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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forenames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forenames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Forenames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forenames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-María,_José_and_Jesús_in_composite_given_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#María,_José_and_Jesús_in_composite_given_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 María, José and Jesús in composite given names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-María,_José_and_Jesús_in_composite_given_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Registered_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Registered_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Registered names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Registered_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Generational transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navarrese_and_Álavan_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navarrese_and_Álavan_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Navarrese and Álavan surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navarrese_and_Álavan_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominal_conjunctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_conjunctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nominal conjunctions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nominal_conjunctions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nominal conjunctions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nominal_conjunctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_particle_"de"_(of)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_particle_"de"_(of)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The particle "de" (of) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_particle_"de"_(of)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_particle_"y"_(and)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_particle_"y"_(and)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The particle "y" (and) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_particle_"y"_(and)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Denotations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Denotations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Denotations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Denotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identity_and_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity_and_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Identity and descent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identity_and_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_suffix_-ez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_suffix_-ez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 The suffix -ez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_suffix_-ez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundlings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundlings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Foundlings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundlings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_citizens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_citizens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Foreign citizens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_citizens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flamenco_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flamenco_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Flamenco artists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flamenco_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_hypocoristics_and_nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_hypocoristics_and_nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Spanish hypocoristics and nicknames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_hypocoristics_and_nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain's_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain's_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Spain's other languages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spain's_other_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Spain's other languages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Spain's_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Basque names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalan_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Catalan names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catalan_hypocoristics_and_nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalan_hypocoristics_and_nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Catalan hypocoristics and nicknames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalan_hypocoristics_and_nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galician_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galician_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Galician names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galician_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galician_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galician_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Galician surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galician_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galician_given_names_and_nicknames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galician_given_names_and_nicknames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Galician given names and nicknames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galician_given_names_and_nicknames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceuta_and_Melilla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceuta_and_Melilla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ceuta and Melilla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceuta_and_Melilla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indexing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indexing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Indexing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indexing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Spanish naming customs</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تقاليد التسمية في إسبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقاليد التسمية في إسبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_navnebrug" title="Spansk navnebrug – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spansk navnebrug" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تقاليد د تسمية سپنيولية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقاليد د تسمية سپنيولية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanischer_Name" title="Spanischer Name – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanischer Name" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_espa%C3%B1ol" title="Nombre español – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre español" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanaj_kaj_hispanlingvaj_personaj_nomoj" title="Hispanaj kaj hispanlingvaj personaj nomoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispanaj kaj hispanlingvaj personaj nomoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="رسوم نام‌گذاری اسپانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسوم نام‌گذاری اسپانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_traditionnel_des_noms_espagnols" title="Système traditionnel des noms espagnols – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système traditionnel des noms espagnols" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaanske_namme" title="Spaanske namme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Spaanske namme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%9E%91%EB%AA%85" title="스페인의 작명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인의 작명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_Spanyol" title="Nama Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Испайнаг ном – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Испайнаг ном" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomastica_spagnola" title="Onomastica spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Onomastica spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_szem%C3%A9lynevek" title="Spanyol személynevek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol személynevek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="عادات الاسامى الاسبانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عادات الاسامى الاسبانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberische_en_Ibero-Amerikaanse_achternamen" title="Iberische en Ibero-Amerikaanse achternamen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iberische en Ibero-Amerikaanse achternamen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Испанскы имена – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Испанскы имена" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Испанское имя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанское имя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish naming customs" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Іберійські імена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іберійські імена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نام رکھنے کی ہسپانوی روایات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نام رکھنے کی ہسپانوی روایات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_t%E1%BB%A5c_g%E1%BB%8Di_t%C3%AAn_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Phong tục gọi tên Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong tục gọi tên Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D" title="西班牙人名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西班牙人名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD%E5%A7%93%E5%90%8D" title="西班牙语姓名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西班牙语姓名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q259614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_name&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan name</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about naming customs in Spain. For Hispanic America, see <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Naming customs of Hispanic America</a>.</div> Spanish names are the traditional way of identifying, and the official way of registering, a person in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. They are composed of a <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> (simple or composite<a href="#cite_note-composite-2">[a]</a>) and two <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surnames</a> (the first surname of each parent). Traditionally, the first surname is the father's first surname, and the second is the mother's first surname. Since 1999, the order of the surnames in a family in Spain is decided when registering the first child, but the traditional order is nearly universally chosen (99.53% of the time).<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">José García Torres</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">María Acosta Gómez</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Pablo García Acosta</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> The practice is to use one given name and the first surname generally (e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a>" for Penélope Cruz Sánchez); the complete name is reserved for legal, formal and documentary matters. Both surnames are sometimes systematically used when the first surname is very common (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Ruiz Picasso</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>) to get a more distinguishable name.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> In these cases, it is even common to use only the second surname, as in "Lorca", "Picasso" or "Zapatero". This does not affect alphabetization: "Lorca", the Spanish poet, must be alphabetized in an index under "García Lorca", not "Lorca" or "García". Spanish naming customs were extended to countries under Spanish rule, influencing <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">naming customs of Hispanic America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Philippines</a> to different extent. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_structure">Basic structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic structure">edit</a>]</div> Currently in Spain, people bear a single or composite <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a> (nombre in Spanish) and two <a href="/wiki/Surnames" class="mw-redirect" title="Surnames">surnames</a> (apellidos in Spanish). A composite given name is composed of two (or more) single names; for example, Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The two surnames refer to each of the parental families. Traditionally, a person's first surname is the father's first surname (apellido paterno), while their second surname is the mother's first surname (apellido materno). For example, if a man named Eduardo Fernández Garrido marries a woman named María Dolores Martínez Ruiz (note that women do not change their name with marriage) and they have a child named José, there are several legal options, but their child would most usually be known as José Fernández Martínez. Spanish <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> law has allowed surname transposition since 1999,<a href="#cite_note-Orden_de_apellidos-9">[7]</a> subject to the condition that every sibling must bear the same surname order recorded in the Registro Civil (<a href="/wiki/Civil_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil registry">civil registry</a>), but there have been legal exceptions. Since 2013, if the parents of a child were unable to agree on the order of surnames, an official would decide which is to come first,<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> with the paternal name being the default option. The only requirement is that every son and daughter must have the same order of the surnames, so they cannot change it separately. Since June 2017, adopting the paternal name first is no longer the standard method, and parents are required to sign an agreement wherein the name order is expressed explicitly.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-elmundo2-15">[13]</a> The law also grants a person the option, upon reaching adulthood, of reversing the order of their surnames. However, this legislation only applies to Spanish citizens; people of other nationalities are issued the surname indicated by the laws of their original country.<a href="#cite_note-elmundo2-15">[13]</a> Each of these two surnames can also be composite in itself, with the parts usually linked by: <ul><li>the conjunction y or e (and),</li> <li>the preposition de (of), or</li> <li>a hyphen.</li></ul> For example, a person's name might be Juan Pablo Fernández de Calderón García-Iglesias, consisting of a forename (Juan Pablo), a paternal surname (Fernández de Calderón), and a maternal surname (García-Iglesias). