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class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Kartografi rootpage-Kartografi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kartografi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kartografi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Kartografi" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Kartografi" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zaman_kuno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zaman_kuno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Zaman kuno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zaman_kuno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teknologi_pencetakan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologi_pencetakan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Teknologi pencetakan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknologi_pencetakan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tulisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tulisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Tulisan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tulisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Referensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kartografi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 94 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خرائطية – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خرائطية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%89" title="كارتوجرافى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارتوجرافى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoqrafiya" title="Kartoqrafiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kartoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картаграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Картаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="कार्टोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्टोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানচিত্রাঙ্কনবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartennouriezh" title="Kartennouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kartennouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograffeg" title="Cartograffeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cartograffeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografie" title="Kartografie – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kartografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografiye" title="Kartografiye – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kartografiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χαρτογραφία – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαρτογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cartography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograafia" title="Kartograafia – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kartograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشه‌نگاری – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نقشه‌نگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartoitus" title="Kartoitus – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kartoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographie" title="Cartographie – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cartographie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografy" title="Kartografy – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kartografy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Cartagrafaíocht – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cartagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartograf%C3%ADa" title="Cartografía – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cartografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קרטוגרפיה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרטוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मानचित्रकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानचित्रकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9rk%C3%A9p%C3%A9szet" title="Térképészet – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Térképészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քարտեզագրություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քարտեզագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografio" title="Kartografio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kartografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortager%C3%B0" title="Kortagerð – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortagerð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="地図学 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="地図学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%8F%84%ED%95%99" title="지도학 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지도학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographia" title="Cartographia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cartographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartogr%C4%81fija" title="Kartogrāfija – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kartogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർട്ടോഗ്രാഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Зурагзүй – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зурагзүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြေပုံဆွဲပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="نقشه جوړونه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نقشه جوړونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografie" title="Cartografie – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cartografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Картография – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Картография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartugraf%C3%ACa" title="Cartugrafìa – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cartugrafìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිතියම් විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cartography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografia" title="Kartografia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kartografia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografija" title="Kartografija – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kartografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartografia" title="Hartografia – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hartografia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Картографија – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Картографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartographie" title="Kartographie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kartographie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografi" title="Kartografi – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kartografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografia" title="Katografia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Katografia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலப்படவரைவியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலப்படவரைவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80" title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్టోగ్రఫీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="การทำแผนที่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำแผนที่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartografya" title="Kartografya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kartografya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katografi_-_Asaase_ho_mfoniny%C9%9B" title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Katografi - Asaase ho mfoninyɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Картографія – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Картографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B4%DB%81_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نقشہ نگاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نقشہ نگاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaritagrafiya" title="Xaritagrafiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xaritagrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartografia" title="Cartografia – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cartografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Bản đồ học – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bản đồ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartograpiya" title="Kartograpiya – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kartograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარტოგრაფია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კარტოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9B%BE%E5%AD%A6" title="地图学 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="地图学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="地圖學 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地圖學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kartografi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kartografi" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kartografi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&oldid=24878397" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Kartografi&id=24878397&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKartografi"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKartografi"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kartografi"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kartografi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cartography" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42515" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/220px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/330px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg/440px-Claudius_Ptolemy-_The_World.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8073" data-file-height="5813" /></a><figcaption> Penggambaran <a href="/wiki/Oikumene" title="Oikumene">Ekumene</a> pada abad pertengahan (1482, Johannes Schnitzer, pemahat), dibangun setelah koordinat<a href="/wiki/Geografi_(Ptolemaeus)" title="Geografi (Ptolemaeus)"><i>Geografi</i></a> Ptolemeus dan menggunakan proyeksi peta kedua. Penerjemahan ke dalam bahasa Latin dan penyebaran <i>Geografi</i> di Eropa, pada awal abad ke-15, menandai kelahiran kembali kartografi ilmiah, setelah lebih dari satu milenium mengalami stagnasi.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kartografi</b> ( <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; berasal dari bahasa <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">Yunani</a> <i>chartes</i> χάρτης, "papirus, selembar kertas, peta", dan <i>graphein</i> γράφειν, "tulis") merupakan sebuah studi dan seni membuat dan mempelajari <a href="/wiki/Peta" title="Peta">peta</a>. Kartografi menggabungkan <a href="/wiki/Ilmu" title="Ilmu">sains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika">estetika</a>, dan teknik, untuk bisa menyatakan bahwa realitas (atau realitas yang dibayangkan) dapat dimodelkan dengan cara yang bisa mengomunikasikan informasi spasial secara efektif. </p><p>Tujuan mendasar dari kartografi tradisional adalah untuk: </p> <ul><li>Tetapkan agenda peta dan pilih ciri-ciri objek yang akan dipetakan. Ini adalah perhatian dari pengeditan peta. Ciri mungkin fisik, seperti jalan atau daratan, atau mungkin abstrak, seperti <a href="/wiki/Toponimi" title="Toponimi">toponim</a> atau batas politik.</li> <li>Mewakili medan objek yang dipetakan pada media datar. Ini adalah perhatian dari proyeksi peta .</li> <li>Menghilangkan karakteristik objek yang dipetakan yang tidak relevan dengan tujuan peta. Ini adalah perhatian generalisasi .</li> <li>Kurangi kerumitan karakteristik yang akan dipetakan. Ini juga menjadi perhatian generalisasi.</li> <li>Atur elemen peta untuk menyampaikan pesannya kepada audiensnya. Ini adalah perhatian dari desain peta .</li></ul> <p>Kartografi modern merupakan sebuah landasan teori dan praktik dari <a href="/wiki/Sistem_informasi_geografis" title="Sistem informasi geografis">sistem informasi geografis</a> dan ilmu pengetahuan informasi geografis. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/220px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/330px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg/440px-Paspardo_roccia_Vite29_rilievo_foto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Lukisan_Batu_di_Valcamonica" title="Lukisan Batu di Valcamonica">Lukisan Batu Valcamonica</a> (I), Paspardo r. 29, komposisi topografi, milenium ke-4 SM</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/220px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/330px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg/440px-Bedolina_roccia_1_foto_rilievo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><i>Peta Bedolina</i> dan penelusurannya, abad ke-6 hingga ke-4 SM</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Add_19391_19-20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/220px-Add_19391_19-20.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/330px-Add_19391_19-20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Add_19391_19-20.png/440px-Add_19391_19-20.png 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="1828" /></a><figcaption> Sebuah peta abad <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Timur" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Timur">Bizantium</a>ke-14 menggambarkan Kepulauan Inggris diambil dari naskah <a href="/wiki/Geografi_(Ptolemaeus)" title="Geografi (Ptolemaeus)"><i>Geografi</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaeus</a>, menggunakan angka Yunani untuk yang <a href="/wiki/Sistem_koordinat_geografi" title="Sistem koordinat geografi">koordinatnya</a> : 52-63 ° N dari <a href="/wiki/Khatulistiwa" title="Khatulistiwa">khatulistiwa</a> dan 6-33 ° E dari <a href="/wiki/Meridian_utama" title="Meridian utama">Meridian Utama</a> Ptolemaeus di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Keberkahan" title="Pulau Keberkahan">Kepulauan Beruntung</a> .