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href="#Early_career_as_a_physician"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career as a physician</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_as_a_physician-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Subtilitate_(1550)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Subtilitate_(1550)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>De Subtilitate</i> (1550)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Subtilitate_(1550)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland_and_Archbishop_Hamilton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland_and_Archbishop_Hamilton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scotland and Archbishop Hamilton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland_and_Archbishop_Hamilton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_literature_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_literature_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References in literature and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_literature_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collected_Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span><i>Collected Works</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gerolamo Cardano</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="جيرولامو كاردانو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرولامو كاردانو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerolamo_Kardano" title="Cerolamo Kardano – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cerolamo Kardano" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="جرلامو کاردانو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرلامو کاردانو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B" title="জিরোলামো কার্দানো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিরোলামো কার্দানো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Джыролама Кардана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джыролама Кардана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Джироламо Кардано – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джироламо Кардано" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Τζερόλαμο Καρντάνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζερόλαμο Καρντάνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="جرلامو کاردانو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرلامو کاردانو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Cardan" title="Jérôme Cardan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jérôme Cardan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%A1%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%AA%A8_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%A4%EB%85%B8" title="지롤라모 카르다노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지롤라모 카르다노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B8_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Ջերոլամո Կարդանո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերոլամո Կարդանո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="ג'ירולמו קרדאנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ירולמו קרדאנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Cardanus" title="Hieronymus Cardanus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hieronymus Cardanus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEerol%C4%81mo_Kard%C4%81no" title="Džerolāmo Kardāno – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džerolāmo Kardāno" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironem_Cardan" title="Ironem Cardan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ironem Cardan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88" title="جيرولامو كاردانو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرولامو كاردانو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E" title="ジェロラモ・カルダーノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェロラモ・カルダーノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardano_Jerolamo" title="Kardano Jerolamo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kardano Jerolamo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Джероламо Кардано – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джероламо Кардано" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Кардано, Джероламо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кардано, Джероламо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86" title="جێرۆلامۆ کاردانۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جێرۆلامۆ کاردانۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Ђироламо Кардано – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђироламо Кардано" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girolamo_Cardano" title="Girolamo Cardano – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Girolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B" title="கார்டானோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்டானோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirulanu_Kardanu" title="Jirulanu Kardanu – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Jirulanu Kardanu" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99" title="เจโรลาโม การ์ดาโน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจโรลาโม การ์ดาโน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Джироламо Кардано – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джироламо Кардано" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E9%81%94%E8%AB%BE" title="卡爾達諾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="卡爾達諾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gerolamo Cardano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA" title="吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E4%B8%B9%E8%AB%BE" title="卡丹諾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡丹諾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%BD%97%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%BA" title="吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉罗拉莫·卡尔达诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93_%E2%B4%BD%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93" title="ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵍⴰⵎⵓ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵊⵉⵔⵓⵍⴰⵎⵓ ⴽⴰⵔⴷⴰⵏⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184530#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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searchaux" style="display:none">Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer (1501–1576)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cardanus" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see <a href="/wiki/Cardanus_(crater)" title="Cardanus (crater)">Cardanus (crater)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Girolamo Cardano</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg/220px-Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg/330px-Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg/440px-Girolamo_Cardano._Stipple_engraving_by_R._Cooper._Wellcome_V0001004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="3028" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">17th-century portrait <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> of Cardano</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1501-09-24</span>)</span>24 September 1501<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 September 1576<span style="display:none">(1576-09-21)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardano%E2%80%93Tartaglia_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardano–Tartaglia formula">Cardano–Tartaglia formula</a><br />First systematic use of <a href="/wiki/Negative_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative numbers">negative numbers</a> in Europe</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Science, mathematics, philosophy, and literature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Ferrari" title="Lodovico Ferrari">Lodovico Ferrari</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gerolamo Cardano</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒeˈrɔːlamo<span class="wrap"> </span>karˈdaːno]</a></span>; also <b>Girolamo</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Geronimo</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French: <i lang="fr">Jérôme Cardan</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Hieronymus Cardanus</i>; 24 September 1501– 21 September 1576) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> whose interests and proficiencies ranged through those of mathematician, <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gambler" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambler">gambler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became one of the most influential mathematicians of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and one of the key figures in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>; he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial coefficients">binomial coefficients</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_theorem" title="Binomial theorem">binomial theorem</a> in the Western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science.