to Spain. Sufficient anti-aircraft artillery is to be allocated to the army units including its use against ground targets.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Operation Felix, Directive No. 18,</i> <b>Section IV: Luftwaffe</b>’’ by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Rock came through the war relatively unscathed but, given its strategic importance, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> made plans to capture Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Felix" title="Operation Felix">Codenamed "Felix"</a>, the plan, which was signed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> himself, was formulated at the highest level of command.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With or without permission, Germany would take entry through Spain and attack Gibraltar, driving the British out of the Western Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait</a> would be effectively closed to the Allies once Gibraltar was in German hands, forcing Asia-bound Allied shipping to steam all the way around Africa rather than to proceed to the east via the shorter route through the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rock was to be heavily dive bombed by planes leaving France but landing afterward at Spanish air bases.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To deny a possible Spanish capture of the base, the German planners decided that the final attack to seize Gibraltar was to be made by German troops alone.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Diplomatic failure at the highest levels of government (<a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a>) prevented the operation, which had been drawn up in detail by the Wehrmacht in the summer and autumn of 1940, from occurring at the beginning of 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_K%C3%BCbler" title="Ludwig Kübler">Ludwig Kübler</a>'s XLIX Corps would conduct the actual attack on the Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault forces would comprise the <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Regiment_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" title="Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland">Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland</a>, the 98th Regiment of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)">1st Mountain Division</a>, 26 medium and heavy artillery battalions, three observation battalions, three engineer battalions, two smoke battalions, a detachment of 150 <a href="/wiki/Brandenburgers" title="Brandenburgers">Brandenburgers</a>, and up to 150 miniature remote controlled demolition vehicles (<a href="/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine" title="Goliath tracked mine">Goliaths</a>), packed with high explosives.<sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of a combined-force operation, the German Air Force (<i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i>) would contribute <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Ju 88As</a>, Stukas, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitts</a>, three light AA battalions, and three heavy AA battalions.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> would cooperate by using <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> to interfere with British naval movement and emplacing coastal batteries to further discourage the Royal Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 March 1941, with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> looming, Felix was amended to <i>Operation Felix-Heinrich</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby German troops would be withdrawn from the USSR to capture Gibraltar. As a result of Spanish dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s intransigence, the operation was postponed, modified, and ultimately abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-c4_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c4-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-felix_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-felix-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar">Italian bombing of Gibraltar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian bombing of Gibraltar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, Italian <a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.108" title="Piaggio P.108">Piaggio P.108</a> bombers attacked Gibraltar several times, mainly in 1942. The last raids on Gibraltar were during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, when the same bombers also attacked <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>. </p><p>The only unit of the <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> (Royal Air Force) ever to fly the Piaggio P.108 was the "274th Long-Range Bombardment Squadron". This unit was formed in May 1941 around the first machines that came off the assembly lines. The training of the crews lasted far longer than anticipated and only in June 1942 the 274th became operational. The most spectacular raids with the P. 108 bombers were flown in October 1942 when several night attacks against Gibraltar were undertaken from Sardinia. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">armistice of Cassibile</a> (8 September), the German-allied <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> launched at least two raids on Gibraltar: one on the night of 4–5 June 1944 with ten <a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">SM.79bis</a> aircraft and another on 6 June with nine aircraft. Both sorties were undertaken by the Gruppo Aerosiluranti "Buscaglia–Faggioni".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; text-align: center; background: #FFFFFF;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#b0c4de; font-weight: bold;"> <td>Date </td> <td>Unit </td> <td>Bomber </td> <td>Number </td></tr> <tr> <td>17/18<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> July 1940</td> <td>Reparto sperimentale</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savoia_Marchetti_SM.82" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia Marchetti SM.82">SM.82</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25/26 July 1940</td> <td>Reparto sperimentale<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20/21 August 1940</td> <td>Reparto sperimentale</td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 June 1941</td> <td>Reparto sperimentale</td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 July 1941</td> <td></td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 July 1941</td> <td></td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 July 1941</td> <td></td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 April 1942</td> <td>47ª Squadriglia<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>SM.82</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28/29 June 1942</td> <td>274ª Squadriglia Autonoma Bombardamento<br />a Grande Raggio<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piaggio_P.108" title="Piaggio P.108">P.108B</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 July 1942</td> <td>274ª Squadriglia Autonoma Bombardamento<br />a Grande Raggio</td> <td>P.108B</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 September 1942</td> <td>274ª Squadriglia Autonoma Bombardamento<br />a Grande Raggio</td> <td>P.108B</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 October 1942</td> <td>274ª Squadriglia Autonoma Bombardamento<br />a Grande Raggio</td> <td>P.108B</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 October 1942</td> <td>274ª Squadriglia Autonoma Bombardamento<br />a Grande Raggio</td> <td>P.108B</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 July 1943</td> <td>132º Gruppo Autonomo Aerosiluranti<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_SM.79" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoia-Marchetti SM.79">SM.79</a></td> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The slash notation indicates a night raid.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Experimental Department"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"47th Squadron"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"274th Independent Long-Range Bombardment Squadron"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"132nd Independent Torpedo Bomber Squadron"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Scoglio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Scoglio (page does not exist)">Operation Scoglio</a>: only nine planes actually took off and only two reached the target and managed to drop their torpedoes in the harbour.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_frogmen_raids_1940–1943"><span id="Italian_frogmen_raids_1940.E2.80.931943"></span>Italian frogmen raids 1940–1943</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian frogmen raids 1940–1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Decima_Flottiglia_MAS_in_Gibraltar"></span> Known as the "Floating Trojan Horse of Gibraltar",<sup id="cite_ref-mas_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></i>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> <a href="/wiki/Frogman" title="Frogman">frogman</a> unit created during the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> government, engaged in numerous attacks against the harbour at Gibraltar. </p><p>Gibraltar was a very tempting target for the Italians, who saw it as a refuge for British warships and allied merchant shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-mas_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian frogmen originally used a Spanish villa (<i>Villa Carmela</i>) located two miles (3 km) from Gibraltar owned by an Italian officer who had married a Spanish woman named Conchita Ramognino.<sup id="cite_ref-mas_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mas-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their base was shifted later to the Italian tanker <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_ship_Olterra" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary ship Olterra">SS <i>Olterra</i></a>, interned in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-optorch_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optorch-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Chronicle of operations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS" title="Decima Flottiglia MAS">Decima Flottiglia MAS</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">21 August 1940 </td> <td valign="top">The Italian submarine <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Iride" title="Italian submarine Iride">Iride</a></i> left <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> with plans to attack Gibraltar on 22 August 1940. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">24 September 1940 </td> <td valign="top">The <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Scir%C3%A9_(1938)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian submarine Sciré (1938)">Italian Submarine <i>Sciré</i></a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Junio_Valerio_Borghese" title="Junio Valerio Borghese">Junio Valerio Borghese</a>, left La Spezia carrying three manned torpedoes and six crewmen. The attack was called off on 29 September and the submarine ordered back to <a href="/wiki/La_Maddalena" title="La Maddalena">La Maddalena</a> because the British fleet had left Gibraltar before the <i>Sciré</i> could get into position.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">21 October 1940 </td> <td valign="top">The <i>Sciré</i> left La Spezia and sailed to Gibraltar carrying three manned torpedoes and six crewmen. The manned torpedoes had malfuctions and only one entered the harbour, but damaged no ships.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the crewmen were captured and the other four escaped to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, eventually returning to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four escapees included <a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a> and Alcide Pedretti.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their manned torpedo later washed ashore at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espigon_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espigon Bay (page does not exist)">Espigon Bay</a>, and was interned by Spanish authorities. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">25 May 1941 </td> <td valign="top">The <i>Sciré</i> left La Spezia carrying three manned torpedoes. At <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> (Spain), it secretly loaded six crewmen from a tanker <i>Fulgor</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They found no warships in Gibraltar because <a href="/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)" title="HMS Renown (1916)">HMS <i>Renown</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)"><i>Ark Royal</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sheffield_(C24)" title="HMS Sheffield (C24)"><i>Sheffield</i></a> had been ordered into the Atlantic as part of the search for the German battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a>, which was sunk on May 27. An attempted attack on merchant ships on a <a href="/wiki/Roadstead" title="Roadstead">roadstead</a> failed; the crews escaped to Spain and returned to Italy by plane.<sup id="cite_ref-after_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">10 September 1941 </td> <td valign="top">The <i>Sciré</i> left La Spezia bearing three manned torpedoes. It secretly loaded six crewmen in Cádiz and sank three ships: two <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a> named <i>Denbydale</i> and <i>Fiona Shell</i>, and a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">cargo ship</a>, the <i>Durham</i>. The crews of the torpedoes swam to Spanish territory after discarding their devices and later returned to Italy. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">July 1942 </td> <td valign="top">Italian frogmen set up a base in the Italian cargo ship <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra" title="Italian auxiliary ship Olterra">Olterra</a></i> which was <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">interned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> near Gibraltar. All materials had to be moved secretly through Spain thus limiting operations. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">13 July 1942 </td> <td valign="top">12 Italian frogmen swam from <i>Villa Carmela</i>, at Algeciras bay, into Gibraltar harbour and set explosives, sinking four freighters (<i>Meta</i>, <i>Empire Snipe</i>, <i>Baron Douglas</i>, <i>Shuma</i>). </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">15 September 1942 </td> <td valign="top">Italian frogmen sank steamship <i>Ravens Point</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">8 December 1942<sup id="cite_ref-after51_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-after51-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td valign="top">Six Italians on three torpedoes left the <i>Olterra</i> to attack the British warships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nelson_(28)" title="HMS Nelson (28)">HMS <i>Nelson</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Formidable_(R67)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Formidable (R67)"><i>Formidable</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Furious_(47)" title="HMS Furious (47)"><i>Furious</i></a>. A British patrol boat killed one torpedo's crew (Lt. Visintini and Petty Officer Magro) with a <a href="/wiki/Depth_charge" title="Depth charge">depth charge</a>. Their bodies were recovered, and their <a href="/wiki/Swimfin" title="Swimfin">swimfins</a> were taken and used by two of Gibraltar's British guard divers; <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Knowles" title="Sydney Knowles">Sydney Knowles</a> and Commander <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Crabb" title="Lionel Crabb">Lionel Crabb</a>. A British patrol boat detected another torpedo, and pursued and shot at it, capturing its two crewmen. The remaining torpedo returned to the <i>Olterra</i>, having lost its rear rider. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">8 May 1943 </td> <td valign="top">Three Italian manned torpedoes left the cargo ship <i>Olterra</i> to attack Gibraltar in bad weather and sank the American <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> <i>Pat Harrison</i> and the British freighters <i>Mahsud</i> and <i>Camerata</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top" class="nowrap">3 August 1943 </td> <td valign="top">Three Italian manned torpedoes left the <i>Olterra</i> to attack Gibraltar, and again sank three merchantmen: the Norwegian <i>Thorshøvdi</i>, the American Liberty <i>Harrison Grey Otis</i> and the British <i>Stanridge</i>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abwehr_saboteurs_from_Spain">Abwehr saboteurs from Spain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abwehr saboteurs from Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Axis_ship-watching_activities_in_the_Gibraltar_area" title="Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area">Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area</a></div> <p>Lesser known than the Italian actions were the sabotage operations and <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet-mine</a> attacks carried out by Spanish and Gibraltarian agents recruited in the <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Gibraltar" title="Campo de Gibraltar">Campo de Gibraltar</a> by the Germans. The <i><a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></i> contacted a Spanish staff officer from Campo de Gibraltar, Lieutenant Colonel Eleuterio Sánchez Rubio, a Spanish officer, member of <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange</a> and coordinator of the intelligence operations in the Campo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009149_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009149-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to establish a network of saboteurs with access to Gibraltar. Sánchez Rubio designated Emilio Plazas Tejera, also a member of Falange, as operations chief of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-ros_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ros-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the recruits for the sabotage operations were Spaniards from the Campo. A combination of financial reward, ideological commitment and some threats and intimidation were used to gather a significant number of agents. According to the British intelligence, there were at least 183 Spaniards and Gibraltarians involved in the espionage and sabotage operations against Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009152_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009152-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sabotage operations were ordered from <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in the late autumn of 1940, but actual work did not start until early 1941. The first operations were unsuccessful. A first attempt to smuggle a bomb into Gibraltar was aborted, as the timing device was faulty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009151_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February there was a large explosion in the North Tunnel, and in April a bomb blew up near the airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1941, however, the British intelligence foiled a new attempt, by a German agent, to attach a mine alongside an Allied cargo ship. Another attempt failed when Plazas placed a bomb inside an ammunition store but was not able to prime the explosive. It was not until 1942 that the operations begun to succeed. In January 1942, two Spanish agents managed to destroy two aircraft at the North Front landing strip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009151_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009151-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Financed, trained and equipped by the Germans, the Spanish saboteurs sank the armed trawler <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMT_Erin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMT Erin (page does not exist)">HMT <i>Erin</i></a>, and destroyed the auxiliary minesweeper <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMT_Honjo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMT Honjo (page does not exist)">HMT <i>Honjo</i></a>, which resulted in the deaths of an officer from the carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Argus_(I49)" title="HMS Argus (I49)">HMS <i>Argus</i></a> and six British ratings on 18 January 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plazas was assisted by the Spanish naval commander of <a href="/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roque, Cádiz">Puente Mayorga</a>, Manuel Romero Hume, who allowed him to beach a <a href="/wiki/Rowboat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rowboat">rowboat</a> there. The British intelligence was able however to counteract the sabotage operations. In March 1942, a Gibraltarian, José Key, one of the most prominent agents working for the Germans, responsible for the collection of information on military movements for the <i>Abwehr</i> was arrested and executed in <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wandsworth" title="HM Prison Wandsworth">Wandsworth Prison</a> in late 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009152–152_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009152–152-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By September 1942, Plazas, whose activities were closely monitored by the British at that time, resigned and left Carlos Calvo, his second in command, in charge of the operations.<sup id="cite_ref-ros_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ros-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1942, the German headquarters in Berlin ordered the sabotage operations being expanded. In early 1943, the arrival of an experienced head of <i>Abwehr</i> operations in Spain improved the outreach of the operations. </p><p>In March 1943 an ammunition dump was blown up by Calvo's agents. The British, growing suspicious of some of the saboteurs, banned them from entering Gibraltar. This forced the <i>Abwehr</i> to ask Calvo for new personnel. A Spaniard working on the Rock, José Martín Muñoz, was responsible for the explosion and fire at a large fuel tank at <a href="/wiki/Coaling_Island" title="Coaling Island">Coaling Island</a> on 30 June 1943. This mission, however, would be the first and the last for Muñoz, because he was cornered and arrested by British authorities in August, when he tried to smuggle a bomb into a weapons magazine inside <a href="/wiki/Ragged_Staff_Cave" title="Ragged Staff Cave">Ragged Staff Cave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStockey2009153_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStockey2009153-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being sentenced to death as a saboteur, he was <a href="/wiki/Hanged" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged">hanged</a> on 11 January 1944 in Gibraltar by British executioner <a href="/wiki/Albert_Pierrepoint" title="Albert Pierrepoint">Albert Pierrepoint</a>. A member of an unrelated <i>Abwehr</i> sabotage network, Luis López Cordón-Cuenca (also arrested in 1943) was executed by Pierrepoint on the same day. Calvo himself was put under arrest by the Spanish police and neutralized. He would be a free man again in December, when he rejoined the <i>Abwehr</i> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, under direct orders of Wolfgang Blaum, aka Baumann, head of the sabotage section in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-ros_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ros-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a Falangist attempt against the life of pro-allied General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Enrique_Varela" title="José Enrique Varela">José Enrique Varela</a>, perpetrated by Sánchez Rubio network's agent Juan José Domínguez and a meeting between <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a> and the Spanish ambassador at London, <a href="/wiki/Jacobo_Fitz-James_Stuart,_17th_Duke_of_Alba" title="Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba">Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart</a>, <i>Abwehr</i> activities around Gibraltar came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation_Tracer:_1941–1942"><span id="Operation_Tracer:_1941.E2.80.931942"></span>Operation Tracer: 1941–1942</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Operation Tracer: 1941–1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tracer" title="Operation Tracer">Operation Tracer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Tracer_main_room.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Operation_Tracer_main_room.png/220px-Operation_Tracer_main_room.