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width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kaffeeproduktion_Venezuela.JPG/330px-Kaffeeproduktion_Venezuela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kaffeeproduktion_Venezuela.JPG/440px-Kaffeeproduktion_Venezuela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Coffee production in Venezuela.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coffee production in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></b> began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in the Premontane shankarof the <a href="/wiki/Andes_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Andes mountains">Andes mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla" class="mw-redirect" title="José Gumilla">José Gumilla</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit priest">Jesuit priest</a>, is credited with introducing coffee into Venezuela, in 1732. Its production is attributed to the large demand for the product, coupled with cheap labour and low land costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Orton_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first exported to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manresa_1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manresa_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coffee production in Venezuela led to the "complex migration" of people to this region in the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Spread_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spread-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Venezuela was ranked close to Colombia at one time in coffee production, by 2001, it produced less than one percent of the world's coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-Davids2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davids2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg/220px-View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg/330px-View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg/440px-View_from_the_coffee_farm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>A coffee farm with surrounding mountains in Venezuela</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg/220px-Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg/330px-Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg/440px-Coffee_farm_with_the_surrounding_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of a coffee farm</figcaption></figure> <p>Coffee production occurs in the Coast Range and the western Andean region with the only requirements being sufficient top soil and moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-CommerceBell1922_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommerceBell1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coffee production system followed in the Andes region, which is the premontane moist forest, is a multilayered system (3 to 4 layered canopies) in which there are multi-species of plants. In this system, trees provide the shade needed for growth of coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-Agro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This region is a part in the three geographical regions of Venezuela namely, the Mountains and Caribbean Coastal region, the <a href="/wiki/Llanos" title="Llanos">Llanos</a> region, and the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco River">Orinoco River</a> Delta region, and the <a href="/wiki/Guayana_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayana Region">Guayana</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova20052_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova20052-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plantations are generally in the altitudinal range of 1,000–5,000 feet (300–1,520 m), bordering with <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Better grades are noted at elevations of 6,000 feet (1,800 m) or higher but these elevations are characterized by slower growth and lower productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-CommerceBell1922_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommerceBell1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fertile region in the highland areas consisted of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trujillo_Province_(Venezuela)" title="Trujillo Province (Venezuela)">Trujilo</a>, known as the Andean frontier region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are suitable for growing coffee which could be exported from the Maracaibo's port. This resulted in increased production of coffee in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova20053_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova20053-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duaca_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duaca region (page does not exist)">Duaca region</a> in particular is different from other coffee growing regions in the country; here the growers were, including the wealthy “haciendas”, till 1916, supported the privatization of land with the objective of forcing higher wages for the labour. It is also the region where, in the 1860s, coffee production boomed as the migrating peasants could resist the hegemony of the large land holders. However, this situation changed between 1908 and 1935 when there were political changes resulting in near total privatization of the land in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Haciendas" class="mw-redirect" title="Haciendas">haciendas</a> resulting in loss of the “peasantry's power”.<sup id="cite_ref-Frontier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frontier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coffee growing area was also extended to marginal agroclimatic region in the elevation range of under 600m 600 metres (2,000 ft), called the premontane dry forest, though the area produced low yields (less than 300 kg per hectare each year), which was made good by the enterprising small farmers with crop diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-Orton_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statistical survey has indicated that coffee plantations are generally in the elevation range of 800–1,700 metres (2,600–5,600 ft) on the hills of the Andean with slopes of 5 to 60%. The land holders were mostly small farmers who accounted for 87.5% of the total land holdings, with each holding of about 3.5 hectares (8.6 acres) under coffee and with traditional multilayered agroforestry practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Orton_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a perennial crop, the area covered under coffee was 280,000 hectares (690,000 acres) with the Andeas region alone accounting for 125,000 hectares (310,000 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-Orton_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orton-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg/150px-Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg/225px-Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg/300px-Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla_S.XVIII_000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg/150px-Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg/225px-Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg/300px-Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="613" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla" class="mw-redirect" title="José Gumilla">José Gumilla</a> brought in coffee to Venezuela; right: Juan Vicente Gómez, the tyrant ruler of Venezuela who also used revenue from coffee and petroleum for development of the country.