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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_and_Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Jewish and Christian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_and_Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_influential_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_influential_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Early influential literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_influential_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_Mayanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_Mayanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Impact of Mayanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_Mayanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ignatius_Donnelly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignatius_Donnelly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Ignatius Donnelly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignatius_Donnelly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madame_Blavatsky_and_the_Theosophists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madame_Blavatsky_and_the_Theosophists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.4 Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madame_Blavatsky_and_the_Theosophists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism_and_occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism_and_occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.5 Nazism and occultism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism_and_occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edgar_Cayce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edgar_Cayce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.6 Edgar Cayce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edgar_Cayce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.7 Recent times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Location hypotheses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Location_hypotheses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Location hypotheses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Location_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_or_near_the_Mediterranean_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_or_near_the_Mediterranean_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In or near the Mediterranean Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_or_near_the_Mediterranean_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Atlantic_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Atlantic_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 In the Atlantic Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Atlantic_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 In Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Other locations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Literary interpretations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Literary interpretations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ancient versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utopias_and_dystopias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utopias_and_dystopias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Utopias and dystopias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utopias_and_dystopias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A_land_lost_in_the_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A_land_lost_in_the_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 A land lost in the distance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A_land_lost_in_the_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epic_verse_narratives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_verse_narratives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Epic verse narratives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_verse_narratives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_representations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_representations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Artistic representations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_representations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Artistic representations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_representations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Painting and sculpture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Atlantis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(eiland)" title="Atlantis (eiland) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atlantis (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%B3" title="أطلانطس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أطلانطس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Ատլանտիտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ատլանտիտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntida" title="Atlántida – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Atlántida" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آتلانتیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آتلانتیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="আটলান্টিস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আটলান্টিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантыда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атлантыда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A0ntida" title="Atlàntida – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Atlàntida" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Ατλαντίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατλαντίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntida" title="Atlántida – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atlántida" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantido" title="Atlantido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atlantido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="آتلانتیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتلانتیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantide" title="Atlantide – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atlantide" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1ntida" title="Atlántida – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Atlántida" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%80%ED%8B%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아틀란티스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아틀란티스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Ատլանտիդա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատլանտիդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="अटलांटिस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अटलांटिस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantide" title="Atlantide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atlantide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1" title="אטלנטיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אטלנטיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ატლანტიდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატლანტიდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlant%C3%AEs" title="Atlantîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Atlantîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlant%C4%ABda" title="Atlantīda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atlantīda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantisz" title="Atlantisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atlantisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="അറ്റ്ലാന്റിസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറ്റ്ലാന്റിസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Атлантис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атлантис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="အတ္တလန်တစ်မြို့တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အတ္တလန်တစ်မြို့တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_(eiland)" title="Atlantis (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atlantis (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="アトランティス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アトランティス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8" title="ਅਟਲਾਂਟਿਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਟਲਾਂਟਿਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="اٹلانٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اٹلانٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="اتلانتيس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتلانتيس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/atlantis" title="atlantis – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="atlantis" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantyda" title="Atlantyda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atlantyda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A2ntida" title="Atlântida – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atlântida" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlant%C3%ADda" title="Atlantída – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atlantída" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantida" title="Atlantida – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atlantida" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="அட்லாண்டிஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அட்லாண்டிஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B9%ADlan%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%A3" title="Aṭlanṭiṣ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aṭlanṭiṣ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA" title="แอตแลนติส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอตแลนติส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атлантида – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атлантида" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="اٹلانٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اٹلانٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Atlantis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF" title="亚特兰蒂斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚特兰蒂斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional island in Plato's works</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atlantis (disambiguation)">Atlantis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_Kircher_Mundus_subterraneus_1678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlantis_Kircher_Mundus_subterraneus_1678.jpg/500px-Atlantis_Kircher_Mundus_subterraneus_1678.