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Operation_Tracer_main_room.png 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Main room of Operation Tracer's Stay Behind Cave.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png/220px-Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png/330px-Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Operation_Tracer_observation_slit_view.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>View over the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a> through observation slit at west <a href="/wiki/Observation_post" title="Observation post">observation post</a> of Operation Tracer.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tracer,_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Tracer, Gibraltar">Operation Tracer</a> was a top-secret British <a href="/wiki/Stay-behind" title="Stay-behind">stay-behind</a> spying mission that was only to be implemented if Gibraltar was captured by the Axis Powers.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six men were to be sealed in a cave and left with enough supplies for 7 years. The volunteers—two doctors, three signalmen and their leader—would run an observation post with one 12-inch (300 mm) by 6-inch (150 mm) slit looking over the harbour and a concealed outdoor terrace over the Mediterranean. The team would then wire back all shipping movements to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were told there would be no way out and anyone who died within the chamber would have to be embalmed and cemented into the brick floor.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the threat of invasion was clearly felt in late 1941, an idea for a series of secret observation posts (first in Gibraltar and later in other places like <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>) was put together under <i>Operation Tracer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work in Gibraltar began immediately under Commander Geoffrey Birley and his chief engineer Colonel Fordham. The site chosen at <a href="/wiki/Lord_Airey%27s_Battery" title="Lord Airey's Battery">Lord Airey's Battery</a> on the southern tip of the Rock already had an existing tunnelling scheme for a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Airey%27s_Shelter" title="Lord Airey's Shelter">shelter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensive trials of the equipment began in January 1942 under the eye of <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">MI6</a> radio expert Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gambier-Parry" title="Richard Gambier-Parry">Richard Gambier-Parry</a>. Much thought was also given to the type of men needed for such a strange and demanding task.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A member of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott" title="Robert Falcon Scott">Scott</a>’s ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">expedition to the Antarctic</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Murray_Levick" title="George Murray Levick">George Murray Levick</a> was called up as Surgeon-Commander to advise on survival techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were practical matters such as diet, exercise, sanitation, and clothing to consider as well as vital "psychology of the personnel".<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full team was in place by the end of summer 1942 and their cavern fully equipped and ready for occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A comprehensive manual was prepared on all aspects of the operation and it was considered that similar secret lookout posts should be prepared throughout the world in the event of future wars. However, Operation Tracer was never needed, as <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> turned his attention away from Gibraltar and towards the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation had been clouded in mystery until the discovery of papers at the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kew" title="Kew">Kew</a> UK.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously in the 1960s, details of the story were told to a journalist by his intelligence service contacts and he wrote these up as "Operation Monkey", yet facts were very sparse.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997 "Stay Behind Cave" (as it was nicknamed) was discovered in Gibraltar by the <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Caving_Group" title="Gibraltar Caving Group">Gibraltar Caving Group</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no account was ever obtained from anyone associated with the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery came about when the group encountered a strong gust of wind in a tunnel. Further searching led them to break through a wall into chambers which had never been used and had remained sealed for over 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2006 Jim Crone and Sergeant Major Pete Jackson, senior tunnel guide with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a>, met possibly the only member of Operation Tracer still alive when they travelled to meet Dr. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cooper" title="Bruce Cooper">W. A. Bruce Cooper</a> at his home in England.<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper, 92 at the time, provided an opportunity to shed light on the operation with his direct involvement in the mission as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Surgeon-Lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve" title="Royal Naval Reserve">Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve</a> (RNVR).<sup id="cite_ref-c12_47-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recalled stories about his colleagues, his training, and his feelings about the task.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign:_1941–1944"><span id="Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign:_1941.E2.80.931944"></span>Mediterranean U-boat Campaign: 1941–1944</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mediterranean U-boat Campaign: 1941–1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_U-boat_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean U-boat Campaign">Mediterranean U-boat Campaign</a> lasted approximately from 21 September 1941 to May 1944. The <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> tried to isolate <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> and disrupt <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>'s trade routes. More than sixty <a href="/wiki/U-boats" class="mw-redirect" title="U-boats">U-boats</a> were sent to interdict Allied shipping in the Mediterranean Sea. Many of these U-boats were themselves attacked negotiating the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> controlled by Britain. Nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and ten more were damaged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_African_Campaign:_1942">North African Campaign: 1942</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North African Campaign: 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg/250px-Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg/375px-Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg/500px-Map_of_Gibraltar_in_World_War_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>1939 map of the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> as published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plans for the Allied counter offensive after the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> were ongoing by mid-1942.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An invasion of Europe in 1943 would be unworkable, but the allies could attack the "soft underbelly of Europe" through the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> put it.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devised by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> and Churchill and code named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the plan was to occupy French North Africa: <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunisia</a>. From these French colonies, attacks could be launched that would drive Italy out of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1942, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_pres"><a href="#endnote_pres">[I]</a></sup> was appointed Allied Commander-in-Chief of Operation Torch.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill placed Gibraltar under the command of General Eisenhower as the temporary headquarters for this, the first large-scale Anglo-American operation of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived in Gibraltar on 5 November 1942 to take over, not just command of Operation Torch itself, but also military command of Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Eisenhower stayed at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">The Convent</a></i>, the official <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">governor</a>'s residence, but his operational headquarters were in a small chamber in a tunnel in the heart of the Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs General Eisenhower wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The subterranean passages under the Rock provided the sole available office space, and in them was located the signal equipment by which we expected to keep in touch with the commanders of the three assault forces. The eternal darkness of the tunnels was here and there partially pierced by feeble electric bulbs. Damp, cold air in block-long passages was heavy with stagnation and did not noticeably respond to the clattering efforts of electric fans. Through the arched ceilings came a constant drip, drip, drip of surface water that faithfully but drearily ticked off the seconds of the interminable, almost unendurable, wait which always occurs between completion of a military plan and the moment action begins.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One hundred thousand soldiers on the high seas in a multitude of transports converged on Gibraltar.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 400 aircraft of all types were crammed into the dispersal areas around the Gibraltar runway.<sup id="cite_ref-c3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighters had been shipped in crates and assembled on the airfield.<sup id="cite_ref-c2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every available area of storage was taken up with <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>, fuel, and other essential supplies. 168 American pilots were housed in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> messes at <i>North Front</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 November 1942, 466 aircraft from Gibraltar landed on captured North African airfields. </p><p>From their headquarters in Gibraltar, General Eisenhower and Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Browne Cunningham</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_cunni"><a href="#endnote_cunni">[III]</a></sup> directed Operation Torch, the first major combined combat operation during World War II involving American and British forces.<sup id="cite_ref-c10_49-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_tunnels">War tunnels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: War tunnels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given that Gibraltar was a small town with only a few defences protecting it, the solution was to build a massive series of tunnels and chambers inside the natural protection of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "town" inside the Rock contained its own power station, water supply, and hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-gov_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some soldiers posted here would not see the light of day for months on end. Two Canadian engineer companies, the only soldiers with diamond-tipped drills and 5 British engineer companies, added some 30 miles (48 km) of such tunnels, a feat thought impossible at the time. That was enough to hold all 30,000 troops on the rock. Today, the rock has more tunnels than roads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_Władysław_Sikorski:_1943"><span id="Death_of_W.C5.82adys.C5.82aw_Sikorski:_1943"></span>Death of Władysław Sikorski: 1943</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death of Władysław Sikorski: 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1943_Gibraltar_B-24_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash">1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg/220px-Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg/330px-Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg/440px-Sikorski_in_Gibraltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Sikorski atop the Rock of Gibraltar, surveying the <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Gibraltar" title="Fortifications of Gibraltar">fortifications</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 July 1943, a <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">Liberator bomber</a> from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Transport_Command" title="RAF Transport Command">RAF Transport Command</a> took off from Gibraltar for England.