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class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Final years of Henry II's reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_of_Henry_II's_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_and_crusader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_and_crusader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>King and crusader</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_and_crusader-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King and crusader subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_and_crusader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coronation_and_anti-Jewish_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronation_and_anti-Jewish_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Coronation and anti-Jewish violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronation_and_anti-Jewish_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusade_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusade_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crusade plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusade_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Sicily" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Sicily"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Occupation of Sicily</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Sicily-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Conquest of Cyprus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Holy_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Holy_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In the Holy Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Holy_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_after_the_Third_Crusade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_after_the_Third_Crusade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life after the Third Crusade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_after_the_Third_Crusade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life after the Third Crusade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_after_the_Third_Crusade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Captivity,_ransom_and_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captivity,_ransom_and_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Captivity, ransom and return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captivity,_ransom_and_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_Philip_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_Philip_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>War against Philip of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Philip_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Character</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Character subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speculation_regarding_sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculation_regarding_sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Speculation regarding sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculation_regarding_sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medieval folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_modern_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation_and_modern_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Historical reputation and modern reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation_and_modern_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard I of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_van_Engeland" title="Richard I van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Bheard_I_Engla_Cyning" title="Riċheard I Engla Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Riċheard I Engla Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%8B" title="Ричард I Алымгәы – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ричард I Алымгәы" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="ريتشارد الأول (ملك إنجلترا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد الأول (ملك إنجلترا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_d%27Anglaterra" title="Ricardo I d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ricardo I d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_d%27Inglaterra" title="Ricardo I d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ricardo I d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eir%C3%BCr%C9%99kli_I_Ri%C3%A7ard" title="Şirürəkli I Riçard – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şirürəkli I Riçard" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="بیرینجی ریچارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی ریچارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="প্রথম রিচার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম রিচার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_1-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Richard 1-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard 1-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%99%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Ричард I Арыҫлан Йөрәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ричард I Арыҫлан Йөрәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I" title="Рычард I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I" title="Рычард I – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рычард I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Ричард I (Англия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард I (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I,_kralj_Engleske" title="Rikard I, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rikard I, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richarzh_Ia%C3%B1_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Richarzh Iañ (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richarzh Iañ (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricard_Cor_de_Lle%C3%B3" title="Ricard Cor de Lleó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ricard Cor de Lleó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%80%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A7%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ричард Арăслан Чĕри – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ричард Арăслан Чĕри" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I._Lv%C3%AD_srdce" title="Richard I. Lví srdce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard I. Lví srdce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhisiart_I,_brenin_Lloegr" title="Rhisiart I, brenin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhisiart I, brenin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L%C3%B8vehjerte" title="Richard Løvehjerte – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Løvehjerte" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L%C3%B6wenherz" title="Richard Löwenherz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Löwenherz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I" title="Richard I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ριχάρδος ο Λεοντόκαρδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ριχάρδος ο Λεοντόκαρδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikardo_la_1-a_(Anglio)" title="Rikardo la 1-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rikardo la 1-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikardo_I.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Rikardo I.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rikardo I.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="ریچارد یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion" title="Richard Cœur de Lion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Cœur de Lion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Liuwehert" title="Richard Liuwehert – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard Liuwehert" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricart_prin_de_Angletiere" title="Ricart prin de Angletiere – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ricart prin de Angletiere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risteard_I_Shasana" title="Risteard I Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Risteard I Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_1%EC%84%B8" title="리처드 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_I_%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Ռիչարդ I Առյուծասիրտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիչարդ I Առյուծասիրտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I._Lavljeg_Srca" title="Rikard I. Lavljeg Srca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rikard I. Lavljeg Srca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_la_1ma_di_Anglia" title="Richard la 1ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard la 1ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_dari_Inggris" title="Richard I dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard I dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkhar%C3%B0ur_lj%C3%B3nshjarta" title="Ríkharður ljónshjarta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkharður ljónshjarta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_I_d%27Inghilterra" title="Riccardo I d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riccardo I d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ריצ'רד הראשון, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד הראשון, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_I" title="რიჩარდ I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიჩარდ I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I" title="Richard I – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Richard I" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_I_(rex_Angliae)" title="Ricardus I (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus I (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dards_I_Lauvassirds" title="Ričards I Lauvassirds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ričards I Lauvassirds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I._vun_England" title="Richard I. vun England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard I. vun England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Dardas_I_Li%C5%ABta%C5%A1irdis" title="Ričardas I Liūtaširdis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ričardas I Liūtaširdis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_C%C5%93u_de_Lion" title="Ricardo Cœu de Lion – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ricardo Cœu de Lion" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_1" title="Richard 1 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Richard 1" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Rich%C3%A1rd_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Richárd angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Richárd angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I" title="Ричард I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ричард I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_an%27i_Angletera" title="Richard I an'i Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard I an'i Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഒന്നാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് ഒന്നാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABhari_te_Tuatahi_o_Ingarangi" title="Rīhari te Tuatahi o Ingarangi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rīhari te Tuatahi o Ingarangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="इंग्लंडचा पहिला रिचर्ड पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा पहिला रिचर्ड पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_I_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ I ნჯილოშგური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიჩარდ I ნჯილოშგური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AF" title="ريتشارد قلب الأسد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد قلب الأسد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ریچارد شیردل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد شیردل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_dari_England" title="Richard I dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard I dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Anglaterra" title="Ricardo I de Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ricardo I de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_van_Engeland" title="Richard I van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard I van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%891%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="リチャード1世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード1世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I_av_England" title="Rikard I av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rikard I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I_av_England" title="Rikard I av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rikard I av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kordie_de_Leone" title="Richard Kordie de Leone – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Richard Kordie de Leone" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I%C3%A8r_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Richard Ièr d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Ièr d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رچرڈ اول شاہ انگلستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ اول شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="د انګلستان پاچا لومړی ریچارد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګلستان پاچا لومړی ریچارد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_I_Lwie_Serce" title="Ryszard I Lwie Serce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryszard I Lwie Serce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_de_Inglaterra" title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ricardo I de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Inim%C4%83_de_Leu" title="Richard Inimă de Leu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Inimă de Leu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Ричард I Львиное Сердце – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ричард I Львиное Сердце" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_o_Ingland" title="Richard I o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard I o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardu_I_di_Ngriterra" title="Riccardu I di Ngriterra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Riccardu I di Ngriterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard I of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I._(Anglicko)" title="Richard I. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard I. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard_I._Levjesr%C4%8Dni" title="Rihard I. Levjesrčni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rihard I. Levjesrčni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85" title="ڕیچاردی یەکەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچاردی یەکەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Ричард Лављег Срца – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ричард Лављег Срца" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_od_Engleske" title="Richard I od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard I od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikhard_Leijonamieli" title="Rikhard Leijonamieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rikhard Leijonamieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikard_I_Lejonhj%C3%A4rta" title="Rikard I Lejonhjärta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rikard I Lejonhjärta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_I_ng_Inglatera" title="Ricardo I ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ricardo I ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் ரிச்சார்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் முதலாம் ரிச்சார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าริชาร์ดที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าริชาร์ดที่ 1 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Richard" title="I. Richard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Richard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_I_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Річард I Левове Серце – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард I Левове Серце" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رچرڈ اول شاہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ اول شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Richard I của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard I của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I" title="Richard I – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Richard I" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="理查一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="理查一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I_han_Inglatera" title="Richard I han Inglatera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard I han Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="理查一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="理察一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理察一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_I" title="Richard I – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Richard I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="理查一世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42305#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England from 1189 to 1199</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard I (disambiguation)">Richard I (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_the_Lionheart_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation)">Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur_de_Lion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation)">Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Richard I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg/220px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg/330px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg/440px-Church_of_Fontevraud_Abbey_Richard_I_effigy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="970" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Effigy (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1199) at <a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a>, Anjou</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Styles of English sovereigns">(more..)</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 1189 – 6 April 1199</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 September 1189</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_de_Longchamp" title="William de Longchamp">William de Longchamp</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1157<br /><a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Palace" title="Beaumont Palace">Beaumont Palace</a>, Oxford, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 April 1199 (aged 41)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lus" title="Châlus">Châlus</a>, Aquitaine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a>, Anjou, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1191)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Cognac" title="Philip of Cognac">Philip of Cognac</a> (ill.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a>–<a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">Revolt of 1173–1174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gisors" title="Battle of Gisors">Battle of Gisors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard I</b> (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as <b>Richard Cœur de Lion</b> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norman_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norman French">Old Norman French</a>: <i lang="nrf">Quor de Lion</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Richard the Lionheart</b> because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior,<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_&_Heiser_71_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_&_Heiser_71-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony" title="Duchy of Gascony">Gascony</a>; Lord of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Poitiers" title="Count of Poitiers">Count of Poitiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Anjou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Maine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nantes">Nantes</a>; and was <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">overlord</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father. </p><p>By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> against his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_&_Heiser_71_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner_&_Heiser_71-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard was an important Christian commander during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, leading the campaign after the departure of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, although he <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Treaty of Jaffa (1192)">finalised a peace treaty</a> and ended the campaign without retaking <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard probably spoke both <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Occitan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f20_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f20-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and seen as a pious hero by his subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the 17th century onward he was gradually perceived by historians as a ruler who preferred to use his kingdom merely as a source of revenue to support his armies, rather than regarding England as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard I remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> than his <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal number</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_accession_in_Aquitaine">Early life and accession in Aquitaine</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/220px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/330px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/440px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption>King Richard I's <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> of 1189</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard was born on 8 September 1157,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori19991_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori19991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably at <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Palace" title="Beaumont Palace">Beaumont Palace</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_24_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_24-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a>. He was the younger brother of <a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda</a>; William died before Richard's birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_1999_ix_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_1999_ix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a younger son of King Henry II, Richard was not expected to ascend the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four more children were born to King Henry and Queen Eleanor: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>. Richard also had two half-sisters from his mother's first marriage to <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alix_of_France" title="Alix of France">Alix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_1999_ix_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_1999_ix-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a>. Contemporary historian <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Diceto" title="Ralph de Diceto">Ralph de Diceto</a> traced his family's lineage through <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kings of England and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, and from there legend linked them to <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woden" class="mw-redirect" title="Woden">Woden</a>. According to Angevin family tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, with a claimed descent from the fairy, or female demon, <a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_24_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_24-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. His <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hodierna_of_St_Albans" title="Hodierna of St Albans">Hodierna of St Albans</a>, whom he gave a generous pension after he became king.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about Richard's education.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in <a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Lenga_d%27%C3%B2c" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenga d'òc">lenga d'òc</a></i>) and also in French.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor, <a href="/wiki/William_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Longchamp">William Longchamp</a>, who was a <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a>. One of the specific charges laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Nonant" title="Hugh Nonant">Hugh Nonant</a>, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late 12th century a knowledge of English was expected of those in positions of authority in England.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1154-en_(Angevin_Empire).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg/220px-France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg/330px-France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg/440px-France_1154-en_%28Angevin_Empire%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin domains</a> (in various shades of red) on the continent, which Richard eventually inherited from his parents</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard was said to be very attractive; his hair was between red and blond, and he was light-eyed with a pale complexion. According to Clifford Brewer, he was 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although that is unverifiable since his remains have been lost since at least the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. John, his youngest brother, was known to be 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_peregrinorum_et_gesta_regis_Ricardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi">Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi</a></i>, a Latin prose narrative of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his hair was between red and gold; his limbs were supple and straight. He had long arms suited to wielding a sword. His long legs matched the rest of his body".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and allowed families to stake claims of succession on each other's lands. In March 1159, it was arranged that Richard would marry one of the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Barcelona" title="Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona">Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona</a>; however, these arrangements failed, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young King was married to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret</a>, daughter of Louis VII of France, on 2 November 1160.