<sup id="cite_ref-Westfall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Westfall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano partially invented and described several mechanical devices including the <a href="/wiki/Combination_lock" title="Combination lock">combination lock</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a> consisting of three concentric rings allowing a supported <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a> to rotate freely, and the <a href="/wiki/Cardan_shaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardan shaft">Cardan shaft</a> with <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joints</a>, which allows the transmission of rotary motion at various angles and is used in vehicles to this day. He made significant contributions to <a href="/wiki/Hypocycloid" title="Hypocycloid">hypocycloids</a> - published in <i>De proportionibus</i>, in 1570. The generating circles of these hypocycloids, later named "Cardano circles" or "cardanic circles", were used for the construction of the first high-speed <a href="/wiki/Printing_press#The_Industrial_Revolution" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Cardano is well known for his achievements in <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebra</a>. In his 1545 book <a href="/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)" title="Ars Magna (Cardano book)"><i>Ars Magna</i></a> he made the first systematic use of <a href="/wiki/Negative_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative numbers">negative numbers</a> in Europe, published (with attribution) the solutions of other mathematicians for <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation">cubic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartic_equation" title="Quartic equation">quartic equations</a>, and acknowledged the existence of <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_number" title="Imaginary number">imaginary numbers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardano_-_De_propria_vita,_1821_-_698063_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg/220px-Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg/330px-Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg/440px-Cardano_-_De_propria_vita%2C_1821_-_698063_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption><i>De propria vita</i>, 1821</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardano was born on 24 September 1501<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, Lombardy, the <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate">illegitimate</a> child of <a href="/wiki/Fazio_Cardano" title="Fazio Cardano">Fazio Cardano</a>, a mathematically gifted <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, lawyer, and close friend of <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>. In his autobiography, Cardano wrote that his mother, Chiara Micheri, had taken "various abortive medicines" to terminate the pregnancy; he said: "I was taken by violent means from my mother; I was almost dead." She was in labour for three days.<sup id="cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggi2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before his birth, his mother had to move from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a> to escape the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Plague</a>; her three other children died from the disease. </p><p>After a depressing childhood, with frequent illnesses, and the rough upbringing by his overbearing father, in 1520, Cardano entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pavia" title="University of Pavia">University of Pavia</a>. Against the wish of his father, who wanted his son to undertake studies of law, Girolamo felt more attracted to philosophy and science. During the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">Italian War of 1521–1526</a>, however, the authorities in Pavia were forced to close the university in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano resumed his studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Padua" title="University of Padua">University of Padua</a>, where he graduated with a doctorate in medicine in 1525.<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eccentric and confrontational style did not earn him many friends and he had a difficult time finding work after he completed his studies. In 1525, Cardano repeatedly applied to the College of Physicians in Milan, but was not admitted owing to his combative reputation and illegitimate birth. However, he was consulted by many members of the College of Physicians, because of his irrefutable intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_as_a_physician">Early career as a physician</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career as a physician"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardano wanted to practice medicine in a large, rich city like <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, but he was denied a license to practice, so he settled for the town of <a href="/wiki/Piove_di_Sacco" title="Piove di Sacco">Piove di Sacco</a>, where he practised without a license. There, he married Lucia Banderini in 1531. Before her death in 1546, they had three children, Giovanni Battista (1534), Chiara (1537) and Aldo Urbano (1543).<sup id="cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggi2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano later wrote that those were the happiest days of his life. </p><p>With the help of a few noblemen, Cardano obtained a mathematics teaching position in Milan. Having finally received his medical license, he practised mathematics and medicine simultaneously, treating a few influential patients in the process. Because of this, he became one of the most sought-after doctors in Milan. In fact, by 1536, he was able to quit his teaching position, although he was still interested in mathematics. His notability in the medical field was such that the aristocracy tried to lure him out of Milan. Cardano later wrote that he turned down offers from the kings of Denmark and France, and the Queen of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerolamo_Cardano_(colour).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg/200px-Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg/300px-Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg/400px-Gerolamo_Cardano_%28colour%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Cardano on display at the School of Mathematics and Statistics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gerolamo Cardano was the first European mathematician to make systematic use of negative numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published with attribution the solution of <a href="/wiki/Scipione_del_Ferro" title="Scipione del Ferro">Scipione del Ferro</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cubic_equation" title="Cubic equation">cubic equation</a> and the solution of Cardano's student <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Ferrari" title="Lodovico Ferrari">Lodovico Ferrari</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Quartic_equation" title="Quartic equation">quartic equation</a> in his 1545 book <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)" title="Ars Magna (Cardano book)">Ars Magna</a></i>, an influential work on algebra. The solution to one particular case of the cubic equation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle ax^{3}+bx+c=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>a</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle ax^{3}+bx+c=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31f46f92d1475384e89f74589c1078cda0a1eaca" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:16.89ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle ax^{3}+bx+c=0}"></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in modern notation) had been communicated to him in 1539 by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Fontana_Tartaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia">Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia</a> (who later claimed that Cardano had sworn not to reveal it, and engaged Cardano in a decade-long dispute) in the form of a poem,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but del Ferro's solution predated Tartaglia's.