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Atlantis_Kircher_Mundus_subterraneus_1678.jpg/960px-Atlantis_Kircher_Mundus_subterraneus_1678.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a>'s map of Atlantis, placing it in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, from Mundus Subterraneus 1669, published in Amsterdam. The map is oriented with <a href="/wiki/South-up_map_orientation" title="South-up map orientation">south at the top</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Platonism" title="Category:Platonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Platon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Platon.png/100px-Platon.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Platon.png/150px-Platon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Platon.png/200px-Platon.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="354" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Plato" title="Life of Plato">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dialogues_of_Plato" title="Category:Dialogues of Plato">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Theory of soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">Allegory of the cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" title="Analogy of the Sun">Analogy of the Sun</a></li> <li><a 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(dialogue)">Halcyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegorical interpretations of Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Plato's unwritten 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Platonism" title="Template:Platonism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Platonism" title="Template talk:Platonism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Platonism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Platonism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Atlantis (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: Atlantìs nêsos, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'island of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>') is a <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fictional</a> island mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s works <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a> as part of an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a> of nations. In the story, Atlantis is described as a naval empire that ruled all Western parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumene" title="Ecumene">known world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> making it the literary counter-image of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> After an ill-fated attempt to conquer "Ancient Athens," Atlantis falls out of favor with the deities and submerges into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. Since Plato describes Athens as resembling his ideal state in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>, the Atlantis story is meant to bear witness to the superiority of his concept of a state.<a href="#cite_note-Hackforth-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-David-5">[5]</a> Despite its minor importance in Plato's work, the Atlantis story has had a considerable impact on literature. The allegorical aspect of Atlantis was taken up in <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> works of several <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book)">Utopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> On the other hand, nineteenth-century amateur scholars misinterpreted Plato's narrative as historical tradition, most famously <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World" title="Atlantis: The Antediluvian World">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</a>. Plato's vague indications of the time of the events (more than 9,000 years before his time<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>) and the alleged location of Atlantis ("beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a>") gave rise to much <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> speculation.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As a consequence, Atlantis has become a byword for any and all supposed advanced prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">lost civilizations</a> and continues to inspire contemporary fiction, from comic books to films. While present-day <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classicists</a> agree on the story's fictional nature,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> there is still debate on what served as its inspiration. Plato is known to have freely borrowed some of his allegories and metaphors from older traditions, as he did with the <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">story of Gyges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This led a number of scholars to suggest possible inspiration of Atlantis from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Achaemenid_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Achaemenid Egypt">Egyptian</a> records of the <a href="/wiki/Thera_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera eruption">Thera eruption</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Luce-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a> invasion,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War#Historical_basis" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Others have rejected this chain of tradition as implausible and insist that Plato created an entirely fictional account,<a href="#cite_note-Gill-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naddaf-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-19">[19]</a> drawing loose inspiration from contemporary events such as the failed <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Athenian invasion of Sicily</a> in 415–413 BC or the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Helike" title="Helike">Helike</a> in 373 BC.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plato's_dialogues">Plato's dialogues</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timaeus">Timaeus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plato_Timaeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plato_Timaeus.jpg/180px-Plato_Timaeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plato_Timaeus.jpg/270px-Plato_Timaeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Plato_Timaeus.jpg/360px-Plato_Timaeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>A fifteenth-century Latin translation of Plato's Timaeus</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus (dialogue)</a></div> The only primary sources for Atlantis are Plato's dialogues Timaeus and Critias; all other mentions of the island are based on them. The dialogues claim to quote <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a>, who visited Egypt between 590 and 580 BC; they state that he translated Egyptian records of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-ley196706-21">[21]</a> Plato introduced Atlantis in Timaeus, written in 360 BC: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For it is related in our records how once upon a time your State stayed the course of a mighty host, which, starting from a distant point in the Atlantic ocean, was insolently advancing to attack the whole of Europe, and Asia to boot. For the ocean there was at that time navigable; for in front of the mouth which you Greeks call, as you say, 'the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Heracles">pillars of Heracles</a>,' there lay an island which was larger than Libya and Asia together; and it was possible for the travelers of that time to cross from it to the other islands, and from the islands to the whole of the continent over against them which encompasses that veritable ocean. For all that we have here, lying within the mouth of which we speak, is evidently a haven having a narrow entrance; but that yonder is a real ocean, and the land surrounding it may most rightly be called, in the fullest and truest sense, a continent. Now in this island of Atlantis there existed a confederation of kings, of great and marvelous power, which held sway over all the island, and over many other islands also and parts of the continent.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></blockquote> The four people appearing in those two dialogues are the politicians <a href="/wiki/Critias" title="Critias">Critias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermocrates" title="Hermocrates">Hermocrates</a> as well as the philosophers <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_of_Locri" title="Timaeus of Locri">Timaeus of Locri</a>, although only Critias speaks of Atlantis. In his works Plato makes extensive use of the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a> in order to discuss contrary positions within the context of a supposition. The Timaeus begins with an introduction, followed by an account of the creations and structure of the universe and ancient civilizations. In the introduction, Socrates muses about the perfect society, described in Plato's <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380 BC), and wonders if he and his guests might recollect a story which exemplifies such a society. Critias mentions a tale he considered to be historical, that would make the perfect example, and he then follows by describing Atlantis as is recorded in the Critias. In his account, ancient Athens seems to represent the "perfect society" and Atlantis its opponent, representing the very antithesis of the "perfect" traits described in the Republic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critias">Critias</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias (dialogue)</a></div> According to Critias, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Hellenic</a> deities of old divided the land so that each deity might have their own lot; <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> was