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class="wrapper" id="page-wrapper"> <main class="site-main" id="main"> <section class="section-callout section-callout-text_left" style="background-image: url(); background-color: #7a4442;"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row no-gutters"> <div class="col-lg-6 col-text col-text-aside col-text-aside-left"> <header class="section-header row w-100 ms-100"> <div class="col-md-8 offset-md-2 col-lg-10 offset-lg-1 col-xl-8 offset-xl-2"> <p class="supertitle" style="color:#fff"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-7-first-nations-historical-timelines-and-maps/timelines/">Plain Talk 7: First Nations Historical Timelines and Maps</a> </p> <h1 class="title " style="color:#fff">7.1. Timelines</h1> </div> </header> </div> <div class="d-lg-flex col-lg-6 col-img col-img-aside col-img-aside-right"> <img src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/book_7-800x640.png" class="img-fluid"> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="pt-1 pb-5 section-web-module-extras bg-white"> <div class="container-fluid d-flex "> <div class="web-module-extras-container d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row "> <div><p class="label mb-4 mb-lg-0">Get the Book:</p></div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 "> <p><a href="https://books.apple.com/ca/book/timelines-and-maps/id1528225126" target="_blank">Multitouch</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info-apple text-lowercase">itunes.apple.com</p> </div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 web-module-link-last"> <p><a href="" target="_blank">Download</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info-pdf text-uppercase">PDF • 4 MB</p> </div> </div> <div class="web-module-extras-container d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row"> <div><p class="label mb-4 mc-lg-0">In the Classroom:</p></div> <div class="web-module-link mb-4 mb-lg-0 "> <p><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/unit-plans/" target="_blank">Unit Plan</a></p> <p class="d-flex align-items-center file-info small file-info- ">Explore the Unit Plan</p> </div> </div> </div> </section> <article class="post-680 web-modules type-web-modules status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry category-section-7-1-1" id="post-680"> <section class="pt-0 section-learning-module section-learning-module-overview"> <div class="content"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 sidebar"> <h2>In this Module</h2> <nav id="sidebar-nav" role="navigation"> <ul id="menu-book-7-sidebar" class="menu nav"><li id="menu-item-1791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules current-menu-item menu-item-has-children menu-item-1791 nav-item active "><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-7-first-nations-historical-timelines-and-maps/timelines/" aria-current="page" class="nav-link">7.1. Timelines</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1793 nav-item"><a href="#section_timelines" class="nav-link">7.1.0 Timelines</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1794" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1794 nav-item"><a href="#section_national_timelines_common_shared_histories_from_throughout_canada" class="nav-link">7.1.1 National Timelines: Common Shared Histories from Throughout Canada</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1795 nav-item"><a href="#section_regional_timelines_a_sample_from_regions_throughout_canada" class="nav-link">7.1.2 Regional Timelines: A Sample From Regions Throughout Canada</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1796" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1796 nav-item"><a href="#section_treaties_timeline" class="nav-link">7.1.3 Treaties Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1792 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-7-first-nations-historical-timelines-and-maps/maps/" class="nav-link">7.2. Maps</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1800" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1800 nav-item"><a href="#section_maps" class="nav-link">7.2.0 Maps</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1799" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1799 nav-item"><a href="#section_national_maps_first_nations_communities_from_throughout_canada" class="nav-link">7.2.1 National Maps: First Nations Communities From Throughout Canada</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1801" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1801 nav-item"><a href="#section_regional_maps_from_regions_throughout_canada" class="nav-link">7.2.2 Regional Maps: From Regions Throughout Canada</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1802" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1802 nav-item"><a href="#section_first_nations_profiles" class="nav-link">7.2.3 First Nations Profiles</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-has-children menu-item-1803 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-7-first-nations-historical-timelines-and-maps/additional-resources/" class="nav-link">7.3. Additional Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1804 nav-item"><a href="#section_additional_resources" class="nav-link">7.3.0 Additional Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1805" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1805 nav-item"><a href="#section_a_sample_of_inuit_and_metis_resources" class="nav-link">7.3.1 A Sample of Inuit and Métis Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1808 nav-item"><a href="#section_more_resources" class="nav-link">7.3.2 More Resources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-1806 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-8-cultural-competency/glossary/" class="nav-link">Glossary</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-web-modules menu-item-1807 nav-item"><a href="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/web-modules/plain-talk-8-cultural-competency/references/" class="nav-link">References</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="col-lg-8 web-module-content"> <h2 id="section_timelines">Timelines</h2><p>Indigenous peoples in North America have complex histories that precede and overlap European contact and colonization. Each First Nation, Inuit and Métis community has an experience that is unique to them.