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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Salt index and effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Salt_index_and_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Salt index and effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Salt_index_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High_Osmotic_Pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Osmotic_Pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>High Osmotic Pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Osmotic_Pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low_Osmotic_Pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low_Osmotic_Pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Low Osmotic Pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low_Osmotic_Pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes_and_pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes_and_pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Causes and pathophysiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes_and_pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes and pathophysiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_and_pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertilizer_burns_due_to_low_osmotic_pressure." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer_burns_due_to_low_osmotic_pressure."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fertilizer burns due to low osmotic pressure.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer_burns_due_to_low_osmotic_pressure.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_little_water." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_little_water."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fertilizer burns due to too little water.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_little_water.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_much_nitrogen." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_much_nitrogen."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fertilizer burns due to too much nitrogen.</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Plant disease caused by excess fertilizer concentration</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertilizer-Burn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/140px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/210px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Fertilizer-Burn.jpg/280px-Fertilizer-Burn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1301" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption>Fertilizer burn on a leaf.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fertilizer burns</b> occur when the use of too much <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, the wrong type of fertilizer, or too little water with a fertilizer causes damage to a plant. Although fertilizer is used to help a plant grow by providing nutrients, too much will result in excess salt, nitrogen, or ammonia which have adverse effects on a plant. An excess of these nutrients can damage the plant's ability to photosynthesize and cellularly respire, causing visible burns. The intensity of burns determine the strategy for recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fertilizers contain nutrients that increase plant growth by increasing the rate of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> (the process in which plants uptake water and nutrients to create sugar) and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a> (the process in which carbon dioxide and sugar is broken down to be used as energy, releasing oxygen).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nutrients and water enter the plant through the plants’ root cell <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membranes</a> (the barrier separating the inside of the root cells from the outside) via <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a> (the movement of water and small nutrients through a membrane to equalize the concentration of a substance on each side of the membrane). Fertilizer burns occur when the use of fertilizers inhibit the above processes from working correctly and damage the plant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Salt_index_and_effects">Salt index and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Salt index and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about definition of salt index.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Fertilizer_burn" title="Talk:Fertilizer burn">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fertilizers contain differing salt concentrations which alter their 'salt index.' A salt index measures the relative change in osmotic pressure in water after a given salt has been added compared to sodium nitrate, which is assigned a value of 100. Salt indexes can have some relation to the rate of fertilizer burn in plants, with fertilizers of a salt index above 20 not being recommended for use with particularly sensitive crops. </p><p>Below is a chart of salt indexes and percent nitrogen of some of the most commonly used fertilizers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Salt Indexes and % N of Commonly Used Fertilizers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Material </th> <th>Approximate % N </th> <th>Salt Index </th></tr> <tr> <td>Urea </td> <td>46% </td> <td>74.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urea- Ammonium sulfate solution </td> <td>28-32% </td> <td>63.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Diammonium phosphate </td> <td>18% </td> <td>29.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potassium chloride </td> <td>0% </td> <td>116.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An abundance of nitrogen can cause fertilizer burns. The concentration of nitrogen in a plant is important in terms of avoiding fertilizer burns. </p><p>The salt index of fertilizer can change the <a href="/wiki/Osmotic_pressure" title="Osmotic pressure">osmotic pressure</a>, allowing the plant to absorb more or less water and nutrients. When a fertilizer has a high salt concentration, it will have a high salt index and vice versa for a low salt concentration. A correct salt index (in terms of the given plant and fertilizer) will result in high osmotic pressure. The incorrect salt concentration will result in low osmotic pressure, which can cause a fertilizer burn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Osmotic_Pressure">High Osmotic Pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: High Osmotic Pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High osmotic pressure is when there is a higher concentration of salts inside the root cell membrane, so water moves through the membrane to equalize the concentration, bringing nutrients across the membrane as well. The rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration will increase.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is a high osmotic pressure, fertilizer is working correctly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low_Osmotic_Pressure">Low Osmotic Pressure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Low Osmotic Pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low osmotic pressure is when there is a higher concentration of salts outside the root cell membrane, so water will not move across the membrane. Water may even leave the root system in an attempt to equalize the concentration of salts in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When there is a low osmotic pressure, the fertilizer is working incorrectly and the plant may experience a fertilizer burn.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_pathophysiology">Causes and pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes and pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fertilizer burns are caused by adding too much salt and or nutrients to the soil surrounding a plant. Dry, overheated, and sunburnt plants are most susceptible to fertilizer burns.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are five ways that the use of fertilizer could cause burns. </p> <ol><li>Use of too much fertilizer of the correct salt index. This causes a buildup of salts and nutrients in the soil and thus a fertilizer burn from low osmotic pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a fertilizer with too high of a salt index. This will cause a buildup of salt and nutrients in the soil and thus a fertilizer burn from low osmotic pressure.</li> <li>Use of a fertilizer of the correct salt index but too little water. This will cause a fertilizer burn by starving the plant from water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a fertilizer that contains too much nitrogen. This will affect the cellular respiration of a plant, causing a fertilizer burn. <sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of a fertilizer that produces or has excess ammonia. The ammonia pulls water from the roots. The plant will respond as it does in a drought and this will cause a fertilizer burn by starving the plant from water.