appropriately, and to his liking, bequeathed the island of Atlantis. The island was larger than <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> combined,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> but it was later sunk by an earthquake and became an impassable mud shoal, inhibiting travel to any part of the ocean. Plato asserted that the Egyptians described Atlantis as an island consisting mostly of mountains in the northern portions and along the shore and encompassing a great plain in an oblong shape in the south "extending in one direction three thousand <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> [about 555 km; 345 mi], but across the center inland it was two thousand stadia [about 370 km; 230 mi]." Fifty stadia [9 km; 6 mi] from the coast was a mountain that was low on all sides ... broke it off all round about ... the central island itself was five stades in diameter [about 0.92 km; 0.57 mi]. In Plato's metaphorical tale, Poseidon fell in love with Cleito, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Evenor_(Atlantis)" title="Evenor (Atlantis)">Evenor</a> and Leucippe, who bore him five pairs of male twins. The eldest of these, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_Atlantis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas of Atlantis">Atlas</a>, was made rightful king of the entire island and the ocean (called the Atlantic Ocean in his honor), and was given the mountain of his birth and the surrounding area as his <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a>. Atlas's twin Gadeirus, or Eumelus in Greek, was given the extremity of the island toward the pillars of Hercules.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The other four pairs of twins—Ampheres and Evaemon, <a href="/wiki/Mneseus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mneseus">Mneseus</a> and Autochthon, Elasippus and Mestor, and Azaes and Diaprepes—were also given "rule over many men, and a large territory." Poseidon carved the mountain where his love dwelt into a palace and enclosed it with three circular <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moats</a> of increasing width, varying from one to three stadia and separated by rings of land proportional in size. The Atlanteans then built bridges northward from the mountain, making a route to the rest of the island. They dug a great canal to the sea, and alongside the bridges carved tunnels into the rings of rock so that ships could pass into the city around the mountain; they carved docks from the rock walls of the moats. Every passage to the city was guarded by gates and towers, and a wall surrounded each ring of the city. The walls were constructed of red, white, and black rock, quarried from the moats, and were covered with <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, and the precious metal <a href="/wiki/Orichalcum" title="Orichalcum">orichalcum</a>, respectively. According to Critias, 9,000 years before his lifetime a war took place between those outside the Pillars of Hercules at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and those who dwelt within them. The Atlanteans had conquered the parts of Libya within the Pillars of Hercules, as far as Egypt, and the European continent as far as <a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrrhenia">Tyrrhenia</a>, and had subjected its people to slavery. The Athenians led an alliance of resistors against the Atlantean empire, and as the alliance disintegrated, prevailed alone against the empire, liberating the occupied lands. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">But afterwards there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank into the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea. For which reason the sea in those parts is impassable and impenetrable, because there is a shoal of mud in the way; and this was caused by the subsidence of the island.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Logographer_(history)" title="Logographer (history)">logographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> wrote an earlier work entitled Atlantis, of which only a few fragments survive. Hellanicus' work appears to have been a genealogical one concerning the daughters of Atlas (Ἀτλαντὶς in Greek means "of Atlas"),<a href="#cite_note-Luce-13">[13]</a> but some authors have suggested a possible connection with Plato's island. <a href="/wiki/John_V._Luce" title="John V. Luce">John V. Luce</a> notes that when Plato writes about the genealogy of Atlantis's kings, he writes in the same style as Hellanicus, suggesting a similarity between a fragment of Hellanicus's work and an account in the Critias.<a href="#cite_note-Luce-13">[13]</a> Rodney Castleden suggests that Plato may have borrowed his title from Hellanicus, who may have based his work on an earlier work about Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Castleden has pointed out that Plato wrote of Atlantis in 359 BC, when he returned to Athens from Sicily. He notes a number of parallels between the physical organisation and fortifications of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and Plato's description of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Gunnar Rudberg was the first who elaborated upon the idea that Plato's attempt to realize his political ideas in the city of Syracuse could have heavily inspired the Atlantis account.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herodotus_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/330px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/495px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Herodotus_world_map-en.svg/660px-Herodotus_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Oikoumene" class="mw-redirect" title="Oikoumene">Oikoumene</a> (inhabited world), an ancient map based on <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' description of the world, circa 450 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3></div> Some ancient writers viewed Atlantis as fictional or metaphorical myth; others believed it to be real.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> believed that Plato, his teacher, had invented the island to teach philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-ley196706-21">[21]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Crantor" title="Crantor">Crantor</a>, a student of Plato's student <a href="/wiki/Xenocrates" title="Xenocrates">Xenocrates</a>, is cited often as an example of a writer who thought the story to be historical fact. His work, a commentary on Timaeus, is lost, but <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoplatonist">Neoplatonist</a> of the fifth century AD, reports on it.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The passage in question has been represented in the modern literature either as claiming that Crantor visited Egypt, had conversations with priests, and saw hieroglyphs confirming the story, or, as claiming that he learned about them from other visitors to Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Proclus wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">As for the whole of this account of the Atlanteans, some say that it is unadorned history, such as Crantor, the first commentator on Plato. Crantor also says that Plato's contemporaries used to criticize him jokingly for not being the inventor of his Republic but copying the institutions of the Egyptians. Plato took these critics seriously enough to assign to the Egyptians this story about the Athenians and Atlanteans, so as to make them say that the Athenians really once lived according to that system.</blockquote> The next sentence is often translated "Crantor adds, that this is testified by the prophets of the Egyptians, who assert that these particulars [which are narrated by Plato] are written on pillars which are still preserved." But in the original, the sentence starts not with the name Crantor but with the ambiguous He; whether this referred to Crantor or to Plato is the subject of considerable debate. Proponents of both Atlantis as a metaphorical myth and Atlantis as history have argued that the pronoun refers to Crantor.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Alan Cameron argues that the pronoun should be interpreted as referring to Plato, and that, when Proclus writes that "we must bear in mind concerning this whole feat of the Athenians, that it is neither a mere myth nor unadorned history, although some take it as history and others as myth", he is treating "Crantor's view as mere personal opinion, nothing more; in fact he first quotes and then dismisses it as representing one of the two unacceptable extremes".<a href="#cite_note-Cameron_1983-34">[34]</a> Cameron also points out that whether he refers to Plato or to Crantor, the statement does not support conclusions such as Otto Muck's "Crantor came to Sais and saw there in the temple of <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> the column, completely covered with hieroglyphs, on which the history of Atlantis was recorded. Scholars translated it for him, and he testified that their account fully agreed with Plato's account of Atlantis"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> or J. V. Luce's suggestion that Crantor sent "a special enquiry to Egypt" and that he may simply be referring to Plato's own claims.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron_1983-34">[34]</a> Another passage from the commentary by Proclus on the Timaeus gives a description of the geography of Atlantis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">That an island of such nature and size once existed is evident from what is said by certain authors who investigated the things around the outer sea. For according to them, there were seven islands in that sea in their time, sacred to <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, and also three others of enormous size, one of which was sacred to Hades, another to <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Ammon</a>, and another one between them to Poseidon, the extent of which was a thousand stadia [200 km; 124 mi]; and the inhabitants of it—they add—preserved the remembrance from their ancestors of the immeasurably large island of Atlantis which had really existed there and which for many ages had reigned over all islands in the Atlantic sea and which itself had like-wise been sacred to Poseidon. Now these things Marcellus has written in his Aethiopica.