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenets" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenets">Plantagenets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Capetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetians">Capetians</a>, the dynasty on the French throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict. In 1168, the intercession of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> was necessary to secure a truce between them. Henry II had conquered Brittany and taken control of <a href="/wiki/Gisors" title="Gisors">Gisors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vexin" title="Vexin">Vexin</a>, which had been part of Margaret's dowry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry <a href="/wiki/Alys,_Countess_of_the_Vexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alys, Countess of the Vexin">Alys, Countess of the Vexin</a>, fourth daughter of Louis VII; because of the rivalry between the kings of England and France, Louis obstructed the marriage. A peace treaty was secured in January 1169 and Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry II planned to divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three eldest surviving sons: Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitaine and Poitiers from his mother; and Geoffrey would become Duke of Brittany through marriage with <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Constance, Duchess of Brittany">Constance</a>, heir presumptive of <a href="/wiki/Conan_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Conan IV">Conan IV</a>. At the ceremony where Richard's betrothal was confirmed, he paid homage to the king of France for Aquitaine, thus securing ties of vassalage between the two.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he enacted his plan to divide his territories, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. His son Henry was <a href="/wiki/Coronation#Coronation_of_heirs_apparent" title="Coronation">crowned as heir apparent</a> in June 1170, and in 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>. In June 1172, at age 14, Richard was formally recognised as duke of Aquitaine and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Poitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Poitou">count of Poitou</a> when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of <a href="/wiki/St_Valerie" class="mw-redirect" title="St Valerie">St Valerie</a>, who was the personification of Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_against_Henry_II">Revolt against Henry II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1173–74">Revolt of 1173–74</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Coggeshall" title="Ralph of Coggeshall">Ralph of Coggeshall</a>, Henry the Young King instigated a rebellion against Henry II; he wanted to reign independently over at least part of the territory his father had promised him, and to break away from his dependence on Henry II, who controlled the purse strings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were rumors that Eleanor might have encouraged her sons to revolt against their father.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry the Young King abandoned his father and left for the French court, seeking the protection of Louis VII; his brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England. Louis gave his support to the three brothers and even knighted Richard, tying them together through vassalage.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Fantosme" title="Jordan Fantosme">Jordan Fantosme</a>, a contemporary poet, described the rebellion as a "war without love".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg/170px-Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg/255px-Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg/340px-Taillebourg_Chte-Mme_005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_de_Rancon" title="Geoffrey de Rancon">Geoffrey de Rancon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Taillebourg" title="Château de Taillebourg">Château de Taillebourg</a>, the castle Richard retreated to after Henry II's forces captured 60 <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> and 400 archers who fought for Richard when <a href="/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a> was captured.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The brothers made an oath at the French court that they would not make terms with Henry II without the consent of Louis VII and the French barons.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_48_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_48-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip I, Count of Flanders</a>, who was promised £1,000 and several castles. The brothers also had supporters ready to rise up in England. <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Beaumont,_3rd_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester">Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester</a>, joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bigod,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Kevelioc,_5th_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester">Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of Scotland">William I of Scotland</a> for a rebellion in Suffolk. The alliance with Louis was initially successful, and by July 1173 the rebels were <a href="/wiki/Besieging" class="mw-redirect" title="Besieging">besieging</a> <a href="/wiki/Aumale" title="Aumale">Aumale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neuf-March%C3%A9" title="Neuf-Marché">Neuf-Marché</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Verneuil-sur-Avre" title="Verneuil-sur-Avre">Verneuil</a>, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a> in Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_33_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard went to <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father. Eleanor was captured, so Richard was left to lead his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on his own. He marched to take <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> but was rejected by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the city of <a href="/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a>, which he established as a base of operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_34-35_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_34-35-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the meantime, Henry II had raised a very expensive army of more than 20,000 mercenaries with which to face the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_33_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_33-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from his forces. The army proceeded to recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of peace to his sons; on the advice of Louis the offer was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_33-34_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_33-34-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry II's forces took Saintes by surprise and captured much of its garrison, although Richard was able to escape with a small group of soldiers. He took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Taillebourg" title="Château de Taillebourg">Château de Taillebourg</a> for the rest of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_34-35_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_34-35-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry the Young King and the Count of Flanders planned to land in England to assist the rebellion led by the Earl of Leicester. Anticipating this, Henry II returned to England with 500 soldiers and his prisoners (including Eleanor and his sons' wives and fiancées),<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_35_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_35-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on his arrival found out that the rebellion had already collapsed. William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned to France and raised the siege of <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, where Louis VII had been joined by Henry the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and a peace treaty was signed in September 1174,<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_33-34_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_33-34-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Treaty of Montlouis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250–51_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250–51-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Henry II and Louis VII made a truce on 8 September 1174, its terms specifically excluded Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_35_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_35-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abandoned by Louis and wary of facing his father's army in battle, Richard went to Henry II's court at <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> on 23 September and begged for forgiveness, weeping and falling at the feet of Henry, who gave Richard the <a href="/wiki/Kiss_of_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiss of peace">kiss of peace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_35_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_35-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori_35_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori_35-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy):<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_48_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_48-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. Eleanor remained Henry II's prisoner until his death, partly as insurance for Richard's good behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_of_Henry_II's_reign"><span id="Final_years_of_Henry_II.27s_reign"></span>Final years of Henry II's reign</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg/220px-Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg/330px-Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg/440px-Richard_I_pictavinus_722697.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>A silver <a href="/wiki/French_denier" title="French denier">denier</a> of Richard, struck in his capacity as count of Poitiers</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conclusion of the war, the process of pacifying the provinces that had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled to Anjou for this purpose, and Geoffrey dealt with Brittany. In January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish the barons who had fought for him. The historian <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a> notes that the chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Howden" title="Roger of Howden">Roger of Howden</a> is the main source for Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most of the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to the state they were in 15 days before the outbreak of war, while others were to be razed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_52_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_52-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that by this time it was common for castles to be built in stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not an easy task.<sup id="cite_ref-Flori1999_41_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori1999_41-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger of Howden records the two-month siege of <a href="/wiki/Castillon-sur-Agen" title="Castillon-sur-Agen">Castillon-sur-Agen</a>; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege engines battered the defenders into submission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori199941–42_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori199941–42-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Flori1999_41_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flori1999_41-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is referred to as "this our lion" (<i>hic leo noster</i>) as early as 1187 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Topographia_Hibernica" title="Topographia Hibernica">Topographia Hibernica</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giraldus Cambrensis">Giraldus Cambrensis</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the byname "lionheart" (<i>le quor de lion</i>) is first recorded in <a href="/wiki/Ambroise" title="Ambroise">Ambroise</a>'s <i>L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte</i> in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him. It was suspected that the King had appropriated Alys of France, Richard's betrothed, as his <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a>. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible in the eyes of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a>, but Henry prevaricated: he regarded Alys's <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>, Vexin in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, a close ally.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG/220px-Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG/330px-Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG/440px-Gisant_Richard_C%C5%93ur_de_Lion3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Richard I in profile, funerary effigy above the tomb containing his heart in <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a> (early 13th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>After his failure to overthrow his father, Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the nobles of Aquitaine, especially in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a>. The increasing cruelty of his rule led to a major revolt there in 1179. Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the help of his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the <a href="/wiki/Charente" title="Charente">Charente Valley</a> in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days. Richard's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In 1181–82, Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of <a href="/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Angoulême">Angoulême</a>. His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Limousin" title="History of Limousin">Limousin</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a>. The excessive cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his father. From 1180 to 1183 the tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry commanded Richard to pay homage to Henry the Young King, but Richard refused. Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King and Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt to subdue Richard. Richard's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly in June 1183 when the Young King died. With the death of Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving son and therefore heir to the English crown. King Henry demanded that Richard give up Aquitaine (which he planned to give to his youngest son John as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. This refusal is what finally made Henry II bring Queen Eleanor out of prison. He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1187, to strengthen his position, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by <a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Champagne" title="Adela of Champagne">Adela of Champagne</a>. Roger of Howden wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The King of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his way to <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a>, and, in spite of the person who had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with the politics of the relationship between Richard and Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that this political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an official record announcing that, as a symbol of unity between the two countries, the kings of England and France had slept overnight in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing sexual about it;... a bit like a modern-day photo opportunity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With news arriving of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hattin" title="Battle of Hattin">Battle of Hattin</a>, he took the cross at <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> in the company of other French nobles. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard paid homage to Philip in November 1188. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and Philip defeated Henry's army at <a href="/wiki/Ballans" title="Ballans">Ballans</a>. Henry agreed to name Richard his heir apparent. Two days later Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the nose in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a sign that Richard had caused his death.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_and_crusader">King and crusader</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Norman_and_Angevin_England" title="Government in Norman and Angevin England">Government in Norman and Angevin England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronation_and_anti-Jewish_violence">Coronation and anti-Jewish violence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez,_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/260px-Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/390px-Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg/520px-Richard_L%C3%B6wenhez%2C_Salbung_zum_K%C3%B6nig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Richard I being anointed during his coronation in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in 1189, from a 13th-century chronicle</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Attacks_on_Jews"></span> Richard I was officially invested as <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 3 September 1189.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f94–95_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f94–95-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Jewish homes were destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arsonists</a>, and several Jews were <a href="/wiki/Forcibly_converted" class="mw-redirect" title="Forcibly converted">forcibly converted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_95-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sought sanctuary in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, and others managed to escape. Among those killed was <a href="/wiki/Jacob_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Jacob of Orléans">Jacob of Orléans</a>, a respected Jewish scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger of Howden, in his <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gesta Regis Ricardi</i></span></i>, claimed that the jealous and bigoted citizens started the rioting, and that Richard punished the perpetrators, allowing a forcibly converted Jew to return to his native religion. <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_of_Forde" title="Baldwin of Forde">Baldwin of Forde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, reacted by remarking, "If the King is not God's man, he had better be the <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">devil</a>'s".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_(YORYM_2000_2147)_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg/220px-Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg/330px-Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg/440px-Silver_penny_of_Richard_I_%28YORYM_2000_2147%29_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>Silver penny of Richard I, York Museums Trust</figcaption></figure> <p>Offended that he was not being obeyed, and aware that the attacks could destabilise his realm on the eve of his departure on crusade, Richard ordered the execution of those responsible for the most heinous murders and persecutions, including rioters who had accidentally burned down Christian homes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f319–320_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f319–320-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He distributed a royal <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writ</a> demanding that the Jews be left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, and the following March further violence occurred, including a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">massacre at York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Graetz1902_40916_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graetz1902_40916-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusade_plans">Crusade plans</h3></div> <p>Richard had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187. His father and Philip II had done so at Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>. After Richard became king, he and Philip agreed to go on the Third Crusade, since each feared that during his absence the other might usurp his territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f100_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f100-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the <a href="/wiki/Saladin_tithe" title="Saladin tithe">Saladin tithe</a>), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a> (£6,500). To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f97–101_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f97–101-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those already appointed were forced to pay huge sums to retain their posts. <a href="/wiki/William_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Longchamp">William Longchamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Ely" title="Bishop of Ely">Bishop of Ely</a> and the King's chancellor, made a show of bidding £3,000 to remain as Chancellor. He was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Richard made some final arrangements on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_101_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_101-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reconfirmed his father's appointment of <a href="/wiki/William_Fitz_Ralph" class="mw-redirect" title="William Fitz Ralph">William Fitz Ralph</a> to the important post of <a href="/wiki/Seneschal" title="Seneschal">seneschal</a> of Normandy. In Anjou, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of Tours">Stephen of Tours</a> was replaced as seneschal and temporarily imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin knight, became <a href="/wiki/Seneschal_of_Anjou" title="Seneschal of Anjou">seneschal of Anjou</a>. In Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made seneschal, and finally, the household official Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship in Gascony. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind to guard his French possessions, Richard finally set out on the crusade in summer 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_101_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_101-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (His delay was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a>.) He appointed as regents <a href="/wiki/Hugh_de_Puiset" title="Hugh de Puiset">Hugh de Puiset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Durham" title="Bishop of Durham">Bishop of Durham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_de_Mandeville,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex">William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex</a> – who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f99_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f99-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to have declared, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2002118_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2002118-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Sicily">Occupation of Sicily</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg/220px-Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg/330px-Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Philippe_Auguste_et_Richard_IIIe_croisade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Richard and Philip of France, French manuscript of 1261. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1190 Richard and Philip arrived in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f111_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f111-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of King <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II of Sicily</a> in 1189 his cousin <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred</a> had seized power, although the legal heir was William's aunt <a href="/wiki/Constance_I_of_Sicily" title="Constance I of Sicily">Constance</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will. When Richard arrived he demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance; she was freed on 28 September, but without the inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f114_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f114-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of foreign troops also caused unrest: in October, the people of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriuF116_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriuF116-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October 1190.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriuF116_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriuF116-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After looting and burning the city Richard established his base there, but this created tension between Richard and Philip. He remained there until Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty on 4 March 1191. The treaty was signed by Richard, Philip, and Tancred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f117_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f117-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main terms were: </p> <ul><li>Joan was to receive 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold as compensation for her inheritance, which Tancred kept.</li> <li>Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur of Brittany">Arthur of Brittany</a>, son of Geoffrey, as his heir, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age, giving a further 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold that would be returned by Richard if Arthur did not marry Tancred's daughter.