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On board was General <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland">Prime Minister</a> of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland's</a> London-based <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government in Exile">government in exile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of its armed forces, returning from visiting Polish troops in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The aircraft climbed normally from the runway, levelled off to gather speed but then suddenly lost height and crashed into the harbour.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 62-year-old general died, along with 15 others.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sole survivor was the Czech-born pilot, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Prchal" title="Eduard Prchal">Eduard Prchal</a>, who was rescued by an RAF launch.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bodies of five passengers and crew, including Sikorski's daughter, were never found.<sup id="cite_ref-bloo_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coffins of General Sikorski and his Chief-of-Staff, General Kilimecki, were draped in the Polish National Flag and lay in state in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a <a href="/wiki/Requiem" title="Requiem">Requiem Mass</a>, the bodies were carried in procession to H.M. Dockyard with full Military Honours to be shipped to London in anticipation that General Sikorski's remains would one day be returned to a liberated Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The route to the dockyard was lined by British troops and the coffins carried and escorted by Polish Servicemen.<sup id="cite_ref-Cath_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cath-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Investigation">Investigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski's death controversy</a></div> <p>In 1943 a British Court of Inquiry investigated the crash of Sikorski's <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">Liberator II</a> <i>AL523</i>, but was unable to determine the probable cause, finding only that it was an accident<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the "aircraft became uncontrollable for reasons which cannot be established". A popular theory was insufficient technical maintenance leading to jamming aircraft controls.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the court's finding, the political context of the event, coupled with a variety of curious circumstances, immediately gave rise to speculation that Sikorski's death had been no accident, and may in fact have been the direct result of a Soviet, British or even Polish conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC'06_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC'06-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG/220px-Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG/330px-Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG/440px-Gibraltar-Madeira.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Monument to remember the Gibraltarian evacuees in Madeira</figcaption></figure> <p>The surrender of Italy in September 1943 lifted any possible objections to the return of the evacuees to the Rock.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, a Resettlement Board was established in November, and at a meeting of the Board on 8 February 1944 <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> priorities were finally agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 April 1944 the first group of 1,367 repatriates arrived on the Rock directly from the United Kingdom and on 28 May, the first repatriation party left Madeira, and by the end of 1944 only 520 non-priority evacuees remained on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-c6_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In London, home-comers were making claims on the evacuees’ wartime accommodation and 500 Gibraltarians were re-evacuated to Scotland and 3,000 to camps in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the governor, Lt. General Sir Noel Mason-MacFarlane, fought valiantly on behalf of the evacuees and did not accept the lack of accommodation as a sufficient reason for the delays.<sup id="cite_ref-c3_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1947 there were still 2,000 in Northern Irish camps.<sup id="cite_ref-c3_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the evacuees did not see the Rock again until 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-c3_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>I</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pres"><b><a href="#ref_pres">^</a></b></span> Later <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United States of America">President of the United States of America</a>. </p><p><b>II</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_siege"><b><a href="#ref_siege">^</a></b></span> Originally the Artificer Company during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege of Gibraltar</a> (1779–1783). </p><p><b>III</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_cunni"><b><a href="#ref_cunni">^</a></b></span> British admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope</a> led naval forces in several critical <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Mediterranean naval battles</a> as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a>. These included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">attack on Taranto</a> in 1940, the first carrier-based air attack in history and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a> in 1941. </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Rock</i> by Warren Tute, publ. by <i>Companion Book Club</i>,. 1958</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G.F. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians. A History of Gibraltar, Grendon : Gibraltar Books (1987) 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/73/a2683073.shtml">"Gibraltar's role in WWII"</a>. WW2 People's War<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Barnsley: Pen & Sword Aviation. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-336-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-336-3"><bdi>978-1-84884-336-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vichy+Air+Force+at+War%3A+The+French+Air+Force+that+Fought+the+Allies+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Aviation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-336-3&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Canwell%2C+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rankin2017-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rankin2017_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2017" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Polish+soldier%27s+%27fishy%27+sabotage+tale%27&rft.date=2006-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F5307448.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBond2003" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Peter (2003). "The Third Century 1904–2004". <i>300 Years of British Gibraltar, 1704–2004</i>. Gibraltar: Peter-Tan Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Third+Century+1904%E2%80%932004&rft.btitle=300+Years+of+British+Gibraltar%2C+1704%E2%80%932004&rft.place=Gibraltar&rft.pub=Peter-Tan+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1994" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Joseph J (1994). <i>Gibraltar: The making of a people; The modern political history of Gibraltar and its people</i>. Gibraltar: Mediterranean SUN Publishing Co. Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibraltar%3A+The+making+of+a+people%3B+The+modern+political+history+of+Gibraltar+and+its+people&rft.place=Gibraltar&rft.pub=Mediterranean+SUN+Publishing+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>William G.F. Jackson, The Rock of the Gibraltarians. A History of Gibraltar, Grendon: Gibraltar Books (1987) 1998</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiekałkiewicz1987" class="citation book cs1">Piekałkiewicz, Janusz (1987). <i>Sea War: 1939–1945</i>. London – New York: Blandford Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1665-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1665-7"><bdi>0-7137-1665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+War%3A+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+%E2%80%93+New+York&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Blandford+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-7137-1665-7&rft.aulast=Pieka%C5%82kiewicz&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrior2005" class="citation book cs1">Prior, Dorothy E. (2005). <i>A short History of Loreto in Gibraltar</i>. Gibraltar: DOMA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9583016-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9583016-0-3"><bdi>0-9583016-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+History+of+Loreto+in+Gibraltar&rft.place=Gibraltar&rft.pub=DOMA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-9583016-0-3&rft.aulast=Prior&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerHümmelchen1992" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) [1968 (in German)]. <i>Chronology of the war at sea, 1939–1945: the naval history of World War Two</i> (2nd, rev. expanded ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X"><bdi>1-55750-105-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+war+at+sea%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+the+naval+history+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=2nd%2C+rev.+expanded&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55750-105-X&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=H%C3%BCmmelchen%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRos_Agudo2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ros Agudo, Manuel (2005). <i>La Guerra Secreta de Franco</i> (in Spanish). Crítica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8432-383-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-8432-383-8"><bdi>84-8432-383-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Guerra+Secreta+de+Franco&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=84-8432-383-8&rft.aulast=Ros+Agudo&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTute1958" class="citation book cs1">Tute, Warren (1958). <i>The Rock</i>. Watford, Herts: Companion Book Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock&rft.place=Watford%2C+Herts&rft.pub=Companion+Book+Club&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Tute&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>British Possessions in the Mediterranean, in: Britannica Book of the Year 1945 pp. 438–439 (on events of 1944)</li> <li>"<i>Frogmen First Battles</i>" by retired U.S Captain William Schofield's book (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8283-2088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8283-2088-8">0-8283-2088-8</a>)</li> <li>Gibraltar, in: Americana Annual 1940 p. 389, 1943 p. 318, 1944 p. 303, 1945 p. 321, 1946 pp. 322–323</li> <li>Gibraltar, in: New International Year Book, Events of 1940 p. 313, 1941 p. 242, 1942 p. 284, 1943 p. 242, 1944 p. 254</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Operation Tracer". <i>Gibraltar Magazine</i>. October 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gibraltar+Magazine&rft.atitle=Operation+Tracer&rft.date=1997-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockey2009" class="citation book cs1">Stockey, Gareth (2009). <i>Gibraltar: A Dagger in the Spine of Spain?