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his exposition, he acknowledged the existence of what are now called <a href="/wiki/Imaginary_number" title="Imaginary number">imaginary numbers</a>, although he did not understand their properties, described for the first time by his Italian contemporary <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Bombelli" title="Rafael Bombelli">Rafael Bombelli</a>. In <i>Opus novum de proportionibus</i> he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficient" title="Binomial coefficient">binomial coefficients</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_theorem" title="Binomial theorem">binomial theorem</a>. </p><p>Cardano was chronically short of money and kept himself solvent by being an accomplished gambler and <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> player. His book about games of chance, <i>Liber de ludo aleae</i> ("Book on Games of Chance"), written around 1564,<sup id="cite_ref-LudoYear_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LudoYear-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not published until 1663, contains the first systematic treatment of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a section on effective cheating methods. He used the game of throwing dice to understand the basic concepts of probability. He demonstrated the efficacy of defining <a href="/wiki/Odds" title="Odds">odds</a> as the ratio of favourable to unfavourable outcomes (which implies that the probability of an <a href="/wiki/Event_(probability_theory)" title="Event (probability theory)">event</a> is given by the ratio of favourable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also aware of the multiplication rule for independent events but was not certain about what values should be multiplied.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_contributions">Other contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Special:EditPage/Gerolamo Cardano">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leone_leoni_(attr.),_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano,_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano,_1550-51.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG/200px-Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG/300px-Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG/400px-Leone_leoni_%28attr.%29%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano%2C_verso_con_sogno_di_cardano%2C_1550-51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>"Oneiron" ("Dream"), reverse of the medallion of Cardano by <a href="/wiki/Leone_Leoni" title="Leone Leoni">Leone Leoni</a>, 1550–51</figcaption></figure> <p>Cardano was a <a href="/wiki/Music_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Music theorist">music theorist</a> who studied music privately in Milan in his youth. He wrote two treatises on music, both of which were titled <i>De Musica</i>. The first was published within his 1663 work <i>Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis Opera Omnia</i>. It is of interest to scholars on the history of <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwind instruments">woodwind instruments</a> because of its discussion of instruments from that family. The second treatise was published in 1574, and a copy of it is held in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>. The work is valuable for studies in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> for its discussion of the use of <a href="/wiki/Microtones" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtones">microtones</a>. It is also of interest to scholars of <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a> practice for its details on 16th century performance. The later treatise of music <i>Della natura de principii et regole musicali</i> which has been attributed to Cardano by some, is according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> most likely falsely attributed to Cardano and is by another writer. Cardano also dabbled in composing, writing the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motet</a> <i> Beati estis</i> which is scored for 12 voices and contains four overlapping <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano's work with hypocycloids led him to <a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple#Later_examples" title="Tusi couple">Cardan's Movement</a> or Cardan Gear mechanism, in which a pair of gears with the smaller being one-half the size of the larger gear is used to convert rotational motion to linear motion with greater efficiency and precision than a <a href="/wiki/Scotch_yoke" title="Scotch yoke">Scotch yoke</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also credited with the invention of the Cardan suspension or <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbal</a>. </p><p>Cardano made several contributions to hydrodynamics and held that <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">perpetual motion</a> is impossible, except in celestial bodies. He published two encyclopedias of natural science which contain a wide variety of inventions, facts, and occult superstitions. He also introduced the <a href="/wiki/Cardan_grille" title="Cardan grille">Cardan grille</a>, a cryptographic writing tool, in 1550. </p><p>Significantly, in the history of <a href="/wiki/Education_of_the_deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Education of the deaf">education of the deaf</a>, he said that deaf people were capable of using their minds, argued for the importance of teaching them, and was one of the first to state that deaf people could learn to read and write without learning how to speak first. He was familiar with a report by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Agricola">Rudolph Agricola</a> about a deaf-mute who had learned to write. </p><p>Cardano's medical writings included: a commentary on <a href="/wiki/Mundinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundinus">Mundinus</a>' anatomy and of <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>'s medicine, along with the treaties <i>Delle cause, dei segni e dei luoghi delle malattie</i>, <i>Picciola terapeutica</i>, <i>Degli abusi dei medici</i> and <i>Delle orine, libro quattro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cardano has been credited with the invention of the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Cardano%27s_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardano's Rings">Cardano's Rings</a></i>, also called Chinese Rings, but it is very probable that they predate Cardano. The <a href="/wiki/Universal_joint" title="Universal joint">universal joint</a>, sometimes called <i>Cardan joint</i>, was not described by Cardano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_Subtilitate_(1550)"><span id="De_Subtilitate_.281550.29"></span><i>De Subtilitate</i> (1550)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: De Subtilitate (1550)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardano,_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate,_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg/170px-Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg/255px-Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg/340px-Cardano%2C_Girolamo_%E2%80%93_De_subtilitate%2C_1559_%E2%80%93_BEIC_3024364.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption><i>De subtilitate</i>, 1559 edition</figcaption></figure> <p>As quoted from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a></i>: </p> <blockquote> <p>The title of a work of Cardano's, published in 1552, <i>De Subtilitate</i> (corresponding to what would now be called <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling#Naturphilosophie" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">transcendental philosophy</a>), would lead us to expect, in the chapter on minerals, many far fetched theories characteristic of that age; but when treating of petrified shells, he decided that they clearly indicated the former sojourn of the sea upon the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scotland_and_Archbishop_Hamilton">Scotland and Archbishop Hamilton</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scotland and Archbishop Hamilton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leone_leoni,_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG/170px-Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG/255px-Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG/340px-Leone_leoni%2C_medaglia_di_girolamo_cardano.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2062" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>Medallion portrait of Cardano aged 49 by <a href="/wiki/Leone_Leoni" title="Leone Leoni">Leone Leoni</a> (1509–1590)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1552 Cardano travelled to Scotland with the Spanish physician William Casanatus, via London,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to treat the <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="John Hamilton (archbishop of St Andrews)">Archbishop of St Andrews</a> who suffered of a disease that had left him speechless and was thought incurable. The treatment was a success and the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Randolph_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Randolph (diplomat)">Thomas Randolph</a> recorded that "merry tales" about Cardano's methods were still current in Edinburgh in 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano and Casanatus argued over the Archbishop's cure.