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forms_of_address">Forms of address</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms of address">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish naming customs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">"Spanish naming customs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A man named José Antonio Gómez Iglesias would normally be addressed as either señor Gómez or señor Gómez Iglesias instead of señor Iglesias, because Gómez is his first surname. Furthermore, Mr. Gómez might be informally addressed as <ol><li>José Antonio</li> <li>José</li> <li>Pepe (nickname for José)</li> <li>Antonio</li> <li>Toño (nickname for Antonio)</li> <li>Joselito, Josito, Joselillo, Josico or Joselín (diminutives of José)</li> <li>Antoñito, Toñín, Toñito, Ñoño or Nono (diminutives of Antonio)</li> <li>Joseán (<a href="/wiki/Apocope" title="Apocope">apocopation</a>).</li></ol> Very formally, he could be addressed with an honorific such as <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">don</a> José Antonio or don José. It is not unusual, when the first surname is very common, like García in the example above, for a person to be referred to formally using both family names, or casually by their second surname only. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a> (elected President of the Spanish Government in the 2004 and 2008 general elections) is often called simply Zapatero, the name he inherited from his mother's family since Rodríguez is a common surname and may be ambiguous. The same occurs with another former Spanish Socialist leader, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_P%C3%A9rez_Rubalcaba" title="Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba">Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba</a>, with the poet and dramatist <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, and with the painter <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Ruiz Picasso</a>. As these people's paternal surnames are very common, they are often referred to by their maternal surnames (Rubalcaba, Lorca, Picasso). It would nonetheless be a mistake to index Rodríguez Zapatero under Z or García Lorca under L. (Picasso, who spent most of his adult life in France, is normally indexed under "P".) In an English-speaking environment, Spanish-named people sometimes <a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">hyphenate</a> their surnames to avoid Anglophone confusion or to fill in forms with only one space provided for the last name:<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> for example, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez</a>, who is of Puerto Rican heritage, is named "Ocasio-Cortez" because her parents' surnames are Ocasio-Roman and Ocasio-Cortez (née Cortez). She has publicly corrected people who referred to her as "Cortez" rather than "Ocasio-Cortez".<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> In Spanish-speaking countries, hyphenated surnames arise when someone wants both the paternal and maternal surnames passed to future generations, and the next generation receives the two, hyphenated, as a single (paternal) surname. Occasionally the two are fused into a simple (unhyphenated) name, such as <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos"> Jovellanos</a> (from Jove and Llanos). Rarely, the two names are left unhyphenated, such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo"> López Portillo</a>, which may lead to confusion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forenames">Forenames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forenames">edit</a>]</div> Parents choose their child's <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, which must be recorded in the Registro Civil (Civil Registry) to establish their legal identity.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> With few restrictions, parents can now choose any name; common sources of names are the parents' taste, honouring a relative, the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> nomina (nominal register), and traditional Spanish names. Legislation in <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain under Franco">Spain under Franco</a>'s dictatorship legally limited cultural naming customs to only <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> (Jesus, Mary, saints)<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> and typical Spanish names (Álvaro, Jimena, etc.). Although the first part of a composite forename generally reflects the gender of the child, the second personal name need not (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a>). At present, the only naming limitation is the dignity of the child, who cannot be given an insulting name. Similar limitations applied against diminutive, familiar, and colloquial variants not recognized as names proper, and "those that lead to confusion regarding sex";<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> however, current law<a href="#cite_note-''Identidad_de_género''-21">[19]</a> allows registration of diminutive names.<a href="#cite_note-Pepe-22">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="María,_José_and_Jesús_in_composite_given_names">María, José and Jesús in composite given names</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: María, José and Jesús in composite given names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish naming customs">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">"Spanish naming customs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentracion_apellidos_por_provincias_Espa%C3%B1a.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Concentracion_apellidos_por_provincias_Espa%C3%B1a.png/400px-Concentracion_apellidos_por_provincias_Espa%C3%B1a.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Concentracion_apellidos_por_provincias_Espa%C3%B1a.png 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Spanish provincial surname concentrations: percentage of population born with the ten most-common surnames for each province (source: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a> 2006) </figcaption></figure> Girls are often named María,<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> honouring the <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Virgin Mary</a>, by appending either a shrine, place, or religious-concept suffix-name to María. In daily life, such women omit the "Mary of the ..." nominal prefix, and use the suffix portion of their composite names as their public, rather than legal, <a href="/wiki/Personally_identifiable_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Personally identifiable information">identity</a>. Hence, women with <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Marian</a> names such as María de los Ángeles (María of the Angels), María del Pilar (<a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">María of the Pillar</a>), and María de la Luz (María of the Light), are normally addressed as Ángeles (Angels), Pilar (Pillar), and Luz (Light); however, each might be addressed as María. Nicknames such as Maricarmen for María del Carmen, Marisol for "María (de la) Soledad" ("Our Lady of Solitude", the Virgin Mary), Dolores or Lola for María de los Dolores ("Our Lady of Sorrows"), Mercedes or Merche for María de las Mercedes ("Our Lady of the Gifts"), etc. are often used. Also, parents can simply name a girl María, or Mari without a suffix portion. It is common for a boy's formal name to include María, preceded by a masculine name, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mar%C3%ADa_Vicencio_de_Ripperd%C3%A1" title="Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá">Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdá</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mar%C3%ADa_Rouco_Varela" title="Antonio María Rouco Varela">Antonio María Rouco Varela</a>. Equivalently, a girl can be formally named María José , e.g. skier <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Jos%C3%A9_Rienda" title="María José Rienda">María José Rienda</a>, and informally named Marijose, Mariajo, Majo, Ajo, Marisé or even José in honour of St. Joseph. María as a masculine name is often abbreviated in writing as M. (José M. Aznar), Ma. (José Ma. Aznar), or M.ª (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José M.ª Morelos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> It is unusual for any names other than the religiously significant María and José to be used in this way except for the name Jesús that is also very common and can be used as Jesús or Jesús María for a boy and María Jesús for a girl, and can be abbreviated as Sus, Chus and other nicknames. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Registered_names">Registered names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Registered names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish naming customs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">"Spanish naming customs"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Spanish+naming+customs%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Registro Civil (Civil Registry) officially records a child's identity as composed of a <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">forename</a> (simple or composite) and the two <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">surnames</a>; however, a child can be religiously <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptized</a> with several forenames, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Juan_Froil%C3%A1n_de_Marichalar_y_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Felipe Juan Froilán de Marichalar y Borbón">Felipe Juan Froilán de Todos los Santos</a>. Until the 1960s, it was customary to baptize children with three forenames: the first was the main and the only one used by the child; if parents agreed, one of the other two was the name of the day's saint. Nowadays, baptizing with three or more forenames is usually a <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> family practice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Marriage">edit</a>]</div> In Spain, upon marrying, one does not change one's surname. In some instances, such as high society meetings, the partner's surname can be added after the person's surnames using the preposition de (of). An example would be a Leocadia Blanco Álvarez, married to a Pedro Pérez Montilla, may be addressed as Leocadia Blanco de Pérez or as Leocadia Blanco Álvarez de Pérez. This format is not used in everyday settings and has no legal value.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> Similarly, a widow may be identified using the abbreviation "vda." for "viuda" ("widow" in Spanish), as in Leocadia Blanco vda. de Pérez. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generational_transmission">Generational transmission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Generational transmission">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png/400px-Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png/600px-Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png/800px-Spanish_surnames_by_province_of_residence.png 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>Surname distribution: the most common surnames in Spain, by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">province</a> of residence</figcaption></figure> In the generational transmission of surnames, the paternal surname's precedence eventually eliminates the maternal surnames from the family <a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">lineage</a>. Contemporary law (1999) allows the maternal surname to be given precedence, but most people observe the traditional paternal–maternal surname order. Therefore, the daughter and son of Ángela López Sáenz and Tomás Portillo Blanco are usually called Laura Portillo López and Pedro Portillo López but could also be called Laura López Portillo and Pedro López Portillo. The two surnames of all siblings must be in the same order when recorded in the Registro Civil. Spanish naming customs include the <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> option of conjoining the surnames with the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a> particle <a href="#The_particle_"y"_(and)">y</a>, or e before a name starting with 'I', 'Hi' or 'Y', (both meaning "and") (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a>, Tomás Portillo y Blanco, or <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Dato_e_Iradier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Dato e Iradier">Eduardo Dato e Iradier</a>), following an antiquated <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> usage. Patrilineal surname transmission was not always the <a href="/wiki/Norm_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Norm (sociology)">norm</a> in Spanish-speaking societies. Prior to the mid-eighteenth century,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] when the current paternal-maternal surname combination norm was adopted, Hispanophone societies often practised matrilineal surname transmission, giving children the maternal surname and occasionally giving children a grandparent's surname (borne by neither parent) for prestige – being perceived as <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> – and profit, flattering the <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarch</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarch</a> in hope of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheriting</a> land. A more recent example can be found in the name of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Franco" title="Francis Franco">Francisco de Asís Franco y Martínez-Bordiú</a> (born 1954), who took first the name of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmen Franco">Carmen Franco</a>, rather than that his father, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Mart%C3%ADnez-Bordi%C3%BA,_10th_Marquis_of_Villaverde" title="Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde">Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, 10th Marquis of Villaverde</a>, in order to perpetuate the family name of his maternal grandfather, the <a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">Caudillo</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mundo-26">[24]</a> Not every surname is a single word; such conjoining usage is common with doubled surnames (maternal-paternal), ancestral composite surnames <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">bequeathed</a> to the following generations – especially when the paternal surname is socially undistinguished. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez_del_Manzano" title="José María Álvarez del Manzano">José María Álvarez del Manzano y López del Hierro</a> is an example, his name comprising the composite single name José María and two composite surnames, Álvarez del Manzano and López del Hierro. Other examples derive from church place-names such as San José. When a person bears doubled surnames, the means of disambiguation is to insert y between the paternal and maternal surnames. In case of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimacy</a> – when the child's father either is unknown or refuses to recognize his child legally – the child bears both of the mother's surnames, which may be interchanged.<a href="#cite_note-Single-parent-27">[25]</a> Occasionally, a person with a common paternal surname and an uncommon maternal surname becomes widely known by the maternal surname. Some examples include the artist <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Ruiz Picasso</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" title="Federico García Lorca">Federico García Lorca</a>, and the politician <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>. With a similar effect, the foreign paternal surname of the Uruguayan writer <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Hughes Galeano</a> (his father was British) is usually omitted. (As a boy, however, he occasionally signed his name as Eduardo Gius, using a Hispanicized approximation of the English pronunciation of "Hughes".) Such use of the second last name by itself is colloquial, however, and may not be applied in legal contexts. Also rarely, a person may become widely known by both surnames, with an example being a tennis player <a href="/wiki/Arantxa_S%C3%A1nchez_Vicario" title="Arantxa Sánchez Vicario">Arantxa Sánchez Vicario</a> – whereas her older brothers <a href="/wiki/Emilio_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Emilio Sánchez">Emilio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Javier_S%C3%A1nchez_(tennis)" title="Javier Sánchez (tennis)">Javier</a>, also professional tennis players, are mainly known only by the paternal surname of Sánchez in everyday life, although they would formally be addressed as Sánchez Vicario. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navarrese_and_Álavan_surnames">Navarrese and Álavan surnames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Navarrese and Álavan surnames">edit</a>]</div> Where <a href="/wiki/Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque culture">Basque</a> and Romance cultures have linguistically long coexisted, the surnames denote the father's name and the (family) <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">house</a> or town/village. Thus the Romance <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronymic</a> and the place-name are conjoined with the prepositional particle de ("from"+"provenance"). For example, in the name <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Arriort%C3%BAa" title="José Ignacio López de Arriortúa">José Ignacio López de Arriortúa</a>, the composite surname López de Arriortúa is a single surname, despite Arriortúa being the original family name. This can lead to confusion because the Spanish López and the Basque Arriortúa are discrete surnames in Spanish and Basque respectively. This pattern was also in use in other Basque districts, but was phased out in most of the Basque-speaking areas and only remained in place across lands of heavy Romance influence, i.e. some central areas of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>. To a lesser extent, this pattern has been also present in Castile, where <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>-<a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a> bilingualism was common in northern and eastern areas up to the 13th century. A notable example of this system was Joaquina Sánchez de Samaniego y Fernández de Tejada, with both paternal and maternal surnames coming from this system, joined with an y ("and"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominal_conjunctions">Nominal conjunctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nominal conjunctions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_particle_"de"_(of)">The particle "de" (of)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The particle "de" (of)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_nobility" title="Spanish nobility">Spanish nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America#The_particle_"de"_(of)" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Naming customs of Hispanic America § The particle "de" (of)</a></div> In Spanish, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_prepositions" title="Spanish prepositions">preposition</a> particle de ("of") is used as a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">conjunction</a> in two different surname styles, and also used in a kind of placeholder role to disambiguate surnames that might be mistaken as additional forenames. The first style is in <a href="/wiki/Patronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronymy">patronymic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surname</a> formulæ,<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba">Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_L%C3%B3pez_de_Ayala" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro López de Ayala">Pedro López de Ayala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a>, as in many <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> names.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> In names of persons, the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">prepositional</a> particle de is written in lower-case when the forename has been included, e.g. José Manuel de la Rúa ("of the street") and Cunegunda de la Torre ("of the tower"); when the forename has been omitted, the de is capitalized, e.g. doctor De la Rúa and señora De la Torre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dt>Without a patronymic</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">Juan Carlos de Borbón</a>. Unlike in French names such as d'Alembert, in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_orthography" title="Spanish orthography">Spanish orthography</a> "de" is written out in full (not replaced by a contraction) when the surname begins with a vowel. The exception is de el ("of the"), which becomes del, e.g. Carlos Arturo del Monte (Charles Arthur of the Mountain).</dd></dl> <dl><dt>The patronymic exception</dt> <dd>The current (1958) Spanish name law, Artículo 195 del Reglamento del Registro Civil (Article 195 of the Civil Registry Regulations) does not allow a person to prefix de to their surname, except as the clarifying addition of de to a surname (apellido) that might be misunderstood as a forename (nombre);<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> thus, a child would be registered as Pedro de Miguel Jiménez to avoid the surname Miguel being mistaken as the second part of a composite name, as Pedro Miguel.</dd></dl> Bearing the de particle does not necessarily denote a noble family; especially in names from eastern <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alava" class="mw-redirect" title="Alava">Alava</a>, and western Navarre, the de usually meant simply "from", and was applied to the place-name (town or village) from which the person and his or her ancestors originated. This differs from another practice established in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, in which de could be applied to one's own name as a way of denoting the bearer's noble heritage, to avoid the misperception that he or she was either a Jew or a Moor. In that time, many people, regardless of their true origins, used the particle, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lope_de_Vega" title="Lope de Vega">Lope de Vega</a>, etc.; moreover, following that fashion, a high noble such as Francisco Sandoval Rojas called himself Francisco de Sandoval y Rojas. During the eighteenth century, the Spanish nobility fully embraced the French custom of using de as a nobility identifier; however, since many commoners also bore the same particle, the use of de became unclear. Thus, nobility was emphasised with the surname's lineage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_particle_"y"_(and)">The particle "y" (and)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The particle "y" (and)">edit</a>]</div> In the sixteenth century,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] the Spanish adopted the copulative <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">conjunction</a> y ("and") to distinguish a person's surnames; thus the Andalusian Baroque writer <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Luis de Góngora">Luis de Góngora y Argote</a> (1561–1627), the Aragonese painter <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes</a> (1746–1828), the Andalusian artist <a href="/wiki/Picasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Picasso">Pablo Diego Ruiz y Picasso</a> (1881–1973), and the Madrilenian liberal philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">José Ortega y Gasset</a> (1883–1955). In Hispanic America, this spelling convention was common among clergymen (e.g. Salvadoran Bishop <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arnulfo_Romero_y_Gald%C3%A1mez" class="mw-redirect" title="Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez">Óscar Arnulfo Romero y Galdámez</a>), and sanctioned by the Ley de Registro Civil (Civil Registry Law) of 1870, which required birth certificates to indicate the paternal and maternal surnames conjoined with y – thus, Felipe González y Márquez and José María Aznar y López are the respective legal names of the Spanish politicians <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González Márquez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar López</a>; however, unlike in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, this usage is infrequent in Spanish. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, y and its associated usages are retained only in formal state documents such as police records, but is otherwise dropped in favour of a more American-influenced naming order. The conjunction y avoids denominational confusion when the paternal surname might appear to be a (first) name: without it, the physiologist <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> might appear to be named Santiago Ramón (composite) and surnamed Cajal, likewise the jurist Francisco Tomás y Valiente, and the cleric Vicente Enrique y Tarancón. Without the conjunction, the <a href="/wiki/Football_(soccer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (soccer)">footballer</a> <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Mart%C3%ADn_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Rafael Martín Vázquez">Rafael Martín Vázquez</a>, when referred to by his surnames Martín Vázquez mistakenly appears to be forenamed Martín rather than Rafael, whilst, to his annoyance, the linguist <a href="/wiki/Fernando_L%C3%A1zaro_Carreter" title="Fernando Lázaro Carreter">Fernando Lázaro Carreter</a> occasionally was addressed as Don Lázaro, rather than as Don Fernando (Lázaro can be either forename or surname). When the conjunction y is used and the maternal surname begins with an i vowel sound — whether written with the vowel I (Ibarra), the vowel Y (Ybarra archaic spelling), or the combination Hi + consonant (<a href="/wiki/Higueras_(surname)" title="Higueras (surname)">Higueras</a>) — Spanish <a href="/wiki/Euphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphony">euphony</a> substitutes e in place of the word y; thus the example of the Spanish statesman <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Dato_e_Iradier" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Dato e Iradier">Eduardo Dato e Iradier</a> (1856–1921). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denotations">Denotations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Denotations">edit</a>]</div> To communicate a person's <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">social identity</a>, Spanish naming customs provide <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographic</a> means, such as suffix-letter abbreviations, <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> spellings, and place names, which denote and connote the person's place in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identity_and_descent">Identity and descent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Identity and descent">edit</a>]</div> p. (father of): A man named like his son may add the lower-case suffix p. (denoting padre, father) to his surname. An example of this is José Luis Lorena, p. , to distinguish him from his son José Luis Lorena; the English analogue is "Sr." (senior). h. (son of): A man named like his father may append the lower-case suffix h. (denoting hijo, son) to his surname, thus distinguishing himself, Juan Gómez Marcos, h., from his father, Juan Gómez Marcos; the English analogue is "Jr." (junior). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_suffix_-ez">The suffix -ez</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The suffix -ez">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigothic</a> invasion of the Iberian peninsula, the local population adopted to a large extent a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> naming system: the suffix -icī (a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> meaning son of) would be attached to the father's forename to create a patronymic for the son.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> This suffix gradually evolved into different local forms, depending on the language. For example, the son of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand" title="Ferdinand">Fernando</a> would be called: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>: Fernanditz<a href="#cite_note-Fernanditz-33">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castillan</a>: Fernández</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>: Ferrandis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>: Fernandes</li></ul> This system was most common in, but not limited to, the central region of <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>. Bare surnames, i.e. the father's name without the suffix -itz/-ez/-is/-es, can also be found, and are especially common in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>. This said, mass migration in the 20th century has led to a certain levelling of such regional differences. In <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Països Catalans">Catalan speaking areas</a>, the suffixed surname Ferrandis is most common in the South (the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian Country">Valencian Country</a>) while in the North (<a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>) the bare surname Ferran is more common. Furthermore, language contact led to the creation of multiple hybrid forms, as evidenced by the multiple Catalano-Castillan surnames, found especially in the Valencian Country: Fernàndez, Fernandis, Fernàndiz, Ferrandez, Ferràniz, Ferranis, etc. Not every surname that resembles this pattern is patronymic. Due to the letters z and s being pronounced alike in Latin American dialects of Spanish, many non-patronymic surnames with an -es have come to be written with an -ez. In Hispano-American <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, the -ez spellings of Chávez (<a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>), Cortez (<a href="/wiki/Alberto_Cortez" title="Alberto Cortez">Alberto Cortez</a>) and Valdez (<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Valdez" title="Nelson Valdez">Nelson Valdez</a>) are not patronymic surnames, but simply variant spellings of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian</a> Spanish spelling with -es, as in the names of <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Chaves_Gonz%C3%A1lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Chaves González">Manuel Chaves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Víctor Valdés">Víctor Valdés</a>. For more on the -z surnames in Spanish see <a href="/wiki/Influences_on_the_Spanish_language" title="Influences on the Spanish language">Influences on the Spanish language</a>. A number of the most common surnames with the patronymic suffix -ez: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 36em;"> <ul><li>Álvarez – the son of Álvar, Álvaro</li> <li>Antúnez – the son of Antón, Antonio</li> <li>Benéitez, Benítez – the son of Benito</li> <li>Díaz, Díez, Diéguez – the son of Diego</li> <li>Domínguez – the son of Domingo</li> <li>Enríquez – the son of Enrique</li> <li>Estévez – the son of Esteve, Estevo, Esteban</li> <li>Fernández – the son of Fernando</li> <li>Giménez, Jiménez, Ximénez – the son of Gimeno, Jimeno, Ximeno</li> <li>Gómez – the son of Gome, Gomo</li> <li>González – the son of Gonzalo</li> <li>Gutiérrez – the son of Gutierre, Gutier</li> <li>Hernández – the son of Hernando</li> <li>Ibáñez – the son of Iván, Juan</li> <li>López – the son of Lope</li> <li>Márquez – the son of Marco, Marcos</li> <li>Méndez – the son of Mendo</li> <li>Míguez, Miguélez – the son of Miguel</li> <li>Martínez – the son of Martín</li> <li>Muñoz – the son of Munio</li> <li>Núñez – the son of Nuño</li> <li>Peláez – the son of Pelayo</li> <li>Pérez – the son of Pedro</li> <li>Rodríguez – the son of Rodrigo</li> <li>Ruiz – the son of Ruy, Roy</li> <li>Ramírez – the son of Ramiro</li> <li>Sánchez – the son of Sancho</li> <li>Suárez – the son of Suero</li> <li>Téllez – the son of Tello</li> <li>Vásquez, Vázquez – the son of Vasco, Velasco</li> <li>Velázquez, Velásquez – the son of Velasco</li> <li>Vélez – the son of Vela</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundlings">Foundlings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foundlings">edit</a>]</div> Anonymous <a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">abandoned children</a> were a problem for civil registrars to name. Some such children were named after the town where they were found (<a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">toponymic surname</a>). Because most were reared in church orphanages, some were also given the surnames Iglesia or Iglesias (church[es]) and Cruz (cross). Blanco (with the meaning "blank", rather than "white") was another option. A toponymic first surname might have been followed by Iglesia(s) or Cruz as a second surname. Nameless children were sometimes given the surname Expósito/Expósita (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> exposĭtus, "exposed", meaning "abandoned child"), which marked them, and their descendants,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> as of a low <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a>. Due to this, in 1921 Spanish law started to allow holders of the surname Expósito to legally change their surname.