</li></ul> <p>The two kings stayed in Sicily for a while, but this resulted in increasing tensions between them and their men, with Philip plotting with Tancred against Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f124–126_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f124–126-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two kings eventually met to clear the air and reached an agreement, including the end of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister Alys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f127–128_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f127–128-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1190 King Richard, before leaving for the Holy Land for the crusade, met <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a>, who spoke to him of a prophecy contained in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Cyprus">Conquest of Cyprus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Cyprus_by_Richard_I" title="Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I">Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/280px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/420px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg/560px-Map_Crusader_states_1190-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The Near East in 1190 (Cyprus in purple)</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1191, Richard left Messina for <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> with an army of 17,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a storm dispersed his large fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f131_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f131-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some searching, it was discovered that the ship carrying his sister Joan and his new fiancée, <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a>, was anchored on the south coast of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a>, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's ruler, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_of_Cyprus" title="Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus">Isaac Komnenos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_132-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of <a href="/wiki/Lemesos" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemesos">Lemesos</a> on Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_132-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_132-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Lemesos.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f133–134_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f133–134-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Lemesos at the same time, in particular <a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Lusignan" title="Guy of Lusignan">Guy of Lusignan</a>. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The local magnates abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering <a href="/wiki/Damsel_of_Cyprus" title="Damsel of Cyprus">his daughter</a> in marriage to the person named by Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134–136_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134–136-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaac changed his mind, however, and tried to escape. Richard's troops, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island by 1 June. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons. Richard named <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Camville" title="Richard de Camville">Richard de Camville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Thornham" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert of Thornham">Robert of Thornham</a> as governors. He later sold the island to the master of <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_IV_of_Sabl%C3%A9" title="Robert IV of Sablé">Robert de Sablé</a>, and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_137_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_137-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rapid conquest of the island by Richard was of strategic importance. The island occupies a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_137_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_137-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" title="Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573)">Ottoman invasion</a> in 1570.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_138-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_138-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard left Cyprus for Acre on 5 June with his allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_138-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> <p>Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre" title="Sancho VI of Navarre">Sancho VI of Navarre</a>. Richard had first grown close to her at a tournament held in her native <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wedding was held in Lemesos on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St George and was attended by Richard's sister Joan, whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and celebrations followed, commemorating the event. When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a> as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father. Further, Eleanor championed the match, as Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby securing the southern border of her ancestral lands. Richard took his new wife on crusade with him briefly, though they returned separately. Berengaria had almost as much difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death. After his release from German captivity, Richard showed some regret for his earlier conduct, but he was not reunited with his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage remained childless.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Holy_Land">In the Holy Land</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg/350px-Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg/525px-Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg/700px-Britishmuseumrichardandsaladintiles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Richard (left) and <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> (right), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250–60</span>, on tiles found at <a href="/wiki/Chertsey_Abbey" title="Chertsey Abbey">Chertsey Abbey</a> in Surrey.</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard landed at Acre on 8 June 1191.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave his support to his Poitevin <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to help him in Cyprus. Guy was the widower of his father's cousin <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylla of Jerusalem">Sibylla of Jerusalem</a> and was trying to retain the kingship of Jerusalem, despite his wife's death during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a> the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_148_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_148-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guy's claim was challenged by Conrad of Montferrat, second husband of Sibylla's half-sister, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Isabella I of Jerusalem">Isabella</a>: Conrad, whose defence of Tyre had saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip of France, son of his first cousin Louis VII of France, and by another cousin, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V, Duke of Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_148-9_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_148-9-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard also allied with <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_IV_of_Toron" title="Humphrey IV of Toron">Humphrey IV of Toron</a>, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190. Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_149_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_149-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard and his forces aided in the capture of Acre, despite Richard's serious illness. At one point, while sick from <i>arnaldia</i>, a disease similar to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, he picked off guards on the walls with a <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a>, while being carried on a stretcher covered "in a great silken quilt".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Conrad of Montferrat concluded the surrender negotiations with Saladin's forces inside Acre and raised the banners of the kings in the city. Richard quarrelled with Leopold over the deposition of Isaac Komnenos (related to Leopold's <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> mother) and his position within the crusade. Leopold's banner had been raised alongside the English and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> (although he was the highest-ranking surviving leader of the imperial forces). Richard's men tore the flag down and threw it in the moat of Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold left the crusade immediately. Philip also left soon afterwards, in poor health and after further disputes with Richard over the status of Cyprus (Philip demanded half the island) and the kingship of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_154_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_154-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard, suddenly, found himself without allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Richard had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against Saladin fulfilling all the terms of the surrender of the lands around Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, but Richard forced him to hand them over to him. Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train. He, therefore, ordered <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">all the prisoners executed</a>. He then moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf" title="Battle of Arsuf">Battle of Arsuf</a> 30 miles (50 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a> on 7 September 1191. Saladin attempted to harass Richard's army into breaking its formation in order to defeat it in detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until the <a href="/wiki/Hospitallers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitallers">Hospitallers</a> broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the considerable casualties it suffered, but it did <a href="/wiki/Rout" title="Rout">rout</a>; this was considered shameful by the Muslims and boosted the morale of the Crusaders. In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem. The army then marched to <a href="/wiki/Beit_Nuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Nuba">Beit Nuba</a>, only 12 miles (19 km) from Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with heavy rain and hailstorms; this, combined with the fear that the Crusader army, if it besieged Jerusalem, might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979198–200_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979198–200-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, but this was unsuccessful. In the first half of 1192, he and his troops refortified <a href="/wiki/Ascalon" title="Ascalon">Ascalon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An election forced Richard to accept Conrad of Montferrat as King of Jerusalem, and he sold Cyprus to his defeated protégé, Guy. Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before he could be crowned. Eight days later Richard's own nephew <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry II of Champagne">Henry II of Champagne</a> was married to the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. The murder was never conclusively solved, and Richard's contemporaries widely suspected his involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crusader army made another advance on Jerusalem, and, in June 1192, it came within sight of the city before being forced to retreat once again, this time because of dissension amongst its leaders. In particular, Richard and the majority of the army council wanted to force Saladin to relinquish Jerusalem by attacking the basis of his power through an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Egypt">Egypt</a>. The leader of the French contingent, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_III,_Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy">Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy</a>, however, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979209–212_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979209–212-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A period of minor skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by another defeat in the field for the Ayyubid army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaffa_(1192)" title="Battle of Jaffa (1192)">Battle of Jaffa</a>. Baha' al-Din, a contemporary Muslim soldier and biographer of Saladin, recorded a tribute to Richard's martial prowess at this battle: "I have been assured ... that on that day the king of England, lance in hand, rode along the whole length of our army from right to left, and not one of our soldiers left the ranks to attack him. The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield in anger...".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides realised that their respective positions were growing untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eroded by repeated defeats. However, Saladin insisted on the razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, and a few other points. Richard made one last attempt to strengthen his bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – but failed. In the end, time ran out for Richard. He realised that his return could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September 1192. The terms provided for the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian <a href="/wiki/Pilgrim" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim">pilgrims</a> and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard, being ill with <i>arnaldia</i>, left for England on 9 October 1192.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_after_the_Third_Crusade">Life after the Third Crusade</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captivity,_ransom_and_return"><span id="Captivity.2C_ransom_and_return"></span>Captivity, ransom and return</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg/260px-Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg/390px-Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg/520px-Heinrich_VI._begnadigt_Richard_Loewenherz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Richard being pardoned by Emperor Henry VI in <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Eboli" title="Peter of Eboli">Peter of Eboli</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_ad_honorem_Augusti" title="Liber ad honorem Augusti">Liber ad honorem Augusti</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1196</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in at <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, in the lands of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a>, who objected to Richard's annexation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory. Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>, forcing Richard and his party into taking a dangerous land route through central Europe. On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally offended Leopold by casting down his standard from the walls of Acre.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold kept Richard prisoner at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrnstein_Castle" title="Dürnstein Castle">Dürnstein Castle</a> under the care of Leopold's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministerialis</a></i></span> Hadmar of Kuenring.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mishap was soon known in England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. While in prison, Richard wrote the musical piece <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">Ja nus hons pris</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">Ja nuls om pres</i></span></i> ("No man who is imprisoned"), which is addressed to his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister. The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law,<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f188–189_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f188–189-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on these grounds <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_III" title="Pope Celestine III">Pope Celestine III</a> excommunicated Leopold.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durnstein_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durnstein_castle.jpg/290px-Durnstein_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durnstein_castle.jpg/435px-Durnstein_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Durnstein_castle.jpg/580px-Durnstein_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrnstein_Castle" title="Dürnstein Castle">Dürnstein Castle</a>, where Richard was at first kept captive</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 March 1193, Richard was brought to <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a> and handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in <a href="/wiki/Trifels_Castle" title="Trifels Castle">Trifels Castle</a>. The Emperor was aggrieved by the support the Plantagenets had given to the family of Henry the Lion and by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-eb1911_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb1911-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom. Nevertheless, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/I_am_born_in_a_rank_which_recognizes_no_superior_but_God" class="extiw" title="s:I am born in a rank which recognizes no superior but God">I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King was at first shown a certain measure of respect, but later, at the prompting of <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Dreux" title="Philip of Dreux">Philip of Dreux</a>, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin, the conditions of Richard's captivity worsened, and he was kept in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse or ass would have struggled to move under them."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emperor demanded that 150,000 marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-silver_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silver-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two to three times the annual income of the English Crown under Richard. Meanwhile, Eleanor worked tirelessly to raise the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany" title="Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany">Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany</a>, niece of Richard, marry his heir <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" title="Frederick I, Duke of Austria (Babenberg)">Frederick</a>. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the <a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">scutage</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carucage" title="Carucage">carucage</a> taxes. At the same time, Richard's brother John and King Philip of France offered 80,000 marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> 1194. Henry turned down the offer. The money to release the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194, Richard was released. Philip sent a message to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurser2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfBs0VlTA-qECpgPA161_161]_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurser2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfBs0VlTA-qECpgPA161_161]-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, upon the sudden death of Leopold, under the pressure of the Pope, the new duke Frederick was forced to abandon his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-mcpe_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpe-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_Philip_of_France">War against Philip of France</h3></div> <p>In Richard's absence, his brother John revolted with the aid of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was a part of Normandy<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <a href="/wiki/Norman_Vexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Vexin">Norman Vexin</a> facing <a href="/wiki/French_Vexin" class="mw-redirect" title="French Vexin">French Vexin</a>. Richard forgave John when they met again and named him as his heir in place of their nephew Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March 1194, Richard was crowned a second time to nullify the shame of his captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow1967184_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1967184-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard began his reconquest of the lost lands in Normandy. The fall of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Gisors" title="Château de Gisors">Château de Gisors</a> to the French in 1193 opened a gap in the Norman defences. The search began for a fresh site for a new castle to defend the duchy of Normandy and act as a base from which Richard could launch his campaign to take back Vexin from French control.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A naturally defensible position was identified, perched high above the River <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, an important transport route, in the manor of <a href="/wiki/Les_Andelys" title="Les Andelys">Andeli</a>. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Louviers" title="Treaty of Louviers">Treaty of Louviers</a> (December 1195) between Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the vast <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard" title="Château Gaillard">Château Gaillard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_301-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard tried to obtain the manor through negotiation. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Coutances" title="Walter de Coutances">Walter de Coutances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Rouen">Archbishop of Rouen</a>, was reluctant to sell the manor, as it was one of the diocese's most profitable, and other lands belonging to the diocese had recently been damaged by war.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_301-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of waiting and seized the manor,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_301-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the act was opposed by the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archbishop issued an <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a> against performing church services in the duchy of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of the dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy". The interdict was still in force when work began on the castle, but Pope Celestine III repealed it in April 1197 after Richard made gifts of land to the archbishop and the diocese of Rouen, including two manors and the prosperous port of <a href="/wiki/Dieppe" title="Dieppe">Dieppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_302_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_302-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chateau_gaillard_(France,_Normandy).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG/290px-Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG/435px-Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG/580px-Chateau_gaillard_%28France%2C_Normandy%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Gaillard" title="Château Gaillard">Château Gaillard</a> in Normandy</figcaption></figure> <p>Royal expenditure on castles declined from the levels spent under Henry II, attributed to a concentration of resources on Richard's war with the king of France.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of the most expensive of its time and cost an estimated £15,000 to £20,000 between 1196 and 1198.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeil_42_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil_42-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was more than double Richard's spending on castles in England, an estimated £7,000.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unprecedented in its speed of construction, the castle was mostly complete in two years, when most construction on such a scale would have taken the better part of a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeil_42_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil_42-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a>, in May 1198 Richard and the labourers working on the castle were drenched in a "rain of blood". While some of his advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_303_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2002_303-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As no master-mason is mentioned in the otherwise detailed records of the castle's construction, military historian Richard Allen Brown has suggested that Richard himself was the overall architect; this is supported by the interest Richard showed in the work through his frequent presence.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final years, the castle became Richard's favourite residence, and writs and charters were written at Château Gaillard bearing "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe</i></span></i>" (at the Fair Castle of the Rock).<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_Brown_62_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_Brown_62-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Château Gaillard was ahead of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted in castle architecture nearly a century later. Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the finest castles in Europe",<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_Brown_62_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen_Brown_62-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and military historian Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a> wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. The reputation of its builder, Cœur de Lion, as a great military engineer might stand firm on this single structure. He was no mere copyist of the models he had seen in the East, but introduced many original details of his own invention into the stronghold".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determined to resist Philip's designs on contested Angevin lands such as the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertise and vast resources into the war on the French King. He organised an alliance against Philip, including <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IX_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin IX of Flanders">Baldwin IX of Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renaud_I,_Count_of_Dammartin" title="Renaud I, Count of Dammartin">Renaud</a>, Count of <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a>, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the south. Most importantly, he managed to secure the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a> inheritance in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son, who was elected <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto IV of Germany">Otto IV of Germany</a> in 1198.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Partly as a result of these and other intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip. At <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9teval" title="Fréteval">Fréteval</a> in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gisors" title="Battle of Gisors">Battle of Gisors</a> (sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dieu et mon Droit</i></span></i> – "God and my Right" – as his motto (still used by the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a> today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lvisrdce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Lvisrdce.