</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-301-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gibraltar%3A+A+Dagger+in+the+Spine+of+Spain%3F&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-301-0&rft.aulast=Stockey&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlayson1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Finlayson" title="Tommy Finlayson">Finlayson, Thomas James</a> (1991). <i>The Fortress Came First: Story of the Civilian Population of Gibraltar During the Second World War</i>. Gibraltar Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948466-12-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-948466-12-X"><bdi>0-948466-12-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fortress+Came+First%3A+Story+of+the+Civilian+Population+of+Gibraltar+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Gibraltar+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-948466-12-X&rft.aulast=Finlayson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1990" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, William (1990). <i>The Rock of the Gibraltarians. A History of Gibraltar</i> (2nd ed.). Grendon, Northamptonshire, UK: Gibraltar Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948466-14-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-948466-14-6"><bdi>0-948466-14-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock+of+the+Gibraltarians.+A+History+of+Gibraltar&rft.place=Grendon%2C+Northamptonshire%2C+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gibraltar+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-948466-14-6&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span> General Sir William Jackson was <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor of Gibraltar</a> between 1978 and 1982, a military historian and former Chairman of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foghs.org.uk">Friends of Gibraltar Heritage Society</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rankin" title="Nicholas Rankin">Rankin, Nicholas</a> (2017). <i>Defending the Rock: How Gibraltar Defeated Hitler</i>. London: Faber. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780571307708" title="Special:BookSources/9780571307708"><bdi>9780571307708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Rock%3A+How+Gibraltar+Defeated+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Faber&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780571307708&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Gibraltar+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>Gingell, Joe (2011). We Thank God and England. A collection of memorabilia about the evacuation of the Gibraltar civilian population 1940-1951.Gibraltar National Archives. </p><p>Gingell, Joe (2018). Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea. A collection of memorabilia about the evacuation of the Gibraltar civilian population 1940-1951.Gibraltar National Archives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template talk:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire battles of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign"><b>North Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Siege of Giarabub</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Capture of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion">Operation Skorpion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands occupation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkans</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rethymno" title="Battle of Rethymno">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><b>Mediterranean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Battle of Calabria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Battle of Cape Bon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Passero (1940)">Battle of Cape Passero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Battle of Cape Spartivento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Battle of the Ligurian Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Battle of Skerki Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Battle off Zuwarah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Operation Abstention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation Albumen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Operation Excess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Operation Grog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Operation Scylla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">Operation White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Raid on Souda Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Battle of Grand Harbour</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Battle of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Operation Gisela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diver" title="Operation Diver">Operation Diver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Operation Blackcock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Battle of the Reichswald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Kowloon_and_New_Territories" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Kowloon and New Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Island" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Defence of Johore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Recapture of Burma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Battle of Ceylon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">Indian Ocean raid (1944)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Battle of the Malacca Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outflank" title="Operation Outflank">Bombing of Sumatra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collie" title="Operation Collie">Bombardment of Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Livery" title="Operation Livery">Bombardment of Northern Malaya</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Fallujah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Siege_of_Habbaniya" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Siege of Habbaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Basra" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Baghdad" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Capture of Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_Invasion_of_Khuzestan" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Khuzestan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_invasion_of_Central_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Central Iran</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Capture of Beirut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Capture of Damascus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_theater_(World_War_II)" title="American theater (World War II)">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><b>Atlantic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Battle of the Denmark Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gibraltar_topics" title="Template talk:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gibraltar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gibraltar_topics_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Gibraltar</span></a> topics  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neanderthals_in_Gibraltar" title="Neanderthals in Gibraltar">Neanderthals in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Timeline of the history of Gibraltar">Timeline</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Gibraltar" title="List of sieges of Gibraltar">sieges</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="First Siege of Gibraltar">First Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1607)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1607)">Battle of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gibraltar" title="Capture of Gibraltar">Capture of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rooke" title="George Rooke">George Rooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Siege_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar">Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Great Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Augustus_Eliott,_1st_Baron_Heathfield" title="George Augustus Eliott, 1st Baron Heathfield">George Augustus Eliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_real" title="Gibraltar real">Gibraltar real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nationality_in_Gibraltar" title="History of nationality in Gibraltar">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Genoese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maltese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Maltese in Gibraltar">Maltese in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosion_of_the_RFA_Bedenham" title="Explosion of the RFA Bedenham">Explosion of the RFA <i>Bedenham</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Death_on_the_Rock" title="Death on the Rock">Death on the Rock</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Aurora_(2000)#2003:_Norwalk_virus_breakout" title="MV Aurora (2000)"><i>Aurora</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_New_Flame" title="MV New Flame"><i>New Flame</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Fedra" title="MV Fedra"><i>Fedra</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Gibraltar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Gibraltar">COVID-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/80px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/120px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/160px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Geography</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Gibraltar" title="Climate of Gibraltar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="Geology of the Iberian Peninsula">Geology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_Transform_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault">Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:Environment of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Environment</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Gibraltar" title="List of birds of Gibraltar">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Gibraltar" title="List of mammals of Gibraltar">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_and_reptiles_of_Gibraltar" title="List of amphibians and reptiles of Gibraltar">Reptiles and amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberis_gibraltarica" title="Iberis gibraltarica">Candytuft <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Iberis gibraltarica</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Botanic_Gardens" title="Gibraltar Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Ornithological_%26_Natural_History_Society" title="Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society">Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Alameda Wildlife Conservation Park">Wildlife Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Gibraltar" title="Bay of Gibraltar">Bay of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Bay" title="Catalan Bay">Catalan Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Beach,_Gibraltar" title="Eastern Beach, Gibraltar">Eastern Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Gibraltar" title="Rock of Gibraltar">Rock of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Cave" title="St. Michael's Cave">St. Michael's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Gibraltar" title="Sandy Bay, Gibraltar">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Cave" title="Vanguard Cave">Vanguard Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_(Gibraltar)" title="Windmill Hill (Gibraltar)">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Gibraltar" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Built</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Hotel,_Gibraltar" title="Bristol Hotel, Gibraltar">Bristol Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_City_Hall" title="Gibraltar City Hall">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Convent_(Gibraltar)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Convent (Gibraltar)">The Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrison_Library" title="Garrison Library">Garrison Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_George_V_Hospital_(Gibraltar)" title="King George V Hospital (Gibraltar)">King George V Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Castle" title="Moorish Castle">Moorish Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rock_Hotel" title="The Rock Hotel">The Rock Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bernard%27s_Hospital" title="St