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardano wrote that the Archbishop had been short of breath for ten years, and after the cure was effected by his assistant, he was paid 1,400 gold crowns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two of Cardano's children — Giovanni Battista and Aldo Urbano — came to ignoble ends. Giovanni Battista, Cardano's eldest and favourite son was arrested in 1560 for having poisoned his wife,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after he had discovered that their three children were not his. Giovanni was put to trial and, when Cardano could not pay the restitution demanded by the victim's family, was sentenced to death and <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">beheaded</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gerolamo's other son Aldo Urbano was a gambler, who stole money from his father, and so Cardano disinherited him in 1569. </p><p>Cardano moved from Pavia to Bologna, in part because he believed that the decision to execute his son was influenced by Gerolamo's battles with the academic establishment in Pavia, and his colleagues' jealousy at his scientific achievements, and also because he was beset with allegations of sexual impropriety with his students.<sup id="cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maggi2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained a position as professor of medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>. </p><p>Cardano was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> in 1570 after an accusation of heresy by the Inquisitor of Como, who targeted Cardano's <i>De rerum varietate</i> (1557).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquisitors complained about Cardano's writings on <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, especially his claim that self-harming religiously motivated actions of martyrs and heretics were caused by the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1543 book <i>De Supplemento Almanach</i>, a commentary on the astrological work <i><a href="/wiki/Tetrabiblos" title="Tetrabiblos">Tetrabiblos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, Cardano had also published a horoscope of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>. Cardano was imprisoned for several months and lost his professorship in Bologna. He abjured and was freed, probably with help from powerful churchmen in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All his non-medical works were prohibited and placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He moved to Rome, where he received a lifetime <a href="/wiki/Annuity_(financial_contracts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuity (financial contracts)">annuity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> (after first having been rejected by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, who died in 1572) and finished his autobiography. He was accepted into the Royal College of Physicians, and as well as practising medicine he continued his philosophical studies until his death in 1576.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_literature_and_culture">References in literature and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References in literature and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventeenth-century English physician and philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> possessed the ten volumes of the Lyon 1663 edition of the complete works of Cardan in <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Sir_Thomas_Browne" title="Library of Sir Thomas Browne">his library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Browne critically viewed Cardan as: </p> <blockquote> <p>that famous Physician of Milan, a great Enquirer of Truth, but too greedy a Receiver of it. He hath left many excellent Discourses, Medical, Natural, and Astrological; the most suspicious are those two he wrote by admonition in a dream, that is <i>De Subtilitate & Varietate Rerum</i>. Assuredly this learned man hath taken many things upon trust, and although examined some, hath let slip many others. He is of singular use unto a prudent Reader; but unto him that only desireth Hoties,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to replenish his head with varieties; like many others before related, either in the Original or confirmation, he may become no small occasion of Error.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hinckley_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hinckley Allen">Richard Hinckley Allen</a> tells of an amusing reference made by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Hudibras" title="Hudibras">Hudibras</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Cardan believ'd great states depend<br /> Upon the tip o'th' Bear's tail's end;<br /> That, as she wisk'd it t'wards the Sun,<br /> Strew'd mighty empires up and down;<br /> Which others say must needs be false,<br /> Because your true bears have no tails. </p> </div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">I Promessi Sposi</a></i> portrays a pedantic scholar of the obsolete, Don Ferrante, as a great admirer of Cardano. Significantly, he values him only for his superstitious and astrological writings; his scientific writings are dismissed because they contradict <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, but excused on the ground that the author of the astrological works deserves to be listened to even when he is wrong. </p><p>English novelist <a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">E. M. Forster</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Abinger_Harvest" title="Abinger Harvest">Abinger Harvest</a></i>, a 1936 volume of essays, authorial reviews and a play, provides a sympathetic treatment of Cardano in the section titled 'The Past'. Forster believes Cardano was so absorbed in "self-analysis that he often forgot to repent of his bad temper, his stupidity, his licentiousness, and love of revenge" (212). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>De malo recentiorum medicorum medendi usu libellus</i>, Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1536 (on medicine).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Practica arithmetice et mensurandi singularis</i> (on mathematics), Io. Antoninus Castellioneus/Bernadino Caluscho, Milan, 1539.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Consolatione, Libri tres</i>, Hieronymus Scotus, Venice, 1542.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bedingfield_(d._1613)" title="Thomas Bedingfield (d. 1613)">T. Bedingfield</a> (1573).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Libelli duo: De Supplemento Almanach; De Restitutione temporum et motuum coelestium; Item Geniturae LXVII insignes casibus et fortuna, cum expositione</i>, Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1543.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Sapientia, Libri quinque</i>, Iohan. Petreius, Norimbergae, 1544 (with <i>De Consolatione</i> reprint and <i>De Libris Propriis</i>, book I).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Immortalitate animorum</i>, Henric Petreius, Nuremberg 1544/Sebastianus Gryphius, Lyons, 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Contradicentium medicorum</i> (on medicine), Hieronymus Scotus, Venetijs, 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)" title="Ars Magna (Cardano book)">Artis magnae, sive de regulis algebraicis</a></i> (on algebra: also known as <i>Ars magna</i>), Iohan. Petreius, Nuremberg, 1545.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by D. Witmer (1968).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Della Natura de Principii e Regole Musicale</i>, ca 1546 (on music theory: in Italian): posthumously published.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (most likely falsely attributed to Cardano)<sup id="cite_ref-Grove_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grove-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Subtilitate rerum</i> (on natural phenomena), <a href="/wiki/Johann_Petreius" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Petreius">Johann Petreius</a>, Nuremberg, 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by J.M. Forrester (2013).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metoposcopy" title="Metoposcopy">Metoposcopia</a> libris tredecim, et octingentis faciei humanae eiconibus complexa</i> (on physiognomy), written 1550 (published posthumously by Thomas Jolly, Paris (Lutetiae Parisiorum), 1658).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>In Cl. Ptolemaei Pelusiensis IIII, De Astrorum judiciis... libros commentaria: cum eiusdem De Genituris libro</i>, Henrichus Petri, Basle, 1554.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Geniturarum Exemplar</i> (<i>De Genituris liber</i>, separate printing), Theobaldus Paganus, Lyons, 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ars Curandi Parva</i> (written c. 1556).