</p> <p>The purpose of these timelines is to provide a graphic representation of the achievements, conflicts and key points in Indigenous peoples’ histories.</p> <p>A timeline helps students to understand the historical experiences of Indigenous peoples, and to inform the present. These timelines highlight the collective experiences of First Nations, Métis and Inuit, their encounters with colonization and <a class="poptip" title="Colonialism" data-toggle="popover" data-content="The process of one power exercising control over lands, peoples, and resources; colonization.">colonialism</a>, their existence since time immemorial and their ongoing resilience.</p> <p>Certain timelines follow a <a class="poptip" title="Pre-contact" data-toggle="popover" data-content="The time before the appearance and enduring presence of Europeans on First Nations culture. Prior to contact, First Nations were independent, self-governing nations.">pre-contact</a> history, using archaeological and anthropological research; however, many First Nations use <a class="poptip" title="Oral History" data-toggle="popover" data-content="The stories, legends, and histories that have been passed down orally through generations.">oral history</a> and storytelling to explain their history. These timelines, therefore, are generalized and should be used to create an understanding of a broad, collective history. These are great places to begin.</p> <figure id='figure_683' aria-describedby='figure_image_683_caption' class='wp-caption figure-image'> <img width="1024" height="768" src="https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_7_1_1_key_moments-1024x768.png" class="img-fluid" alt="Key Moments in Indigenous History by Historica Canada." decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> <figcaption id='figure_image_683_caption' class='wp-caption-text d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-between'><div class='pr-4 pb-3 pb-sm-0'><i>Key Moments in Indigenous History</i> by Historica Canada.</div> <div><button class='btn btn-primary outline' type='button' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#image_683_modal'>Expand</button></div> </figcaption> </figure> <div class='modal fade' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' id='image_683_modal' aria-labelledby='image_683_modal_label'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg modal-lightbox' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='image_683_modal_label'><i>Key Moments in Indigenous History</i> by Historica Canada.</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'><span aria-hidden='true'>×</span></button> </div> <div class='modal-body d-flex align-items-center'> <img class='img-fluid mx-auto' src='https://education.afn.ca/afntoolkit/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/book_7_1_1_key_moments.png' alt='Key Moments in Indigenous History by Historica Canada.'> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="section_national_timelines_common_shared_histories_from_throughout_canada">National Timelines: Common Shared Histories from Throughout Canada</h3><ul class="mt-5"> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="http://education.historicacanada.ca/files/426/Key_Moments_in_Indigenous_History_Timeline.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Key Moments in Indigenous History</a></strong><br /> <i>Historica Canada</i></p> <p>Though not exhaustive, Historica Canada presents a well-rounded history of this land. It explains the cultural ties that Indigenous nations have had to this land since time immemorial. Through an Indigenous lens, the timeline presents archaeological data and historical events that demonstrate First Nations and Canada’s shared history.</p> <p><a href="http://education.historicacanada.ca/files/426/Key_Moments_in_Indigenous_History_Timeline.pdf" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline PDF</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="http://fngovernance.org/publication_docs/Self-Governance_Right_CFNG.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Timeline of First Nations Self-Governance</a></strong><br /> <i>National Centre for First Nations Governance</i><br /> This document provides a timeline of <a class="poptip" title="First Nations Self-Governance" data-toggle="popover" data-content="The process of First Nations asserting control over their own affairs including health care, education, lands and resources. Some of these processes involve a transfer of control from the federal government.">First Nations Self-Governance.</a> It begins with pre-contact organization and <a class="poptip" title="Traditional Governance" data-toggle="popover" data-content="First Nations systems of governance that were in place prior to contact and the introduction of the Indian Act.">traditional governance</a>. It then follows with the history of Treaties, colonial influence through Confederation and the <a class="poptip" title="Indian Act" data-toggle="popover" data-content="A legal document and set of laws created in 1876 that gave the government complete control over Indian peoples. It is still in place today.">Indian Act</a>, and contemporary self-governance.</p> <p><a href="http://fngovernance.org/publication_docs/Self-Governance_Right_CFNG.pdf" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline PDF</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="http://nctr.ca/exhibitions.php" target="_blank" rel="noopener">History of Residential Schools in Canada</a></strong><br /> <i>National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation</i></p> <p>This timeline presents an outline of the historical, legal and political proceedings of Indian <a class="poptip" title="Residential Schools" data-toggle="popover" data-content="Residential Schools were boarding schools for First Nations, Inuit and Metis children and youth, financed by the federal government but staffed and run by several Christian religious institutions such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian, United and Methodist Churches. They operated from the early 1800’s until the mid 1990’s.">Residential Schools</a> in Canada. It includes mention of the <i> Indian Act’s </i> introduction and its amendments.