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="402" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Inverted coat of arms of Richard, indicating his death, from a manuscript of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Majora" title="Chronica Majora">Chronica Majora</a></i></span></i> by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> (13th century)<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1199, Richard was in <a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a> suppressing a revolt by Viscount <a href="/wiki/Aimar_V_of_Limoges" title="Aimar V of Limoges">Aimar V of Limoges</a>. Although it was <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, he "devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalph_of_Coggeshall94_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERalph_of_Coggeshall94-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2lus-Chabrol" title="Château de Châlus-Chabrol">Châlus-Chabrol</a>. Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a <a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">treasure trove</a> of Roman gold.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 March 1199, Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound turned <a href="/wiki/Gangrenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangrenous">gangrenous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2004_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2004-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Basile" title="Pierre Basile">Pierre (or Peter) Basile</a>, John Sabroz, Dudo,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham198916_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham198916-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f233–254_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f233–254-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of <a href="/wiki/Gourdon,_Lot" title="Gourdon, Lot">Gourdon</a>) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had intended to kill Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 <a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">shillings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard1Rouen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Richard1Rouen.jpg/250px-Richard1Rouen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Richard1Rouen.jpg/375px-Richard1Rouen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Richard1Rouen.jpg/500px-Richard1Rouen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1637" data-file-height="1228" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Tomb containing the heart of King Richard in <a href="/wiki/Rouen_Cathedral" title="Rouen Cathedral">Rouen Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg/250px-Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg/375px-Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg/500px-Richard1TombFntrvd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Richard’s Tomb at Fontevraud</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus "ended his earthly day."<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the nature of his death, it was later said that "the Lion by the Ant was slain".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless when the infamous <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Mercadier" title="Mercadier">Mercadier</a> had the boy <a href="/wiki/Flayed_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Flayed alive">flayed alive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanged" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged">hanged</a> as soon as Richard died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f238_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f238-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails in <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lus" title="Châlus">Châlus</a> (where he died), and the rest of his body at the feet of his father at <a href="/wiki/Fontevraud_Abbey" title="Fontevraud Abbey">Fontevraud Abbey</a> in Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f235_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f235-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's heart and found that it had been <a href="/wiki/Embalmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Embalmed">embalmed</a> with various substances, including <a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">frankincense</a>, a symbolically important substance because it had been present both at the birth and embalming of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sandford_(bishop)" title="Henry Sandford (bishop)">Henry Sandford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rochester" title="Bishop of Rochester">Bishop of Rochester</a> (1226–1235), announced that he had seen a vision of Richard ascending to <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> in March 1232 (along with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Langton" title="Stephen Langton">Stephen Langton</a>, the former archbishop of Canterbury), the King having presumably spent 33 years in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> as <a href="/wiki/Expiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expiation">expiation</a> for his sins.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Cognac" title="Philip of Cognac">Philip of Cognac</a>. He was succeeded by his brother John as king.<sup id="cite_ref-Angevin_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angevin-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His French territories, with the exception of Rouen, initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Angevin_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angevin-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2></div> <p>Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knight</a> famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination.<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_4845_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_4845-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. At the same time, he was considered prone to the sins of lust, pride, greed and, above all, excessive cruelty. Ralph of Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was one of "the immense cohort of sinners".<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was criticised by clergy chroniclers for having taxed the clergy both for the Crusade and for his ransom, whereas the church and the clergy were usually exempt from taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f322_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f322-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard was a patron and a protector of the <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a> and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a poet himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larousse2005_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse2005-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interested in writing and music, and two poems are attributed to him. The first one is a <a href="/wiki/Sirventes" title="Sirventes">sirventes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, <i>Dalfin je us voill desrenier</i>, and the second one is a <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a> that he wrote during his imprisonment at Dürnstein Castle, <i>Ja nus hons pris</i>, with a version in <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> and a version in Old French.<sup id="cite_ref-Larousse2005_149-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larousse2005-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculation_regarding_sexuality">Speculation regarding sexuality</h3></div> <p>In the historiography of the second half of the 20th century, much interest was shown in Richard's sexuality, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality. The topic had not been raised by <a href="/wiki/Victorian_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian England">Victorian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Edwardian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian">Edwardian</a> historians, a fact denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Harvey (1948).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument primarily drew on accounts of Richard's behaviour, as well as of his <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confessions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penitence" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitence">penitences</a>, and of his childless marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard did have at least one illegitimate child, Philip of Cognac, and there are reports on his sexual relations with local women during his campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians remain divided on the question of Richard's sexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harvey argued in favour of his homosexuality<sup id="cite_ref-Brundage,_1974,_pp._38,_88_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brundage,_1974,_pp._38,_88-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has been disputed by other historians, most notably John Gillingham (1994), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1994119–139_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1994119–139-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flori (1999) again argued in favour of Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f456–462_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f456–462-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Flori concedes that contemporary accounts of Richard taking women by force exist,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f463_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f463-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluding that he probably had sexual relations with both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f464_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f464-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flori and Gillingham nevertheless agree that accounts of bed-sharing do not support the suggestion that Richard had a sexual relationship with King Philip II, as other modern authors had suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/170px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/255px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/340px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>The "three lions" of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The second <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal</a> of Richard I (1198) shows him bearing a shield depicting <i>three lions passant-guardant</i>. This is the first instance of the appearance of this <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazon</a>, which later became established as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal Arms of England</a>. It is likely, therefore, that Richard introduced this heraldic design.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one <i><a href="/wiki/Lion_rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion rampant">lion rampant</a></i> or two <i>lions rampants <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(heraldry)#Combatant_or_respectant" title="Attitude (heraldry)">combatants</a></i>, arms which he may have adopted from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard is also credited with having originated the English <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crest</a> of a <i>lion statant</i> (now <i>statant-guardant</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_pound_sterling" title="Coins of the pound sterling">coins of the pound sterling</a>, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the <a href="/wiki/England_national_football_team" title="England national football team">England national football team</a>, and the team's "<a href="/wiki/Three_Lions_(song)" title="Three Lions (song)">Three Lions</a>" anthem),<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and endures as one of the most recognisable <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">national symbols of England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_folklore">Medieval folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_England" title="Matter of England">Matter of England</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg/190px-Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg/285px-Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg/380px-Richard_The_Lionheart_-_Robinhood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Richard affiancing <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maid_Marian" title="Maid Marian">Maid Marian</a> on a plaque outside <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Castle" title="Nottingham Castle">Nottingham Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around the middle of the 13th century, various legends developed that, after Richard's capture, his minstrel <a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel</a> travelled Europe from castle to castle, loudly singing a song known only to the two of them (they had composed it together).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f191–192_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f191–192-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he came to the place where Richard was being held, and Richard heard the song and answered with the appropriate refrain, thus revealing where the King was incarcerated. The story was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ernest_Modeste_Gr%C3%A9try" class="mw-redirect" title="André Ernest Modeste Grétry">André Ernest Modeste Grétry</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur-de-lion_(opera)" title="Richard Coeur-de-lion (opera)"><i>Richard Cœur-de-Lion</i></a> and seems to be the inspiration for the opening to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Thorpe" title="Richard Thorpe">Richard Thorpe</a>'s film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe_(1952_film)" title="Ivanhoe (1952 film)">Ivanhoe</a></i>. It seems unconnected to the real Jean 'Blondel' de Nesle, an aristocratic <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">trouvère</i></span>. It also does not correspond to the historical reality, since the King's jailers did not hide the fact; on the contrary, they publicised it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f192_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f192-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early account of this legend is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fauchet_(historian)" title="Claude Fauchet (historian)">Claude Fauchet's</a> <i>Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise</i> (1581).<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At some time around the 16th century, tales of <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> started to mention him as a contemporary and supporter of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry, during the misrule of Richard's evil brother John, while Richard was away at the Third Crusade.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation_and_modern_reception">Historical reputation and modern reception</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_the_first.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_the_first.jpg/170px-Richard_the_first.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_the_first.jpg/255px-Richard_the_first.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Richard_the_first.jpg/340px-Richard_the_first.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="4699" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur_de_Lion_(statue)" title="Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)">Richard Cœur de Lion</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Marochetti" title="Carlo Marochetti">Carlo Marochetti</a>'s 1856 statue of Richard I outside the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard's reputation over the years has "fluctuated wildly", according to historian John Gillingham.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham1_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gillingham, "Richard's reputation, above all as a crusader, meant that the tone of contemporaries and near contemporaries, whether writing in the West or the Middle East, was overwhelmingly favourable."<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even historians attached to the court of his enemy Philip Augustus believed that if Richard had not fought against Philip then England would never have had a better king. A German contemporary, Walther von der Vogelweide, believed that Richard's generosity was what made his subjects willing to raise a king's ransom on his behalf. Richard's character was also praised by figures in Saladin's court such as Baha ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir, who judged him the most remarkable ruler of his time. Even in Scotland he won a high place in historical tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Richard's death his image was further romanticized<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for at least four centuries Richard was considered a model king by historians such as Holinshed and John Speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1621 the Stuart courtier and poet and historian Samuel Daniel criticized Richard for wasting English resources on the crusade and wars in France. This "remarkably original and consciously anachronistic interpretation" eventually became the common opinion of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Richard's popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> and military competence,<sup id="cite_ref-FloriF_4845_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FloriF_4845-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his reputation among historians was typified by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a>'s verdict: "he was a bad son, a bad husband, and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier" ("History of the Crusades" Vol. III). </p><p>Victorian England was divided on Richard: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an <a href="/wiki/Richard_Coeur_de_Lion_(statue)" title="Richard Coeur de Lion (statue)">heroic statue</a> to him outside the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. The late-Victorian scholar <a href="/wiki/William_Stubbs" title="William Stubbs">William Stubbs</a>, however, thought him "a bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler, and a vicious man". During his ten years' reign, Richard was in England for no more than six months, and totally absent for the last five years.,<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham1_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham1-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which led to Stubbs argue that Richard had no sympathy, "or even consideration, for his people. He was no Englishman," and "his ambition was that of a mere warrior."<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since 1978 this approach has been increasingly questioned for its insularity. According to Gillingham, "it is now more widely acknowledged that Richard was head of a dynasty with far wider responsibilities than merely English ones, and that in judging a ruler's political acumen more weight might be attached to contemporary opinion than to views which occurred to no one until many centuries after his death."<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, when British troops commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Allenby">Edmund Allenby</a> captured Jerusalem, the British press printed cartoons of Richard looking down from the heavens with the caption reading, "At last my dream has come true".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Allenby protested against his campaign being presented as a latter-day Crusade, stating "The importance of Jerusalem lay in its strategic importance, there was no religious impulse in this campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England%27s_Norman_rulers_family_tree" title="Template:England's Norman rulers family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England%27s_Norman_rulers_family_tree" title="Template talk:England's Norman rulers family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England%27s_Norman_rulers_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England's Norman rulers family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div>Norman English and early Plantagenet monarchs and their relationship with rulers of Western Europe<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #C00;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:1px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:1px;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #C00;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span>: Red borders indicate English monarchs<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #000;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid #C00;vertical-align:text-top;" title="White; Border-width:2px"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:white; border-width:2px;color:inherit;"> </span></span>: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of English monarchs<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_English_monarchs" title="Family tree of English monarchs">Family tree of English monarchs</a></div></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:85%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a><br />King of Jerusalem</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulk_IV,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Fulk IV, Count of Anjou">Fulk IV</a><br />Count of Anjou</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Bertrade_of_Montfort" title="Bertrade of Montfort">Bertrade of Montfort</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a><br />King of France</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:1px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1066–1087</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Saint Margaret of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a><br />King of Scotland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Melisende,_Queen_of_Jerusalem" title="Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem">Melisende</a><br />Queen of Jerusalem</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk V</a><br />King of Jerusalem</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eremburga_of_Maine" title="Eremburga of Maine">Eremburga of Maine</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1087–1100</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Adela_of_Normandy" title="Adela of Normandy">Adela of Normandy</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1100–1135</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a><br />King of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a><br />King of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a><br />King of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a><br />King of Scotland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Anjou" title="Sibylla of Anjou">Sibylla of Anjou</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Clito" title="William Clito">William Clito</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#F00"><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1135–1154</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a><br />Count of Anjou</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William Adelin</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Anjou" title="Matilda of Anjou">Matilda of Anjou</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Scotland" title="Henry of Scotland">Henry</a><br />of Scotland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret I, Countess of Flanders">Margaret I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Alsace</a><br />Count of Flanders</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a><br />King of France</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:1px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1154–1189</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes" title="Geoffrey, Count of Nantes">Geoffrey</a><br />Count of Nantes</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a><br />King of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a><br />King of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I,_Latin_Emperor" title="Baldwin I, Latin Emperor">Baldwin I</a><br />Latin Emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault" title="Isabella of Hainault">Isabella of Hainault</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a><br />King of France</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda</a><br />Duchess of Saxony</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #f00"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1189–1199</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II</a><br />Duke of Brittany</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" title="Alfonso VIII of Castile">Alfonso VIII</a><br />King of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_Sicily" title="William II of Sicily">William II</a><br />King of Sicily</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1199–1216</span></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a><br />King of France</td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a><br />Holy Roman Emperor</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I</a><br />Duke of Brittany</td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a><br />Queen of France</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #f00"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a><br />King of England<br /><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1272</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Cornwall" title="Richard of Cornwall">Richard of Cornwall</a><br />King of the Romans</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid"><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan</a><br />Queen of Scotland</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a><br />King of Scotland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Richard_I_of_England" title="Cultural depictions of Richard I of England">Cultural depictions of Richard I of England</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crusade_and_Death_of_Richard_I" title="The Crusade and Death of Richard I">The Crusade and Death of Richard I</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historians are divided in their use of the terms <i>Plantagenet</i> and <i>Angevin</i> in regard to Henry II and his children. Some class Henry II to be the first Plantagenet king of England; others refer to Henry II, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a> as the Angevin dynasty, and consider <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> to be the first Plantagenet ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton20101_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton20101-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a> also called him <i>Richard Oc-e-Non</i> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> for "Yes and No"), possibly from a reputation for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terse#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:terse">terseness</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although there are numerous variations of the story's details, it is not disputed that Richard did pardon the person who shot the bolt.