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></blockquote> Marcellus remains unidentified. Other ancient historians and philosophers who believed in the existence of Atlantis were <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Some have theorized that, before the sixth century BC, the "Pillars of Hercules" may have applied to mountains on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Laconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Laconia">Gulf of Laconia</a>, and also may have been part of the pillar cult of the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-Davis,_J.L_1990-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Castleden,_Rodney_1998_p6-39">[39]</a> The mountains stood at either side of the southernmost gulf in Greece, the largest in the Peloponnese, and it opens onto the Mediterranean Sea. This would have placed Atlantis in the Mediterranean, lending credence to many details in Plato's discussion. The fourth-century historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, relying on a lost work by <a href="/wiki/Timagenes" title="Timagenes">Timagenes</a>, a historian writing in the first century BC, writes that the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">Druids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> said that part of the inhabitants of Gaul had migrated there from distant islands. Some have understood Ammianus's testimony as a claim that at the time of Atlantis's sinking into the sea, its inhabitants fled to western Europe; but Ammianus, in fact, says that "the Drasidae (Druids) recall that a part of the population is indigenous but others also migrated in from islands and lands beyond the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>" (Res Gestae 15.9), an indication that the immigrants came to Gaul from the north (Britain, the Netherlands, or Germany), not from a theorized location in the Atlantic Ocean to the south-west.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Instead, the Celts who dwelled along the ocean were reported to venerate twin gods, (<a href="/wiki/Dioscori" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscori">Dioscori</a>), who appeared to them coming from that ocean.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_and_Christian">Jewish and Christian</h3></div> During the early first century, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Jewish</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> wrote about the destruction of Atlantis in his On the Eternity of the World, xxvi. 141, in a longer passage allegedly citing Aristotle's successor <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>:<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">... And the island of Atalantes [translator's spelling; original: "Ἀτλαντίς"] which was greater than Africa and Asia, as Plato says in the Timaeus, in one day and night was overwhelmed beneath the sea in consequence of an extraordinary earthquake and inundation and suddenly disappeared, becoming sea, not indeed navigable, but full of gulfs and eddies.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></blockquote> The theologian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barber_Lightfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Barber Lightfoot">Joseph Barber Lightfoot</a> (Apostolic Fathers, 1885, II, p. 84) noted on this passage: "Clement may possibly be referring to some known, but hardly accessible land, lying without the pillars of Hercules. But more probably he contemplated some unknown land in the far west beyond the ocean, like the fabled Atlantis of Plato ..."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Other early Christian writers wrote about Atlantis, although they had mixed views on whether it once existed or was an untrustworthy myth of pagan origin.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> believed Atlantis was once real and wrote that in the Atlantic Ocean once existed "[the isle] that was equal in size to Libya or Asia"<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> referring to Plato's geographical description of Atlantis. The early Christian apologist writer <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a> also believed Atlantis once existed, but blamed its destruction on pagans.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> in the sixth century wrote of Atlantis in his <a href="/wiki/Christian_Topography" title="Christian Topography">Christian Topography</a> in an attempt to prove his theory that the world was flat and surrounded by water:<a href="#cite_note-Indicopleustes2010-48">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">... In like manner the philosopher Timaeus also describes this Earth as surrounded by the Ocean, and the Ocean as surrounded by the more remote earth. For he supposes that there is to westward an island, Atlantis, lying out in the Ocean, in the direction of Gadeira (Cadiz), of an enormous magnitude, and relates that the ten kings having procured mercenaries from the nations in this island came from the earth far away, and conquered Europe and Asia, but were afterwards conquered by the Athenians, while that island itself was submerged by God under the sea. Both Plato and Aristotle praise this philosopher, and Proclus has written a commentary on him. He himself expresses views similar to our own with some modifications, transferring the scene of the events from the east to the west. Moreover he mentions those ten generations as well as that earth which lies beyond the Ocean. And in a word it is evident that all of them borrow from Moses, and publish his statements as their own.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg/370px-Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg/555px-Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg/740px-Atlantis_map_1882_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the supposed extent of the Atlantean Empire, from <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a>'s Atlantis: the Antediluvian World, 1882<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3></div> Aside from Plato's original account, modern interpretations regarding Atlantis are an amalgamation of diverse, speculative movements that began in the sixteenth century,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> when scholars began to identify Atlantis with the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lopez_de_Gomara" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lopez de Gomara">Francisco Lopez de Gomara</a> was the first to state that Plato was referring to America, as did <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>; Janus Joannes Bircherod said in 1663 orbe novo non-novo ("the New World is not new"). <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> accepted Plato's account as literally true, describing Atlantis as a small continent in the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-ley196706-21">[21]</a> Contemporary perceptions of Atlantis share roots with <a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a>, which can be traced to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Age">Modern Age</a>, when European imaginations were fueled by their initial encounters with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-Hoopes_2011-52">[52]</a> From this era sprang <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a> visions that would inspire many subsequent generations of theorists.<a href="#cite_note-Hoopes_2011-52">[52]</a> Most of these interpretations are considered <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">pseudoarchaeology</a>, as they have presented their works as <a href="/wiki/Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic">academic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a>, but lack the standards or criteria. The Flemish cartographer and geographer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> is believed to have been the first person to imagine that the continents were joined before <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">drifting</a> to their present positions. In the 1596 edition of his Thesaurus Geographicus he wrote: "Unless it be a fable, the island of Gadir or Gades [<a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>] will be the remaining part of the island of Atlantis or America, which was not sunk (as Plato reports in the Timaeus) so much as torn away from Europe and Africa by earthquakes and flood... The traces of the ruptures are shown by the projections of Europe and Africa and the indentations of America in the parts of the coasts of these three said lands that face each other to anyone who, using a map of the world, carefully considered them. So that anyone may say with <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in Book 2, that what Plato says of the island of Atlantis on the authority of Solon is not a figment."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_influential_literature">Early influential literature</h4></div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a>" (from "no place") was coined by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas More">Sir Thomas More</a> in his sixteenth-century work of <a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(book)" title="Utopia (book)">Utopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s Atlantis and travelers' accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, More described an imaginary land set in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> His idealistic vision established a connection between the Americas and utopian societies, a theme that Bacon discussed in <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">The New Atlantis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1623).