</div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gumilla" class="mw-redirect" title="José Gumilla">José Gumilla</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit priest">Jesuit priest</a>, is credited with introducing coffee into Venezuela, in 1732.<sup id="cite_ref-Manresa_1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manresa_1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Venezuela, known as the land of plantations dependent on slave labour, cocoa became the major crop in the 1770s, overshadowing tobacco. From 1793, there were many large coffee plantations in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Lavaysse1820_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lavaysse1820-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in the 1800s when coffee became the major plantation crop. From 1811 to 1823, cacao production began to drop but coffee production surged.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s, Venezuela was the third largest coffee exporter in the world. The war of independence in the country also resulted in decline of growth of cacao due to neglect and destruction. However, growth of coffee took a rising trend as its prices in the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> nations was booming and Venezuela had free trade agreement with these nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Geography_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geography-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a> as governor of a few states (from 1871) in the late 1880s when he was known by the epithet “Illustrious American”, Venezuela witnessed all round development (development of <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> is largely attributed to him) and coffee production increased rapidly as there was an additional support in the form of loans from foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova200570_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova200570-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Venezuelan politicians sought unsuccessfully to entice European farmers to the coffee frontier, Andean peasants and others from Colombia spontaneously colonized extensive areas of the mid-slopes suitable for coffee production. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a>, who ruled the country with an iron grip for 27 years (from 1908 to 1935), beneficially utilized the revenue generated by coffee and petroleum for development activities of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova200583_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova200583-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, coffee and cacao constituted 75 percent of the country's exports, the principal market being the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-CommerceBell1922_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommerceBell1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the Government of Venezuela introduced policy regulations (fixing procurement price limits) on growing coffee which restricted the production of coffee in the country. Consequently, the imports (to the extent of 50% of local production) become imperative to meet the growing domestic demand. Imports are mostly from Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monitor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monitor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the contention of the coffee growers that it is no more economical to grow coffee under the present regulations though the government attributes this shortage as due to illegal hoarding by the growers for profit. According to a Coffee growers report, the cost of producing one quintal of top quality coffee was US$335 while its sale price is only US$173 (capped by the government).<sup id="cite_ref-coffee_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coffee-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these changes have resulted in Venezuela losing its position as one of the world's largest coffee exporters.<sup id="cite_ref-Art_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Art-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The future of these changes is unknown in the wake of the death of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, who introduced the policy changes in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-Monitor_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monitor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cafeto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cafeto.JPG/220px-Cafeto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cafeto.JPG/330px-Cafeto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Cafeto.JPG/440px-Cafeto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Coffee tree in Serranía del Interior, near San Juan de los Morros, Venezuela.</figcaption></figure> <p>The “Maracaibos” coffee exported from the <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> port has sub varieties called Cucuta, Mérida, Trujillo, and Tachira. The eastern mountains coffee is known as Caracas, named after the capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-latin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these are the local varieties of coffee grown in Venezuela, the basic universal coffee varieties under which the Venezuelan one fall under are the <a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">arabica</a> (<i>Coffea arabica L.</i>) which grows better in the high land regions, and the <a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a> (<i>Coffea canephora p. ex Fr.</i>) which grows in the low land regions; the former variety grows under forest canopy while the latter grows under partial shade.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quality">Quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lavado Fino, meaning "fine washed", is the country's highest grade of coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-Davids2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davids2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best quality of Venezuelan coffee is reportedly from the western region which borders Colombia. The coffee is shipped from Maracaibo and the coffee is also named as "Maracaibos";<sup id="cite_ref-Agro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the coffee grown is characterized as “bright flavours with a clean, crisp finish.” It is also light weight and of simple structure but less <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> as compared with other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> coffee.<sup id="cite_ref-latin_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coffees from the coastal mountains farther east are generally marked Caracas, after the capital city, and are shipped through La Guaira, the port of Caracas. Caripe comes from a mountain range close to the Caribbean and typically displays the soft, gentle profile of the island coffees of the Caribbean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Share_me.jpg/220px-Share_me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Share_me.jpg/330px-Share_me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Share_me.jpg/440px-Share_me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Maracaibo merchants drinking coffee.