</p> <p><a href="http://nctr.ca/exhibitions.php" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="http://wherearethechildren.ca/en/timeline/?exhibition=0#1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Timeline on Residential Schools and Education in Canada</a></strong><br /> <i>wherearethechildren.ca</i></p> <p>This timeline presents an overview of the history of Residential Schools in Canada.</p> <p><a href="http://wherearethechildren.ca/en/timeline/?exhibition=0#1" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/Indigenous-suffrage" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Timeline on Indigenous Suffrage</a></strong><br /> <i>The Canadian Encyclopedia</i></p> <p>This timeline follows <a class="poptip" title="Suffrage" data-toggle="popover" data-content="The process of gaining the right to vote. First Nations did not receive the right to vote until 1960.">Suffrage</a> “(the right to vote) for Indigenous peoples across Canada. Provincial agreements occurred separate from a federal decision to allow Indigenous people to vote in elections without <a class="poptip" title="Enfranchisement" data-toggle="popover" data-content="Within the Indian Act, the process that resulted in a person losing Indian status and no longer being considered an Indian under federal legislation. You became enfranchised if you obtained a university degree, joined the medical or legal profession, became a priest or minister, or if you were an Indian woman who married a non-Indian man.">enfranchisement.</a> This timeline also includes First Nations people’s involvement in political positions.</p> <p><a href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/timeline/Indigenous-suffrage" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="http://education.historicacanada.ca/files/104/Treaties_Printable_Pages.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">History of Treaties in Canada</a></strong><br /> <i>Historica Canada</i></p> <p>This education guide provides an overview of <a class="poptip" title="Teatry" data-toggle="popover" data-content="International agreements between nations. First Nations made treaties with other Nations and European Settlers, and later the federal government. Outlined in the Treaties were roles and responsibilities for each party to follow in exchange for control over lands and resources.">Treaty</a> making, and their historical and ongoing importance. It also includes learning activities for educators.</p> <p><a href="http://education.historicacanada.ca/files/104/Treaties_Printable_Pages.pdf" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">Download Timeline</a></li> </ul> <div class='download-section'> <div class='row'> <div class='col-12 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-lg-between'> <header> <p class='heading mb-4'>View the Indian Act Timeline</p> </header> <p class='mb-0'><a href='#' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#modal_indian_act_timeline' class='btn btn-primary outline' rel='noopener'>View Timeline</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='modal fade' id='modal_indian_act_timeline' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' aria-labelledby='modal_indian_act_timeline_label' aria-hidden='true'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 class='modal-title' id='modal_indian_act_timeline_label'>The Indian Act Timeline</h5> <button type='button' class='close' data-dismiss='modal' aria-label='Close'> <span aria-hidden='true'>×</span> </button> </div> <div class='modal-body'> <p><iframe src='https://cdn.knightlab.com/libs/timeline3/latest/embed/index.html?source=1SFnaSSB7inktceoZGLCkFRtJ0aU2DaiCAqI-Vl8Kt_E&font=Fjalla-Average&lang=en&initial_zoom=2&height=650' width='100%' height='650' webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen frameborder='0'></iframe></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h3 id="section_regional_timelines_a_sample_from_regions_throughou_canada">Regional Timelines: A Sample From Regions Throughout Canada</h3><ul class="mt-5"> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="https://www.ubcic.bc.ca/timeline" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Indigenous Historical Timeline in British Columbia</a></strong><br /> <i>Union of BC Indian Chiefs</i></p> <p>This expansive historical timeline outlines historical events in Canada from the 1700s to present day.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ubcic.bc.ca/timeline" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="https://www.bctf.ca/uploadedFiles/POH/timelineENG.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Timeline History of Aboriginal Peoples  in British Columbia </a></strong><br /> <i>BC Teacher’s Federation</i></p> <p>The BC Teacher’s Federation presents selected events important to the history of Indigenous peoples in British Columbia.</p> <p><a href="https://www.bctf.ca/uploadedFiles/POH/timelineENG.pdf" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline PDF</a></li> <li class="mb-5"><strong><a href="https://www.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/ATA/For%20Members/ProfessionalDevelopment/Walking%20Together/PD-WT-16e%20-%20Timeline.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Timeline of Indigenous History in Alberta</a></strong><br /> <i>Alberta Teachers Association</i></p> <p>“This timeline follows Indigenous nations living in what is now Alberta from pre-Confederation to the 2016.</p> <p><a href="https://www.teachers.ab.ca/SiteCollectionDocuments/ATA/For%20Members/ProfessionalDevelopment/Walking%20Together/PD-WT-16e%20-%20Timeline.pdf" class="btn btn-primary outline" target="_blank">View Timeline PDF</a></li> </ul> <h3 id="section_treaties_timeline">Treaties Timeline</h3><div class='download-section'> <div class='row'> <div class='col-12 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row justify-content-lg-between'> <header> <p class='heading mb-4'>View some of Canada's modern Treaties/Comprehensive Land Claims and Self Government Agreements.</p> </header> <p class='mb-0'><a href='#' data-toggle='modal' data-target='#modal_treaties_timeline' class='btn btn-primary outline' rel='noopener'>View Timeline</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class='modal fade' id='modal_treaties_timeline' tabindex='-1' role='dialog' aria-labelledby='modal_treaties_timeline_label' aria-hidden='true'> <div class='modal-dialog modal-lg' role='document'> <div class='modal-content'> <div class='modal-header'> <h5 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