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Libris propriis</i> (about the books he has written, and his successes in medical work), Gulielmus Rouillius, Leiden, 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Rerum varietate, Libri XVII</i> (on natural phenomena); (Revised edition), Matthaeus Vincentius, Avignon 1558.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also Basle, Henricus Petri, 1559.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Actio prima in calumniatorem</i> (reply to J.C. Scaliger), 1557.</li> <li><i>De Utilitate ex adversis capienda, Libri IIII</i> (on the uses of adversity), Henrich Petri, Basle, 1561.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Theonoston, seu De Tranquilitate</i>, 1561. (Opera, Vol. II).</li> <li><i>Somniorum synesiorum omnis generis insomnia explicantes, Libri IIII</i> (Book of Dreams: with other writings), Henricus Petri, Basle 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Neronis encomium</i> (a life of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>), Basle, 1562.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by A. Paratico (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>De Providentia ex anni constitutione</i>, Alexander Benaccius, Bononiae, 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Methodo medendi</i>, Paris, In Aedibus Rouillii, 1565.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Causis, signis ac locis morborum, Liber unus</i>, Alexander Benatius, Bononiae, 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Commentarii in Hippocratis Coi Prognostica, Opus Divinum; Commentarii De Aere, aquis et locis opus</i>, Henric Petrina Officina, Basel, 1568/1570.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Opus novum, De Proportionibus numerorum, motuum, ponderum, sonorum, aliarumque rerum mensurandarum. Item de aliza regula</i>, Henric Petrina, Basel, 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Opus novum, cunctis De Sanitate tuenda, Libri quattuor</i>, Sebastian HenricPetri, Basle, 1569.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>De Vita propria</i>, 1576 (autobiography).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by J. Stoner (2002).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Liber De Ludo aleae</i> ("On Casting the <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">Die</a>"; on probability): posthumously published.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Translation into English by S.H. Gould (1961).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>Proxeneta, seu De Prudentia Civili</i> (posthumously published: Paulus Marceau, Geneva, 1630).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collected_Works"><i>Collected Works</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Collected Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chronological key to this edition is supplied by M. Fierz.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis Opera Omnia, cura Carolii Sponii</i> (Lugduni, Ioannis Antonii Huguetan and Marci Antonii Ravaud, 1663) (10 volumes, Latin): <ul><li>Volume 1: Philologica, Logica, Moralia (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imgmar3940MiscellaneaOpal/page/n2">Internet Archive</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r25kAAAAcAAJ">Google</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5-ioDlZFawwC">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 2: Moralia Quaedam et Physica (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kcIpBqL0lUC&pg=PP5">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 3: Physica (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpcIo8qMPf8C">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 4: Arithmetica, Geometrica, Musica (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lW9Odn9kbMC">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 5: Astronomica, Astrologica, Onirocritica (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/imgmar3940aooMiscellaneaOpal?ui=embed#mode/2up">Internet Archive</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVUdw5vpyE4C">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 6: Medicinalium I (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jyh0yuZZZTwC">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 7: Medicinalium II (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUy3wOyaTn0C">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 8: Medicinalium III (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jOoxQeT40foC">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 9: Medicinalium IV (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xbwhwVSR324C">Google</a>)</li> <li>Volume 10: Opuscula Miscellanea (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GAczc2s-cDYC">Google</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blow_book" title="Blow book">Blow book</a>, an early form of art or magic trick initially uncovered by Gerolamo Cardano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative numbers">Negative numbers</a>, the core of Cardano's major contributions to science and mathematics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">plural of “hoti”: Greek ὅτι, “because”</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cardan, Girolamo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cardan,_Girolamo">"Cardan, Girolamo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardan%2C+Girolamo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiglioni2013" class="citation journal cs1">Giglioni, Guido (23 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/sum2013/entries/cardano/">"Girolamo [Geronimo] Cardano"</a>. <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Girolamo+%5BGeronimo%5D+Cardano&rft.date=2013-04-23&rft.aulast=Giglioni&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstanford.library.sydney.edu.au%2Farchives%2Fsum2013%2Fentries%2Fcardano%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatty1991" class="citation book cs1">Patty, Peter Fletcher, Hughes Hoyle, C. Wayne (1991). <i>Foundations of Discrete Mathematics</i> (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-92373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-92373-9"><bdi>0-534-92373-9</bdi></a>. <q>Cardano was a physician, astrologer, and mathematician.... [He] supported his wife and three children by gambling and casting horoscopes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Discrete+Mathematics&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=207&rft.edition=International+student&rft.pub=PWS-KENT+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-534-92373-9&rft.aulast=Patty&rft.aufirst=Peter+Fletcher%2C+Hughes+Hoyle%2C+C.+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westfall-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Westfall_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfall" class="citation web cs1">Westfall, Richard S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728110911/http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cardano.html">"Cardano, Girolamo"</a>. <i>T he Galileo Project</i>. rice.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/cardano.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=T+he+Galileo+Project&rft.atitle=Cardano%2C+Girolamo&rft.aulast=Westfall&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgalileo.rice.edu%2FCatalog%2FNewFiles%2Fcardano.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> W.G. Waters, <i>Jerome Cardan, a Biographical Study</i> (Lawrence and Bullen, London 1898), from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeromecardanbiog00wateuoft/page/n13">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-due.de/imperia/md/content/didmath/ag_jahnke/leb_ca.pdf">"Quick Fact on Cardona"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Universität Duisburg Essen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Duisburg+Essen&rft.atitle=Quick+Fact+on+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-due.de%2Fimperia%2Fmd%2Fcontent%2Fdidmath%2Fag_jahnke%2Fleb_ca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maggi2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maggi2001_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmando_Maggi2001" class="citation book cs1">Armando Maggi (1 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dF-JHCT9bT0C&pg=PA184"><i>Satan's Rhetoric: A Study of Renaissance Demonology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 181–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50132-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50132-1"><bdi>978-0-226-50132-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satan%27s+Rhetoric%3A+A+Study+of+Renaissance+Demonology&rft.pages=181-&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50132-1&rft.au=Armando+Maggi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdF-JHCT9bT0C%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngus.1996" class="citation book cs1">Angus., Konstam (1996). <i>Pavia 1525 : the climax of the Italian wars</i>. London: Osprey Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1855325047" title="Special:BookSources/1855325047"><bdi>1855325047</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36143257">36143257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pavia+1525+%3A+the+climax+of+the+Italian+wars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Military&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36143257&rft.isbn=1855325047&rft.aulast=Angus.