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>, the surname Deulofeu ("made by God") was often given out to these children, which is similar to De Dios ("from God") in Castilian. Furthermore, in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragón</a> abandoned children would receive the surname Gracia ("grace") or de Gracia, because they were thought to survive by the <a href="/wiki/Grace_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace (Christianity)">grace</a> of God. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_citizens">Foreign citizens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign citizens">edit</a>]</div> In Spain, foreign immigrants retain use of their cultural naming customs,<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> but upon becoming Spanish <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, they are legally obliged to assume Spanish-style names (one forename and two surnames).<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> If the <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">naturalized</a> citizen is from a one-surname culture, either their current surname is doubled or their mother's <a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">maiden name</a> is adopted as the second surname. For example, a Briton with the name "Sarah Jane Smith" could become either "Sarah Jane Smith Smith" or "Sarah Jane Smith Jones" upon acquiring Spanish citizenship. Formally, Spanish naming customs would also mean that the <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">forename</a> "Sarah" and <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a> "Jane" would be treated as a compound forename: "Sarah Jane". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flamenco_artists">Flamenco artists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Flamenco artists">edit</a>]</div> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">flamenco</a> artists seldom used their proper names. According to the flamenco guitarist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Serrano_(Flamenco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Serrano (Flamenco)">Juan Serrano</a>, this was because flamenco was considered disreputable and they did not want to embarrass their families: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We have to start with the history of the gypsies in Spain. They gained a bad reputation because of the minor crimes they had to commit to survive. They did not have any kind of jobs, they had to do something to live, and of course this created hostility. And Flamenco was the music of the Gypsies, so many high society people did not accept it – they said Flamenco was in the hands of criminals, bandits, et cetera. And the girls, that maybe liked dancing or singing, their parents said, "Oh no, you want to be a prostitute!".<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Juan Serrano, interview in Guitar International, Nov 1987</cite></div></blockquote> This tradition of not using one's proper name has persisted to the present day, even though flamenco is now legitimate. Sometimes the artistic name consists of the home town appended to the first name (<a href="/wiki/Manolo_Sanl%C3%BAcar" title="Manolo Sanlúcar">Manolo Sanlúcar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_de_Algeciras" title="Ramón de Algeciras">Ramón de Algeciras</a>); but many, perhaps most, such names are more eccentric: Pepe de la Matrona (because his mother was a midwife); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perico_del_Lunar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perico del Lunar (page does not exist)">Perico del Lunar</a> (because he had a mole); <a href="/wiki/Tomatito" title="Tomatito">Tomatito</a> (son of a father known as Tomate (tomato) because of his red face); <a href="/wiki/Sabicas" title="Sabicas">Sabicas</a> (because of his childhood passion for green beans, from niño de las habicas); <a href="/wiki/Paco_de_Luc%C3%ADa" title="Paco de Lucía">Paco de Lucía</a>, born Francisco ("<a href="/wiki/Paco" title="Paco">Paco</a>") Gustavo Sánchez Gomes, was known from infancy after his Portuguese mother, Lucía Gomes (de Lucía = [son] of Lucía). And many more. When referring to these artists by their assumed names, it makes no sense to shorten the name to its qualifier, such as "Lucía" or "de Lucía"; Paco, or perhaps "el de Lucía", are the only options. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_hypocoristics_and_nicknames">Spanish hypocoristics and nicknames</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Spanish hypocoristics and nicknames">edit</a>]</div> Many Spanish names can be shortened into <a href="/wiki/Hypocoristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoristic">hypocoristic</a>, affectionate "<a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">child-talk</a>" forms using a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> suffix, especially -ito and -cito (masculine) and -ita and -cita (feminine). Sometimes longer than the person's name, a <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> is usually derived via <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> rules.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> However, in contrast to English use, hypocoristic names in Spanish are only used to address a person in a very familiar environment – the only exception being when the hypocoristic is an artistic name (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nacho_Duato" title="Nacho Duato">Nacho Duato</a> born Juan Ignacio Duato). The common English practice of using a nickname in the press or media, or even on business cards (such as <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> instead of William Gates), is not accepted in Spanish, being considered excessively colloquial. The usages vary by country and region; these are some usual names and their nicknames: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 36em;"> <ul><li>Adelaida = Ade, Adela</li> <li>Adelina = Deli, Lina</li> <li>Adrián (Male) or Adriana (Female) = Adri</li> <li>Alberto = Alber, Albertito, Beto, Berto, Tico, Tuco, Tito, Albi</li> <li>Alejandra = Sandra, Ale, Álex, Álexa, Aleja, Jandra, Jana, Lala</li> <li>Alejandro = Ale, Álex, Alejo, Jandro, Jano, Cano, Sandro, Pando</li> <li>Alfonso = Alfon, Fon, Fonso, Fonsi, Poncho, Loncho</li> <li>Alfredo = Fredi, Fredo</li> <li>Alicia = Ali, Licha</li> <li>Ana Isabel = Anabel</li> <li>Anacleto = Cleto</li> <li>Apolinar = Polo</li> <li>Andrea, Andreo, Andrés, Andressa = Andi, Andresito, Andresita</li> <li>Agustín = Agus, Gusto, Tin</li> <li>Antonia = Toña, Tona, Toñi, Toñita, Tonia, Antoñita</li> <li>Antonio = Antón, Tonio, Toni, Tono, Tonino, Tonito, Toño, Toñín, Antoñito, Antuco, Antuquito</li> <li>Antonino = Nino</li> <li>Anunciación = Chona, Nunci</li> <li>Apolinar = Polo</li> <li>Ariadna = Ari</li> <li>Arturo = Arturito, Turito, Art, Archie, Lito</li> <li>Arcángel = Ángel</li> <li>Arcenio/Arsenio = Arcenito, Cheno</li> <li>Armando = Mando, Mandi</li> <li>Ascensión = Ascen, Choni</li> <li>Asunción = Asun, Susi, Suni, Suza</li> <li>Aurelio = Yeyo, Aure</li> <li>Bartola = Tola, Barta</li> <li>Bartolomé = Bartolo, Barto, Tomé, Tolo</li> <li>Beatriz = Bea, Beti (o Betty), Betina</li> <li>Begoña = Bego</li> <li>Benjamín = Ben, Benja, Benjas, Benji, Jamín</li> <li>Berenice = Bere</li> <li>Bernabé = Berna</li> <li>Bernardino = Bérnar, Nino</li> <li>Bernardo = Bérnar, Ber, Nardo</li> <li>Basílio = Silio</li> <li>Basília = Sília</li> <li>Basílica = Biqui</li> <li>Bonifacio = Boni</li> <li>Buenaventura = Ventura, Ventu, Venturi</li> <li>Candelaria = Can, Cande, Candi, Candelita, Canda, Candela</li> <li>Cándido/a = Candi</li> <li>Caridad = Cari, Carita, Caruca, Cuca</li> <li>Carla = Carlita</li> <li>Carlos = Carlito, Carlitos, Carlo, Calo, Calín, Carlines, Litos, Charli, Chepe</li> <li>Carmen = Mamen, Carmita, Carmenchu, Menchu, Carmencha, Carmencita, Carmelita, Carmela, Carmina, Mecha, Mencha</li> <li>Carolina = Caro, Cárol, Caroli, Carito</li> <li>Catalina = Cata, Lina, Cati, Catina, Caty</li> <li>Cayetano = Caye, Tano, Cayo</li> <li>Cecilia = Ceci, Cece, Cilia, Chila, Chili</li> <li>Celestino = Celes, Cele, Tino</li> <li>César = Checha, Cesito, Cesítar</li> <li>Ciro = Cirino</li> <li>Claudia = Clau, Claudi</li> <li>(Inmaculada) Concepción = Conchi, Conchita, Concha, Conce, Ciona, Cione, Chon, Choni, Inma, Macu</li> <li>Consolación = Conso</li> <li>Constantino = Tino</li> <li>Consuelo = Consu, Chelo, Coni, Conchi, Conchis</li> <li>Covadonga = Cova, Covi</li> <li>Cristian = Cris, Cristo</li> <li>Cristina = Cris, Cristi, Crista, Tina</li> <li>Cristóbal = Cris, Cristo, Toba</li> <li>Cristóforo = Cuco, Chosto</li> <li>Cruz = Crucita, Chuz</li> <li>Dalia = Dali</li> <li>Dalila = Lila</li> <li>Daniel (Male) or Daniela (Female) = Dani</li> <li>David = Davo, Davilo</li> <li>Diego = Didi, Dieguito</li> <li>Dolores = Lola, Loli, Lolita, Loles</li> <li>Eduardo = Edu, Lalo, Eduardito, Duardo, Guayo</li> <li>Eladio = Lalo, Yayo</li> <li>Eliana = Eli, Elia, Liana</li> <li>Elena = Nena</li> <li>Eloísa = Elo</li> <li>Encarnación = Encarna, Encarni, Encarnita</li> <li>Enrique = Quique, Quico, Kike, Kiko</li> <li>Ernesto = Neto, Netico, Tito</li> <li>Esmeralda = Esme, Mera, Lala</li> <li>Esperanza = Espe, Pera, Lancha, Pancha, Peri</li> <li>Esteban = Estebi</li> <li>Estefanía = Estefa, Estefi</li> <li>Eugenia = Genita, Kena</li> <li>Eugenio = Genio, Genín, Genito</li> <li>Eulalia = Lali, Lala, Leya</li> <li>Eva = Evita</li> <li>Facundo = Facu</li> <li>Federico = Fede, Fico, Quico</li> <li>Felícita = Feli, Felacha</li> <li>Felipe = Fele, Pipe, Lipe</li> <li>Faustino = Tino, Tinín, Fausto</li> <li>Fermín = Mincho, Fermo</li> <li>Fernanda = Fer, Nanda, Feña</li> <li>Fernando = Fer, Nando, Nano, Ferni, Feña, Fercho</li> <li>Florencia = Flor, Flora, Florci, Florcita, Florchi, Florchu, Lencha</li> <li>Florencio = Floro, Lencho</li> <li>Francisca = Fran, Paqui, Paquita, Sisca, Cisca, Pancha, Curra, Paca, Quica, Panchita, Panchi</li> <li>Francisco = Fran, Francis, Paco, Sisco, Cisco, Chisco, Curro, Quico, Kiko, Franco, Frasco, Frascuelo, Pacho, Pancho, Panchito</li> <li>Gabriel = Gabo, Gabri</li> <li>Gabriela = Gabi, Gabrielita</li> <li>Gerardo = Gera, Yayo, Lalo</li> <li>Germán = Mancho</li> <li>Gertrudis = Tula</li> <li>Gloria María = Glorimar</li> <li>Gonzalo = Gonza, Gon, Gonzo, Gonchi, Lalo, Chalo, Talo, Tali</li> <li>Graciela = Chela</li> <li>Gregorio = Goyo, Gorio</li> <li>Griselda = Gris, Celda</li> <li>Guadalupe = Lupe (female & male), Guada, Pupe, Lupita, Lupilla (female) & Lupito, Lupillo (male), Pita (female)</li> <li>Guillermo = Guille, Guíller, Guillo, Meme, Momo, Memo</li> <li>Gumersindo = Gúmer, Gume, Sindo.</li> <li>Héctor = Tito, Torín, Hertico</li> <li>Hermenegildo = Hildo</li> <li>Hipólito = Polo</li> <li>Hortensia = Horten, Tencha</li> <li>Humberto, Huberto, Adalberto = Berto, Beto</li> <li>Ignacia = Nacha, Nacia, Ina</li> <li>Ignacio = Nacho, Nacio, Nachito, Naco, Iñaqui, Iñaki</li> <li>Inocencia = Chencha, Checha</li> <li>Inocencio = Chencho, Checho</li> <li>Isabel = Bela, Beli, Belica, Sabel, Sabela, Chabela, Chavela, Chavelita, Chabelita, Isa</li> <li>Ismael = Isma, Mael, Maelo</li> <li>Israel = Irra, Rai</li> <li>Iván = Ivi, Ivo</li> <li>Jacobo = Cobo, Yaco, Yago</li> <li>Jaime = Jaimón, Jimmy</li> <li>Javier = Javi, Javo, Javito</li> <li>Jorge = Jorgecito, Jorgis, Jorgito, Gorge, Jecito, Coque, Koke</li> <li>Jerónimo = Jero, Jeronimillo</li> <li>Jesús = Jesu, Chus, Xus, Chuso, Chusi, Chucho, Chuchi, Chuy, Suso, Susi, Chuyito</li> <li>Jesús Alberto = Jesusbeto, Chuybeto</li> <li>Jesús Manuel = Jesusma</li> <li>Jesús María = Chumari, Chusma, Jesusmari</li> <li>Jesús Ramón = Jerra, Jesusra, Chuymoncho, Chuymonchi</li> <li>Jesusa = Susi, Sus, Chusa, Susa, Chucha, Chuy, Chuyita</li> <li>Jimena/Ximena = Jime, Mena</li> <li>Joaquín = Joaco, Juaco, Quin, Quim, Quino, Quincho</li> <li>José = Jose, Pepe, Chepe, Pepito, Chepito, Pito, Pepín, Pepu, Chechu, Cheo</li> <li>José Ángel/José Antonio = Josean, Josan</li> <li>José Carlos = Joseca, Seco</li> <li>José Luis = Joselo, Joselu, Pepelu, Selu</li> <li>José Manuel = Josema, Chema/Xema, Chemita/Xemita, Chemanu/Xemanu</li> <li>José María = Chema/Xema, Chemari/Xemari, Josemari, Josema</li> <li>José Miguel = Josemi, Jomi, Chemi</li> <li>José Ramón = Peperramón, Joserra, Cherra</li> <li>Josefa = Pepa, Pepi, Pepita, Pina, Fina, Fini, Finita</li> <li>Josefina = Jose, Fina, Pepa, Pepita, Chepina, Chepa, Chepita</li> <li>Juan = Juanito, Juanín, Juancho, Juanelo, Juampi, Juanci</li> <li>Juan Andrés = Juanan</li> <li>Juan Camilo = Juanca, Juancho, Juanqui, Juanquis</li> <li>Juan Carlos = Juanca, Juáncar, Juanqui</li> <li>Juan Cristóbal = Juancri, Juancris</li> <li>Juan Ernesto = Juáner</li> <li>Juan Esteban = Juanes</li> <li>Juan Felipe = Juanfe, Pipe</li> <li>Juan Fernando = Juánfer</li> <li>Juan Francisco = Juanfran</li> <li>Juan Ignacio = Juancho</li> <li>Juan Javier = Juanja</li> <li>Juan José = Juanjo, Juancho</li> <li>Juan Leonardo = Juanle</li> <li>Juan Luis = Juanlu</li> <li>Juan Manuel = Juanma</li> <li>Juan Miguel = Juangui, Juanmi</li> <li>Juan Pablo = Juampa, Juampi, Juampis</li> <li>Juan Rafael = Juanra</li> <li>Juan Ramón = Juanra</li> <li>Juan Salvador = Juansa</li> <li>Juan Vicente = Juanvi</li> <li>Julián = Juli, Julianito, Julianillo</li> <li>Julio = Julín, Julito, Juli</li> <li>Laura = Lalita, Lala, Lauri, Lauris, Lau, Laurita</li> <li>Leticia = Leti</li> <li>Leonardo = Leo, León, Leoncito</li> <li>Libertad = Libby, Libia, Berta, Beta</li> <li>Liborio = Libo, Borio, Boro</li> <li>Lorena = Lore, Lora</li> <li>Lorenzo = Lencho, Enzo, Renzo</li> <li>Lourdes = Lourditas, Lulú</li> <li>Lucía = Luci, Lucita, Chía, Chita</li> <li>Luciano = Chano, Ciano, Lucho</li> <li>Luis = Lucho, Luisito, Güicho, Luisín, Sito</li> <li>Luis Felipe = Luisfe</li> <li>Luis Manuel = Luisma</li> <li>Luis María = Luisma</li> <li>Luis Mariano = Luisma</li> <li>Luis Miguel = Luismi</li> <li>Luisa = Lisa, Lía, Luisita, Luchita</li> <li>Luz Ángela = Luzán, Lusán</li> <li>Luz Maria = Luzma</li> <li>Macarena = Maca, Cara</li> <li>Magdalena = Magda, Mada, Malena, Mane, Manena, Lena, Leni, Lenita, Nena</li> <li>Manuel = Manu, Lolo, Mano, Meño, Manuelito, Lito, Lillo, Mani, Manué, Manel, Mel, Nel, Nelo</li> <li>Manolo = Lolo, Manolito, Mano, Manolillo, Lito, Lillo, Manolín</li> <li>Marcelina = Lina, Marce, Celina, Chela</li> <li>Marcelo = Chelo, Marce</li> <li>Margarita = Marga, Margari, Magui, Rita, Mague</li> <li>María = Mari, Maruja, Marujita, Marica, Marita, Mariquita, Mariquilla, Iah</li> <li>María Aurora = Marora</li> <li>María Auxiliadora = Chilo, Mauxi, Mausi, Mauchi, Dori, Dora, Madora</li> <li>María de Dolores = Lola, Loles, Loli, Lolita, Mariló</li> <li>María de Jesús = Marichúy, Marichusa</li> <li>María de la Cruz = Maricruz</li> <li>María de la Luz = Mariluz, Luz, Malú</li> <li>María de las Nieves = Marinieves, Nieves</li> <li>María de los Ángeles = Marielos, Marian, Ángeles, Ángela, Angie, Angy, Mariángeles</li> <li>María de Lourdes = Malula, Marilú, Lulú</li> <li>María del Carmen = Maricarmen, Mamen, Mai, Maica, Mayca, Mayka, Mari</li> <li>María del Mar = Marimar, Mar</li> <li>María del Rosario = Charo, Chari, Charito, Chayo</li> <li>María del Refugio = Cuca, Cuquis</li> <li>María del Socorro = Maricoco, Coco, Socorro</li> <li>María del Sol/María de la Soledad = Marisol, Sol, Sole, Sola, Chole, Chola</li> <li>María Engracia = Graci, Gracita</li> <li>María Elena = Malena, Marilena</li> <li>María Eugenia = Maru, Marugenia, Maruja, Yeni, Kena, Kenita</li> <li>María Fernanda = Mafe, Mafer, Marifer</li> <li>María Fuensanta = Mari Santi, Tanti, Fuen</li> <li>María Isabel = Maribel, Mabel, Marisabel, Marisa, Risa</li> <li>María José/María Josefa = Cote, Coté, Jose, Josefa, Mai, Ajo, Majo, Mariajo, Marijó, Marijose, Maripepa, Maripepi, Pepa, Pepi, Pepita</li> <li>María Laura = Malala</li> <li>María Luisa = Marisa, Mariluisa, Malu, Maluli, Magüi</li> <li>María Milagros = Mila, Milagritos, Mili, Mimi, Marimili</li> <li>María Paz = Maripaz, Paz, Pacita</li> <li>María Pilar/María del Pilar = Pilar, Pili, Mapi, Maripí, Maripili</li> <li>María Teresa = Maritere, Maite, Mayte, Teté, Mari, Mariate, Marité</li> <li>María Victoria = Mariví, Mavi</li> <li>Marina = Marita, Ina, Mari</li> <li>Mario = Mayito</li> <li>Marta = Martuqui, Tuqui</li> <li>Martina = Tina, China, Tinita</li> <li>Mauricio = Mau, Mauro, Mauri</li> <li>Máximo = Maxi, Max, Maximino, Mino</li> <li>Mayra = Mayrita, Mayris</li> <li>Mayola = May, Maya</li> <li>Melissa = Meli, Melo,</li> <li>Mercedes = Merce, Merche, Merchi, Merceditas, Meche, Meches, Mechas</li> <li>Micaela = Mica</li> <li>Miguel = Migue, Míchel, Miki</li> <li>Miguel Enrique = Ige, Ike, Mige, Mike, Migo, Miko</li> <li>Minerva = Mine, Míner</li> <li>Míriam = Miri</li> <li>Mónica = Moni, Mona, Nona, Mo, Niquita</li> <li>Montserrat = Monse, Montse, Moncha, Mon, Serrat, Cherra, Rat, Rateta, Tat or Tóna</li> <li>Natalia = Nati/Natis, Nata/Natas, Talia,</li> <li>Natividad = Nati, Tivi, Nava</li> <li>Nestor = Teto</li> <li>Nicanor = Cano, Nico, Nica, Niqui</li> <li>Nicolás = Nico, Coco, Colás</li> <li>Nicolasa = Nico, Nica, Colasa</li> <li>Norberto = Nórber, Berto, Bertín</li> <li>Norma = Normi, Normita, Tita</li> <li>Olimpo = Limpo, Limpio</li> <li>Oriana = Ori, Nana, Nanita, Ana, Anita</li> <li>Orlando = Lando</li> <li>Pablo = Pablete, Pablín, Pablito, Blete, Blin, Blito</li> <li>Pacificación = Paz</li> <li>Paloma = Palo</li> <li>Paola = Pao, Paolita, Payoya</li> <li>Paula = Pau</li> <li>Paulina = Pau, Pauli</li> <li>Patricia = Patri, Tricia, Pato, Pati</li> <li>Patricio = Pato, Patri</li> <li>Pedro = Perucho, Pedrito, Perico, Peyuco, Peret, Pedrín</li> <li>Pilar/María del Pilar = Pili, Pilarín, Piluca, Pilarica, Petita, Maripili</li> <li>Presentación = Presen</li> <li>Primitivo = Pivo, Tivo</li> <li>Purificación = Pura, Puri, Purita</li> <li>Rafael = Rafaelito, Rafa, Rafi, Rafita, Rafo, Fael, Falo, Fali, Felo, Fefo, Fefi</li> <li>Ramón = Mon, Moncho, Monche, Monchi, Mongo, Monguito, Ramoncito</li> <li>Raúl = Rauli, Raulito, Raulillo, Rul, Rulo, Rule, Ral, Rali </li> <li>Refugio = Cuca, Cuquita</li> <li>Reinaldo = Rey, Naldo</li> <li>Remedios = Reme</li> <li>Reposo = Repo</li> <li>Ricardo = Rica, Rícar, Richi, Rici, Rocho, Ríchar</li> <li>Roberto = Robe, Róber, Berto, Robertito, Tito, Beto</li> <li>Rocío = Roci, Chio, Ro, Roco</li> <li>Rodolfo = Fito, Fofo, Rodo, Bofo, Rudi</li> <li>Rodrigo = Rorro, Rodriguito, Rodri, Ruy, Roy, Ro</li> <li>Rogelio = Roge, Coque</li> <li>Rosalía = Chalia, Rosa, Rosi, Rosita</li> <li>Rosalva/Rosalba = Chava, Rosa</li> <li>Rosario = Charo, Chayo, Chayito, Rosa</li> <li>Salomé = Salo</li> <li>Salomón = Salo</li> <li>Salvador = Salva, Chava, Chavito, Chavita, Salvita, Salvi, Chavi, Salvidor</li> <li>Santiago = Santi, Yago, Diego, Chago, Tiago</li> <li>Sara = Sarita</li> <li>Sebastián = Sebas, Seba</li> <li>Serena = Sere, Siri</li> <li>Sergio = Chucho, Checo, Chejo, Checho, Chencho, Keko, Yeyo</li> <li>Simón = Monsi</li> <li>Sofía = Sofi, Fía</li> <li>Soledad = Sol, Sola, Solita, Sole, Chole, Chol</li> <li>Susana = Susi, Sus, Su, Susa, Chucha</li> <li>Teodoro = Teo, Doro</li> <li>Teófilo = Teo</li> <li>Teresa = Tere, Teresita, Teresica, Teresina</li> <li>Timoteo = Timo, Teo, Teín, Tín</li> <li>Trinidad = Trini, Trina</li> <li>Tomás = Tomi, Tomasito, Tomasín</li> <li>Valentina = Val, Vale, Valen, Tina, Tinita, Valentinita</li> <li>Valentino = Val, Vale, Valen, Tino, Tinito, Valente, Valentinito</li> <li>Verónica = Vero, Nica, Verito, Veru</li> <li>Vicente = Chente, Vicen, Vicho, Sento</li> <li>Víctor, Victorio = Vítor, Vis, Vico, Vito</li> <li>Victoria = Vico, Viqui, Vicky, Tori, Toria, Toya</li> <li>Visitación = Visi</li> <li>Xiomara = Xiomi, Chomi, Mara</li> <li>Yolanda = Yola, Yoyi, Yoli</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spain's_other_languages">Spain's other languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Spain's other languages">edit</a>]</div> The official recognition of Spain's <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">other written languages</a> – <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> – legally allowed the autonomous communities to re-establish their vernacular <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">social identity</a>, including the legal use of personal names in the local languages and written traditions; these had been banned since 1938.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> This has sometimes been accomplished by re-spelling names to change Castilian Spanish forms into their original languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_names">Basque names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Basque names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque surnames</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish naming customs">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (July 2010) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Basque-speaking territories (the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Autonomous Community</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>) follow Spanish naming customs (given names + two family names, the two family names being usually the father's and the mother's). The given names are officially in one language or the other (Basque or Spanish), but often people use a translated or shortened version. A bilingual Basque-Spanish speaker will not necessarily bear a Basque name, and a monolingual Spanish speaker can use a Basque name or a Basque hypocoristic of an official Spanish name; e.g. a Francisco (official Spanish name) may be known as Patxi (Basque hypocoristic). Some Basque-language names and surnames are foreign transliterations into the Basque tongue, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ander" title="Ander">Ander</a> (English: "<a href="/wiki/Andrew" title="Andrew">Andrew</a>"; Spanish: Andrés), Mikel (English: "Michael"; Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Miguel (disambiguation)">Miguel</a>), or Ane (English: "<a href="/wiki/Anne" title="Anne">Anne</a>"; Spanish: Ana). In some cases, the name's <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">original-language denotation is translated</a> to Basque, e.g., Zutoia and Zedarri denote the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar" title="Our Lady of the Pillar">Pilar</a> (English: "Pillar"). Moreover, some originally Basque names, such as Xabier and Eneko (English "<a href="/wiki/Xavier_(given_name)" title="Xavier (given name)">Xavier</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Inigo" title="Inigo">Inigo</a>"), have been transliterated into Spanish (<a href="/wiki/Javier_(name)" title="Javier (name)">Javier</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%B1igo" class="mw-redirect" title="Íñigo">Íñigo</a>). Recently, Basque names without a direct equivalent in other languages have become popular, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aitor" title="Aitor">Aitor</a> (a legendary patriarch), Hodei ("cloud"), <a href="/wiki/Iker" title="Iker">Iker</a> ("to investigate"), and <a href="/wiki/Amaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaia">Amaia</a> ("the end"). Some Basque names without a definable meaning in Spanish are unique to the Basque language, for instance, Eneko, <a href="/wiki/Garikoitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Garikoitz">Garikoitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urtzi" title="Urtzi">Urtzi</a>. After Franco's death and the restoration of democracy in Spain, many Basque adults changed their Spanish names to their Basque equivalents, e.g. from Miguel to Mikel. A source for modern Basque names is <a href="/wiki/Sabino_Arana" title="Sabino Arana">Sabino Arana</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deun-Ixendegi_Euzkotarra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deun-Ixendegi Euzkotarra (page does not exist)">Deun-Ixendegi Euzkotarra</a> ("Basque saint-name collection", published in 1910). Instead of the traditional Basque adaptations of Romance names, he proposed others he made up, and which in his opinion were truer to the originals and adapted better to Basque phonology. For example, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Arana" title="Luis Arana">his brother Luis</a> became Koldobika, from Frankish Hlodwig. The traditional names Peru (from Spanish "<a href="/wiki/Pedro" title="Pedro">Pedro</a>"), Pello or Piarres (from French "<a href="/wiki/Pierre" title="Pierre">Pierre</a>"), all meaning "<a href="/wiki/Peter_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter (name)">Peter</a>", became Kepa from Aramaic כיפא (Kepha). He believed that the suffix -[n]e was inherently feminine, and new names like Nekane ("pain"+ne, "<a href="/wiki/Dolores_(given_name)" title="Dolores (given name)">Dolores</a>") or Garbiñe ("clean"+ne, "<a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate [Conception]</a>") are frequent among Basque females. <a href="/wiki/Basque_surname" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque surname">Basque surnames</a> usually denote the paternal house (in its literal sense of a dwelling place) of the bearer; e.g. <a href="/wiki/Etxebarria" title="Etxebarria">Etxebarria</a> – "the new house", from etxe (house) + barri (new) + a (the), denotes "related to a farmhouse of that name"; in the same way, Garaikoetxea – "the house in the heights", garai ("height") + etxe ("house") + a (the). Sometimes, surnames denote not the house itself but a characteristic of the place, e.g. Saratxaga – "willow-place", from saratze ("willow") + -aga ("place of"); Loyola, from loi ("mud") + ola ("iron smithery"); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arriortua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arriortua (page does not exist)">Arriortua</a> – "stone orchard", from harri ("stone") + ortua ("orchard"). Before the 20th century all Basque men were considered <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(Spanish_nobility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidalgo (Spanish nobility)">nobles</a> (indeed, some Basque surnames, e.g. Irujo or Medoza, were related to some of the oldest Spanish noble families), and many of them used their status to emigrate with privileges to other regions of the Spanish Empire, especially the Americas; thus some Basque surnames became common in the Spanish-American world, e.g. Mendoza – "cold mountain", from mendi ("mountain" + hotza ("cold"); <a href="/wiki/Salazar_(surname)" title="Salazar (surname)">Salazar</a> – "old hall", from sala ("hall") + zahar ("old"). Until 1978, Spanish was the single official language of the Spanish civil registries, and Basque surnames had to be registered according to the Spanish phonetical rules (for example, the Spanish "ch" sound merges the Basque "ts", "tx", and "tz", and someone whose surname in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Standard Basque</a> would be "Krutxaga" would have to write it as "Cruchaga", the letter "k" also not being used in Spanish). Although the restoration of democracy ended this policy and allowed surnames to be officially changed into their Basque orthography, surnames of Basque origin now often have more than one spelling, even within the same family: a father born before 1978 would be surnamed "Echepare" and his children, "Etxepare". This policy even changed the usual pronunciation of some Basque surnames. For instance, in Basque, the letter "z" maintained a sibilant "s"-like sound, while Spanish changed it; thus, a surname such as Zabala in Basque is properly read similar to sabala" (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Basque pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[s̻abala]</a>), but in Spanish, where the "z" denotes a "th" sound ([<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]), it would be read as "Tha-bala" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Spanish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[θaˈβala]</a>). However, since the letter "z" exists in Spanish, the registries did not force the Zabalas to transliterate their surname. In the Basque provinces of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, it was uncommon to take a surname from the place (town or village) where one resided, unless one was a foundling; in general, people bearing surnames such as Bilbao (after the Basque city of <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>) are descendants of foundlings. However, in the Basque province of <a href="/wiki/Alava" class="mw-redirect" title="Alava">Alava</a> and, to a lesser extent, in <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, it was common to add one's birth village to the surname using the Spanish particle de to denote a toponymic, particularly when the surname was a common one; for instance, someone whose surname was Lopez and whose family was originally from the valley of Ayala could employ Lopez de Ayala as a surname. This latter practice is also common in <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>. Basque compound surnames are relatively common, and were created by combining two discrete surnames, e.g. Elorduizapaterietxe – Elordui + Zapaterietxe, a practice denoting family allegiances or the equal importance of both families. Since compound surnames could themselves be used to create new compounds, this custom sometimes resulted in incredibly long surnames. For example, the longest surname recorded in Spain is the compound Basque name Burionagonatotoricagageazcoechea,<a href="#cite_note-Albaigès-40">[38]</a> formed by Buriona+ Gonatar + Totorika + Beazcoetxea. Basque nationalist leader Sabino Arana pioneered a naming custom of transposing the name-surname order to what he thought was the proper Basque language syntax order; e.g. the woman named Miren Zabala would be referred to as Zabala'taŕ Miren – the surname first, plus the -tar suffix denoting "from a place", and then the name. Thus, Zabala'taŕ Miren means "Miren, of the Zabala family". The change in the order is effected because in the Basque language, declined words (such as Zabala'taŕ) that apply to a noun are placed before the noun itself; another example of this would be his pen name, Arana ta Goiri'taŕ Sabin. This Basque naming custom was used in nationalist literature; in formal official documents, the Castilian naming order is observed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalan_names">Catalan names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Catalan names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Catalan-language_surnames" title="Category:Catalan-language surnames">Category:Catalan-language surnames</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>-speaking territories mainly abide by Spanish naming customs, though discrete surnames are usually joined with the word i ("and") instead of the Spanish y; this practice is very common in formal contexts. For example, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Generalitat_de_Catalunya" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Generalitat de Catalunya">president of the Generalitat de Catalunya</a> (Government of Catalonia) is formally called El Molt Honorable Senyor <a href="/wiki/Pere_Aragon%C3%A8s_i_Garcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Aragonès i Garcia">Pere Aragonès i Garcia</a>. The national language policy enumerated in article 19.1 of Law 1/1998 stipulates that "the citizens of Catalonia have the right to use the proper regulation of their Catalan names and surnames and to introduce the conjunction between surnames".