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton20101-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton20101_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamilton2010">Hamilton 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2004" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Connie J. (2004). <i>Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare</i>. D.S. Brewer. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8599-1843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8599-1843-5"><bdi>978-0-8599-1843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+War%3A+Medieval+Literary+Responses+to+Warfare&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8599-1843-5&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Connie+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trudgill, Peter (2021) <i>European Language Matters: English in Its European Context</i>, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108832960" title="Special:BookSources/9781108832960">9781108832960</a> p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner_&_Heiser_71-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_&_Heiser_71_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_&_Heiser_71_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerHeiser2000">Turner & Heiser 2000</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1978" class="citation book cs1">Gillingham, John (1978). <i>Richard the Lionheart</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0802-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-0802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Lionheart&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-0802-2&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAddison1842">Addison 1842</a>, pp. 141–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f20-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f20_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2004-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2004_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2004">Gillingham 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerHeiser2000">Turner & Heiser 2000</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1948">Harvey 1948</a>, pp. 62–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1948">Harvey 1948</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori19991-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori19991_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_24-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_24_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_24_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori_1999_ix-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_1999_ix_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_1999_ix_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2016). <i>Tales From the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire</i>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-8725-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-8725-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-8725-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+From+the+Long+Twelfth+Century%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Angevin+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-8725-0&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 28, 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeese1996">Leese 1996</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrestwichPrestwich2004">Prestwich & Prestwich 2004</a>, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaffordNelsonMartindale2001">Stafford, Nelson & Martindale 2001</a>, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrewer2000">Brewer 2000</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLynn2012" class="citation book cs1">McLynn, Frank (2012). <i>Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest</i>. Random House. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9417-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-9417-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-9417-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lionheart+and+Lackland%3A+King+Richard%2C+King+John+and+the+Wars+of+Conquest&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-9417-9&rft.aulast=McLynn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 25, 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurnerHeiser2000">Turner & Heiser 2000</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_48-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_48_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_48_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori_33-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_33_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_33_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori_34-35-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_34-35_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_34-35_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori_33-34-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_33-34_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_33-34_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori_35-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_35_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_35_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_35_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori_35_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250–51-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250–51_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 50–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham200250_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_52-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_52_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flori1999_41-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flori1999_41_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flori1999_41_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori199941–42-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori199941–42_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/richard-the-lionheart-biography.htm">"Richard the Lionheart Biography"</a>. <i>www.medieval-life-and-times.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medieval-life-and-times.info&rft.atitle=Richard+the+Lionheart+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medieval-life-and-times.info%2Fmedieval-kings%2Frichard-the-lionheart-biography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giraldi Cambrensis topographia Hibernica, dist. III, cap. L; ed. James F. Dimock in: Rolles Series (RS), Band 21, 5, London 1867, S. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte</i>, v. 2310, ed. G. Paris in: <i>Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France</i>, vol. 11, Paris 1897, col. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2010" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Lisa (2010). <i>Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens</i>. Hachette UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-5749-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2978-5749-5"><bdi>978-0-2978-5749-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queens+Consort%3A+England%27s+Medieval+Queens&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-2978-5749-5&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliam2004" class="citation book cs1">Hilliam, David (2004). <i>Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Richest Queen in Medieval Europe</i>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0162-0"><bdi>978-1-4042-0162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleanor+of+Aquitaine%3A+The+Richest+Queen+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-0162-0&rft.aulast=Hilliam&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"His reliance upon military force proved counterproductive. The more ruthless his punitive expeditions and the more rapacious his mercenaries' plundering, the more hostility he aroused. Even English chroniclers commented on the hatred aroused among Richard's Aquitanian subjects by his excessive cruelty"<a href="#CITEREFTurnerHeiser2000">Turner & Heiser 2000</a>, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFRoger_of_Hoveden1853">Roger of Hoveden 1853</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA64">64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2008-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2008_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2008">Martin 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f94–95-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f94–95_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_95-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_95_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraetzBloch1902">Graetz & Bloch 1902</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 465–466 As cited by Flori, the chronicler Giraud le Cambrien reports that Richard was fond of telling a tale according to which he was a descendant of a countess of Anjou who was, in fact, the fairy Melusine, concluding that his family "came from the devil and would return to the devil".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f319–320-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f319–320_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 319–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graetz1902_40916-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graetz1902_40916_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraetzBloch1902">Graetz & Bloch 1902</a>, pp. 409–416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f100-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f100_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f97–101-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f97–101_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 97–101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_101-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_101_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_101_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f99-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f99_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2002118-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2002118_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f111-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f111_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f114-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f114_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriuF116-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriuF116_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriuF116_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f117-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f117_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f124–126-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f124–126_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 124–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f127–128-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f127–128_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2014" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2014). <i>The Crusades, 1095–1204</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%2C+1095%E2%80%931204&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f131-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f131_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_132-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_132_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f133–134-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f133–134_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134–136-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f134–136_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 134–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_137-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_137_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_137_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_138-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_138_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbott1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Abbott" title="Jacob Abbott">Abbott, Jacob</a> (1877). <i>History of King Richard the First of England</i> (3rd ed.). Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00P179WN8">B00P179WN8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+King+Richard+the+First+of+England&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00P179WN8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Richard I</i>. by Jacob Abbot, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a> on the 7th, but the <i>Itinerarium</i> and <i>Gesta</i> mention the 8th as the date of his arrival (L. Landon, <i>The itinerary of King Richard I, with studies on certain matters of interest connected with his reign</i>, London, 1935, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzcIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50">50</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_148-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_148_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_148-9-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_148-9_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_149-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_149_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosler2018" class="citation book cs1">Hosler, John D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SspfDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119"><i>Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-3535-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3002-3535-7"><bdi>978-0-3002-3535-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siege+of+Acre%2C+1189%E2%80%931191%3A+Saladin%2C+Richard+the+Lionheart%2C+and+the+Battle+That+Decided+the+Third+Crusade&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-3002-3535-7&rft.aulast=Hosler&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSspfDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsbridge2012" class="citation book cs1">Asbridge, Thomas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK8nA9U0OE4C&pg=PT294"><i>The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8498-3770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8498-3770-5"><bdi>978-1-8498-3770-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+The+War+for+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-8498-3770-5&rft.aulast=Asbridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK8nA9U0OE4C%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coer_de_Lyon" title="Richard Coer de Lyon">Richard Coer de Lyon</a></i> II vv. 6027–6028: <i>Kyng R. let breke his baner, / And kest it i</i>n<i>to þe reuer.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTaw3wmnlo8C&pg=PA138"><i>The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307)</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-02418-6"><bdi>978-0-472-02418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Politics+of+Medieval+Diplomacy%3A+Anglo-German+Relations+%281066%E2%80%931307%29&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-472-02418-6&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTaw3wmnlo8C%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_154-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_154_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 167–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979198–200-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979198–200_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1979">Gillingham 1979</a>, pp. 198–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eddé, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. p. 266 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-5559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-5559-9">978-0-6740-5559-9</a> "two members of the Assassin Sect, disguised as monks"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolff, Robert L., and Hazard, H. W. (1977). <i>A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187–1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979209–212-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1979209–212_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1979">Gillingham 1979</a>, pp. 209–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baha' al-Din Yusuf Ibn Shaddad (also rendered Beha al-Din and Beha Ed-Din), trans. C.W. Wilson (1897) <i>Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf</i>, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/libraryofpalesti13paleuoft#page/n3/mode/2up">[1]</a>, p. 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Richard I</i>. by Jacob Abbott, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eddé, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. pp. 267–269. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-5559-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-5559-9">978-0-6740-5559-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1999">Arnold 1999</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb1911-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb1911_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Richard I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Richard_I.">"Richard I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=295&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f188–189-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f188–189_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann1914" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Horace Kinder (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mVFWvsGBDKgC&pg=PA417"><i>The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages</i></a>. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 417. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2160-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7222-2160-0"><bdi>978-0-7222-2160-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Popes+in+the+Early+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0-7222-2160-0&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Horace+Kinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmVFWvsGBDKgC%26pg%3DPA417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongford1989">Longford 1989</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William of Newburgh, <i>Historia</i>, ii. 493–494, cited in John Gillingham, "The Kidnapped King: Richard I in Germany, 1192–1194," <i>German Historical Institute London Bulletin</i>, 2008. Richard would have his revenge on Dreux when the Bishop was captured, clad in a mailcoat and fully armed, by Richard's men in 1197; the king promptly clapped him into prison, from whence he was released only in 1200, a year after Richard's death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-silver-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-silver_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadden2005">Madden 2005</a>, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurser2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfBs0VlTA-qECpgPA161_161]-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurser2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfBs0VlTA-qECpgPA161_161]_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurser2004">Purser 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBs0VlTA-qEC&pg=PA161">161</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcpe-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcpe_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costain, Thomas B. <i>The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England</i>. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951, pp. 4–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Angevin Empire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2004">Gillingham 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrow1967184-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrow1967184_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrow1967">Barrow 1967</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 303–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_301-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_301_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPackard1922">Packard 1922</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_302-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_302_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, pp. 302–304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNeil_42-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_42_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McNeil_42_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNeill1992">McNeill 1992</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2002_303-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2002_303_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2004">Brown 2004</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen_Brown_62-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Brown_62_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_Brown_62_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1976">Brown 1976</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOman1991">Oman 1991</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1987" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Suzanne (1987). <i>The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora</i>. California studies in the history of art. Vol. 21. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXBdNsDxJ_cC&pg=PA180">180–181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-4981-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-4981-9"><bdi>978-0-5200-4981-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Matthew+Paris+in+the+Chronica+Majora&rft.series=California+studies+in+the+history+of+art&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-4981-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERalph_of_Coggeshall94-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalph_of_Coggeshall94_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRalph_of_Coggeshall">Ralph_of_Coggeshall</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080312101537/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3717336.html?page=4&c=y">"King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus"</a>. Historynet.com. 23 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3717336.html?page=4&c=y">the original</a> on 12 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Richard+I+of+England+Versus+King+Philip+II+Augustus&rft.pub=Historynet.com&rft.date=2006-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Fmilitary_history%2F3717336.html%3Fpage%3D4%26c%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham2004-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham2004_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2004">Gillingham 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham198916-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham198916_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1989">Gillingham 1989</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f233–254-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f233–254_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 233–254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2011). <i>Eleanor of Aquitaine: By the Wrath of God, Queen of England</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004OEIDOS">B004OEIDOS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleanor+of+Aquitaine%3A+By+the+Wrath+of+God%2C+Queen+of+England&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB004OEIDOS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade1977" class="citation book cs1">Meade, Marion (1977). <i>Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00328ZUOS">B00328ZUOS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleanor+of+Aquitaine%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00328ZUOS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f238-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f238_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f235-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f235_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Charlier, Philippe (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584573">"The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1). Joël Poupon, Gaël-François Jeannel, Dominique Favier, Speranta-Maria Popescu, Raphaël Weil, Christophe Moulherat, Isabelle Huynh-Charlier, Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet, Ana-Maria Lazar, Christian Hervé & Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Nature_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Research">Nature Research</a>: 1296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3.1296C">2013NatSR...3.1296C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep01296">10.1038/srep01296</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584573">3584573</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23448897">23448897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+embalmed+heart+of+Richard+the+Lionheart+%281199+A.D.%29%3A+a+biological+and+anthropological+analysis&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1296&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3584573%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3.1296C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23448897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep01296&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=Charlier&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3584573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1979">Gillingham 1979</a>, p. 8. Roger of Wendover (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Flores historiarum</i></span></i>, p. 234) ascribes Sandford's vision to the day before Palm Sunday, 3 April 1232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angevin-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angevin_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angevin_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaccioBlack2000" class="citation book cs1">Saccio, Peter; Black, Leon D. (2000). "John, The Legitimacy of the King; The Angevin Empire". <i>Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-2319-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1951-2319-7"><bdi>978-0-1951-2319-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%2C+The+Legitimacy+of+the+King%3B+The+Angevin+Empire&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+English+Kings%3A+History%2C+Chronicle%2C+and+Drama&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-1951-2319-7&rft.aulast=Saccio&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Black%2C+Leon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2014">Jones 2014</a>, pp. 150–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FloriF_4845-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_4845_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FloriF_4845_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 484–485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Among the sins for which the King of England was criticised, alongside lust, those of pride, greed, and cruelty loom large. Ralph of Coggeshall, describing his death in 1199, summarises in a few lines Richard's career and the vain hopes raised by his accession to the throne. Alas, he belonged to 'the immense cohort of sinners'" (<a href="#CITEREFFlori1999">Flori 1999</a>, p. 335).