&rft.aufirst=Konstam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan.html">"Cardan biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardan+biography&rft.pub=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCardan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan.html">"Girolamo Cardano - Biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Girolamo+Cardano+-+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCardan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno2003" class="citation book cs1">Bruno, Leonard C (2003) [1999]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun"><i>Math and mathematicians: the history of math discoveries around the world</i></a></span>. Baker, Lawrence W. Detroit, Mich.: U X L. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787638137" title="Special:BookSources/0787638137"><bdi>0787638137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41497065">41497065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Math+and+mathematicians%3A+the+history+of+math+discoveries+around+the+world&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=U+X+L&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41497065&rft.isbn=0787638137&rft.aulast=Bruno&rft.aufirst=Leonard+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmathmathematicia00brun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <i>Asimov on Numbers</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 1966, 1977, page 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton" class="citation book cs1">Burton, David. <i>The History of Mathematics: An Introduction</i> (7th (2010) ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mathematics%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th+%282010%29&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V.J. Katz, <i>A History of Mathematics: An Introduction</i>, 3rd edn. (Boston: Pearson Education, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LudoYear-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LudoYear_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Chapter 20 of <i>Liber de Ludo Aleae</i> he describes a personal experience from 1526 and then adds that "thirty-eight years have passed" [elapsis iam annis triginta octo]. This sentence is written by Cardano around 1564, age 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, ibid., p. 488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~pg2113/index_files/Gorroochurn-Some%20Laws.pdf">Some laws and problems in classical probability and how Cardano anticipated them Gorrochum, P. <i>Chance</i>magazine 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katz, ibid., p. 488</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grove-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grove_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClement_A._Miller2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clement A. Miller (2001). "Cardano, Girolamo [Cardan, Jerome; Cardanus, Hieronymous]". <i>Cardano, Girolamo</i>. <i>Grove Music Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04908">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardano%2C+Girolamo&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.04908&rft.au=Clement+A.+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mekanizmalar.com/cardan_gear.html">"How does a Cardan gear mechanism work?"</a>. Seyhan Ersoy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+does+a+Cardan+gear+mechanism+work%3F&rft.pub=Seyhan+Ersoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mekanizmalar.com%2Fcardan_gear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1917" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Eugene_Smith" title="David Eugene Smith">Smith, David Eugene</a> (1 July 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927718">"Medicine and Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century"</a>. <i>Ann Med Hist</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">125–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12650954">12650954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7927718">7927718</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33943138">33943138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Med+Hist.&rft.atitle=Medicine+and+Mathematics+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=1917-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7927718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33943138&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12650954&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7927718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span> (here cited p. 130).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesgeolo01unkngoog">Principles of Geology</a></i>, 1832, p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. S. Knighton, <i>Calendar of State Papers, Domestic, Edward VI</i> (London, 1992), p. 241 no. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calendar State Papers Scotland</i>, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p. 592: James Melville, <i>Memoirs of his own life</i> (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 21, 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markus Fierz, <i>Girolamo Cardano: 1501–1576 Physician, Natural Philosopher Mathematician</i> (Birkhäuser Boston, 1983), pp. 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardanus, Gerolamo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blA9AAAAcAAJ"><i>De Propria Vita Liber</i> (Amsterdam, 1654), pp. 136-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2021" class="citation web cs1">Schaefer, John (26 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harvardsynthesis.com/post/cardano-s-demons-renaissance-demonology-and-divination">"Cardano's Demons: Renaissance Demonology and Divination"</a>. <i>Harvard Synthesis Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Synthesis+Journal&rft.atitle=Cardano%27s+Demons%3A+Renaissance+Demonology+and+Divination&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardsynthesis.com%2Fpost%2Fcardano-s-demons-renaissance-demonology-and-divination&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValente2017" class="citation journal cs1">Valente, Michaela (2017). "Facing the Roman Inquisition: Cardano and Della Porta". <i>Bruniana e Campanelliana</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.19272%2F201704102017">10.19272/201704102017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bruniana+e+Campanelliana&rft.atitle=Facing+the+Roman+Inquisition%3A+Cardano+and+Della+Porta&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.19272%2F201704102017&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Michaela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegier2019" class="citation journal cs1">Regier, Jonathan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8608904/file/8651154.pdf">"Reading Cardano with the Roman Inquisition: Astrology, Celestial Physics, and the Force of Heresy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>110</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">661–</span>679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706783">10.1086/706783</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1854%2FLU-8608904">1854/LU-8608904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201272821">201272821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Reading+Cardano+with+the+Roman+Inquisition%3A+Astrology%2C+Celestial+Physics%2C+and+the+Force+of+Heresy&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E661-%3C%2Fspan%3E679&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1854%2FLU-8608904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201272821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F706783&rft.aulast=Regier&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F8608904%2Ffile%2F8651154.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmoller" class="citation web cs1">Smoller, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsonquarterly.com/quarterly/undefined/cardanos-cosmos-worlds-and-works-renaissance-astrologer">"CARDANO'S COSMOS: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer"</a>. <i>Wilson's Quarterly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilson%27s+Quarterly&rft.atitle=CARDANO%27S+COSMOS%3A+The+Worlds+and+Works+of+a+Renaissance+Astrologer&rft.aulast=Smoller&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsonquarterly.com%2Fquarterly%2Fundefined%2Fcardanos-cosmos-worlds-and-works-renaissance-astrologer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.S. Finch (ed.), <i>A Facsimile of the 1711 Sales Auction Catalogue of Sir Thomas Browne and his son Edward's Libraries</i>, with Introduction, notes and index (E.J. Brill: Leiden, 1986).