</figcaption></figure> <p>Coffee trees can be harvested within four years after planting. Each tree lives for about 50 years. While two pickings occur annually (October and November; December, January, and part of February) the latter one provides the larger harvest of the two. However, the picking season does vary by elevation and local conditions such that trees at elevations greater than 3,000 feet (910 m) are harvested later than those in lower elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-CommerceBell1922_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommerceBell1922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coffee production peaked to 1 million bags per year before 1914, and after local consumption much of its exports were second only to Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova200582_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova200582-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Andean frontier region coffee production had increased ten times (between 1830 and 1930) making it the second largest coffee producing nation in the world. More than 82,000 tonnes of coffee were produced in 1919;<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_Orig_1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav_Orig_1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, poor agricultural practices, soil erosion, less incidence of rainfall and over use of soil strength caused a drastic decline in the yield, in the 1920s, which resulted in the decline of the coffee industry in the country; petroleum extraction compounded its downfall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, coffee production is at its greatest during the months December and January,<sup id="cite_ref-Don_Veita_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Don_Veita_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shipping of Venezuelan coffee takes place between October and May. Coffee grown in Venezuela is largely consumed by locals and the rest is sold mainly to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nav_Orig_1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nav_Orig_1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Venezuela produces less than one percent of the world's coffee, and most of it is drunk by the Venezuelans themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, some interesting Venezuela coffees are again entering the North American specialty market. The best-known Maracaibo coffees, in addition to Cúcuta, are Mérida, Trujillo, and Táchira. Mérida typically displays fair to good body and an unemphatic but sweetly pleasant flavor with hints of richness. Táchira and Cúcuta resemble Colombias, with rich acidity, medium body, and occasional fruitiness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/28px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/42px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/56px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Orton-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orton_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orton_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orton_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orton_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a 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"Hands for the coffee: migrants and western Venezuela's coffee production, 1870-1930". <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 62–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjhge.1994.1006">10.1006/jhge.1994.1006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Geography&rft.atitle=Hands+for+the+coffee%3A+migrants+and+western+Venezuela%27s+coffee+production%2C+1870-1930&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-80&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjhge.1994.1006&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davids2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davids2001_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davids2001_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2001" class="citation book cs1">Davids, Kenneth (4 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IqJsIcYOPcQC&pg=PA60"><i>Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing, and Enjoying, Fifth Edition</i></a>. 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Dept. of Commerce; Bell, Purl Lord (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/venezuelaacomme00commgoog"><i>Venezuela, a Commercial and Industrial Handbook: With a Chapter on the Dutch West Indies</i></a> (Public domain ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/venezuelaacomme00commgoog/page/n76">50</a>–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%2C+a+Commercial+and+Industrial+Handbook%3A+With+a+Chapter+on+the+Dutch+West+Indies&rft.pages=50-&rft.edition=Public+domain&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1922&rft.au=United+States.+Dept.+of+Commerce&rft.au=Bell%2C+Purl+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvenezuelaacomme00commgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscalante1985" class="citation journal cs1">Escalante, Eduardo E. (1985). "Promising agro-forestry systems in Venezuela". <i>Agroforestry Systems</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 209–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00122644">10.1007/BF00122644</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:651591">651591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agroforestry+Systems&rft.atitle=Promising+agro-forestry+systems+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-221&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00122644&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A651591%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Escalante&rft.aufirst=Eduardo+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova20052-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova20052_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenova2005">Denova 2005</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacNeill20041279_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacNeill2004">MacNeill 2004</a>, p. 1279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova20053-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova20053_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenova2005">Denova 2005</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frontier-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frontier_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlip1999" class="citation journal cs1">Charlip, J. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_social_history/summary/v033/33.1charlip.html">"A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830-1936 (review)"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>33</b>: 232–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.1999.0008">10.1353/jsh.1999.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142448247">142448247</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=A+Coffee+Frontier%3A+Land%2C+Society%2C+and+Politics+in+Duaca%2C+Venezuela%2C+1830-1936+%28review%29&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=232-234&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.1999.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142448247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Charlip&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fjournal_of_social_history%2Fsummary%2Fv033%2F33.1charlip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lavaysse1820-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lavaysse1820_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavaysse1820" class="citation book cs1">Lavaysse, Jean-J. Dauxion (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astatisticalcom01blaqgoog"><i>A statistical, commercial, and political description of Venezuela, Trinidad, Margarita, and Tobago: containing various anecdotes and observations, illustrative of the past and present state of these interesting countries; from the French of M. Lavaysse: with an introduction and explanatory notes, by the editor [Edward Blaquière]</i></a> (Public domain ed.). G. and W.B. Whittaker. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astatisticalcom01blaqgoog/page/n268">222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+statistical%2C+commercial%2C+and+political+description+of+Venezuela%2C+Trinidad%2C+Margarita%2C+and+Tobago%3A+containing+various+anecdotes+and+observations%2C+illustrative+of+the+past+and+present+state+of+these+interesting+countries%3B+from+the+French+of+M.+Lavaysse%3A+with+an+introduction+and+explanatory+notes%2C+by+the+editor+%5BEdward+Blaqui%C3%A8re%5D&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=Public+domain&rft.pub=G.+and+W.B.+Whittaker&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Lavaysse&rft.aufirst=Jean-J.+Dauxion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastatisticalcom01blaqgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmann2018" class="citation book cs1">Hoffmann, James (2018). <i>The World Atlas of Coffee 2nd Edition</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottbroscoffee.com/culture/culture_region_latin.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.pub=scottbroscoffee.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottbroscoffee.com%2Fculture%2Fculture_region_latin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bio-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bio_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105154519/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Travel/Venezuela/coffee_venezuelan.html">"Venezuelan Coffee"</a>. University of Cincinnati Clermont College. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuelan+Coffee&rft.pub=University+of+Cincinnati+Clermont+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiology.clc.uc.edu%2Ffankhauser%2FTravel%2FVenezuela%2Fcoffee_venezuelan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenova200582-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenova200582_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDenova2005">Denova 2005</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nav_Orig_1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nav_Orig_1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nav_Orig_1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131115002104/http://www.roastmagazine.com/resources/NavOrigins/NavOrig06_5_SeptOct.pdf">"Venezuela"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Roast Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roastmagazine.com/resources/NavOrigins/NavOrig06_5_SeptOct.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 15, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela&rft.pub=Roast+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roastmagazine.com%2Fresources%2FNavOrigins%2FNavOrig06_5_SeptOct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Don_Veita_1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Don_Veita_1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028060316/http://www.donveitia.com/en/Coffee_histvzla.htm">"Coffee History in Venezuela"</a>. Don Veita. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.donveitia.com/en/Coffee_histvzla.htm">the original</a> on October 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coffee+History+in+Venezuela&rft.pub=Don+Veita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.donveitia.com%2Fen%2FCoffee_histvzla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_production_in_Venezuela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis2006" class="citation book cs1">Francis, J. Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OMNoS-g1h8cC&pg=PA249"><i>Iberia and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 249–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-421-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-421-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iberia+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History+%3A+a+Multidisciplinary+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=249-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-421-9&rft.aulast=Francis&rft.aufirst=J.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOMNoS-g1h8cC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarrington1997" class="citation book cs1">Yarrington, Douglas (15 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LrXTZOcXrEC&pg=PR11"><i>A Coffee Frontier: Land, Society, and Politics in Duaca, Venezuela, 1830–1936</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Pre. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7494-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7494-9"><bdi>978-0-8229-7494-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Coffee+Frontier%3A+Land%2C+Society%2C+and+Politics+in+Duaca%2C+Venezuela%2C+1830%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Pre&rft.date=1997-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7494-9&rft.aulast=Yarrington&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2LrXTZOcXrEC%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacNeill2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Krech III, Shepard; Merchant, Carolyn; McNeill, John Robert, eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dmky95hwKr0C&pg=PA1279"><i>Encyclopedia of World Environmental History</i></a>. Vol. 3: O-Z, Index. Routledge. pp. 1279–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93735-1"><bdi>978-0-415-93735-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pages=1279-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93735-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmky95hwKr0C%26pg%3DPA1279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenova2005" class="citation book cs1">Tarver Denova, Hollis Micheal (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvenezue0000tarv"><i>The history of Venezuela</i></a></span>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvenezue0000tarv/page/82">82</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33525-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33525-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Venezuela&rft.pages=82-&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33525-9&rft.aulast=Tarver+Denova&rft.aufirst=Hollis+Micheal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvenezue0000tarv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoffee+production+in+Venezuela" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coffee" title="Template:Coffee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coffee" title="Template talk:Coffee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Third-wave_coffee" title="Third-wave coffee">Third-wave coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production" title="Coffee production">Coffee production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_coffee" title="Organic coffee">Organic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade-grown_coffee" title="Shade-grown coffee">Shade-grown coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_production" title="List of countries by coffee production">List of countries by coffee production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_roasting" title="Coffee roasting">Coffee roasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wastewater" title="Coffee wastewater">Coffee wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaffeination" title="Decaffeination">Decaffeination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_roasting_coffee" title="Home roasting coffee">Home roasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffea" title="Coffea">Species</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_arabica" title="Coffea arabica">Arabica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benguet_coffee" title="Benguet coffee">Benguet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Blue_Mountain_Coffee" title="Jamaican Blue Mountain Coffee">Blue Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe_Bonifieur" title="Guadeloupe Bonifieur">Bonifieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_coffee" title="Bourbon coffee">Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha_(coffee)" title="Geisha (coffee)">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kona_coffee" title="Kona coffee">Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maracaturra_coffee" title="Maracaturra coffee">Maracaturra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragogipe_Coffee" title="Maragogipe Coffee">Maragogipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai_coffee" title="Molokai coffee">Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S795_coffee" title="S795 coffee">S795</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagada_coffee" title="Sagada coffee">Sagada</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_charrieriana" title="Coffea charrieriana">Charrieriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_liberica" title="Coffea liberica">Liberica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapeng_barako" title="Kapeng barako">Barako</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coffea_racemosa" title="Coffea racemosa">Racemosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robusta_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Robusta coffee">Robusta</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahawa_Sug" title="Kahawa Sug">Sulu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafestol" title="Cafestol">Cafestol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeic_acid" title="Caffeic acid">Caffeic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bean" title="Coffee bean">Coffee bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furan-2-ylmethanethiol" title="Furan-2-ylmethanethiol">Furan-2-ylmethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahweol" title="Kahweol">Kahweol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_preparation" title="Coffee preparation">Preparation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroPress" title="AeroPress">AeroPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebena" title="Jebena">Jebena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewed_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewed coffee">Brewed coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemex_Coffeemaker" title="Chemex Coffeemaker">Chemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorreador" title="Chorreador">Chorreador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeemaker" title="Coffeemaker">Coffeemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_brew_coffee" title="Cold brew coffee">Cold brew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_cold_brew_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitro cold brew coffee">nitro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_coffee" title="Drip coffee">Drip coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doppio" title="Doppio">doppio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">ristretto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso_machine" title="Espresso machine">Espresso machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_drip" class="mw-redirect" title="French drip">French drip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karlsbad_coffee_maker" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlsbad coffee maker">Karlsbad coffee maker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_press" title="French press">French press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_coffee" title="Instant coffee">Instant coffee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_syrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee syrup">Coffee syrup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockbox" title="Knockbox">Knockbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moka_pot" title="Moka pot">Moka pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_flip_coffee_pot" title="Neapolitan flip coffee pot">Neapolitan flip coffee pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_percolator" title="Coffee percolator">Percolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_coffee_maker" title="Vacuum coffee maker">Vacuum maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks" title="List of coffee drinks">Coffee drinks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affogato" title="Affogato">Affogato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_Americano" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffè Americano">Americano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaten_coffee" title="Beaten coffee">Beaten coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bica_(coffee)" title="Bica (coffee)">Bica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicerin" title="Bicerin">Bicerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Russian" title="Black Russian">Black Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_iced_coffee" title="Vietnamese iced coffee">Cà phê sữa đá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_au_lait" title="Café au lait">Café au lait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_com_cheirinho" title="Café com cheirinho">Café com cheirinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_con_leche" title="Café con leche">Café con leche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_de_olla" title="Café de olla">Café de olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Touba" title="Café Touba">Café Touba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_corretto" title="Caffè corretto">Caffè corretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_crema" title="Caffè crema">Caffè crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_macchiato" title="Caffè macchiato">Caffè macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_mocha" title="Caffè mocha">Caffè mocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappuccino" title="Cappuccino">Cappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carajillo" title="Carajillo">Carajillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cabinet" title="Coffee cabinet">Coffee cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_milk" title="Coffee milk">Coffee milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortado" title="Cortado">Cortado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_espresso" title="Cuban espresso">Café Cubano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalgona_coffee" title="Dalgona coffee">Dalgona coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_coffee" title="Egg coffee">Egg coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espresso" title="Espresso">Espresso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_white" title="Flat white">Flat white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frapp%C3%A9_coffee" title="Frappé coffee">Frappé coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frappuccino" title="Frappuccino">Frappuccino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A3o" title="Galão">Galão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Garoto" title="List of coffee drinks">Garoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gassosa_al_caff%C3%A8" title="Gassosa al caffè">Gassosa