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Each of these five causes can be grouped into one of three explanations of the fertilizer burns: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer_burns_due_to_low_osmotic_pressure.">Fertilizer burns due to low osmotic pressure.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fertilizer burns due to low osmotic pressure."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With water not entering the plant, the plant will respond as it does in a drought.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant will not photosynthesize, inhibiting sugar production, cellular respiration, and plant growth resulting in direct damage - a fertilizer burn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_little_water.">Fertilizer burns due to too little water.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fertilizer burns due to too little water."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When too little water accompanies the high concentration of salts in fertilizer, the salts will absorb some of the water, leaving very little for the plant. The plant will respond as it would in a drought. The plant will not photosynthesize or cellularly respire, resulting in a fertilizer burn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizer_burns_due_to_too_much_nitrogen.">Fertilizer burns due to too much nitrogen.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fertilizer burns due to too much nitrogen."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Too much nitrogen can stop the production and accumulation of carbohydrates, inhibiting cellular respiration. Without cellular respiration, the plant's function will decline. <a href="/wiki/Root_rot" title="Root rot">Root rot</a> may occur, during which the roots may incorrectly absorb nutrients and water, as the harmful nutrients are more likely to be absorbed. The lower leaves on the plant may die, and the rest of the plant will start to decline in function, portraying the fertilizer burn.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning signs of fertilizer burn include white salt marks and crust in the plant container and/or around the roots.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salt marks portray that there is an excess of salt and a buildup in the soil. When fertilizer burns continue, </p> <ol><li>The leaves of the plant will turn brown and die.</li> <li>The root growth will stop.</li> <li>The roots may turn brown indicating root rot.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recovery from fertilizer burns depends on the severity and the cause. </p> <ol><li>If a plant is burnt due to high salt concentration, there may be white marks and crusts around the plant (easily identifiable in potted plants). There are two options in terms of recovery. <ol><li>Remove the plant and its roots from the pot, carefully clean the roots and repot the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fertilizer can be reintroduced slowly to allow for slow, healthy recovery.</li> <li>Water the plant heavily to wash the accumulation of salt away.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li>If a plant is burnt due to drought-like circumstances, the soil may be dry, and the plant will appear wilted. The best option in terms of recovery is to water the plant with more water, maintaining damp soil. Stop fertilizer usage until the plant is hydrated.</li> <li>If a plant is burnt due to an abundance of nitrogen or ammonia, stop fertilizer usage and continue to water. If there is severe root rot, the function may not be able to recover and the plant may die.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">Abiotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_leaf_scorch" title="Bacterial leaf scorch">Bacterial leaf scorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">Biotic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">Chlorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_scorch" title="Leaf scorch">Leaf scorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fertilizer_burn&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Ecological+Effects+of+Ammonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mda.state.mn.us%2Fecological-effects-ammonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer+burn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tfi.org/sites/default/files/documents/ammoniafactsheet.pdf">"Fertilizer Product Fact Sheet Ammonia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The International Plant Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+International+Plant+Institute&rft.atitle=Fertilizer+Product+Fact+Sheet+Ammonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfi.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fammoniafactsheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer+burn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremner1995" class="citation book cs1">Bremner, J.M. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-009-1706-4_30">"Recent research on problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer"</a>. <i>Nitrogen Economy in Tropical Soils</i>. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 321–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-1706-4_30">10.1007/978-94-009-1706-4_30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7264-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-7264-9"><bdi>978-94-010-7264-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+research+on+problems+in+the+use+of+urea+as+a+nitrogen+fertilizer&rft.btitle=Nitrogen+Economy+in+Tropical+Soils&rft.pages=321-329&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Dordrecht.&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-1706-4_30&rft.isbn=978-94-010-7264-9&rft.aulast=Bremner&rft.aufirst=J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%252F978-94-009-1706-4_30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer+burn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu/Search/MainMenuWithFactSheet.aspx?CategoryId=11&ProblemId=3027">"Fertilizer Burn"</a>. <i>WSU CAHNRS & WSU Extension Hortsense</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WSU+CAHNRS+%26+WSU+Extension+Hortsense&rft.atitle=Fertilizer+Burn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhortsense.cahnrs.wsu.edu%2FSearch%2FMainMenuWithFactSheet.aspx%3FCategoryId%3D11%26ProblemId%3D3027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFertilizer+burn" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_nutrition" title="Template:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_nutrition" title="Template talk:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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deficiency (plant disorder)">Iron deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency#Plants" title="Magnesium deficiency">Magnesium deficiency#Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(plant)" title="Manganese deficiency (plant)">Manganese deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Molybdenum deficiency (plant disorder)">Molybdenum deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency" title="Nitrogen deficiency">Nitrogen deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_deficiency" title="Phosphorus deficiency">Phosphorus deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants)" title="Potassium deficiency (plants)">Potassium deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Zinc deficiency (plant disorder)">Zinc deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">Chlorosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fertilizer burn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">Nitrogen assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">Phosphorus assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">Microbial assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertigation" title="Fertigation">Fertigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_tree" title="Fertilizer tree">Fertilizer tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoagland_solution" title="Hoagland solution">Hoagland solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_mulch" title="Living mulch">Living mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_budgeting" title="Nutrient budgeting">Nutrient budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">Nutrient management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_test" title="Plant tissue test">Plant tissue test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrobiology" title="Agrobiology">Agrobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal nutrient solutions">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostimulant" title="Biostimulant">Biostimulant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <style 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