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudodoxia_Epidemica" title="Pseudodoxia Epidemica">Pseudodoxia Epidemica</a></i> Bk 1: chapter 8 no. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1545 edition, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000131-001/page/n11">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000134-001/page/n8">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=evs5AAAAcAAJ">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Bedingfield, <i>Cardanus Comforte</i>, T. Marshe, London 1573. Full text (page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35556001441757;view=1up;seq=7">Hathi Trust</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8d5SAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb10166666&pimage=00001&v=100&nav=&l=en">Bayerische StaatsBibliothek</a>; <i>De Sapientia</i> at pp. 1-273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1545 edition, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_42261/page/n6">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_jGhH5AVrxyIC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/testi/operaomnia/vol_4_s_4.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626092254/http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/testi/operaomnia/vol_4_s_4.pdf">Archived</a> 26 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An electronic copy of his book <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_Magna_(Cardano_book)" title="Ars Magna (Cardano book)">Ars Magna</a></i> (in Latin)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00029375&pimage=5&v=100&nav=&l=fr">Bayerische StaatsBibliothek</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hieronymicardan00card/page/n3">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMZY79bvOPgC"><i>The Rules of Algebra: Ars Magna</i></a>, Dover Books on Mathematics, translated by Witmer, T. Richard, foreword by <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="Øystein Ore">Ore, Oystein</a>, Dover Publications, 2007 [1968], p. 304, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-45873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-45873-1"><bdi>978-0-486-45873-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rules+of+Algebra%3A+Ars+Magna&rft.series=Dover+Books+on+Mathematics&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-486-45873-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZMZY79bvOPgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Sponius (ed.), <i>Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis opera omnia</i> (Lyons, 1663), IV, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lW9Odn9kbMC&pg=PA621">pp. 621-end</a> (Google).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00000138-001/page/n8">Internet Archive</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/06d8c190-6ca1-0134-ecf8-00505686a51c#/?uuid=081debe0-6ca1-0134-d24f-00505686a51c">New York Public Libraries</a>. Paris 1550 edition, Michael Fezandat and Robert GranIon (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Tmf3wRsurVsC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.M. Forrester (trans.), <i>The De Subtilitate of Girolamo Cardano</i> (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Tempe 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4_j9ikw3ZQC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1554 edition, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoVAcgAACAAJ">Google</a>; from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11199111?page=1">Bayerische StaatsBibliothek/Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum</a>. 1578 Heinrich Petri edition, Basle, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ex9DAAAAcAAJ">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ii1mAAAAcAAJ&pg=Frontcover">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1564/66 edition, 2 volumes, HenricPetrini, Basel, Full texts at Google, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wBc8AAAAcAAJ">Vol. I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwo8AAAAcAAJ">Vol. II</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BEKRqbLNspoC/page/n22">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dererumvarietate00card">Internet Archive</a>. Another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dererumvarietate00card">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.F. Larder, 'The Editions of Cardanus' "De rerum varietate"', <i>Isis</i>, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Spring, 1968), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/227853?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">pp. 74-77</a> (JSTOR, open).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1581 Basle edition (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-30760">University and State Library, Düsseldorf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvA5AAAAcAAJ&pg=Frontcover">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1582 edition, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31378008334701;view=1up;seq=5">Hathi Trust</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (John and Cornelius Blaeu, Amsterdam 1640 edition) (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLxlAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Paratico (trans.), <i>Nero: An Exemplary Life, by Girolamo Cardano</i> (Inkstone publications, Chameleon Press, Hong Kong 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1QO_LLNWsfgC">Internet Archive</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DC7VCLsZWEUC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hieronymicardan00cardgoog">Internet Archive</a>. Another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61Y8OvcLlJcC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_n3cWySvr9EAC">Internet Archive</a>; also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xNfImxD_bjcC">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1568 and 1570 editions, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xt9mLetwdjwC">Google</a>. 1570 only, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7LaUZXtgBd0C&dq=Cardani%2C+Commentarii&pg=PP7">Google</a>; another at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ub.uni-freiburg.de/diglit/cardano1570/0005?sid=dfe96b2dd4d60a8929c4814db2ee7d87">Freiburger historische Beistände</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10147886?page=5">Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum/Bayerische Staatsbibliothek</a> or at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XyRFAAAAcAAJ">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Text (incomplete, original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4ZEAAAAcAAJ&pg=Frontcover">Google</a>. Franciscus Zannettus, Rome 1580, Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7hfAAAAcAAJ&pg=Frontcover">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (page views): Iacobus Villery, Paris 1653, edition at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XsKYeQO_FiQC/page/n3">Internet Archive</a>; Amsterdam 1654 edition at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blA9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The Book of My Life</i>, New York Review Books Classics, translated by Stoner, Jean, introduction by Grafton, Anthony, NYRB Classics, 2002, p. 320, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-016-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-016-8"><bdi>978-1-59017-016-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+My+Life&rft.series=New+York+Review+Books+Classics&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-016-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Sponius (ed.), <i>Hieronymi Cardani Mediolanensis opera omnia</i> (Lyons, 1663), I, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imgmar3940MiscellaneaOpal/page/n309">pp. 262-76</a> (Internet Archive).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gullberg" title="Jan Gullberg">J. Gullberg</a>, <i>Mathematics from the birth of numbers</i> (W.W. Norton & Company, 1997), p. 963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-04002-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-04002-X">0-393-04002-X</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04002-9">978-0-393-04002-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SJXkCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Book on Games of Chance: The 16th-Century Treatise on Probability</i></a>, Dover Recreational Math, translated by Gould, Sydney Henry, foreword by Wilks, Samuel S., Dover Publications, 2015 [1961], p. 64, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-79793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-79793-9"><bdi>978-0-486-79793-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+on+Games+of+Chance%3A+The+16th-Century+Treatise+on+Probability&rft.series=Dover+Recreational+Math&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-486-79793-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSJXkCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Full text (original page views) at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paP6XYvZZTwC&pg=PP5">Google</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Fierz (trans. H. Niman), <i>Girolamo Cardano, 1501-1576, Physician, Natural Philosopher, Mathematician, Astrologer and Interpreter of Dreams</i> (Birkhäuser, Boston/Basel/Stuttgart 1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ED2BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">pp. 32-33</a> (Google).