al caffè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iced_coffee" title="Iced coffee">Iced coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_filter_coffee" title="Indian filter coffee">Indian filter coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh_white_coffee" title="Ipoh white coffee">Ipoh white coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsk" title="Karsk">Karsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_(drink)" title="Kopi (drink)">Kopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_luwak" title="Kopi luwak">Kopi luwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tubruk" title="Kopi tubruk">Kopi tubruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_coffee" title="Kurdish coffee">Kurdish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_macchiato" title="Latte macchiato">Latte macchiato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte" title="Latte">Latte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liqueur_coffee" title="Liqueur coffee">Liqueur coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_black" title="Long black">Long black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungo" title="Lungo">Lungo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchino" title="Marocchino">Marocchino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazagran_(drink)" title="Mazagran (drink)">Mazagran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moretta_(coffee)" title="Moretta (coffee)">Moretta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliang" title="Oliang">Oliang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raf_coffee" title="Raf coffee">Raf coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_drinks#Red_eye" title="List of coffee drinks">Red eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ristretto" title="Ristretto">Ristretto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdesheimer_Kaffee" title="Rüdesheimer Kaffee">Rüdesheimer Kaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenom_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenom coffee">Tenom coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_coffee" title="Turkish coffee">Turkish coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coffee" title="White coffee">White coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)" title="White Russian (cocktail)">White Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Melange" title="Wiener Melange">Wiener Melange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuenyeung" title="Yuenyeung">Yuenyeung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bakery_caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of bakery cafés">Bakery cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_companies" title="List of coffee companies">Coffee companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coffeehouse_chains" title="List of coffeehouse chains">Coffeehouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lifestyle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barista" title="Barista">Barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_barista" title="Bikini barista">Bikini barista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_sospeso" title="Caffè sospeso">Caffè sospeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)#Coffee_break" title="Break (work)">Coffee break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_ceremony_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoffeeCon" title="CoffeeCon">CoffeeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_palace" title="Coffee palace">Coffee palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coffeehouses_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries" title="English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries">Historical coffeehouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopi_tiam" title="Kopi tiam">Kopi tiam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latte_art" title="Latte art">Latte art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennese_coffee_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Viennese coffee house">Viennese coffee house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coffee_substitute" title="Coffee substitute">Substitutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caff%C3%A8_d%27orzo" title="Caffè d'orzo">Barley coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barley_tea" title="Barley tea">Barley tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barleycup" title="Barleycup">Barleycup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caro_(drink)" title="Caro (drink)">Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_coffee" title="Cereal coffee">Cereal coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicory" title="Chicory">Chicory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandelion_coffee" title="Dandelion coffee">Dandelion coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inka_(drink)" title="Inka (drink)">Inka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Maya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postum" title="Postum">Postum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serving vessels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup" title="Coffee cup">Coffee cup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cup_sleeve" title="Coffee cup sleeve">sleeve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezve" title="Cezve">Cezve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse" title="Demitasse">Demitasse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demitasse_spoon" title="Demitasse spoon">spoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasse_%C3%A0_caf%C3%A9" title="Tasse à café">Tasse à café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarf" title="Zarf">Zarf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Competitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Barista_Championship" title="United States Barista Championship">United States Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Barista_Championship" title="World Barista Championship">World Barista Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Brewers_Cup" title="World Brewers Cup">World Brewers Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_and_doughnuts" title="Coffee and doughnuts">Coffee and doughnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_service" title="Coffee service">Coffee service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_leaf_rust" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee leaf rust">Coffee leaf rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_wars" title="Coffee wars">Coffee wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden%27s_coffee_experiment" title="Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment">Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_coffee" title="Canned coffee">Canned coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_vending_machine" title="Coffee vending machine">Coffee vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">Used coffee grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_coffee" title="Sustainable coffee">Sustainable coffee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-relax.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/16px-Emblem-relax.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/24px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Emblem-relax.svg/32px-Emblem-relax.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Coffee" title="Portal:Coffee">Coffee portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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