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The correction, translation, and change of surnames are regulated by the Registro Civil (Civil Registry) in decree 138/2007 of 26 June, modifying decree 208/1998 of 30 July, which regulates the accreditation of the linguistic correctness of names. Decree 138/2007 of 26 July regulates the issuance of language-correction certificates for <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translated</a> Catalan names by the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (Institute of Catalan Studies) in Barcelona. Nevertheless, there are Catalan surnames that conform to neither the current spelling rules nor the traditionally correct Catalan <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> rules; a language-correction certification can be requested from the institute, for names such as these:<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Aleñá→Alenyà</li> <li>Caballé→Cavaller</li> <li>Cañellas→Canyelles</li> <li>Casas→Cases</li> <li>Corominas→Coromines</li> <li>Fábregas→Fàbregues</li> <li>Farré→Ferrer</li> <li>Figueras→Figueres</li> <li>Gabarra→Gavarra</li> <li>Gafarot→Gaferot</li> <li>Gumbau→Gombau</li> <li>Doménech→Domènec</li> <li>Jufré→Jofré</li> <li>Junqueras→Jonqueres</li> <li>Mayoral→Majoral</li> <li>Montañà→Montanyà</li> <li>Perpiñán→Perpinyà</li> <li>Pijuan→Pijoan</li> <li>Piñol→Pinyol</li> <li>Puyol→Pujol</li> <li>Roselló→Rosselló</li> <li>Rusiñol→Rossinyol</li> <li>Tarradellas→Tarradelles</li> <li>Viñallonga→Vinyallonga</li> <li>Viñes→Vinyes</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalan_hypocoristics_and_nicknames">Catalan hypocoristics and nicknames</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catalan hypocoristics and nicknames">edit</a>]</div> Many Catalan names are shortened to <a href="/wiki/Hypocoristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypocoristic">hypocoristic</a> forms using only the final portion of the name (unlike Spanish, which mostly uses only the first portion of the name), and with a diminutive suffix (-et, -eta/-ita). Thus, shortened Catalan names taking the first portion of the name are probably influenced by the Spanish tradition. The influence of Spanish in hypocoristics is recent since it became a general fashion only in the twentieth century and especially since <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s dictatorship[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]; example Catalan names are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li>Antoni/Antònia = Toni, Tònia, Tonet/a</li> <li>Bartomeu = Tomeu</li> <li>Concepció = Ció</li> <li>Cristina = Tina</li> <li>Dolors = Lloll, Dolo, Loles</li> <li>Elisabet/h = Bet, Beth, Eli, Lis</li> <li>Eulàlia = Laia, Olaia, Lali</li> <li>Francesc/a = Cesc, Quico/a, Xesco/a, Xisco/a, Cisco/a, Sisquet/a</li> <li>Gabriel = Biel</li> <li>Ignasi = Nasi</li> <li>Isabel = Bel, Bet</li> <li>Jacint = Cinto</li> <li>Joaquim/a = Quim/a, Ximo/a (in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>)</li> <li>Jordi = Toti</li> <li>Jordina = Jordi</li> <li>Josefina = Fina, Fineta</li> <li>Josep Maria = Pemi</li> <li>Josep/a = Pep/o/a, Pepet/a, Pepito/a</li> <li>Magdalena = Talena, Magda</li> <li>Manel = Nel, Nelo, Nel·lo</li> <li>Maria del Mar = Mar</li> <li>Maria dels Àngels = Mariàngels, Àngels, Màngels</li> <li>Maria Lluïsa = Marissa</li> <li>Maria Soletat = Marissol</li> <li>Mariona = Ona, Miona</li> <li>Meritxell = Txell, Meri</li> <li>Montserrat = Serrat, Montse, Munsa, Muntsa</li> <li>Narcís/isa = Narciset/a, Ciset/a, Ciso/a</li> <li>Núria = Nuri</li> <li>Onofre = Nofre</li> <li>Oriol = Uri</li> <li>Rafel = Fel, Feló, Rafa</li> <li>Salvador = Vadó, Voro (in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a>)</li> <li>Sebastià/ana = Tià/ana, Sebas</li> <li>Sergi = Keki</li> <li>Vicent = Vicentó, Cento</li> <li>Xavier = Xavi, Xevi, Javi (the J is pronounced as in English)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galician_names">Galician names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Galician names">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>-speaking areas also abide by the Spanish naming customs. The main differences are the usage of Galician given names and surnames. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galician_surnames">Galician surnames</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Galician surnames">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Galician-language_surnames" title="Category:Galician-language surnames">Category:Galician-language surnames</a></div> Most Galician surnames have their origin in local <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymies</a>, including Galician regions (Salnés < <a href="/wiki/Saln%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Salnés">Salnés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnota" title="Carnota">Carnota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berganti%C3%B1os" title="Bergantiños">Bergantiños</a>), towns (<a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noia" title="Noia">Noia</a>), parishes or villages (as <a href="/wiki/Andrade" title="Andrade">Andrade</a>). Just like elsewhere, many surnames were also generated from jobs or professions (Carpinteiro 'carpenter', Cabaleiro 'Knight', Ferreiro 'Smith', Besteiro 'Crossbowman'), physical characteristics (Gago 'Twangy', Tato 'Stutterer', Couceiro 'Tall and thin', Bugallo 'fat', Pardo 'Swarthy'), or origin of the person (Franco and Francés 'French', Portugués 'Portuguese'). Although many Galician surnames have historically been adapted to Spanish phonetics and orthography, they are still clearly recognizable as Galician words: Freijedo, Spanish adaptation of freixedo 'place with ash-trees'; Seijo from seixo 'stone'; Doval from do Val 'of the Valley'; Rejenjo from Reguengo, Galician evolution of local Latin-Germanic word Regalingo 'Royal property'. Specially relevant are the Galician surnames that originated from medieval <a href="/wiki/Patronymics" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronymics">patronymics</a>, present in local documentation since the 9th century, and popularized from the 12th century on. Although many of them were historically adapted to Spanish orthography,<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> phonetics and traditions, many are still characteristically Galician; the most common ones are: <ul><li>Alonso (medieval form Afonso, from the latinicized Germanic name Adefonsus).</li> <li>Álvarez (from medieval Alvares, from the Germanic name Halvar(d), latinicized as Alvarus).</li> <li>Ares (from the name Arias or the town of <a href="/wiki/Ares,_Spain" title="Ares, Spain">Ares</a>).</li> <li>Bermúdez (medieval form Vermues, from the latinicized Germanic name Veremodus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Bernárdez (from the Frankish name Bernard + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Vieitez, Vieites (from the name Bieito, from Latin Benedictus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Diz, Díaz (from the name Didacus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Domínguez (medieval form Domingues, derived of the name Domingo, from Dominicus, + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Enríquez (medieval form Anrriques, from the Frankish name Henric + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Estévez (medieval form Esteves, from the name Estevo, derived of Stephanus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Fernández (medieval form Fernandes, from the name Fernando, derived from the Germanic name Fredenandus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Froiz (medieval form Froaz, from the Germanic name Froila 'Lord' + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>García (medieval form Garçia, from the name Garcia).</li> <li>Giance (from the name Xian, old orthography Jiam, derived of Latin Iulianus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Gómez (medieval form Gomes, from the name Gomes).</li> <li>González (medieval form Gonçalves, from the latinicized Germanic name Gundisalvus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>López (medieval form Lopes, from the Latin nickname Lupus 'wolf').</li> <li>Lourenzo, Lorenzo (medieval form Lourenço, from the Latin name Laurentius).</li> <li>Martínez, Martín, Martís (from the Latin name Martinus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Méndez (medieval form Meendes, from the name Mendo, from Menendus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Miguéns (from the name Miguel, derived of Michael + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Núñez (medieval form Nunes, derived from the name Nunnus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Paz, Paes, Pais (from the name Paio, derived from Pelagius + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Pérez (medieval form Peres, from the name Pero, derived of Petrus, + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Raimúndez (from the Frankish name Raimund + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Rodríguez (from the name Rodrigo, from the latinicized Germanic form Rodericus + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Rois (from the name Roi, nickname of Rodrigo + suffix -ici-): Spanish 'Ruiz'.</li> <li>Sánchez (medieval form Sanches, from the name Sancho, derived from Latin Sanctius + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Sueiro, Suárez (medieval forms Sueiro, Suares, from the name Suarius, with and without suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Vázquez (medieval form Vasques, from the name Vasco, from Velasco, + suffix -ici-).</li> <li>Yanes (medieval forms Eanes, Ianes. from Iohannes, Yohannes + suffix -ici-).</li></ul> Some of them (namely Páez, Méndez, Vázquez) show characteristic Galician dropping of intervocalic -l-, -d-, -g- and -n- (although <a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a> is the only province in Spain with a majority of people surnamed López). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Galician_given_names_and_nicknames">Galician given names and nicknames</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Galician given names and nicknames">edit</a>]</div> Some common Galician names are:<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Afonso [m]: nicknames Fonso, Pocho.</li> <li>Alberte [m] Alberta [f]: Berto, Berta.</li> <li>Alexandre [m]: Xandre, Álex.</li> <li>Anxo [m]: Xeluco.</li> <li>Antón [m], Antía [f]: Tonecho.</li> <li>Artai [m].</li> <li>Brandán [m], Brenda [f] (Celtic origin, "distinguished warrior)</li> <li>Baldomero [m]: Mero</li> <li>Brais [m]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breog%C3%A1n" title="Breogán">Breogán</a> [m] (name of a mythological Galician Celtic warrior).</li> <li>Carme [f]: Carmiña, Mela, Carmela, Carmucha, Carmuxa.</li> <li>Catarina [f]: Catuxa.</li> <li>Cibrao,Cibrán [m] (Greek origin meaning "Cypriot")</li> <li>Edelmiro, Delmiro [m]: Edel, Miro.</li> <li>Erea [f] (Greek origin meaning "peace")</li> <li>Estevo [m]</li> <li>Fernán [m]</li> <li>Francisco [m]: Farruco, Fran.</li> <li>Icía [f]</li> <li>Iago [m]</li> <li>Loaira [f] (Galician for "first sun rays that peep through the clouds after the rain")</li> <li>Lois [m]: Sito</li> <li>Lúa [f] (moon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Maeloc">Maeloc</a> [m] (brythonic origin)</li> <li>María [f]: Maruxa, Marica.</li> <li>Manuel, Manoel [m]: Manolo, Lolo.</li> <li>Olalla, Baia [f]</li> <li>Paio [m]</li> <li>Paulo [m], Paula [f]</li> <li>Roi [m]</li> <li>Sabela [f]: Beluca</li> <li>Tareixa [m]</li> <li>Uxío [m] Uxía [f]</li> <li>Xavier [m]</li> <li>Xacobe [m]</li> <li>Xaquín [m]: Xocas.</li> <li>Xela [f]</li> <li>Xián [m]</li> <li>Xoán, Xan [m]</li> <li>Xosé [m]: Che, Pepe.</li> <li>Xurxo [m]</li></ul> </div> Nicknames are usually obtained from the end of a given name, or through derivation. Common suffixes include masculine -iño, -ito (as in Sito, from Luisito), -echo (Tonecho, from Antonecho) and -uco (Farruco, from Francisco); and feminine -iña, -ucha/uxa (Maruxa, Carmucha, from Maria and Carme), -uca (Beluca, from Isabeluca), and -ela (Mela, from Carmela). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceuta_and_Melilla">Ceuta and Melilla</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ceuta and Melilla">edit</a>]</div> As the provincial Surname distribution map (above) indicates, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_(name)" title="Muhammad (name)">Mohamed</a> is an often-occurring <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> in the autonomous Mediterranean North African cities of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (respectively registered 10,410 and 7,982 occurrences),<a href="#cite_note-INE-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Hispanophone</a> Muslims use the Spanish "Mohamed" spelling for "<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>". As such, it is often a component of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic names</a> for men; hence, many Ceutan and Melillan Muslims share surnames despite not sharing a common ancestry. Furthermore, Mohamed (Muhammad) is the most popular name for new-born boys,<a href="#cite_note-INEExcel-45">[43]</a> thus it is not unusual to encounter a man named Mohamed Mohamed Mohamed: the first occurrence is the given name, the second occurrence is the paternal surname, and the third occurrence is the maternal surname.