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f322-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f322_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larousse2005-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Larousse2005_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Larousse2005_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Richard I the Lionheart". <i>Dictionary of music</i> (in French). Larousse. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+I+the+Lionheart&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+music&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2002">Gillingham 2002</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvey, pp. 33–34. This question was mentioned, however, in Richard, A., <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Histoire des comtes de Poitout, 778–1204</i></span></i>, vol. I–II, Paris, 1903, t. II, p. 130, cited in <a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 448 (French).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summarised in McLynn, pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Howden" title="Roger of Howden">Roger of Howden</a> tells of a hermit who warned, "Be thou mindful of the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom</a>, and abstain from what is unlawful", and Richard thus "receiving absolution, took back his wife, whom for a long time he had not known, and putting away all illicit intercourse, he remained constant to his wife and the two become one flesh". Roger of Hoveden, <i>The Annals</i>, trans. Henry T. Riley, 2. Vols. (London: H.G. Bohn, 1853; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLynn, p. 93; see also <a href="#CITEREFGillingham1994">Gillingham 1994</a>, pp. 119–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgwinkle2004" class="citation book cs1">Burgwinkle, William E. (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sodomymasculinit00burg"><i>Sodomy, Masculinity and Law in Medieval Literature: France and England, 1050–1230</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sodomymasculinit00burg/page/n86">73</a>–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-3968-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5218-3968-6"><bdi>978-0-5218-3968-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sodomy%2C+Masculinity+and+Law+in+Medieval+Literature%3A+France+and+England%2C+1050%E2%80%931230&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-5218-3968-6&rft.aulast=Burgwinkle&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsodomymasculinit00burg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brundage,_1974,_pp._38,_88-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brundage,_1974,_pp._38,_88_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As cited in <a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 448 (French). See for example Brundage, <i>Richard Lion Heart</i>, New York, 1974, pp. 38, 88, 202, 212, 257; Runciman, S., <i>A History of the Crusades</i>, Cambridge, 1951–194, t. III, pp. 41ff.; and Boswell, J., <i>Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality</i>, Chicago, 1980, pp. 231ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillingham1994119–139-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGillingham1994119–139_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham1994">Gillingham 1994</a>, pp. 119–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f456–462-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f456–462_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 456–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f463-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f463_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 463.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f464-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f464_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 454–456 (French). Contemporary accounts refer to various signs of friendship between the two when Richard was at Philip's court in 1187 during his rebellion against his father Henry II, including sleeping in the same bed. But, according to Flori and Gillingham, such signs of friendship were part of the customs of the time, indicating trust and confidence, and cannot be interpreted as proof of the homosexuality of either man.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmZ5QgAACAAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition</i></a>. "<a href="/wiki/Abrams_Discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrams Discoveries">Abrams Discoveries</a>" series. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1997. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810928305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810928305"><bdi>978-0810928305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%3A+An+Introduction+to+a+Noble+Tradition&rft.series=%22Abrams+Discoveries%22+series&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0810928305&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhmZ5QgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woodward and Burnett, <i>Woodward's: A Treatise on Heraldry, British and foreign, With English and French Glossaries</i>, p. 37. Ailes, Adrian (1982). The Origins of The Royal Arms of England. Reading: Graduate Center for Medieval Studies, University of Reading. pp. 52–63. Charles Boutell, A. C. Fox-Davies, ed., <i>The Handbook to English Heraldry</i>, 11th ed. (1914).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngle2002" class="citation news cs1">Ingle, Sean (18 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jul/18/theknowledge.sport">"Why do England have three lions on their shirts?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+do+England+have+three+lions+on+their+shirts%3F&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft.aulast=Ingle&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2002%2Fjul%2F18%2Ftheknowledge.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boutell, Charles, 1859. <i>The Art Journal London</i>. p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f191–192-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f191–192_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f192-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlori1999f192_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlori1999f">Flori 1999f</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauchet1581" class="citation book cs1">Fauchet, Claude (1581). <i>Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise</i>. Paris: Mamert Patisson. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+de+l%27origine+de+la+langue+et+poesie+fran%C3%A7oise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Mamert+Patisson&rft.date=1581&rft.aulast=Fauchet&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1982" class="citation book cs1">Holt, J. C. (1982). <i>Robin Hood</i>. Thames & Hudson. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-5081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5002-5081-5"><bdi>978-0-5002-5081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robin+Hood&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-5002-5081-5&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham1-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham1_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham1_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Gillingham, <i>Kings and Queens of Britain: Richard I</i>; <a href="#CITEREFCannonHargreaves2004">Cannon & Hargreaves 2004</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Matthew's small sketch of a crossbow above Richard's inverted shield was probably intended to draw attention to the king's magnanimous forgiveness of the man who had caused his death, a true story first told by Roger of Howden, but with a different thrust. It was originally meant to illustrate Richard's stern, unforgiving character, since he only pardoned Peter Basil when he was sure he was going to die; but the <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Chronica Majora</i></span></i> adopted a later popular conception of the generous hearted <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">preux chevalier</i></span></i>, transforming history into romance". Suzanne Lewis, <i>The Art of Matthew Paris in the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Chronica Majora</i></span></i>, California studies in the history of art, vol. 21, University of California Press, 1987, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXBdNsDxJ_cC&pg=PA180">p. 180</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs2017" class="citation book cs1">Stubbs, William (2017). <i>The Constitutional History of England</i>. Vol. 1. Miami, Florida: HardPress. pp. <span class="nowrap">550–</span>551. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5847-7148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5847-7148-7"><bdi>978-1-5847-7148-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+England&rft.place=Miami%2C+Florida&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E550-%3C%2Fspan%3E551&rft.pub=HardPress&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5847-7148-7&rft.aulast=Stubbs&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Curry, Andrew (8 April 2002). "The First Holy War". <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report, L.P.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=The+First+Holy+War&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Jonathan (2009). <i>Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades</i>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6580-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6580-6"><bdi>978-1-4000-6580-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Warriors%3A+a+Modern+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6580-6&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). <i>The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199</i>. Harlow: Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">256–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-5659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-5659-0"><bdi>978-0-5822-5659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Richard+Lionheart%2C+Ruler+of+the+Angevin+empire%2C+1189%E2%80%931199&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-5822-5659-0&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rft.au=Heiser%2C+Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeel2012" class="citation book cs1">Seel, Graham E. (2012). <i>King John: An Underrated King</i>. London: Anthem Press. Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8572-8518-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8572-8518-8"><bdi>978-0-8572-8518-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John%3A+An+Underrated+King&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft.pub=London%3A+Anthem+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8572-8518-8&rft.aulast=Seel&rft.aufirst=Graham+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAddison1842" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Greenstreet_Addison" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Greenstreet Addison">Addison, Charles</a> (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonicsourcebook.com/king_richard_lionheart_knights_templar.htm"><i>The History of the Knights Templars, the Temple Church, and the Temple</i></a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Knights+Templars%2C+the+Temple+Church%2C+and+the+Temple&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1842&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonicsourcebook.com%2Fking_richard_lionheart_knights_templar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1999" class="citation cs2">Arnold, Benjamin (1999) [1985], <i>German Knighthood 1050–1300</i>, Oxford: Clarendon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-1960-6"><bdi>978-0-1982-1960-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Knighthood+1050%E2%80%931300&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-1960-6&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow, G. W. S.</a> (1967) [1956]. <i>Feudal Britain: The Completion of the Medieval Kingdoms 1066–1314</i>. London: Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-2400-0898-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-2400-0898-0"><bdi>978-7-2400-0898-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feudal+Britain%3A+The+Completion+of+the+Medieval+Kingdoms+1066%E2%80%931314&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-7-2400-0898-0&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=G.+W.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1976" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Richard Allen (1976) [1954]. <i>Allen Brown's English Castles</i>. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3069-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3069-6"><bdi>978-1-8438-3069-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allen+Brown%27s+English+Castles&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3069-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (2004). <i>Die Normannen</i> (in German). Albatros Im Patmos Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-4919-6122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-4919-6122-7"><bdi>978-3-4919-6122-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Normannen&rft.pub=Albatros+Im+Patmos+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-4919-6122-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer2000" class="citation book cs1">Brewer, Clifford (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathofkingsmedi00brew"><i>The Death of Kings</i></a></span>. London: Abson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9029-2099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9029-2099-6"><bdi>978-0-9029-2099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Kings&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abson+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9029-2099-6&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathofkingsmedi00brew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonHargreaves2004" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2004) [2001]. <i>Kings and Queens of Britain</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1986-0956-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-1986-0956-6"><bdi>0-1986-0956-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Queens+of+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-1986-0956-6&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hargreaves%2C+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlori1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Flori" title="Jean Flori">Flori, Jean</a> (1999). <i>Richard the Lionheart: Knight and King</i>. Translated by Jean Birrell. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2047-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-2047-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Lionheart%3A+Knight+and+King&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2047-0&rft.aulast=Flori&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlori1999f" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">—— (1999f), <i>Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier</i> (in French), Paris: Biographie Payot, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-2288-9272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-2288-9272-8"><bdi>978-2-2288-9272-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Coeur+de+Lion%3A+le+roi-chevalier&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Biographie+Payot&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-2288-9272-8&rft.aulast=Flori&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">Gillingham, John</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/richardlionheart00gill"><i>Richard the Lionheart</i></a></span>. New York: Times Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-0802-2"><bdi>978-0-8129-0802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Lionheart&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-0802-2&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frichardlionheart00gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1989" class="citation book cs1">—— (1989). <i>Richard the Lionheart</i>. Butler and Tanner Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-9606-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2977-9606-0"><bdi>978-0-2977-9606-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+the+Lionheart&rft.pub=Butler+and+Tanner+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-2977-9606-0&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1994" class="citation book cs1">—— (1994). <i>Richard Coeur De Lion: Kingship, Chivalry And War in the Twelfth Century</i>. London: Hambledon & London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5084-5"><bdi>978-1-8528-5084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Coeur+De+Lion%3A+Kingship%2C+Chivalry+And+War+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+%26+London&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-8528-5084-5&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002) [1999]. <i>Richard I</i>. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-9404-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-9404-6"><bdi>978-0-3000-9404-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-9404-6&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004). "Richard I (1157–1199), king of England". <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23498"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23498">10.1093/ref:odnb/23498</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23498&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F23498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraetzBloch1902" class="citation cs2">Graetz, Heinrich Bella Löwy; Bloch, Philipp (1902), <i>History of the Jews</i>, vol. 3, Jewish Publication Society of America, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5398-8573-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5398-8573-3"><bdi>978-1-5398-8573-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Jews&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-1-5398-8573-3&rft.aulast=Graetz&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+Bella+L%C3%B6wy&rft.au=Bloch%2C+Philipp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2010" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, J.S. (2010). <i>The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5712-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-5712-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL28013041M">28013041M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL28013041M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5712-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1948" class="citation cs2">Harvey, John (1948), <i>The Plantagenets</i>, Fontana/Collins, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0063-2949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0063-2949-7"><bdi>978-0-0063-2949-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets&rft.pub=Fontana%2FCollins&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-0-0063-2949-7&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)" title="Dan Jones (writer)">Jones, Dan</a> (2014). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plantagenets:_The_Warrior_Kings_and_Queens_Who_Made_England" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England">The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England</a></i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-2492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1431-2492-4"><bdi>978-0-1431-2492-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+The+Warrior+Kings+and+Queens+Who+Made+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-1431-2492-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeese1996" class="citation book cs1">Leese, Thelma Anna (1996). <i>Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066–1399</i>. Heritage Books Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0525-9"><bdi>978-0-7884-0525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal%3A+Issue+of+the+Kings+and+Queens+of+Medieval+England%2C+1066%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Heritage+Books+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-0525-9&rft.aulast=Leese&rft.aufirst=Thelma+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongford1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford" title="Elizabeth Longford">Longford, Elizabeth</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4cYAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1921-4153-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1921-4153-8"><bdi>978-0-1921-4153-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Book+of+Royal+Anecdotes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-1921-4153-8&rft.aulast=Longford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4cYAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadden2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Madden, Thomas F.</a> (2005), <i>Crusades: The Illustrated History</i> (annotated, illustrated ed.), University of Michigan Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4720-3127-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4720-3127-6"><bdi>978-0-4720-3127-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusades%3A+The+Illustrated+History&rft.edition=annotated%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-4720-3127-6&rft.aulast=Madden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Nicole (18 March 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582009/Richard-I-slept-with-French-king-but-not-gay.html">"Richard I slept with French king 'but not gay'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1582009/Richard-I-slept-with-French-king-but-not-gay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Richard+I+slept+with+French+king+%27but+not+gay%27&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1582009%2FRichard-I-slept-with-French-king-but-not-gay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span> See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605063513/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fopinion%2F2008%2F03%2F18%2Fdl1803.xml">"Bed-heads of state"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 18 March 2008. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2008/03/18/dl1803.xml">the original</a> on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Bed-heads+of+state&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fopinion%2F2008%2F03%2F18%2Fdl1803.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill1992" class="citation book cs1">McNeill, Tom (1992). <i>English Heritage Book of Castles</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> and B. T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7025-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-7025-3"><bdi>978-0-7134-7025-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Heritage+Book+of+Castles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Heritage+and+B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-7025-3&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOman1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Oman, Charles</a> (1991) [1924], <i>A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Volume Two: 1278–1485 AD</i>, Greenhill Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8536-7105-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8536-7105-0"><bdi>978-1-8536-7105-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Art+of+War+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+Volume+Two%3A+1278%E2%80%931485+AD&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-8536-7105-0&rft.aulast=Oman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackard1922" class="citation journal cs1">Packard, Sydney (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1428616">"King John and the Norman Church"</a>. <i>The Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0017816000001383">10.1017/s0017816000001383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160036290">160036290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=King+John+and+the+Norman+Church&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0017816000001383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160036290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Packard&rft.aufirst=Sydney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1428616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwichPrestwich2004" class="citation book cs1">Prestwich, J.O.; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Prestwich" title="Michael Prestwich">Prestwich, Michael</a> (10 October 2004). <i>The Place of War in English History, 1066–1214</i>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3098-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3098-6"><bdi>978-1-8438-3098-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+War+in+English+History%2C+1066%E2%80%931214&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2004-10-10&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3098-6&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=J.O.&rft.au=Prestwich%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurser2004" class="citation book cs1">Purser, Toby (2004). <i>Medieval England 1042–1228</i> (illustrated ed.). Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4353-2760-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4353-2760-6"><bdi>978-0-4353-2760-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+England+1042%E2%80%931228&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-4353-2760-6&rft.aulast=Purser&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_of_Coggeshall" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_of_Coggeshall" title="Ralph of Coggeshall">Ralph of Coggeshall</a>. <i>Chronicon Anglicanum</i> (in Latin). Essex, England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicon+Anglicanum&rft.place=Essex%2C+England&rft.au=Ralph+of+Coggeshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_of_Hoveden1853" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Howden" title="Roger of Howden">Roger of Hoveden</a> (1853). <i>The annals of Roger de Hoveden: comprising The history of England and of other countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201</i>. Vol. 2. Translated by Riley, Henry T. London: H.G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+annals+of+Roger+de+Hoveden%3A+comprising+The+history+of+England+and+of+other+countries+of+Europe+from+A.D.+732+to+A.D.+1201&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.G.