<a href="#cite_note-Hoopes_2011-52">[52]</a> A character in the narrative gives a history of Atlantis that is similar to Plato's and places Atlantis in America. People had begun believing that the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> ruins could possibly be the remnants of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_Mayanism">Impact of Mayanism</h4></div> Much speculation began as to the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>, which led to a variety of narratives and publications that tried to rationalize the discoveries within the context of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and that had undertones of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> in their connections between the Old and New World. The <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> believed the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> to be inferior and incapable of building that which was now in ruins and by sharing a common history, they insinuated that another race must have been responsible. In the middle and late nineteenth century, several renowned <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> scholars, starting with <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89tienne_Brasseur_de_Bourbourg" title="Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg">Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg</a>, and including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert_Thompson" title="Edward Herbert Thompson">Edward Herbert Thompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Le_Plongeon" title="Augustus Le Plongeon">Augustus Le Plongeon</a>, formally proposed that Atlantis was somehow related to Mayan and <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> culture. The French scholar Brasseur de Bourbourg traveled extensively through Mesoamerica in the mid-1800s, and was renowned for his translations of <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a> texts, most notably the sacred book <a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a>, as well as a comprehensive history of the region. Soon after these publications, however, Brasseur de Bourbourg lost his academic credibility, due to his claim that the <a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya peoples</a> had descended from the <a href="/wiki/Toltecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Toltecs">Toltecs</a>, people he believed were the surviving population of the racially superior civilization of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> His work combined with the skillful, romantic illustrations of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Frederic_Waldeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Frederic Waldeck">Jean Frederic Waldeck</a>, which visually alluded to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and other aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, created an authoritative <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> that excited much interest in the connections between worlds. Inspired by Brasseur de Bourbourg's diffusion theories, the pseudoarchaeologist Augustus Le Plongeon traveled to Mesoamerica and performed some of the first <a href="/wiki/Excavations" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavations">excavations</a> of many famous Mayan ruins. Le Plongeon invented narratives, such as the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Mu_(lost_continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (lost continent)">Mu</a> saga, which romantically drew connections to him, his wife Alice, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Egyptian</a> deities <a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a>, who had just discovered the ancient city of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> (that had been described as merely mythical).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>] He also believed that he had found connections between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a>, which produced a <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narrative</a> of the destruction of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ignatius_Donnelly">Ignatius Donnelly</h4></div> The 1882 publication of <a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_the_Antediluvian_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantis: the Antediluvian World">Atlantis: the Antediluvian World</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a> stimulated much popular interest in Atlantis. He was greatly inspired by early works in <a href="/wiki/Mayanism" title="Mayanism">Mayanism</a>, and like them, attempted to establish that all known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilizations">ancient civilizations</a> were descended from Atlantis, which he saw as a technologically sophisticated, more advanced <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. Donnelly drew parallels between creation stories in the Old and New Worlds, attributing the connections to Atlantis, where he believed the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> existed.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> As implied by the title of his book, he also believed that Atlantis was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Flood">Great Flood</a> mentioned in the Bible. Donnelly is credited as the "father of the nineteenth century Atlantis revival" and is the reason the <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> endures today.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He unintentionally promoted an alternative method of inquiry to history and science, and the idea that myths contain hidden information that opens them to "ingenious" interpretation by people who believe they have new or special insight.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madame_Blavatsky_and_the_Theosophists">Madame Blavatsky and the Theosophists</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Atlantis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Atlantis.jpg/350px-Map_of_Atlantis.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_Atlantis.jpg/525px-Map_of_Atlantis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Map_of_Atlantis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">Map of Atlantis according to <a href="/wiki/William_Scott-Elliot" title="William Scott-Elliot">William Scott-Elliot</a> (The Story of Atlantis, Russian edition, 1910)</div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Helena_Petrovna_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena Petrovna Blavatsky">Helena Petrovna Blavatsky</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophists">Theosophists</a>, took up <a href="/wiki/Donnelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Donnelly">Donnelly</a>'s interpretations when she wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a> (1888), which she claimed was originally dictated in Atlantis. She maintained that the Atlanteans were cultural heroes (contrary to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, who describes them mainly as a military threat). She believed in a form of racial <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> (as opposed to primate evolution). In her process of evolution the Atlanteans were the fourth "<a href="/wiki/Root_race" title="Root race">root race</a>", which were succeeded by the fifth, the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>", which she identified with the modern human race.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> In her book, Blavatsky reported that the civilization of Atlantis reached its peak between 1,000,000 and 900,000 years ago, but destroyed itself through internal <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a> brought about by the dangerous use of <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers of the inhabitants. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">anthroposophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waldorf_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldorf Schools">Waldorf Schools</a>, along with other well known Theosophists, such as <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, also wrote of <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> evolution in much the same vein. Other occultists followed the same lead, at least to the point of tracing the lineage of occult practices back to Atlantis. Among the most famous is <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a> in her Esoteric Orders and Their Work.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Drawing on the ideas of Rudolf Steiner and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_H%C3%B6rbiger" title="Hanns Hörbiger">Hanns Hörbiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Friedell" title="Egon Friedell">Egon Friedell</a> started his book <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulturgeschichte_des_Altertums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulturgeschichte des Altertums (page does not exist)">Kulturgeschichte des Altertums</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturgeschichte_des_Altertums" class="extiw" title="de:Kulturgeschichte des Altertums">de</a>], and thus his historical analysis of antiquity, with the ancient culture of Atlantis. The book was published in 1940. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazism_and_occultism">Nazism and occultism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and occultism">Nazism and occultism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a> was also inspired by the work of the 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Sylvain_Bailly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Sylvain Bailly">Jean-Sylvain Bailly</a>, who had "Orientalized" the Atlantis <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> in his mythical continent of <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a>, a reference to <a href="/wiki/Greek_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek myths">Greek myths</a> featuring a Northern European region of the same name, home to a giant, godlike race.