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indexing">Indexing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indexing">edit</a>]</div> In English, the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a> recommends that Spanish and Hispanophone names be <a href="/wiki/Subject_indexing" title="Subject indexing">indexed</a> by the family name. When there are two family names, the indexing is done under the father's family name; this would be the first element of the surname if the father's and mother's or husband's family names are joined by a y. Depending upon the person involved, the particle de may be treated as a part of a family name or it may be separated from a family name. The indexing of Hispanophone names differs from that of Portuguese or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Lusophone names</a>, where the final element of the name is indexed because the Portuguese custom is for the father's surname to follow, rather than precede, the mother's. The effect is that the father's surname is the one indexed for both Spanish and Portuguese names.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitanos" title="Gitanos">Gitanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_name#Naming_conventions" title="Personal name">List of personal naming conventions</a> (for other languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_Spanish_surnames" title="List of common Spanish surnames">List of common Spanish surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">Name</a> for general coverage of the topic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Naming customs of Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese names</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-composite-2"><a href="#cite_ref-composite_2-0">^</a> A composite given name comprises two (or more) single names; for example Juan Pablo is considered not to be a first and a second forename, but a single composite forename.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The decree was ratified in February 2000, backdated to be in effect for registrations from November 1999, allowing parents to choose a name order that must be applied to all their children.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1957-7537&p=20110722&tn=1#ciii">"Ley de 8 de junio de 1957 sobre el Registro Civil"</a>. BOE (in Spanish). <q>Articles 53 & 54</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOE&rft.atitle=Ley+de+8+de+junio+de+1957+sobre+el+Registro+Civil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fact.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1957-7537%26p%3D20110722%26tn%3D1%23ciii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrañeta2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larrañeta, Amaya (2 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/3373406/0/apellidos-bebes-libre-eleccion-no-aumenta-uso-materno/">"La libre elección del orden de los apellidos no incrementa el uso del materno en primer lugar"</a>. 20minutos.es – Últimas Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=20minutos.es+%E2%80%93+%C3%9Altimas+Noticias&rft.atitle=La+libre+elecci%C3%B3n+del+orden+de+los+apellidos+no+incrementa+el+uso+del+materno+en+primer+lugar&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft.aulast=Larra%C3%B1eta&rft.aufirst=Amaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.20minutos.es%2Fnoticia%2F3373406%2F0%2Fapellidos-bebes-libre-eleccion-no-aumenta-uso-materno%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.global-regulation.com/translation/spain/1453748/royal-decree-193-2000%25252c-of-11-february%25252c-amending-certain-articles-of-the-civil-registration-regulations-in-matters-concerning-the-name-and-order-of.html">"Royal Decree 193/2000, Of 11 February, Amending Certain Articles Of The Civil Registration Regulations (Spain)"</a>. www.global-regulation.com. Retrieved 29 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.global-regulation.com&rft.atitle=Royal+Decree+193%2F2000%2C+Of+11+February%2C+Amending+Certain+Articles+Of+The+Civil+Registration+Regulations+%28Spain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.global-regulation.com%2Ftranslation%2Fspain%2F1453748%2Froyal-decree-193-2000%2525252c-of-11-february%2525252c-amending-certain-articles-of-the-civil-registration-regulations-in-matters-concerning-the-name-and-order-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Spanish Yearbook of International Law: 1999-2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789041121929" title="Special:BookSources/9789041121929">9789041121929</a> p. 251 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.ulpgc.es/normalizar_firma">"Normalización del nombre de autor en las publicaciones científicas"</a>. Biblioteca Universitaria LPGC (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2017. <q>Puedes usar sólo el primer apellido si es poco frecuente. Ejemplo: Germán Oramas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblioteca+Universitaria+LPGC&rft.atitle=Normalizaci%C3%B3n+del+nombre+de+autor+en+las+publicaciones+cient%C3%ADficas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblioteca.ulpgc.es%2Fnormalizar_firma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1957-7537&p=20110722&tn=1#ciii">"Ley de 8 de junio de 1957 sobre el Registro Civil"</a>. BOE. <q>Articles 53 & 54 (in Spanish)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BOE&rft.atitle=Ley+de+8+de+junio+de+1957+sobre+el+Registro+Civil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fact.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1957-7537%26p%3D20110722%26tn%3D1%23ciii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orden_de_apellidos-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Orden_de_apellidos_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429075843/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999%2F21569">"Ley 40/1999, de 5 de noviembre, sobre nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos"</a>. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999/21569">the original</a> on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010. <q>Si la filiación está determinada por ambas líneas, el padre y la madre de común acuerdo podrán decidir el orden de transmisión de su respectivo primer apellido, antes de la inscripción registral. Si no se ejercita esta opción, regirá lo dispuesto en la ley. El orden de apellidos inscrito para el mayor de los hijos regirá en las inscripciones de nacimiento posteriores de sus hermanos del mismo vínculo. (If the affiliation is determined by both lines, the father and mother may by agreement determine the order of transmission of its respective first name before registration. If this option is not exercised, the provisions of law shall apply. The order of names registered for the eldest sibling governed the registration in subsequent siblings of the same link.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+40%2F1999%2C+de+5+de+noviembre%2C+sobre+nombre+y+apellidos+y+orden+de+los+mismos&rft.pub=Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=1999-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Faeboe%2Fconsultas%2Fbases_datos%2Fdoc.php%3Fcoleccion%3Diberlex%26id%3D1999%2F21569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220072145/http://elpais.com/diario/2011/05/05/sociedad/1304546415_850215.html">"El orden de los apellidos lo decidirá un funcionario si no hay acuerdo"</a>. El País. 5 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/2011/05/05/sociedad/1304546415_850215.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=El+orden+de+los+apellidos+lo+decidir%C3%A1+un+funcionario+si+no+hay+acuerdo&rft.date=2011-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fdiario%2F2011%2F05%2F05%2Fsociedad%2F1304546415_850215.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161209182203/http://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-12628">"Ley 20/2011, de 21 de julio, del Registro Civil. Artículo 49.2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2011-12628">the original</a> on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+20%2F2011%2C+de+21+de+julio%2C+del+Registro+Civil.+Art%C3%ADculo+49.2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fbuscar%2Fact.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-2011-12628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132017/http://www.noticias.com/el-congreso-aprueba-que-un-funcionario-elija-el-orden-de-los-apellidos-si-no-hay-acuerdo.1206187">"El Congreso aprueba que un funcionario elija el orden de los apellidos si no hay acuerdo"</a>. Noticias.com. 14 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noticias.com/el-congreso-aprueba-que-un-funcionario-elija-el-orden-de-los-apellidos-si-no-hay-acuerdo.1206187">the original</a> on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Noticias.com&rft.atitle=El+Congreso+aprueba+que+un+funcionario+elija+el+orden+de+los+apellidos+si+no+hay+acuerdo&rft.date=2011-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noticias.com%2Fel-congreso-aprueba-que-un-funcionario-elija-el-orden-de-los-apellidos-si-no-hay-acuerdo.1206187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2017" class="citation news cs1">Strange, Hannah (30 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/30/spain-scrap-sexist-double-barrelled-names-policy/">"Spain to scrap 'sexist' double barrelled names policy"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/30/spain-scrap-sexist-double-barrelled-names-policy/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Spain+to+scrap+%27sexist%27+double+barrelled+names+policy&rft.date=2017-06-30&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2017%2F06%2F30%2Fspain-scrap-sexist-double-barrelled-names-policy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/sociedad/2017/05/30/592dba4d268e3e44738b476a.html">"El apellido del padre dejará definitivamente de tener preferencia en España a partir del 30 de junio"</a>. ELMUNDO (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=El+apellido+del+padre+dejar%C3%A1+definitivamente+de+tener+preferencia+en+Espa%C3%B1a+a+partir+del+30+de+junio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fsociedad%2F2017%2F05%2F30%2F592dba4d268e3e44738b476a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elmundo2-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elmundo2_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elmundo2_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/sociedad/2017/07/06/595babe922601d9d7c8b4661.html">"Si le ponemos primero el apellido de la madre, sería como si no fuera mi hijo, ¿no?"</a>. ELMUNDO (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=Si+le+ponemos+primero+el+apellido+de+la+madre%2C+ser%C3%ADa+como+si+no+fuera+mi+hijo%2C+%C2%BFno%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fsociedad%2F2017%2F07%2F06%2F595babe922601d9d7c8b4661.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.wisc.edu/curiosities-why-are-so-many-hispanic-names-hyphenated/">"Curiosities: Why are so many Hispanic names hyphenated?"</a>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Curiosities%3A+Why+are+so+many+Hispanic+names+hyphenated%3F&rft.date=2010-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.wisc.edu%2Fcuriosities-why-are-so-many-hispanic-names-hyphenated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/media/435042-ocasio-cortez-takes-aim-at-fox-host-for-mocking-her-name-pronunciation">"Ocasio-Cortez takes aim at Laura Ingraham, Fox guest for mocking pronunciation of her name"</a>. The Hill. 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Ocasio-Cortez+takes+aim+at+Laura+Ingraham%2C+Fox+guest+for+mocking+pronunciation+of+her+name&rft.date=2019-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fmedia%2F435042-ocasio-cortez-takes-aim-at-fox-host-for-mocking-her-name-pronunciation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228203600/http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c=OrgPaginaREG&cid=1080215934018&pagename=Portal_del_ciudadano%2FOrgPaginaREG%2FTpl_OrgPaginaREG">"Ministerio de Justicia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c%3DOrgPaginaREG%26cid%3D1080215934018%26pagename%3DPortal_del_ciudadano%2FOrgPaginaREG%2FTpl_OrgPaginaREG">the original</a> on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerio+de+Justicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjusticia.es%2Fcs%2FSatellite%3Fc%253DOrgPaginaREG%2526cid%253D1080215934018%2526pagename%253DPortal_del_ciudadano%252FOrgPaginaREG%252FTpl_OrgPaginaREG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Sheelagh M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fGjXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117">Franco</a>. Routledge. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87467-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-87467-6"><bdi>978-1-317-87467-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-87467-6&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Sheelagh+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfGjXAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003557/http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c=Tramite&cid=1060583996709&pagename=Portal_del_ciudadano%2FTramite%2FTramite&lang=en_gb">"Ministerio de Justicia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mjusticia.es/cs/Satellite?c%3DTramite%26cid%3D1060583996709%26pagename%3DPortal_del_ciudadano%2FTramite%2FTramite%26lang%3Den_gb">the original</a> on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 26 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministerio+de+Justicia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mjusticia.es%2Fcs%2FSatellite%3Fc%253DTramite%2526cid%253D1060583996709%2526pagename%253DPortal_del_ciudadano%252FTramite%252FTramite%2526lang%253Den_gb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-''Identidad_de_género''-21"><a href="#cite_ref-''Identidad_de_género''_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207093953/http://www.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=2007%2F05585">"LEY 3/2007, de 15 de marzo, reguladora de la rectificación registral de la mención relativa al sexo de las personas"</a>. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 15 March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/g/es/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=2007/05585">the original</a> on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2010. <q>Para garantizar el derecho de las personas a la libre elección del nombre propio, se deroga la prohibición de inscribir como nombre propio los diminutivos o variantes familiares y coloquiales que no hayan alcanzado sustantividad</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LEY+3%2F2007%2C+de+15+de+marzo%2C+reguladora+de+la+rectificaci%C3%B3n+registral+de+la+menci%C3%B3n+relativa+al+sexo+de+las+personas&rft.pub=Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=2007-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fg%2Fes%2Fbases_datos%2Fdoc.php%3Fcoleccion%3Diberlex%26id%3D2007%2F05585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pepe-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Pepe_22-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/El_Peri%C3%B3dico_de_Catalunya" title="El Periódico de Catalunya">El Periódico</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elperiodico.com/default.asp?idpublicacio_PK=46&idioma=CAS&idnoticia_PK=397625&idseccio_PK=1021">Una familia puede por fin inscribir a su hijo como Pepe tras dos años de papeleo</a>, 17 April 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_mas_frecuentes.xls#ESPAÑA_100_mujeres!A1">"Nombres más frecuentes por provincia de residencia"</a>. Ine.es. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ine.es&rft.atitle=Nombres+m%C3%A1s+frecuentes+por+provincia+de+residencia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fdaco%2Fdaco42%2Fnombyapel%2Fnombres_mas_frecuentes.xls%23ESPA%C3%91A_100_mujeres%21A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/sociedad/2014/10/08/actualidad/1412769600_1412780725.html">"Entrevista con José Mª Martín Moreno"</a>. El País. 8 October 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Entrevista+con+Jos%C3%A9+M%C2%AA+Mart%C3%ADn+Moreno&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fsociedad%2F2014%2F10%2F08%2Factualidad%2F1412769600_1412780725.