+Bohn&rft.date=1853&rft.au=Roger+of+Hoveden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffordNelsonMartindale2001" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Pauline; Nelson, Janet L.; Martindale, Jane (2001). <i>Law, Laity and Solidarities</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5836-3"><bdi>978-0-7190-5836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Laity+and+Solidarities&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5836-3&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Janet+L.&rft.au=Martindale%2C+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1997" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Ralph (1997). "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections". <i>Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4051592">10.2307/4051592</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4051592">4051592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Richard+Lionheart+and+English+Episcopal+Elections&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4051592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4051592%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHeiser2000" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R (2000). <i>The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199</i>. Harlow: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-5659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-5659-0"><bdi>978-0-5822-5659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Richard+Lionheart%2C+Ruler+of+the+Angevin+empire%2C+1189%E2%80%931199&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-5822-5659-0&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rft.au=Heiser%2C+Richard+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbroise2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ambroise" title="Ambroise">Ambroise</a> (2003). <i>The History of the Holy War</i>. Translated by Ailes, Marianne. Boydell Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Holy+War&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Ambroise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_of_Diceto1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ralph of Diceto (1876). Stubbs, William (ed.). <i>Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lundoniensis Opera Historica</i> (in Italian). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radulfi+de+Diceto+Decani+Lundoniensis+Opera+Historica&rft.pub=London&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Ralph+of+Diceto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berg, Dieter (2007). <i>Richard Löwenherz</i> (in German). Darmstadt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+L%C3%B6wenherz&rft.pub=Darmstadt&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdbury1996" class="citation book cs1">Edbury, Peter W. (1996). <i>The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8401-4676-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-8401-4676-1"><bdi>1-8401-4676-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquest+of+Jerusalem+and+the+Third+Crusade%3A+Sources+in+Translation&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-8401-4676-1&rft.aulast=Edbury&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrieli1969" class="citation book cs1">Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. (1969). <i>Arab Historians of the Crusades</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5200-5224-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-5200-5224-2"><bdi>0-5200-5224-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Historians+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-5200-5224-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Amin_Maalouf" title="Amin Maalouf">Maalouf, Amin</a> (1984), "L'impossible rencontre", in J'ai lu (ed.), <i>Les Croisades vues par les Arabes</i> (in French), J'ai Lu, p. 318, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-2901-1916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-2901-1916-7"><bdi>978-2-2901-1916-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%27impossible+rencontre&rft.btitle=Les+Croisades+vues+par+les+Arabes&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=J%27ai+Lu&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-2-2901-1916-7&rft.aulast=Maalouf&rft.aufirst=Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1992" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Janet L., ed. (1992). <i>Richard Cœur de Lion in History and Myth</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9513-0856-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9513-0856-4"><bdi>0-9513-0856-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+C%C5%93ur+de+Lion+in+History+and+Myth&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-9513-0856-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1997" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Helen J., ed. (1997). <i>The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i>. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-0581-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-0581-7"><bdi>0-7546-0581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+the+Third+Crusade%3A+The+Itinerarium+Peregrinorum+et+Gesta+Regis+Ricardi&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7546-0581-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_of_Hoveden1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roger of Hoveden (1867). Stubbs, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr"><i>Gesta Regis Henrici II & Gesta Regis Ricardi Benedicti Abbatis</i></a> (in Latin). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gesta+Regis+Henrici+II+%26+Gesta+Regis+Ricardi+Benedicti+Abbatis&rft.place=London&rft.date=1867&rft.au=Roger+of+Hoveden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_of_Hoveden1868–1871" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roger of Hoveden (1868–1871). Stubbs, William (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr"><i>Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene</i></a> (in Latin). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronica+Magistri+Rogeri+de+Houedene&rft.place=London&rft.date=1868%2F1871&rft.au=Roger+of+Hoveden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1951–1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1951–1954). <i>A History of the Crusades</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.date=1951%2F1954&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stubbs, William, ed. (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr"><i>Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi</i></a> (in Latin). London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itinerarium+Peregrinorum+et+Gesta+Regis+Ricardi&rft.place=London&rft.date=1864&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133852/http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/GuillaumeTyr4.asp">Medieval Sourcebook: Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre): Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea)</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1970" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Patrick A (1970). "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?". <i>Traditio</i>. <b>XXVI</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Traditio&rft.atitle=The+Assassination+of+Conrad+of+Montferrat%3A+Another+Suspect%3F&rft.volume=XXVI&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Patrick+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+I+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/richard-i">Richard I</a> at the official website of the British monarchy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_i_king.shtml">Richard I</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22England%2C%20Richard%20I%20of%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20I%20of%20England%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22England%2C%20Richard%20I%20of%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20I%20of%20England%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22England%2C%20R%2E%20I%2E%20o%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20I%20of%20England%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20I%20of%20England%22%29%20OR%20%28%221157-1199%22%20AND%20England%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Richard I of England</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp55694">Portraits of King Richard I</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42305#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Richard I of England </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 8 September 1157</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 6 April 1199</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a> </b><br />1172–1199<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Count of Maine</a> </b><br />1186–1199 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> </b><br />1189–1199 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> </b><br />1189–1199 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur I">Arthur I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li><b>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li><b>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Normandy325" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norman_Dukes" title="Template:Norman Dukes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norman_Dukes" title="Template talk:Norman Dukes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norman_Dukes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norman Dukes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Normandy325" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Dukes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Normandy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a> <br />911–1135</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rollo" title="Rollo">Rollo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longsword" title="William Longsword">William I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_Normandy" title="Richard I of Normandy">Richard I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard III, Duke of Normandy">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Robert I, Duke of Normandy">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William (III)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a> <br />1135–1144</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a>**</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a> <br />1144–1259</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard IV</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> <br />(French appanage)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John</a> (1332–1350)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles</a> (1355–1364)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois,_Duke_of_Berry" title="Charles of Valois, Duke of Berry">Charles</a> (1465–1469)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* As <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Rouen">count of Rouen</a> • ** Also <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">king of England</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Plantagenet445" style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="House of Plantagenet"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Template:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Template talk:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Plantagenet445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes" title="Geoffrey, Count of Nantes">Geoffrey, Count of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Hamelin_de_Warenne,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey">Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Anjou" title="Emma of Anjou">Emma of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Shaftesbury" title="Mary of Shaftesbury">Mary of Shaftesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/75px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/113px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William IX, Count of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England, Queen of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey (archbishop of York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_the_Young_King445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Plantagenet">William Plantagenet</a> (died in infancy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_I_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Cognac" title="Philip of Cognac">Philip of Cognac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="John,_King_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England, Queen of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales" title="Joan, Lady of Wales">Joan, Lady of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRoy" title="Richard FitzRoy">Richard FitzRoy</a></li> <li>Oliver FitzRoy</li> <li>Geoffrey FitzRoy</li> <li>John FitzRoy</li> <li>Henry FitzRoy</li> <li>Osbert Gifford</li> <li>Eudes FitzRoy</li> <li>Bartholomew FitzRoy</li> <li>Maud FitzRoy</li> <li>Isabel FitzRoy</li> <li>Philip FitzRoy</li> <li>William de Forz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_England" title="Beatrice of England">Beatrice of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_England" title="Katherine of England">Katherine of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_I_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France, Queen of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(son_of_Edward_I)" title="Henry (son of Edward I)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Bar" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar">Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Acre" title="Joan of Acre">Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso, Earl of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Woodstock" title="Mary of Woodstock">Mary of Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Eltham,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall">John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Woodstock" title="Eleanor of Woodstock">Eleanor of Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Adam_(son_of_Edward_II)" title="Adam (son of Edward II)">Adam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Bedford" title="Isabella, Countess of Bedford">Isabella de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England_(died_1348)" title="Joan of England (died 1348)">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Waltham" title="Mary of Waltham">Mary of Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Pembroke" title="Margaret, Countess of Pembroke">Margaret, Countess of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/John_de_Southeray" title="John de Southeray">John de Southeray</a></li> <li>Jane Northland</li> <li>Joan Skerne</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre, Queen of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_England" title="Blanche of England">Blanche of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_England" title="Philippa of England">Philippa of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_V_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_VI_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_IV445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_York" title="Mary of York">Mary of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York_(1472)" title="Margaret of York (1472)">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York,_Lady_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of York, Lady Howard">Anne of York, Lady Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford">George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_York" title="Bridget of York">Bridget of York</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Plantagenet,_1st_Viscount_Lisle" title="Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle">Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle</a></li> <li>Grace Plantagenet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_V445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no consort or issue</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gloucester" title="John of Gloucester">John of Gloucester</a></li> <li>Katherine, Countess of Pembroke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Eastwell" title="Richard of Eastwell">Richard of Eastwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Category:House of Plantagenet">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robin_Hood140" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robin_Hood" title="Template:Robin Hood"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robin_Hood" title="Template talk:Robin Hood"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robin_Hood" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robin Hood"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robin_Hood140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Universe140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Universe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_Marian" title="Maid Marian">Maid Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jolly_Pinder_of_Wakefield" title="The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield">The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Nottingham" title="Sheriff of Nottingham">Sheriff of Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_of_Gisbourne" title="Guy of Gisbourne">Guy of Gisbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Hereford_(Robin_Hood)" title="Bishop of Hereford (Robin Hood)">Bishop of Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_at_the_Lee" title="Richard at the Lee">Richard at the Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Richard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merry_Men" title="Merry Men">Merry Men</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_John" title="Little John">Little John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_the_Miller%27s_Son" title="Much the Miller's Son">Much the Miller's Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Scarlet" title="Will Scarlet">Will Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_a_Bland" title="Arthur a Bland">Arthur a Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_of_Doncaster" class="mw-redirect" title="David of Doncaster">David of Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Stutely" class="mw-redirect" title="Will Stutely">Will Stutely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar_Tuck" title="Friar Tuck">Friar Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan-a-Dale" title="Alan-a-Dale">Alan-a-Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Whitehand" title="Gilbert Whitehand">Gilbert Whitehand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest" title="Sherwood Forest">Sherwood Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_Oak" title="Major Oak">Major Oak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxley,_South_Yorkshire" title="Loxley, South Yorkshire">Loxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St Mary's Abbey, York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnsdale" title="Barnsdale">Barnsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentbridge" title="Wentbridge">Wentbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_series_featuring_Robin_Hood" title="List of films and television series featuring Robin Hood">Screen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1912_film)" title="Robin Hood (1912 film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_in_Robin_Hood" title="Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood">Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Adventures of Robin Hood">The Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bandit_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="The Bandit of Sherwood Forest">The Bandit of Sherwood Forest</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_of_Thieves" title="The Prince of Thieves">The Prince of Thieves</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogues_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="Rogues of Sherwood Forest">Rogues of Sherwood Forest</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Robin_Hood" title="Tales of Robin Hood">Tales of Robin Hood</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Robin_Hood_(film)" title="The Story of Robin Hood (film)">The Story of Robin Hood</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Men_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="The Men of Sherwood Forest">The Men of Sherwood Forest</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="Sword of Sherwood Forest">Sword of Sherwood Forest</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Triumph of Robin Hood">The Triumph of Robin Hood</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Challenge_for_Robin_Hood" title="A Challenge for Robin Hood">A Challenge for Robin Hood</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Long_Live_Robin_Hood" title="Long Live Robin Hood">Long Live Robin Hood</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfshead:_The_Legend_of_Robin_Hood" title="Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood">Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Arrows_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Arrows of Robin Hood">The Arrows of Robin Hood</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_and_Marian" title="Robin and Marian">Robin and Marian</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aaj_Ka_Robin_Hood" title="Aaj Ka Robin Hood">Aaj Ka Robin Hood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Mist%C3%A9rio_de_Robin_Hood" title="O Mistério de Robin Hood">O Mistério de Robin Hood</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1991_British_film)" title="Robin Hood (1991 British film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Prince_of_Thieves" title="Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves">Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Thieves" title="Princess of Thieves">Princess of Thieves</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2010_film)" title="Robin Hood (2010 film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2018_film)" title="Robin Hood (2018 film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1953_TV_series)" title="Robin Hood (1953 TV series)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)" title="The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)">The Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Robin_Hood_(1968_film)" title="The Legend of Robin Hood (1968 film)">The Legend of Robin Hood</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Robin_Hood_(TV_series)" title="The Legend of Robin Hood (TV series)">The Legend of Robin Hood</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood" title="Robin of Sherwood">Robin of Sherwood</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood" title="The New Adventures of Robin Hood">The New Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(2006_TV_series)" title="Robin Hood (2006 TV series)">Robin Hood</a></i> (2006,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Robin_Hood_(2006_TV_series)_episodes" title="List of Robin Hood (2006 TV series) episodes">episodes,</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Robin_Hood_(2006_TV_series)_characters" title="List of Robin Hood (2006 TV series) characters">characters)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Hood" title="Robyn Hood">Robyn Hood</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Makes_Good" title="Robin Hood Makes Good">Robin Hood Makes Good</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Hood" title="Rabbit Hood">Rabbit Hood</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Daffy" title="Robin Hood Daffy">Robin Hood Daffy</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hoodwinked" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Hoodwinked">Robin Hoodwinked</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Robin_Hood" title="Rocket Robin Hood">Rocket Robin Hood</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1973_film)" title="Robin Hood (1973 film)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(1990_TV_series)" title="Robin Hood (1990 TV series)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Robin_Hood" title="Young Robin Hood">Young Robin Hood</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry:_Robin_Hood_and_His_Merry_Mouse" title="Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse">Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_(2019_TV_series)" title="Sherwood (2019 TV series)">Sherwood</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parody</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/About_Seven_Brothers" title="About Seven Brothers">About Seven Brothers</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Things_Were_Rotten" title="When Things Were Rotten">When Things Were Rotten</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Zany_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood">The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_Marian_and_Her_Merry_Men" title="Maid Marian and Her Merry Men">Maid Marian and Her Merry Men</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Men_in_Tights" title="Robin Hood: Men in Tights">Robin Hood: Men in Tights</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate<br />settings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexicali_Rose_(1939_film)" title="Mexicali Rose (1939 film)">Mexicali Rose</a></i> (1939 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_and_the_7_Hoods" title="Robin and the 7 Hoods">Robin and the 7 Hoods</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naan_Sigappu_Manithan_(1985_film)" title="Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)">Naan Sigappu Manithan</a></i> (1985 Tamil film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyayam_Meere_Cheppali" title="Nyayam Meere Cheppali">Nyayam Meere Cheppali</a></i> (1985 Telugu film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Locksley_(film)" title="Robin of Locksley (film)">Robin of Locksley</a></i> (1996 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_Now" title="Catch Me Now">Catch Me Now</a></i> (2008 Chinese TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alyas_Robin_Hood" title="Alyas Robin Hood">Alyas Robin Hood</a></i> (2016 Philippines TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Hood in popular culture">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robin_Hood" title="Statue of Robin Hood">Statue of Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(DC_Comics)" title="Robin Hood (DC Comics)">Robin Hood (DC Comics character)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(Disney_character)" title="Robin Hood (Disney character)">Robin Hood (Disney character)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Child ballads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>8: <a href="/wiki/Erlinton" title="Erlinton">Erlinton</a></li> <li>102: <a href="/wiki/Willie_and_Earl_Richard%27s_Daughter" title="Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter">Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter</a></li> <li>103: <a href="/wiki/Rose_the_Red_and_White_Lily" title="Rose the Red and White Lily">Rose the Red and White Lily</a></li> <li>115: <a href="/wiki/Robyn_and_Gandeleyn" title="Robyn and Gandeleyn">Robyn and Gandeleyn</a></li> <li>117: <a href="/wiki/A_Gest_of_Robyn_Hode" title="A Gest of Robyn Hode">A Gest of Robyn Hode</a></li> <li>118: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_Guy_of_Gisborne" title="Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne">Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne</a></li> <li>119: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Monk" title="Robin