</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/330px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/440px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption> Salinan dari peta TO dunia <a href="/wiki/Isidorus_dari_Sevilla" title="Isidorus dari Sevilla">St. Isidorus</a>. (1472) </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zaman_kuno">Zaman kuno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Zaman kuno" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Zaman kuno"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Masih menjadi sebuah perdebatan mengenai apa sebenarnya peta paling awal dibuat, baik karena istilah "peta" tidak terdefinisi dengan baik dan karena beberapa artefak yang mungkin berupa peta mungkin sebenarnya adalah sesuatu yang lain. Sebuah lukisan dinding yang mungkin menggambarkan kota Anatolia kuno Çatalhöyük (sebelumnya dikenal sebagai Catal Huyuk atau Çatal Hüyük) telah tertanggal hingga akhir milenium ke-7 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di antara ukiran batu alpine prasejarah Gunung Bego (Prancis) dan Valcamonica (Italia), yang berasal dari milenium ke-4 SM, pola geometris yang terdiri dari persegi panjang bertitik dan garis ditafsirkan secara luas <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dalam literatur arkeologi sebagai penggambaran budidaya plot.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peta lain dari dunia kuno yang diketahui termasuk lukisan dinding <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Minoa" title="Peradaban Minoa">Minoan</a> "House of the Admiral" dari c. 1600 SM, menunjukkan komunitas tepi laut dalam perspektif miring, dan peta terukir kota suci <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babilonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Nibru" title="Nibru">Nippur</a>, dari periode <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Kass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Kass">Kassite</a> (ke-14 – Abad ke-12 SM).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peta dunia tertua yang masih hidup berasal dari Babilonia abad ke-9 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salah satunya menunjukkan <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">Babel</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Efrat" title="Sungai Efrat">Efrat</a>, dikelilingi oleh <a href="/wiki/Asyur" title="Asyur">Asyur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan beberapa kota, semuanya, pada gilirannya, dikelilingi oleh "sungai pahit" ( <a href="/wiki/Okeanos" title="Okeanos">Oceanus</a> ).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yang lain menggambarkan Babel sebagai utara dari pusat dunia. </p><p>Orang <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi" title="Kekaisaran Romawi">Romawi</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">kuno</a> membuat peta dari zaman <a href="/wiki/Anaximandros" title="Anaximandros">Anaximander</a> pada abad ke-6 SM.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada abad ke-2 M, <a href="/wiki/Klaudius_Ptolemaeus" title="Klaudius Ptolemaeus">Ptolemaeus</a> menulis risalahnya tentang kartografi, <a href="/wiki/Geografi_(Ptolemaeus)" title="Geografi (Ptolemaeus)">Geographia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di dalam buku ini berisi peta-peta dunia Ptolemeus, atau masyarakat Barat sekarang mengenalnya sebagai <i><a href="/wiki/Oikumene" title="Oikumene">Oikumene</a></i> . Pada awal abad ke-8, para sarjana Arab menerjemahkan karya para <a href="/wiki/Daftar_ahli_geografi_Yunani-Romawi" title="Daftar ahli geografi Yunani-Romawi">ahli geografi Yunani</a> ke dalam bahasa Arab.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di zaman <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Tiongkok" title="Sejarah Tiongkok">Tiongkok kuno</a>, literatur geografis berasal dari abad ke-5 SM. Peta Tiongkok tertua yang masih ada sampai sekarang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Qin_(negara)" title="Qin (negara)">Negara Qin</a>, dibuat pada abad ke-4 SM selama <a href="/wiki/Zaman_Negara-negara_Berperang" title="Zaman Negara-negara Berperang">periode Zaman Negara-negara Berperang</a> di dalam buku <i>Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao</i> yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1092 oleh ilmuwan <a href="/wiki/Tiongkok" title="Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>, berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Peta_bintang" title="Peta bintang">peta bintang</a> pada proyeksi silinder ekuidistan.<sup id="cite_ref-Miyajima_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miyajima-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meskipun metode pembuatan bagan ini tampaknya telah ada di Tiongkok bahkan sebelum publikasi dan ilmuwan ini, signifikansi terbesar dari peta bintang oleh Su Song adalah bahwa mereka mewakili peta bintang tertua yang ada dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Percetakan" title="Percetakan">cetakan</a> . </p><p>Bentuk awal kartografi India termasuk penggambaran <a href="/wiki/Bintang_kutub" title="Bintang kutub">bintang kutub</a> dan konstelasi sekitarnya. Bagan ini mungkin telah digunakan untuk navigasi.<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abad_Pertengahan_dan_Renaisans">Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Abad Pertengahan dan Renaisans"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mappae_mundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mappae mundi (halaman belum tersedia)">Mappae mundi</a></i> ("peta dunia") adalah peta dunia Eropa abad pertengahan. Sekitar 1.100 tempat diketahui masih ada: dari jumlah ini, 900 ditemukan dalam ilustrasi manuskrip dan sisanya ditemukan dalam dokumen-dokumen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/220px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/330px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg/440px-TabulaRogeriana_upside-down.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12992" data-file-height="5952" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i>, digambar oleh <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Ruggeru_II_dari_Sisilia" title="Ruggeru II dari Sisilia">Roger II dari Sisilia</a> pada 1154</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/220px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/330px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg/440px-Europe_As_A_Queen_Sebastian_Munster_1570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption><i>Europa regina</i> dalam " <i>Cosmographia</i> " <i>karya</i> Sebastian Münster, 1570</figcaption></figure> <p>Ada tiga fungsi utama peta pada zaman Renaisans:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Deskripsi umum tentang dunia</li> <li>Navigasi dan pencarian jalur baru</li> <li>Survei tanah dan manajemen properti</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teknologi_pencetakan">Teknologi pencetakan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Teknologi pencetakan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Teknologi pencetakan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mengacu pada media yang digunakan untuk mentransfer gambar ke atas kertas ada dua jenis teknik seni grafis pada zaman Renaisans, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Cukil_kayu" title="Cukil kayu">cukil kayu</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Intaglio" title="Intaglio">intaglio pelat tembaga</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tulisan">Tulisan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Tulisan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Tulisan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Huruf dalam pembuatan peta penting untuk menunjukkan informasi. Penulisan huruf halus sulit dilakukan dalam ukiran kayu, karena sering kali berubah menjadi persegi dan kotak, bertentangan dengan gaya penulisan bulat yang populer di Italia pada saat itu.