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein_2006:_268-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Dan Edelstein claims that her reshaping of this theory in <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a> provided the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> with a mythological precedent and a pretext for their ideological platform and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">their subsequent genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edelstein_2006:_268-63">[63]</a> However, Blavatsky's writings mention that the Atlantean were in fact olive-skinned peoples with Mongoloid traits who were the ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayans">Malayans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powell-36-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell-39-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The idea that the Atlanteans were <a href="/wiki/Hyperborean" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperborean">Hyperborean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> supermen who originated in the Northern Atlantic or even in the far North, was popular in the German <a href="/wiki/Ariosophy#The_occult_roots_of_Nazism" title="Ariosophy">ariosophic movement</a> around 1900, propagated by <a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">Guido von List</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> It gave its name to the Thule Gesellschaft, an antisemite Münich lodge, which preceded the German <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a>). The scholars <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Georg_Zschaetzsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Georg Zschaetzsch (page does not exist)">Karl Georg Zschaetzsch</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Georg_Zschaetzsch" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Georg Zschaetzsch">de</a>] (1920) and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wirth" title="Herman Wirth">Herman Wirth</a> (1928) were the first to speak of a "Nordic-Atlantean" or "Aryan-Nordic" master race that spread from Atlantis over the Northern Hemisphere and beyond. The Hyperboreans were contrasted with the Jewish people. Party ideologist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> (in <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a>, 1930) and SS-leader <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> made it part of the official doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The idea was followed up by the adherents of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> (1934) and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Serrano" title="Miguel Serrano">Miguel Serrano</a> (1978). The idea of Atlantis as the homeland of the Caucasian race would contradict the beliefs of older Esoteric and Theosophic groups, which taught that the Atlanteans were non-Caucasian brown-skinned peoples. Modern Esoteric groups, including the Theosophic Society, do not consider Atlantean society to have been superior or Utopian—they rather consider it a lower stage of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edgar_Cayce">Edgar Cayce</h4></div> The clairvoyant <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a> spoke frequently of Atlantis. During his "life readings", he claimed that many of his subjects were <a href="/wiki/Reincarnations" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnations">reincarnations</a> of people who had lived there. By tapping into their <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a>" (a term borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>),<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Cayce declared that he was able to give detailed descriptions of the lost continent.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He also asserted that Atlantis would "rise" again in the 1960s (sparking much popularity of the myth in that decade) and that there is a "<a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Records" title="Hall of Records">Hall of Records</a>" beneath the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sphinx" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Sphinx">Egyptian Sphinx</a> which holds the historical texts of Atlantis. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_times">Recent times</h4></div> As <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> became widely accepted during the 1960s, and the increased understanding of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> demonstrated the impossibility of a lost continent in the geologically recent past,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> most "Lost Continent" theories of Atlantis began to wane in popularity. Plato scholar <a href="/wiki/Julia_Annas" title="Julia Annas">Julia Annas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regents_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Regents Professor">Regents Professor</a> of Philosophy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, had this to say on the matter: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The continuing industry of discovering Atlantis illustrates the dangers of reading Plato. For he is clearly using what has become a standard device of fiction—stressing the historicity of an event (and the discovery of hitherto unknown authorities) as an indication that what follows is fiction. The idea is that we should use the story to examine our ideas of government and power. We have missed the point if instead of thinking about these issues we go off exploring the sea bed. The continuing misunderstanding of Plato as historian here enables us to see why his distrust of imaginative writing is sometimes justified.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></blockquote> One of the proposed explanations for the historical context of the Atlantis story is that it serves as Plato's warning to his fellow citizens against their striving for naval power.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Kenneth Feder</a> points out that Critias's story in the Timaeus provides a major clue. In the dialogue, Critias says, referring to Socrates' hypothetical society: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">And when you were speaking yesterday about your city and citizens, the tale which I have just been repeating to you came into my mind, and I remarked with astonishment how, by some mysterious coincidence, you agreed in almost every particular with the narrative of Solon. ...<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote> Feder quotes A. E. Taylor, who wrote, "We could not be told much more plainly that the whole narrative of Solon's conversation with the priests and his intention of writing the poem about Atlantis are an invention of Plato's fancy."<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_hypotheses">Location hypotheses</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Location_hypotheses_of_Atlantis" title="Location hypotheses of Atlantis">Location hypotheses of Atlantis</a></div> Since Donnelly's day, there have been dozens of locations proposed for Atlantis, to the point where the name has become a generic concept, divorced from the specifics of Plato's account. This is reflected in the fact that many proposed sites are not within the Atlantic at all. Few today are scholarly or archaeological hypotheses, while others have been made by <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a>) or other <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> means. (The Atlantis researchers Jacques Collina-Girard and Georgeos Díaz-Montexano, for instance, each claim the other's hypothesis is pseudoscience.)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Many of the proposed sites share some of the characteristics of the Atlantis story (water, catastrophic end, relevant time period), but none has been demonstrated to be a true historical Atlantis. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg/250px-Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg/375px-Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg/500px-Crop_of_ISS067-E-153820_Santorini_caldera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3487" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santorini_caldera" title="Santorini caldera">Santorini caldera</a> on 24 June 2022, taken from the International Space Station. From the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a> event, and the 1964 discovery of <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_(prehistoric_city)" title="Akrotiri (prehistoric city)">Akrotiri</a> on the island, this location is one of many sites purported to have been the location of Atlantis.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_or_near_the_Mediterranean_Sea">In or near the Mediterranean Sea</h3></div> Most of the historically proposed locations are in or near the Mediterranean Sea: islands such as <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a> (Thera), <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>; land-based cities or states such as <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a>, and Tantalis (in the province of <a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>);<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sinai_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai peninsula">Sinai</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and northwestern Africa,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Richat_Structure" title="Richat Structure">Richat Structure</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Thera eruption</a>, dated to the seventeenth or sixteenth century BC, caused a large <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> that some experts hypothesize devastated the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a> on the nearby island of Crete, further leading some to believe that this may have been the catastrophe that inspired the story.