Hood and the Monk">Robin Hood and the Monk</a></li> <li>120: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Death" title="Robin Hood's Death">Robin Hood's Death</a></li> <li>121: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Potter" title="Robin Hood and the Potter">Robin Hood and the Potter</a></li> <li>123: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Curtal_Friar" title="Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar">Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar</a></li> <li>124: <a href="/wiki/The_Jolly_Pinder_of_Wakefield" title="The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield">The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield</a></li> <li>126: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Tanner" title="Robin Hood and the Tanner">Robin Hood and the Tanner</a></li> <li>127: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Tinker" title="Robin Hood and the Tinker">Robin Hood and the Tinker</a></li> <li>128: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Newly_Revived" title="Robin Hood Newly Revived">Robin Hood Newly Revived</a></li> <li>129: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Prince_of_Aragon" title="Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon">Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon</a></li> <li>130: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Scotchman" title="Robin Hood and the Scotchman">Robin Hood and the Scotchman</a></li> <li>131: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Ranger" title="Robin Hood and the Ranger">Robin Hood and the Ranger</a></li> <li>132: <a href="/wiki/The_Bold_Pedlar_and_Robin_Hood" title="The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood">The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood</a></li> <li>136: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Delight" title="Robin Hood's Delight">Robin Hood's Delight</a></li> <li>138: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_Allan-a-Dale" title="Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale">Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale</a></li> <li>139: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Progress_to_Nottingham" title="Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham">Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham</a></li> <li>140: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Rescuing_Three_Squires" title="Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires">Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires</a></li> <li>141: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Rescuing_Will_Stutly" title="Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly">Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly</a></li> <li>142: <a href="/wiki/Little_John_a_Begging" title="Little John a Begging">Little John a Begging</a></li> <li>143: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Bishop" title="Robin Hood and the Bishop">Robin Hood and the Bishop</a></li> <li>144: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Bishop_of_Hereford" title="Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford">Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford</a></li> <li>145: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_Queen_Katherine" title="Robin Hood and Queen Katherine">Robin Hood and Queen Katherine</a></li> <li>146: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Chase" title="Robin Hood's Chase">Robin Hood's Chase</a></li> <li>147: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Golden_Prize" title="Robin Hood's Golden Prize">Robin Hood's Golden Prize</a></li> <li>148: <a href="/wiki/The_Noble_Fisherman" title="The Noble Fisherman">The Noble Fisherman</a></li> <li>151: <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Disguise,_and_Friendship_with_Robin_Hood" title="The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood">The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood</a></li> <li>152: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Golden_Arrow" title="Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow">Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow</a></li> <li>153: <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_and_the_Valiant_Knight" title="Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight">Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight</a></li> <li>154: <a href="/wiki/A_True_Tale_of_Robin_Hood" title="A True Tale of Robin Hood">A True Tale of Robin Hood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage / theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Downfall_and_The_Death_of_Robert_Earl_of_Huntington" title="The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington">The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington</a></i> (1598 and 1601 plays)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merrie_Men_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest">The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest</a></i> (1871 operetta)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(De_Koven_opera)" title="Robin Hood (De Koven opera)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1890 De Koven opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Foresters" title="The Foresters">The Foresters</a></i> (1892 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twang!!" title="Twang!!">Twang!!</a></i> (1965 musical parody)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(Tippett_opera)" title="Robin Hood (Tippett opera)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1934 Tippett opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(ballet)" title="Robin Hood (ballet)">Robin Hood</a></i> (1998 ballet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_des_Bois" title="Robin des Bois">Robin des Bois</a></i> (2013 musical)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood:_The_Touchstones_of_Rhiannon" title="Robin of Sherwood: The Touchstones of Rhiannon">Robin of Sherwood: The Touchstones of Rhiannon</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_of_the_Wood" title="Robin of the Wood">Robin of the Wood</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Robin_Hood" title="Super Robin Hood">Super Robin Hood</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood_(video_game)" title="The Adventures of Robin Hood (video game)">The Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conquests_of_the_Longbow:_The_Legend_of_Robin_Hood" title="Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood">Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_The_Legend_of_Sherwood" title="Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood">Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood:_Defender_of_the_Crown" title="Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown">Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volume_(video_game)" title="Volume (video game)">Volume</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hood:_Outlaws_%26_Legends" title="Hood: Outlaws & Legends">Hood: Outlaws & Legends</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maid_Marian_(novella)" title="Maid Marian (novella)">Maid Marian</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Adventures_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood">The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bows_against_the_Barons" title="Bows against the Barons">Bows against the Barons</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Once_and_Future_King" title="The Once and Future King">The Once and Future King</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_of_Sherwood" title="The Outlaws of Sherwood">The Outlaws of Sherwood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Through_a_Dark_Mist" title="Through a Dark Mist">Through a Dark Mist</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Forest" title="Lady of the Forest">Lady of the Forest</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_Midnight" title="In the Shadow of Midnight">In the Shadow of Midnight</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Arrow" title="The Last Arrow">The Last Arrow</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Sherwood" title="Lady of Sherwood">Lady of Sherwood</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_Raven_Trilogy" title="King Raven Trilogy">King Raven Trilogy</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legend_(Robin_of_Sherwood_soundtrack)" title="Legend (Robin of Sherwood soundtrack)">Legend</a></i> (1984 soundtrack)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Hood (album)">Robin Hood</a></i> (2006 soundtrack)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_(Disney_song)" title="Love (Disney song)">Love</a>" (song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Not_in_Nottingham" title="Not in Nottingham">Not in Nottingham</a>" (song)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(Everything_I_Do)_I_Do_It_for_You" title="(Everything I Do) I Do It for You">(Everything I Do) I Do It for You</a>" (song)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Gamelyn" title="The Tale of Gamelyn">The Tale of Gamelyn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alan Dale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(novel)" title="Outlaw (novel)">Outlaw</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Warrior" title="Holy Warrior">Holy Warrior</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Man" title="King's Man">King's Man</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angus_Donald#The_Outlaw_Chronicles" title="Angus Donald">The Outlaw Chronicles</a></i> (2012-2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Miss_Robin_Hood" title="Miss Robin Hood">Miss Robin Hood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_the_Guardsman" title="Son of the Guardsman">Son of the Guardsman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Son_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Son of Robin Hood">The Son of Robin Hood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bandit_of_Sherwood_Forest" title="The Bandit of Sherwood Forest">The Bandit of Sherwood Forest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Larder" title="Robin Hood's Larder">Robin Hood's Larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_Morality_Test" title="Robin Hood Morality Test">Robin Hood Morality Test</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Robot_of_Sherwood" title="Robot of Sherwood">Robot of Sherwood</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Robin_Good_and_His_Not-So-Merry_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men">Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tales_of_Robin_Hood" title="The Tales of Robin Hood">The Tales of Robin Hood (former Nottingham attraction)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Studio" title="Once Upon a Studio">Once Upon a Studio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Robin_Hood" title="Category:Robin Hood">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trouvère369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Template talk:Trouvère"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trouvère"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trouvère369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Givenchi" title="Adam de Givenchi">Adam de Givenchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle">Adam de la Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenet_Le_Roi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenet Le Roi">Adenet Le Roi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrieu_Contredit_d%27Arras" title="Andrieu Contredit d'Arras">Andrieu Contredit d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubertin_d%27Airaines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubertin d'Airaines (page does not exist)">Aubertin d'Airaines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aubin_de_S%C3%A9zanne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aubin de Sézanne (page does not exist)">Aubin de Sézanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audefroi_le_Bastart" title="Audefroi le Bastart">Audefroi le Bastart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_des_Auteus" title="Baudouin des Auteus">Baudouin des Auteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_de_Sainte-Maure" title="Benoît de Sainte-Maure">Benoît de Sainte-Maure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestourn%C3%A9s" title="Bestournés">Bestournés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondel_de_Nesle" title="Blondel de Nesle">Blondel de Nesle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carasaus" title="Carasaus">Carasaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chastelain_de_Couci" title="Le Chastelain de Couci">Chastelain de Couci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardon_de_Croisilles" title="Chardon de Croisilles">Chardon de Croisilles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A2telain_d%27Arras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Châtelain d'Arras (page does not exist)">Châtelain d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colart_le_Boutellier" title="Colart le Boutellier">Colart le Boutellier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colart_le_Changeur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colart le Changeur (page does not exist)">Colart le Changeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Muset" title="Colin Muset">Colin Muset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conon_de_B%C3%A9thune" class="mw-redirect" title="Conon de Béthune">Conon de Béthune</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coupart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coupart (page does not exist)">Coupart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_Caupain" title="Ernoul Caupain">Ernoul Caupain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernoul_le_Vieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernoul le Vieux">Ernoul le Vieux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tienne_de_Meaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Étienne de Meaux (page does not exist)">Étienne de Meaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_le_Peintre_de_Reims" title="Eustache le Peintre de Reims">Eustache le Peintre de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gace_Brul%C3%A9" title="Gace Brulé">Gace Brulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaidifer_d%27Avion" title="Gaidifer d'Avion">Gaidifer d'Avion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Coincy" title="Gautier de Coincy">Gautier de Coincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_de_Dargies" title="Gautier de Dargies">Gautier de Dargies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautier_d%27Espinal" title="Gautier d'Espinal">Gautier d'Espinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillebert_de_Berneville" title="Gillebert de Berneville">Gillebert de Berneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_le_Vinier" title="Gilles le Vinier">Gilles le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobin_de_Reims" title="Gobin de Reims">Gobin de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gontier_de_Soignies" title="Gontier de Soignies">Gontier de Soignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibert_Kaukesel" title="Guibert Kaukesel">Guibert Kaukesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Amiens" title="Guillaume d'Amiens">Guillaume d'Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Guillaume de Ferrières">Guillaume de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Vinier" title="Guillaume le Vinier">Guillaume le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Veau" title="Guillaume Veau">Guillaume Veau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Dijon" title="Guiot de Dijon">Guiot de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiot_de_Provins" class="mw-redirect" title="Guiot de Provins">Guiot de Provins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Amion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Amion (page does not exist)">Henry Amion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Henry III, Duke of Brabant">Henry le Débonnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henri de Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hue_de_la_Fert%C3%A9" title="Hue de la Ferté">Hue de la Ferté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_de_Berz%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugues de Berzé">Hugues de Berzé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_d%27Oisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon d'Oisi (page does not exist)">Huon d'Oisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huon_de_Saint-Quentin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huon de Saint-Quentin (page does not exist)">Huon de Saint-Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaque_de_Dampierre" title="Jaque de Dampierre">Jaque de Dampierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bretel" title="Jacques Bretel">Jacques Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cambrai" title="Jacques de Cambrai">Jacques de Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Cysoing" title="Jacques de Cysoing">Jacques de Cysoing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_le_Vinier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques le Vinier">Jacques le Vinier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodel" title="Jean Bodel">Jean Bodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Renaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Renaut">Jean Renaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Bretel" title="Jehan Bretel">Jehan Bretel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_le_Cuvelier_d%27Arras" title="Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras">Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_Erart" title="Jehan Erart">Jehan Erart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">Jean le Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Braine" title="Jehan de Braine">Jehan de Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehan_Fremaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehan Fremaux (page does not exist)">Jehan Fremaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Grieviler" title="Jehan de Grieviler">Jehan de Grieviler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Nuevile" title="Jehan de Nuevile">Jehan de Nuevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Trie" class="mw-redirect" title="Jehan de Trie">Jehan de Trie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jocelin_de_Dijon" title="Jocelin de Dijon">Jocelin de Dijon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Ferri" title="Lambert Ferri">Lambert Ferri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lorris_Acot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lorris Acot (page does not exist)">Lorris Acot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_de_Gant" title="Mahieu de Gant">Mahieu de Gant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahieu_le_Juif" title="Mahieu le Juif">Mahieu le Juif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_d%27Arras" title="Moniot d'Arras">Moniot d'Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moniot_de_Paris" title="Moniot de Paris">Moniot de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oede_de_la_Couroierie" title="Oede de la Couroierie">Oede de la Couroierie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Othon_III_de_Grandson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Othon III de Grandson (page does not exist)">Othon de Grandson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrin_d%27Angicourt" title="Perrin d'Angicourt">Perrin d'Angicourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrot_de_Neele" title="Perrot de Neele">Perrot de Neele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Nanteuil" title="Philippe de Nanteuil">Philippe de Nanteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_R%C3%A9mi_(died_1265)" title="Philippe de Rémi (died 1265)">Philippe de Remy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Corbie" title="Pierre de Corbie">Pierre de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Molins" title="Pierre de Molins">Pierre de Molins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierrekin_de_la_Coupele" title="Pierrekin de la Coupele">Pierrekin de la Coupele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Beauvais" title="Raoul de Beauvais">Raoul de Beauvais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Ferier" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoul de Ferier">Raoul de Ferier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_de_Soissons" title="Raoul de Soissons">Raoul de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_Fournival" title="Richard de Fournival">Richard de Fournival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richart_de_Semilli" title="Richart de Semilli">Richart de Semilli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Blois" title="Robert de Blois">Robert de Blois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Castel" title="Robert de Castel">Robert de Castel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Reims">Robert de Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_la_Piere" title="Robert de la Piere">Robert de la Piere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutebeuf" title="Rutebeuf">Rutebeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_d%27Authie" title="Simon d'Authie">Simon d'Authie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sauvage_d%27Arraz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sauvage d'Arraz (page does not exist)">Sauvage d'Arraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thibaut_de_Blazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thibaut de Blazon">Thibaut de Blazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Navarre" title="Theobald I of Navarre">Thibaut le Chansonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierri_de_Soissons" class="mw-redirect" title="Thierri de Soissons">Thierri de Soissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herier" title="Thomas Herier">Thomas de Herier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vielart_de_Corbie" title="Vielart de Corbie">Vielart de Corbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Bibbesworth" title="Walter of Bibbesworth">Walter of Bibbesworth</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_la_Halle" title="Adam de la Halle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/100px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/150px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png/200px-Adam_de_la_Halle_%28closeup%29.png 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="789" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dame_de_la_Chaucie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dame de la Chaucie (page does not exist)">Dame de la Chaucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_de_Gosnai" title="Dame de Gosnai">Dame de Gosnai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_of_Dagsburg" title="Gertrude of Dagsburg">Gertrude of Dagsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorete" title="Lorete">Lorete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dame_Margot_(trouv%C3%A8re)" title="Dame Margot (trouvère)">Margot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroie_de_Diergnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroie de Diergnau">Maroie de Diergnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte_des_Prez" title="Sainte des Prez">Sainte des Prez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ars_antiqua" title="Ars antiqua">Ars antiqua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">Troubadour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">Trouvère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician-Portuguese_lyric" title="Galician-Portuguese lyric">Trovadorismo/trobadorismo</a></li></ul> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Ars_nova" title="Template:Ars nova">Ars nova</a></b></i></span> → </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Trouv%C3%A8res" title="Category:Trouvères">Category</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Richard I of England</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Richard_I_of_England" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Richard I of England">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" class="extiw" title="q:Richard I of England">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_I" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard I">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42305#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42305#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42305#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122809060">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64016139">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19300/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKTMfpCrgtxC6KpJCYT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118641972">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50074520">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120083366">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120083366">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00991115">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an65960324">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701505&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000080593&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1079144">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071087826">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90657762">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000145098&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000195959">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=133939">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxzwr23b81gvk">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810602790705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/28023">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267014505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511434206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0840032X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404078">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/a38efd34-ccb7-4de8-aa61-cf985cfa9e79">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118641972.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118641972">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02744175X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67m0qfq">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/66198">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30048930">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_England&oldid=1276258048">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_I_of_England&oldid=1276258048</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_I_of_England" title="Category:Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1157_births" title="Category:1157 births">1157 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1199_deaths" title="Category:1199 deaths">1199 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:12th-century_English_monarchs" 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