Bernard's Hospital">St. Bernard's Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Politics_and_Government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Politics and Government</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Gibraltar" title="Constitution of Gibraltar">Constitution Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_1969" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Constitution_Order_2006" title="Gibraltar Constitution Order 2006">2006</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Gibraltar" title="Law of Gibraltar">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Gibraltar" title="Judiciary of Gibraltar">court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Gibraltar">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_passport_(Gibraltar)" title="British passport (Gibraltar)">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_development_in_modern_Gibraltar" title="Political development in modern Gibraltar">Political development in modern Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Gibraltar" title="Chief Minister of Gibraltar">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar" title="Governor of Gibraltar">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Gibraltar" title="Mayor of Gibraltar">Mayor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gibraltar" title="Politics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Political issues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Swan_Project" title="Black Swan Project">Black Swan Project controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed status of Gibraltar">Disputed status</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_status_of_the_isthmus_between_Gibraltar_and_Spain" title="Disputed status of the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain">isthmus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Gibraltar" title="Elections in Gibraltar">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2007 Gibraltar general election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2011 Gibraltar general election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2015 Gibraltar general election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2019 Gibraltar general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Gibraltar_general_election" title="2023 Gibraltar general election">2023</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Gibraltar Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Gibraltar_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Gibraltar Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Gibraltar" title="List of political parties in Gibraltar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty referendums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="1967 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gibraltar_sovereignty_referendum" title="2002 Gibraltar sovereignty referendum">2002</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">EU referendum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_(Referendum)_Act_2016_(Gibraltar)" title="European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)">European Union (Referendum) Act 2016 (Gibraltar)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Military</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Gibraltar" title="British Forces Gibraltar">British Forces Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Defence_Police" title="Gibraltar Defence Police">Gibraltar Defence Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Squadron" title="Gibraltar Squadron">Gibraltar Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napier_of_Magdala_Battery" title="Napier of Magdala Battery">Napier of Magdala Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Gibraltar" title="RAF Gibraltar">RAF Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Police" title="Royal Gibraltar Police">Royal Gibraltar Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Regiment" title="Royal Gibraltar Regiment">Royal Gibraltar Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gibraltar" title="Economy of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Economy</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Gibraltar" title="List of banks in Gibraltar">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_pound" title="Gibraltar pound">Gibraltar pound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Gibraltar_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Gibraltar pound">coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Stock_Exchange" title="Gibraltar Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Gibraltar" title="Taxation in Gibraltar">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gibraltar" title="Tourism in Gibraltar">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Gibraltar" title="Communications in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Communications</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.gi" title=".gi">.gi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Internet domain)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation">Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Chronicle" title="Gibraltar Chronicle">Gibraltar Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibtelecom" title="Gibtelecom">Gibtelecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panorama_(Gibraltar)" title="Panorama (Gibraltar)">Panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Regulatory_Authority" title="Gibraltar Regulatory Authority">Regulatory Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Gibraltar_Post_Office" title="Royal Gibraltar Post Office">Royal Gibraltar Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Gibraltar" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Gibraltar">postage stamps and history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_orders_of_Gibraltar" title="Postal orders of Gibraltar">postal orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Study_Circle" title="Gibraltar Study Circle">Study Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Gibraltar" title="Telephone numbers in Gibraltar">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Gibraltar" title="Transport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Transport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_International_Airport" title="Gibraltar International Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cable_Car" title="Gibraltar Cable Car">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border" title="Gibraltar–Spain border">Gibraltar–Spain border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_in_Gibraltar" title="Shipping in Gibraltar">Shipping in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Gibraltar" title="Vehicle registration plates of Gibraltar">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:red;color:white;"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gibraltar" title="Culture of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Culture</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gibraltar" title="Education in Gibraltar">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayside_Comprehensive_School" title="Bayside Comprehensive School">Bayside Comprehensive School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westside_School,_Gibraltar" title="Westside School, Gibraltar">Westside School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">University of Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Gibraltar" title="Miss Gibraltar">Miss Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Gibraltar" title="Music of Gibraltar">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ll%C3%A9vame_Donde_Nac%C3%AD" title="Llévame Donde Nací">Llévame Donde Nací</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gibraltar Fair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_National_Day" title="Gibraltar National Day">National Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Gibraltar" title="Public holidays in Gibraltar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_Gibraltar" title="Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar">Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Gibraltar" title="Demographics of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Demographics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians" title="Gibraltarians">Gibraltarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gibraltarians" title="List of Gibraltarians">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gibraltarians in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_status" title="Gibraltarian status">Gibraltarian status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Gibraltar" title="Languages of Gibraltar">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Religion</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_in_Europe" title="Diocese in Europe">Diocese in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_in_Europe" title="Bishop in Europe">Bishop diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragan_Bishop_in_Europe" title="Suffragan Bishop in Europe">Bishop suffragan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Gibraltar" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Gibraltar">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Gibraltar" title="St Andrew's Church, Gibraltar">St. Andrew's Church <span style="font-size:85%;">(Church of Scotland)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Methodist_Church" title="Gibraltar Methodist Church">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Gibraltar">Roman Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Gibraltar" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Gibraltar">Diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Bishop_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Bishop of Gibraltar">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Mary_the_Crowned" title="Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned">Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Our Lady of Europe">Our Lady of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Europe" title="Shrine of Our Lady of Europe">Shrine of Our Lady of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cemetery" title="Trafalgar Cemetery">Trafalgar Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Gibraltar" title="Hinduism in Gibraltar">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Gibraltar" title="Islam in Gibraltar">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim_Mosque" title="Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque">Ibrahim-al-Ibrahim Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Gibraltar)" title="Great Synagogue (Gibraltar)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogues of Gibraltar">other synagogues</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Gibraltar" title="Sport in Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Sport</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_sport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:4.4em;font-weight:normal;">By sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltar national basketball team">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cricket_Association" title="Gibraltar Cricket Association">Cricket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_cricket_team" title="Gibraltar national cricket team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Cycling_Association" title="Gibraltar Cycling Association">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Hockey_Association" title="Gibraltar Hockey Association">Field hockey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="Gibraltar men's national field hockey team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Gibraltar" title="Football in Gibraltar">Football</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Football_Association" title="Gibraltar Football Association">Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_football_team" title="Gibraltar national football team">national team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Gibraltar" title="Rugby union in Gibraltar">Rugby union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_national_rugby_union_team" title="Gibraltar national rugby union team">national team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Barbarians_Rugby_Club" title="Gibraltar Barbarians Rugby Club">Campo Gibraltar RUFC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Gibraltar at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Island_Games_Association" title="International