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Untuk meningkatkan kualitas, pembuat peta mengembangkan pahat halus untuk mengukir relief. Huruf Intaglio tidak mengalami masalah pada medium yang kasar sehingga dapat mengekspresikan kursif perulangan yang kemudian dikenal sebagai cancellaresca . Ada pukulan terbalik yang dibuat khusus yang juga digunakan dalam ukiran logam bersama dengan tulisan tangan bebas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartogram" title="Kartogram">Kartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">Cartouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> – basis data geografis yang dapat disunting secara bebas</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Robert Kunzig (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1999/may/archeologist">"A Tale of two obsessed archeologists, one ancient city, and nagging doubts about whether science can ever hope to reveal the past"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Tale+of+two+obsessed+archeologists%2C+one+ancient+city%2C+and+nagging+doubts+about+whether+science+can+ever+hope+to+reveal+the+past&rft.date=1999-05&rft.au=Robert+Kunzig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1999%2Fmay%2Farcheologist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stephanie Meece (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dspace.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/195777">"A bird's eye view – of a leopard's spots. The Çatalhöyük 'map' and the development of cartographic representation in prehistory"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian Studies (halaman belum tersedia)">Anatolian Studies</a></i>. <b>56</b>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066154600000727">10.1017/S0066154600000727</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/20065543">20065543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+bird%27s+eye+view+%E2%80%93+of+a+leopard%27s+spots.+The+%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk+%27map%27+and+the+development+of+cartographic+representation+in+prehistory&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066154600000727&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20065543&rft.au=Stephanie+Meece&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dspace.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F195777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicknell, Clarence (1913). <i>A Guide to the prehistoric Engravings in the Italian Maritime Alps, Bordighera</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Delano Smith, Catherine (1987). <i>Cartography in the Prehistoric Period in the Old World: Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa</i>. In: Harley J.B., Woodward D. (eds.), <i>The History of Cartography: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Mediaeval Europe and the Mediterranean v. 1</i>, Chicago: 54-101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V1/HOC_VOLUME1_chapter4.pdf">online</a>, retrieved December 2, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arcà, Andrea (2004). <i>The topographic engravings of the Alpine rock-art: fields, settlements and agricultural landscapes</i>. In Chippindale C., Nash G. (eds.) <i>The figured landscapes of Rock-Art</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 318-349; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1154206/Arc%C3%A0_Andrea_2004._The_topographic_engravings_of_the_alpine_rock-art_fields_settlements_and_agricultural_landscapes">online academia.edu</a>, retrieved December 2, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/nippur-expedition">Uchicago.edu</a> The Nippur Expedition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurt_A._Raaflaub_&_Richard_J._A._Talbert_2009_147_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kurt A. Raaflaub; Richard J. A. Talbert (2009). <i>Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. hlm. 147. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4051-9146-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4051-9146-3">978-1-4051-9146-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+and+Ethnography%3A+Perceptions+of+the+World+in+Pre-Modern+Societies&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9146-3&rft.au=Kurt+A.+Raaflaub&rft.au=Richard+J.+A.+Talbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Catherine Delano Smith (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>48</b>: 209–211. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03085699608592846">10.1080/03085699608592846</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1151277">1151277</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Imago+Mundi%27s+Logo+the+Babylonian+Map+of+the+World&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=209-211&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03085699608592846&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1151277&rft.au=Catherine+Delano+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Finel, Irving (1995). "A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery". <i>British Museum Magazine</i>. <b>23</b>: 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Museum+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+join+to+the+map+of+the+world%3A+A+notable+discovery&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Finel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502013409/http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781534525/Cartography_History_of.html">"History of Cartography"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781534525/cartography_history_of.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cartography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fau.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_781534525%2Fcartography_history_of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. L. Berggren, Alexander Jones; <i>Ptolemy's Geography By Ptolemy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2001 <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-691-09259-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-691-09259-1">0-691-09259-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Rujukan kosong (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#empty_citation" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miyajima-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miyajima_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miyajima, Kazuhiko (1997). "Projection methods in Chinese, Korean and Japanese star maps". Dalam Johannes Andersen. <i>Highlights of Astronomy</i>. <b>11B</b>. Norwell: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kluwer_Academic_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers (halaman belum tersedia)">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. hlm. 714. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7923-5556-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7923-5556-4">978-0-7923-5556-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Projection+methods+in+Chinese%2C+Korean+and+Japanese+star+maps&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+Astronomy&rft.place=Norwell&rft.pages=714&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5556-4&rft.au=Miyajima%2C+Kazuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Needham, Joseph (1971). <i>Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Science and Civilization in China. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. hlm. 569. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-07060-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-07060-7">978-0-521-07060-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Part+3%3A+Civil+Engineering+and+Nautics&rft.series=Science+and+Civilization+in+China&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07060-7&rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sircar3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sircar, D. C. C. (1990). <i>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. hlm. 330. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-208-0690-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-208-0690-0">978-81-208-0690-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Geography+of+Ancient+and+Medieval+India&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0690-0&rft.au=Sircar%2C+D.+C.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13456456"><i>The history of cartography</i></a>. Harley, J. B. (John Brian),, Woodward, David, 1942-2004,, Monmonier, Mark S.,. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-226-31633-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-226-31633-5">0-226-31633-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/13456456">13456456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+cartography&rft.place=Chicago&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13456456&rft.isbn=0-226-31633-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13456456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woodward, David. "Cartography and the Renaissance: Continuity and Change". <i>The History of Cartography</i>. <b>3</b>: 3–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.atitle=Cartography+and+the+Renaissance%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=3-24&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woodward, David. "Techniques of Map Engraving, Printing, and Coloring in the European Renaissance". <i>The History of Cartography</i>. <b>3</b>: 591–610.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.atitle=Techniques+of+Map+Engraving%2C+Printing%2C+and+Coloring+in+the+European+Renaissance&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=591-610&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Delano-Smith, Catherine (2005). "Stamped Signs on Manuscripts Maps in the Renaissance". <i>Imago Mundi</i>. <b>57</b>: 59–62. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0308569042000289842">10.1080/0308569042000289842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Stamped+Signs+on+Manuscripts+Maps+in+the+Renaissance&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=59-62&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0308569042000289842&rft.aulast=Delano-Smith&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografi">Bibliografi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Bibliografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bibliografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Ovenden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Ovenden (halaman belum tersedia)">Ovenden, Mark</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transitmapsofwor0000oven"><i>Transit Maps of the World</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-14-311265-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-14-311265-5">978-0-14-311265-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transit+Maps+of+the+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311265-5&rft.aulast=Ovenden&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransitmapsofwor0000oven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pembuatan peta</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">MacEachren, A.M. (1994). <i>Some Truth with Maps: A Primer on Symbolization & Design</i>. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-89291-214-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-89291-214-8">978-0-89291-214-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Truth+with+Maps%3A+A+Primer+on+Symbolization+%26+Design&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89291-214-8&rft.au=MacEachren%2C+A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Monmonier, Mark (1993). <i>Mapping It Out</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-226-53417-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-226-53417-6">978-0-226-53417-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+It+Out&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53417-6&rft.au=Monmonier%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kraak, Menno-Jan; Ormeling, Ferjan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cartographyvisua0000kraa_x0v9"><i>Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data</i></a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-088890-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-088890-7">978-0-13-088890-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartography%3A+Visualization+of+Spatial+Data&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-13-088890-7&rft.au=Kraak%2C+Menno-Jan&rft.au=Ormeling%2C+Ferjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcartographyvisua0000kraa_x0v9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Peterson, Michael P. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interactiveanima0000pete"><i>Interactive and Animated Cartography</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-079104-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-079104-7">978-0-13-079104-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interactive+and+Animated+Cartography&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-13-079104-7&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finteractiveanima0000pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Slocum, T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thematiccartogra0000unse"><i>Thematic Cartography and Geographic Visualization</i></a>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-13-035123-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-13-035123-4">978-0-13-035123-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thematic+Cartography+and+Geographic+Visualization&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-035123-4&rft.au=Slocum%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthematiccartogra0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKartografi" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&oldid=24878397">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kartografi&oldid=24878397</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Kartografi" title="Kategori:Kartografi">Kartografi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Informasi" title="Kategori:Informasi">Informasi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ilmu_dan_teknologi_dalam_tahun_1842" title="Kategori:Ilmu dan teknologi dalam tahun 1842">Ilmu dan teknologi dalam tahun 1842</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_kosong" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang kosong">Halaman dengan rujukan yang kosong</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 29 November 2023, pukul 12.55.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. 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