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicinelli1670" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Picinelli" title="Filippo Picinelli">Picinelli, Filippo</a> (1670). <i>Ateneo dei letterati milanesi</i>. Milan: Vigone. pp. <span class="nowrap">335–</span>7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ateneo+dei+letterati+milanesi&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Vigone&rft.date=1670&rft.aulast=Picinelli&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cardano, Girolamo, <i>Astrological Aphorisms of Cardan</i>. Edmonds, WA: Sure Fire Press, 1989.</li> <li>Cardano, Girolamo, <i>The Book of My Life.</i> trans. by Jean Stoner. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Cardano, Girolamo, <i>Opera omnia</i>, Charles Sponi, ed., 10 vols. Lyons, 1663.</li> <li>Cardano, Girolamo, <i>Nero: an Exemplary Life</i> Inckstone 2012, translation in English of the <i>Neronis Encomium</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dunham_(mathematician)" title="William Dunham (mathematician)">Dunham, William</a>, <i>Journey through Genius</i>, Chapter 6, 1990, <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-50030-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-50030-5">0-471-50030-5</a>. Discusses Cardano's life and solution of the cubic equation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Ekert" title="Artur Ekert">Ekert, Artur</a>, "Complex and unpredictable Cardano". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics" title="International Journal of Theoretical Physics">International Journal of Theoretical Physics</a></i>, Vol. 47, Issue 8, pp. 2101–2119. arXiv e-print (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0806.0485">arXiv:0806.0485</a>).</li> <li>Giglioni, Guido, "'Bolognan boys are beautiful, tasteful and mostly fine musicians': Cardano on male same-sex love and music", in: Kenneth Borris & George Rousseau (curr.), <i>The sciences of homosexuality in early modern Europe</i>, Routledge, London 2007, pp. 201–220.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674006706">Cardano's Cosmos: The Worlds and Works of a Renaissance Astrologer.</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 2001.</li> <li>Morley, Henry, <i>The life of Girolamo Cardano, of Milan, Physician</i> 2 vols. <a href="/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall" title="Chapman & Hall">Chapman & Hall</a>, London 1854.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="Øystein Ore">Ore, Øystein</a>, <i>Cardano, the Gambling Scholar</i>. Princeton, 1953.</li> <li>Rutkin, H. Darrel, "Astrological conditioning of same-sexual relations in Girolamo Cardano's theoretical treatises and celebrity genitures", in: Kenneth Borris & George Rousseau (curr.), <i>The sciences of homosexuality in early modern Europe</i>, Routledge, London 2007, pp. 183–200.</li> <li>Sirasi, Nancy G., <i>The Clock and the Mirror: Girolamo Cardano and Renaissance Medicine</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1997.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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</div> <ul><li>Georgio Vivi (ed.), <i>Cardani Mediolanensis Philosophi ac Medici Celeberrimi Bibliographia</i>, Tertia Editio (Author, 'Cosmopoli', 2018). A bibliography of works referring to Cardano.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221212618/http://www.arturekert.org/Site/Varia_files/NewCardano.pdf">A recreational article about Cardano and the discovery of the two basic ingredients of quantum theory, probability and complex numbers.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan.html">"Gerolamo Cardano"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gerolamo+Cardano&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FCardan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/lhl/dsb/page.64.php">History of Science Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Linda_Hall_Library" title="Linda Hall Library">Linda Hall Library</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Girolamo_Cardan" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Girolamo Cardan">Girolamo Cardan</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Girolamo+Cardan&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/index.php">Girolamo Cardano, Strumenti per la storia del Rinascimento in Italia settentrionale (in Italian)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232109/http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/index.php">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/index.php%3Fpage%3Dbiblio&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=2&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.filosofia.unimi.it/cardano/index.php%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG">English</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324053652/http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//01Ancient/HeroOfAlexandria/1575//15thCentury/Vespucci//16thCentury/Cardano/">Online Galleries</a>, History of Science Collections, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oklahoma Libraries">University of Oklahoma Libraries</a> High-resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Gerolamo Cardano in .jpg and .tiff format.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._M._Forster" title="E. M. Forster">Forster, E.M.</a> 'Cardan' in <i>Abinger Harvest</i> (1936). Middlesex, UK: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> Ltd. pp. 208–221.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster1905" class="citation journal cs1">Forster, E.M. (1 January 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=UNQRAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA365">"Cardan"</a>. <i>Independent Review</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">365–</span>374<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent+Review&rft.atitle=Cardan&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E365-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=1905-01-01&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DUNQRAAAAYAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26output%3Dreader%26hl%3Den%26pg%3DGBS.PA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerolamo+Cardano" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1308.2181">"Cardano v Tartaglia: The Great Feud Out of Bounds"</a> by Tony Rothman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.23471.1">De Subtilitate Libri XXI</a> From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li>W.G. Waters, <i>Jerome Cardan, a Biographical Study</i> (Lawrence and Bullen, London 1898), from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeromecardanbiog00wateuoft/page/n13">Internet Archive</a> (A barely-disguised re-hash of Morley's work)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081052996">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27062058">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18542/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8MMggDwbffmbkXkjcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11863822X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50058796">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895137c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11895137c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435258">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cardano, Girolamo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV023437">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35025785">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000082162&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13959856">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00435783?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:cardano.gerolamo">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/271760">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/799449">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CARDANO, Gerolamo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gerolamo-cardano_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11863822X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11863822X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026766582">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xw5gcs">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&oldid=1277535676">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerolamo_Cardano&oldid=1277535676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1501_births" title="Category:1501 births">1501 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1576_deaths" title="Category:1576 deaths">1576 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