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medbib.com/Spanish_naming_customs">"medbib.com"</a>. medbib.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=medbib.com&rft.pub=medbib.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedbib.com%2FSpanish_naming_customs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mundo-26"><a href="#cite_ref-mundo_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaliach2003" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galiach, Juan Luis (16 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413143902/https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2003/422/1069077765.html">"La saga Franco despega de nuevo (The Franco saga takes off again)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)" title="El Mundo (Spain)">El Mundo</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2003/422/1069077765.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=La+saga+Franco+despega+de+nuevo+%28The+Franco+saga+takes+off+again%29&rft.date=2003-11-16&rft.aulast=Galiach&rft.aufirst=Juan+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Fcronica%2F2003%2F422%2F1069077765.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Single-parent-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Single-parent_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429075843/http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999%2F21569">"Ley 40/1999, de 5 de noviembre, sobre nombre y apellidos y orden de los mismos"</a>. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 6 November 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/aeboe/consultas/bases_datos/doc.php?coleccion=iberlex&id=1999/21569">the original</a> on 29 April 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2010. <q>En los supuestos de nacimiento con una sola filiación reconocida, ésta determina los apellidos, pudiendo el progenitor que reconozca su condición de tal determinar, al tiempo de la inscripción, el orden de los apellidos. (In those cases where only one affiliation is recognized, it is this affiliation that determines the surnames, being the recognizing parent's right to choose, at the moment of inscription, the order of the surnames.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+40%2F1999%2C+de+5+de+noviembre%2C+sobre+nombre+y+apellidos+y+orden+de+los+mismos&rft.pub=Agencia+Estatal+Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado&rft.date=1999-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Faeboe%2Fconsultas%2Fbases_datos%2Fdoc.php%3Fcoleccion%3Diberlex%26id%3D1999%2F21569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardenas_y_AllendeEscuela_de_genealogíaHeráldica_y_Nobiliaria1984" class="citation book cs1">Cardenas y Allende, Francisco de; Escuela de genealogía; Heráldica y Nobiliaria (1984). Apuntes de nobiliaria y nociones de genealogía y heráldica: Primer curso. (2nd ed.). Madrid: Editorial Hidalguía. pp. 205–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05669-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-05669-8"><bdi>978-84-00-05669-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apuntes+de+nobiliaria+y+nociones+de+genealog%C3%ADa+y+her%C3%A1ldica%3A+Primer+curso.&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=205-213&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editorial+Hidalgu%C3%ADa&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-84-00-05669-8&rft.aulast=Cardenas+y+Allende&rft.aufirst=Francisco+de&rft.au=Escuela+de+genealog%C3%ADa&rft.au=Her%C3%A1ldica+y+Nobiliaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadenas_y_Vicent1976" class="citation book cs1">Cadenas y Vicent, Vicente de (1976). Heráldica patronímica española y sus patronímicos compuestos: Ensayo heráldico de apellidos originados en los nombres. Madrid: Hidalguía. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04279-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-00-04279-0"><bdi>978-84-00-04279-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her%C3%A1ldica+patron%C3%ADmica+espa%C3%B1ola+y+sus+patron%C3%ADmicos+compuestos%3A+Ensayo+her%C3%A1ldico+de+apellidos+originados+en+los+nombres&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Hidalgu%C3%ADa&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-84-00-04279-0&rft.aulast=Cadenas+y+Vicent&rft.aufirst=Vicente+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Privado/rrc.t5.html">Article 195, Reglamento del Registro Civil</a>: "On petition of the interested party, before the person in charge of the registry, the particle de shall be placed before the paternal surname that is usually a first name or begins with one." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenny2002" class="citation book cs1">Penny, Ralph (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspanish0000penn">A history of the Spanish language</a> (2. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofspanish0000penn/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521011846" title="Special:BookSources/9780521011846"><bdi>9780521011846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Spanish+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521011846&rft.aulast=Penny&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofspanish0000penn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2004" class="citation web cs1">Moran, Steve (5 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistlist.org/issues/15/15-1432/">"LINGUIST List 15.1432"</a>. The LINGUIST List. Retrieved 13 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+LINGUIST+List&rft.atitle=LINGUIST+List+15.1432&rft.date=2004-05-05&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistlist.org%2Fissues%2F15%2F15-1432%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernanditz-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernanditz_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnomastika_Batzordea2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Onomastika Batzordea (21 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euskaltzaindia.eus/index.php?option=com_ecoeoda&task=deituraIkusi&Itemid=799&lang=en&kodea=10934&mota=deiturak">"Fernanditz – Deiturak – EODA"</a>. Batzar agiriak (in Basque and English). Bilbo: Onomastika batzordeko agiritegia – Euskaltzaindia. Retrieved 20 August 2020. <q>fernandez > fernanditz [...] Onomastika batzordeak Olatzagutian izandako bileran onartutako deitura</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Batzar+agiriak&rft.atitle=Fernanditz+%E2%80%93+Deiturak+%E2%80%93+EODA&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.au=Onomastika+Batzordea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euskaltzaindia.eus%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_ecoeoda%26task%3DdeituraIkusi%26Itemid%3D799%26lang%3Den%26kodea%3D10934%26mota%3Ddeiturak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColes_Smith2003" class="citation book cs1">Coles Smith, Elsdon (2003) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansurnames0000smit/page/277">American Surnames</a> (4th ed.). MD, US: Genealogical Publishing Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansurnames0000smit/page/277">277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806311500" title="Special:BookSources/9780806311500"><bdi>9780806311500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Surnames&rft.place=MD%2C+US&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Genealogical+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780806311500&rft.aulast=Coles+Smith&rft.aufirst=Elsdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansurnames0000smit%2Fpage%2F277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elalmanaque.com/lexico/exposito.htm">"Léxico – Etimologias – Origen De Las Palabras – Expósito"</a>. Elalmanaque.com. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elalmanaque.com&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9xico+%E2%80%93+Etimologias+%E2%80%93+Origen+De+Las+Palabras+%E2%80%93+Exp%C3%B3sito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elalmanaque.com%2Flexico%2Fexposito.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401200727/http://www.registrocivil.gva.es/intranet/web/registrocivil/cambio-de-nombre-y/o-apellidos">"Conselleria de Justicia y Administraciones Públicas – Registro Civil"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.registrocivil.gva.es/intranet/web/registrocivil/cambio-de-nombre-y/o-apellidos">the original</a> on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conselleria+de+Justicia+y+Administraciones+P%C3%BAblicas+%E2%80%93+Registro+Civil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.registrocivil.gva.es%2Fintranet%2Fweb%2Fregistrocivil%2Fcambio-de-nombre-y%2Fo-apellidos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/sociedad/extranjeros-nacionalizados-espana-deberan-apellidos_1_4801485.html">"Los extranjeros nacionalizados en España deberán tener dos apellidos"</a>. 5 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+extranjeros+nacionalizados+en+Espa%C3%B1a+deber%C3%A1n+tener+dos+apellidos&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fcanariasahora%2Fsociedad%2Fextranjeros-nacionalizados-espana-deberan-apellidos_1_4801485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargarita_Espinosa_Meneses" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Margarita Espinosa Meneses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/anteriores/n21/21_mespinosa.html">"De Alfonso a Poncho y de Esperanza a Lancha: los Hipocorísticos"</a> [From Alfonso to Poncho and from Esperanza to Lancha: the Hypocorísticos] (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202114852/http://www.razonypalabra.org.mx/anteriores/n21/21_mespinosa.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=De+Alfonso+a+Poncho+y+de+Esperanza+a+Lancha%3A+los+Hipocor%C3%ADsticos&rft.au=Margarita+Espinosa+Meneses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.razonypalabra.org.mx%2Fanteriores%2Fn21%2F21_mespinosa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariño_Paz1998" class="citation book cs1">Mariño Paz, Ramón (1998). Historia da lingua galega (2. ed.). Santiago de Compostela: Sotelo Blanco. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7824-333-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7824-333-4"><bdi>978-84-7824-333-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+da+lingua+galega&rft.place=Santiago+de+Compostela&rft.pages=353&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Sotelo+Blanco&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-84-7824-333-4&rft.aulast=Mari%C3%B1o+Paz&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albaigès-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Albaigès_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbaigès1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albaigès, Josep M. (1995). Enciclopedia de los nombres propios (in Spanish). Planeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-08-01286-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-08-01286-X"><bdi>84-08-01286-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+nombres+propios&rft.pub=Planeta&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-08-01286-X&rft.aulast=Albaig%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Josep+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.cat/coneixement/entrada_c.asp?c_epigraf_num=28">"Institut d'Estudis Catalans: l'acadèmia catalana de les ciències i les humanitats. Portal de coneixement"</a>. Iec.cat. Retrieved 25 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iec.cat&rft.atitle=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans%3A+l%27acad%C3%A8mia+catalana+de+les+ci%C3%A8ncies+i+les+humanitats.+Portal+de+coneixement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.cat%2Fconeixement%2Fentrada_c.asp%3Fc_epigraf_num%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaquero_Díaz2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vaquero Díaz, María Beatriz (2005). Libro das posesións do Cabido Catedral de Ourense (1453) (in Galician). Universidade de Vigo. pp. 175–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8158-291-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8158-291-8"><bdi>978-84-8158-291-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libro+das+posesi%C3%B3ns+do+Cabido+Catedral+de+Ourense+%281453%29&rft.pages=175-208&rft.pub=Universidade+de+Vigo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-84-8158-291-8&rft.aulast=Vaquero+D%C3%ADaz&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Beatriz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeixó_Cid2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feixó Cid, Xosé (2003). Dicionario Galego dos Nomes (in Galician). Xerais. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9782-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9782-052-3"><bdi>978-84-9782-052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dicionario+Galego+dos+Nomes&rft.pub=Xerais&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-84-9782-052-3&rft.aulast=Feix%C3%B3+Cid&rft.aufirst=Xos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+naming+customs" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-INE-44"><a href="#cite_ref-INE_44-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922235454/https://idapadron.ine.es/fapel/FAPEL.INICIO">Territorial distribution of surnames</a> (Register data on 1 January 2006). (People born to that first surname) + (people with it as second surname) – (people named "Mohamed Mohamed") </li> <li id="cite_note-INEExcel-45"><a href="#cite_ref-INEExcel_45-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombres_por_fecha_en.xls">Most frequent names by date of birth and province of birth</a> Born in the 2000s, 78,4 <a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">per mille</a> in Ceuta, 74,3 per mille in Melilla </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Luis Gómez, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/paginas/polvorin/Ceuta/elpepusoceps/20070520elpepspag_3/Tes">El polvorín de Ceuta</a>". El País, 18 May 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf">Indexes: A Chapter from The Chicago Manual of Style</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005234/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/CHIIndexingComplete.pdf">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Manual_of_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago Manual of Style</a>. Retrieved on 23 December 2014. p. 27 (PDF document p. 29/56). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_naming_customs&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldaria.com">Hispanic Heraldry</a> – Information about Hispanic surnames (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scgenealogia.org/">Catalan Society of Heraldry</a> – Information about Catalan surnames (in Catalan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223031834/https://idapadron.ine.es/fapel/FAPEL.INICIO?lang=EN">Territorial distribution of surnames</a> (Data from the Register on 1 January 2006) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/en/daco/daco42/nombyapel/nombyapel_en.htm">several</a> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Excel" title="Microsoft Excel">Excel</a> tables about name and surname distribution by age and province, from the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture <a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address <a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a> <a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of 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