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In the area of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> the following locations have been proposed: <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancomah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancomah (page does not exist)">Ancomah</a> (a legendary place near <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>). Others have noted that, before the sixth century BC, the mountains on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Laconian_Gulf" title="Laconian Gulf">Laconian Gulf</a> were called the "Pillars of Hercules",<a href="#cite_note-Davis,_J.L_1990-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Castleden,_Rodney_1998_p6-39">[39]</a> and they could be the geographical location being described in ancient reports upon which Plato was basing his story. The mountains stood at either side of the southernmost gulf in Greece, the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a>, and that gulf opens onto the Mediterranean Sea. If from the beginning of discussions, misinterpretation of Gibraltar as the location rather than being at the Gulf of Laconia, would lend itself to many erroneous concepts regarding the location of Atlantis. Plato may have not been aware of the difference. The Laconian pillars open to the south toward Crete and beyond which is Egypt. The <a href="/wiki/Thera_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera eruption">Thera eruption</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> affected that area and might have been the devastation to which the sources used by Plato referred. Significant events such as these would have been likely material for tales passed from one generation to another for almost a thousand years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Atlantic_Ocean">In the Atlantic Ocean</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg/220px-Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg/330px-Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg/440px-Atlantic_Ocean_surface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The mid-atlantic ridge in the Atlantic</figcaption></figure> The location of Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean has a certain appeal given the closely related names. Popular culture often places Atlantis there, perpetuating the original Platonic setting as they understand it. The <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeira Islands">Madeira Islands</a> have been identified as a possible location,<a href="#cite_note-Canarias-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madeira-Azores-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal-Naquet-90">[90]</a> west of the Straits of Gibraltar, but in relative proximity to the Mediterranean Sea. Detailed studies of their geomorphology and geology have demonstrated, however, that they have been steadily uplifted, without any significant periods of subsidence, over the last four million years, by geologic processes such as erosional unloading, gravitational unloading, lithospheric flexure induced by adjacent islands, and volcanic underplating.<a href="#cite_note-MenendezOthers2009-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-MecoOthers2007-92">[92]</a> Various islands or island groups in the Atlantic were also identified as possible locations, notably the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Madeira-Azores-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vidal-Naquet-90">[90]</a> Similarly, cores of sediment covering the ocean bottom surrounding the Azores and other evidence demonstrate that it has been an undersea plateau for millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-HuangOther1979-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-DennielouOther1999-94">[94]</a> The area is known for its volcanism however, which is associated with rifting along the <a href="/wiki/Azores_triple_junction" title="Azores triple junction">Azores triple junction</a>. The spread of the crust along the existing faults and fractures has produced many volcanic and seismic events.<a href="#cite_note-Ferreira,_2005,_p._4-95">[95]</a> The area is supported by a buoyant upwelling in the deeper mantle, which some associate with an <a href="/wiki/Azores_hotspot" title="Azores hotspot">Azores hotspot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Most of the volcanic activity has occurred primarily along the <a href="/wiki/Terceira_Rift" title="Terceira Rift">Terceira Rift</a>. From the beginning of the islands' settlement, around the 15th century, there have been about 30 volcanic eruptions (terrestrial and submarine) as well as numerous, powerful earthquakes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Miguel_Island" title="São Miguel Island">São Miguel</a> in the Azores is the site of the <a href="/wiki/Sete_Cidades_Massif" title="Sete Cidades Massif">Sete Cidades volcano</a> and caldera, which are the byproducts of historical volcanic activity in the Azores.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The submerged island of <a href="/wiki/Spartel" title="Spartel">Spartel</a> near the Strait of Gibraltar has also been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doggerland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/250px-Doggerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/375px-Doggerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/500px-Doggerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the hypothetical extent of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> (c. 8,000 BC), which provided a land bridge between Great Britain and continental Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doggerland3er_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doggerland3er_en.png/250px-Doggerland3er_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doggerland3er_en.png/375px-Doggerland3er_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Doggerland3er_en.png/500px-Doggerland3er_en.png 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the hypothetical extent of Doggerland from now back to the <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian glaciation</a></figcaption></figure> Several hypotheses place the sunken island in northern Europe, including <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Olof_Rudbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Olof Rudbeck">Olof Rudbeck</a> in <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Rudbeck#Historical_linguistics" title="Olaus Rudbeck">Atland</a>, 1672–1702). Doggerland, as well as Viking Bergen Island, is thought to have been flooded by a <a href="/wiki/Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Storegga_Slide" title="Storegga Slide">Storegga Slide</a> of c. 6100 BC. Some have proposed the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea#Seabed" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Shelf</a> as a possible location, and that there is a link to Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> In 2004, Swedish <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physiographist</a> Ulf Erlingsson<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> proposed that the legend of Atlantis was based on Stone Age Ireland. He later stated that he does not believe that Atlantis ever existed but maintained that his hypothesis that its description matches Ireland's geography has a 99.8% probability. The director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Ireland" title="National Museum of Ireland">National Museum of Ireland</a> commented that there was no archaeology supporting this.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 2011, a team, working on a documentary for the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-103">[103]</a> led by Professor Richard Freund from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hartford" title="University of Hartford">University of Hartford</a>, claimed to have found possible evidence of Atlantis in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The team identified its possible location within the <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshlands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1ana_National_Park" title="Doñana National Park">Doñana National Park</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Las_Marismas" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Marismas">the area</a> that once was the <a href="/wiki/Lacus_Ligustinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lacus Ligustinus">Lacus Ligustinus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Huelva_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Huelva Province">Huelva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadiz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz Province">Cádiz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seville_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Seville province">Seville provinces</a>, and they speculated that Atlantis had been destroyed by a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> extrapolating results from a previous study by Spanish researchers, published four years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Spanish scientists have dismissed Freund's speculations, claiming that he sensationalised their work. The anthropologist Juan Villarías-Robles, who works with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_National_Research_Council" title="Spanish National Research Council">Spanish National Research Council</a>, said, "Richard Freund was a newcomer to our project and appeared to be involved in his own very controversial issue concerning King Solomon's search for ivory and gold in <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a>, the well documented settlement in the Doñana area established in the first millennium BC", and described Freund's claims as "fanciful".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> A similar theory had previously been put forward by a German researcher, Rainer W. Kühne, that is based only on satellite imagery and places Atlantis in the <a href="/wiki/Marismas_de_Hinojos" class="mw-redirect" title="Marismas de Hinojos">Marismas de Hinojos</a>, north of the city of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-99">[99]</a> Before that, the historian <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Schulten" title="Adolf Schulten">Adolf Schulten</a> had stated in the 1920s that Plato had used Tartessos as the basis for his Atlantis myth.