Island Games Association">Island Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_records_in_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian records in athletics">Records in athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Stadium,_Gibraltar" title="Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar">Victoria Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:red;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Gibraltar" title="Category:National symbols of Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Symbols</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Anthem" title="Gibraltar Anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gibraltar" title="Coat of arms of Gibraltar">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gibraltar" title="Flag of Gibraltar">Official flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags of Gibraltar">other flags</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:red;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" title="Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span>  <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gibraltar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Commons</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Gibraltar" title="Portal:Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Portal</span></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Gibraltar" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Gibraltar"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">WikiProject</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Strategic bombing during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing during World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_bombing_of_cities#Aerial_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Aerial bombing of cities">Aerial bombing of cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-weapons" title="V-weapons">V-weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Innsbruck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Innsbruck in World War II">Innsbruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vienna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vienna in World War II">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustadt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_Air_Raid" title="Aarhus Air Raid">Aarhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Carthage" title="Operation Carthage">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nex%C3%B8#Allied_air_attacks" title="Nexø">Nexø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne#Allied_air_attacks" title="Rønne">Rønne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Estonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Narva_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Narva in World War II">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">Tallinn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood#Preliminary_attacks" title="Operation Charnwood">Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia#Allied_preparations" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan#Destruction" title="Royan">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Leu-d%27Esserent" title="Saint-Leu-d'Esserent">Saint-Leu-d'Esserent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of<br /> the Ruhr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bochum#Allied_air_attacks" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cologne_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cologne in World War II">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dortmund#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Duisburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Duisburg in World War II">Duisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_D%C3%BCsseldorf_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Düsseldorf in World War II">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Essen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Essen in World War II">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen#Nazi_Germany" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krefeld#Allied_air_attacks" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wuppertal_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wuppertal in World War II">Wuppertal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aachen#World_War_II" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Augsburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Augsburg in World War II">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschersleben#Allied_air_attacks" title="Aschersleben">Aschersleben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Baden-Baden_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Baden-Baden in World War II">Baden-Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bamberg" title="Bombing of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Berlin in World War II">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocholt,_Germany#Allied_air_attack" title="Bocholt, Germany">Bocholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Braunschweig_(October_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Braunschweig (October 1944)">Braunschweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bremen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bremen in World War II">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz#World_War_II" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crailsheim#Allied_air_attacks" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darmstadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Darmstadt in World War II">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessau#Allied_air_attacks" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dietzenbach_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dietzenbach in World War II">Dietzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden" title="Bombing of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emden#Allied_air_attacks" title="Emden">Emden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frankfurt_am_Main_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Freiburg_on_10_May_1940" title="Bombing of Freiburg on 10 May 1940">Freiburg (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tigerfish" title="Operation Tigerfish">Freiburg (Allies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Friedrichshafen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Friedrichshafen in World War II">Friedrichshafen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giessen#Allied_air_attack" title="Giessen">Giessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Bombing of Göttingen">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halberstadt#Allied_air_attacks" title="Halberstadt">Halberstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)#World_War_II_(1939–1945)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanau in World War II">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hanover_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hanover in World War II">Hannover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hildesheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hildesheim in World War II">Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena#Allied_air_attacks" title="Jena">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserslautern#World_War_II" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe#Allied_air_attacks" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleve#Allied_air_attacks" title="Kleve">Kleve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Leipzig_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Leipzig in World War II">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCbeck_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Lübeck in World War II">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ludwigshafen_and_Oppau_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II">Ludwigshafen / Oppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Bombing of Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mainz_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mainz in World War II">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg#Allied_air_attacks" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mannheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Mannheim in World War II">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moers#Allied_air_attack" title="Moers">Moers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster#Allied_air_attacks" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Munich_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Munich in World War II">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nordhausen_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nordhausen in World War II">Nordhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nuremberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Nuremberg in World War II">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Obersalzberg" title="Bombing of Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck#Allied_air_attacks" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paderborn#Allied_air_attacks" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Peenemünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam#Allied_air_attacks" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock#Allied_air_attack" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken#World_War_II" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt#World_War_II" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegen#Allied_air_attacks" title="Siegen">Siegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stralsund_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Stralsund in World War II">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stuttgart_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Stuttgart in World War II">Stuttgart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ulm_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ulm in World War II">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wesel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wesel in World War II">Wesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wilhelmshaven_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wilhelmshaven in World War II">Wilhelmshaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany#Allied_air_attacks" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Würzburg in World War II">Würzburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest#Allied_air_strikes" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassa" title="Bombing of Kassa">Kassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alessandria#Allied_air_attacks" title="Alessandria">Alessandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ancona_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ancona in World War II">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Bari" title="Air raid on Bari">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento#Allied_air_attacks" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bologna_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bologna in World War II">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Cagliari_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Cagliari in World War II">Cagliari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania#Allied_air_attacks" title="Catania">Catania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Ferrara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Ferrara in World War II">Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Foggia" title="Bombing of Foggia">Foggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raid_on_Frascati" title="Air raid on Frascati">Frascati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Genoa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Genoa in World War II">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorla" title="Bombing of Gorla">Gorla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Grosseto_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Grosseto in World War II">Grosseto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Livorno_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Livorno in World War II">Livorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina#Allied_air_attacks" title="Messina">Messina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Milan_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Milan in World War II">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Naples_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Naples in World War II">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Padua_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Padua in World War II">Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Palermo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Palermo in World War II">Palermo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pescara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pescara in World War II">Pescara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pisa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pisa in World War II">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Reggio_Calabria_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Reggio Calabria in World War II">Reggio Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rimini_(1944)" title="Battle of Rimini (1944)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rome in World War II">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terni#Allied_air_attacks" title="Terni">Terni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Treviso_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Treviso in World War II">Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste#Allied_air_attacks" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Turin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Turin in World War II">Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Verona#20th_century" title="History of Verona">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Vicenza_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Vicenza in World War II">Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viterbo#Allied_air_attacks" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zadar_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zadar in World War II">Zadar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Amsterdam" title="Bombing of Amsterdam">Amsterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombings_of_Amsterdam-Noord" title="Allied bombings of Amsterdam-Noord">Amsterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Oyster" title="Operation Oyster">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enschede#World_War_II" title="Enschede">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Enkhuizen" title="Bombing of Enkhuizen">Enkhuizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland#Bombing_of_Middelburg" title="Battle of Zeeland">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nijmegen" title="Bombing of Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam (Axis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_bombing_of_Rotterdam_in_World_War_II" title="Allied bombing of Rotterdam in World War II">Rotterdam (Allied)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammerfest_(town)#Destruction_in_World_War_II" title="Hammerfest (town)">Hammerfest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsos_campaign#Air_attacks" title="Namsos campaign">Namsos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Frampol" title="Bombing of Frampol">Frampol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Warsaw_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Warsaw in World War II">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Bombing of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bucharest_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bucharest in World War II">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tidal_Wave" title="Operation Tidal Wave">Ploiești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Timi%C8%99oara_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Timișoara in World War II">Timișoara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad#Bombardment" title="Siege of Leningrad">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Stalingrad" title="Bombing of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Switzerland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Stein_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Stein am Rhein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Switzerland_in_World_War_II#Zürich_and_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombings of Switzerland in World War II">Zürich and Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow_Blitz" title="Barrow Blitz">Barrow-in-Furness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Blitz" title="Bath Blitz">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Blitz" title="Bournemouth Blitz">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_Blitz" title="Brighton Blitz">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blitz" title="Bristol Blitz">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Blitz" title="Cardiff Blitz">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clydebank_Blitz" title="Clydebank Blitz">Clydebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_Blitz" title="Coventry Blitz">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_Blitz" title="Exeter Blitz">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenock_Blitz" title="Greenock Blitz">Greenock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Blitz" title="Leeds Blitz">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Blitz" title="Liverpool Blitz">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Blitz" title="Manchester Blitz">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_Blitz" title="Norwich Blitz">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz" title="Nottingham Blitz">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Blitz" title="Plymouth Blitz">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Blitz" title="Sheffield Blitz">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Blitz" title="Swansea Blitz">Swansea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Yugoslavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgrade <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Retribution_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Retribution (1941)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Belgrade_(1944)" title="Bombing of Belgrade (1944)">1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Podgorica_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Podgorica in World War II">Podgorica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sarajevo_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sarajevo in World War II">Sarajevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dublin_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Dublin in World War II">Dublin</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Helsinki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Helsinki in World War II">Helsinki</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Prague" title="Bombing of Prague">Prague</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sofia_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Sofia in World War II">Sofia</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Zagreb_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Zagreb in World War II">Zagreb</a> (Croatia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Burma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Mandalay_(1942)" title="Bombing of Mandalay (1942)">Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Allied Rangoon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Hong_Kong" title="Air raids on Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanking" title="Battle of Nanking">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sukabumi" title="Bombing of Sukabumi">Sukabumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Transom" title="Operation Transom">Surabaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Akita_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Akita in World War II">Akita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Aomori_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Aomori in World War II">Aomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chiba_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Chiba in World War II">Chiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukui_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Fukui in World War II">Fukui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Fukuoka" title="Bombing of Fukuoka">Fukuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gifu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gifu in World War II">Gifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamamatsu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamamatsu in World War II">Hamamatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hiratsuka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hiratsuka in World War II">Hiratsuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kobe_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kobe in World War II">Kobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C5%8Dfu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kōfu in World War II">Kōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kumagaya" title="Bombing of Kumagaya">Kumagaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kure" title="Bombing of Kure">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagaoka" title="Bombing of Nagaoka">Nagaoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Nagoya" title="Bombing of Nagoya">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Naha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Numazu_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Numazu in World War II">Numazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Okazaki_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Okazaki in World War II">Okazaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Osaka" title="Bombing of Osaka">Osaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cockpit" title="Operation Cockpit">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Sendai_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Sendai during World War II">Sendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shizuoka_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Shizuoka in World War II">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo_(10_March_1945)" title="Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)">10 March 1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyohashi_Air_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyohashi Air Raid">Toyohashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Toyokawa_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Toyokawa in World War II">Toyokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Utsunomiya_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Utsunomiya during World War II">Utsunomiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Yawata">Yawata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yawata_(June_1944)" title="Bombing of Yawata (June 1944)">June 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Yokkaichi_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Yokkaichi in World War II">Yokkaichi</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taihoku</a> (Taiwan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Singapore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Allied Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1944–1945)">Axis Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Unalaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Bangkok</a> (Thailand)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Colombo</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kuala_Lumpur_(1945)" title="Bombing of Kuala Lumpur (1945)">Kuala Lumpur</a> (Malaysia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Manila</a> (Philippines)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and<br />Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Mandatory Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_bombing_of_Mandatory_Palestine_in_World_War_II" title="Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II">Tel Aviv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bahrain_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bahrain in World War II">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_raids_on_Cyprus_during_World_War_II" title="Bombing raids on Cyprus during World War II">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Italian_bombing_of_Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table 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