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_locations">Other locations</h3></div> Several writers, such as Flavio Barbiero as early as 1974,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> have speculated that <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> is the site of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A number of claims involve the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a>, such as an alleged <a href="/wiki/Cuban_underwater_formation" title="Cuban underwater formation">underwater formation</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Guanahacabibes_Peninsula" title="Guanahacabibes Peninsula">Guanahacabibes Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The adjacent <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> or the folkloric <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a> have been proposed as well. Areas in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> and Indian Oceans have also been proposed, including <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The stories of a lost continent off the coast of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, named "<a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a>", have inspired some to draw parallels to Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_interpretations">Literary interpretations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_versions">Ancient versions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png/250px-POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png/330px-POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png/500px-POxy1084_Hellanicus_Atlantis.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="1551" /></a><figcaption>A fragment of Atlantis by <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a></figcaption></figure> In order to give his account of Atlantis <a href="/wiki/Verisimilitude_(fiction)" title="Verisimilitude (fiction)">verisimilitude</a>, Plato mentions that the story was heard by <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> in Egypt, and transmitted orally over several generations through the family of Dropides, until it reached Critias, a dialogue speaker in Timaeus and Critias.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Solon had supposedly tried to adapt the Atlantis <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a> into a poem (that if published, was to be greater than the works of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>). While it was never completed, Solon passed on the story to Dropides. Modern classicists deny the existence of Solon's Atlantis poem and the story as an oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Instead, Plato is thought to be the sole inventor or fabricator. <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> used the word "Atlantis" as the title for a poem published before Plato,<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> a fragment of which may be <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus" title="Oxyrhynchus">Oxyrhynchus</a> Papyrus 11, 1359.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> This work only describes the Atlantides, the daughters of Atlas, and has no relation to Plato's Atlantis account. In the new era, the third century AD <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonist</a> Zoticus wrote an epic poem based on Plato's account of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Plato's work may already have inspired <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodic</a> imitation, however. Writing only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> wrote of a land beyond the ocean known as <a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a>. This description was included in Book 8 of his Philippica, which contains a dialogue between <a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a> and King <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>. Silenus describes the Meropids, a race of men who grow to twice normal size, and inhabit two cities on the island of Meropis: Eusebes (Εὐσεβής, "Pious-town") and Machimos (Μάχιμος, "Fighting-town").<a href="#cite_note-Nesselrath_1998_pp._1-121">[121]</a> He also reports that an army of ten million soldiers crossed the ocean to conquer <a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a>, but abandoned this proposal when they realized that the Hyperboreans were the luckiest people on earth. Heinz-Günther Nesselrath has argued that these and other details of Silenus' story are meant as imitation and exaggeration of the Atlantis story, by parody, for the purpose of exposing Plato's ideas to ridicule.<a href="#cite_note-Nesselrath_1998_pp._1-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utopias_and_dystopias">Utopias and dystopias</h3></div> The creation of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian fictions</a> was renewed after the Renaissance, most notably in Francis Bacon's <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantis" title="New Atlantis">New Atlantis</a> (1627), the description of an ideal society that he located off the western coast of America. Thomas Heyrick (1649–1694) followed him with "The New Atlantis" (1687), a satirical poem in three parts. His new continent of uncertain location, perhaps even a floating island either in the sea or the sky, serves as background for his exposure of what he described in a second edition as "A True Character of Popery and Jesuitism".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The title of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Atalantis" title="The New Atalantis">The New Atalantis</a> by <a href="/wiki/Delarivier_Manley" title="Delarivier Manley">Delarivier Manley</a> (1709), distinguished from the two others by the single letter, is an equally dystopian work but set this time on a fictional Mediterranean island.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In it sexual violence and exploitation is made a metaphor for the hypocritical behaviour of politicians in their dealings with the general public.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In Manley's case, the target of satire was the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig Party</a>, while in David Maclean Parry's <a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Empire" title="The Scarlet Empire">The Scarlet Empire</a> (1906) it is <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> as practised in foundered Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> It was followed in Russia by <a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a>'s poem The Fall of Atlantis (Gibel' Atlantidy, 1912), which is set in a future rationalist dystopia that has discovered the secret of immortality and is so dedicated to progress that it has lost touch with the past. When the high priest of this ideology is tempted by a slave girl into an act of irrationality, he murders her and precipitates a second flood, above which her severed head floats vengefully among the stars.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> A slightly later work, The Ancient of Atlantis (Boston, 1915) by Albert Armstrong Manship, expounds the Atlantean wisdom that is to redeem the earth. Its three parts consist of a verse narrative of the life and training of an Atlantean wise one, followed by his Utopian moral teachings and then a psychic drama set in modern times in which a reincarnated child embodying the lost wisdom is reborn on earth.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> eyes, Atlantis had a more intimate interpretation. The land had been a colonial power which, although it had brought civilization to ancient Europe, had also enslaved its peoples. Its tyrannical fall from grace had contributed to the fate that had overtaken it, but now its disappearance had unbalanced the world. This was the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Jacint_Verdaguer" title="Jacint Verdaguer">Jacint Verdaguer</a>'s vast mythological epic L'Atlantida (1877). After the sinking of the former continent, Hercules travels east across the Atlantic to found the city of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and then departs westward again to the <a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a>. The story is told by a hermit to a shipwrecked mariner, who is inspired to follow in his tracks and so "call the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old". This mariner, of course, was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Verdaguer's poem was written in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, but was widely translated in both Europe and Hispano-America.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> One response was the similarly entitled Argentinian Atlantida of <a href="/wiki/Olegario_V%C3%ADctor_Andrade" title="Olegario Víctor Andrade">Olegario Víctor Andrade</a> (1881), which sees in "Enchanted Atlantis that Plato foresaw, a golden promise to the fruitful race" of Latins.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The bad example of the colonising world remains, however. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Juan_Tablada" title="José Juan Tablada">José Juan Tablada</a> characterises its threat in his "De Atlántida" (1894) through the beguiling picture of the lost world populated by the underwater creatures of Classical myth, among whom is the <a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a> of its final stanza with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> her eye on the keel of the wandering vessel that in passing deflowers the sea's smooth mirror, launching into the night her amorous warbling and the dulcet lullaby of her treacherous voice!<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </div></blockquote> There is a similar ambivalence in <a href="/wiki/Janus_Djurhuus" title="Janus Djurhuus">Janus Djurhuus</a>' six-stanza "Atlantis" (1917), where a celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Faroese_language_conflict" title="Faroese language conflict">Faroese linguistic revival</a> grants it an ancient pedigree by linking Greek to Norse legend. In the poem a female figure rising from the sea against a background of Classical palaces is recognised as a priestess of Atlantis. The poet recalls "that the Faroes lie there in the north Atlantic Ocean/ where before lay the poet-dreamt lands," but also that in Norse belief, such a figure only appears to those about to drown.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="A_land_lost_in_the_distance">A land lost in the distance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg/250px-Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg/330px-Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Faroe_stamp_493_Djurhuus_poems_-_atlantis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>A Faroe Islands postage stamp honoring <a href="/wiki/Janus_Djurhuus" title="Janus Djurhuus">Janus Djurhuus</a>'s poem "Atlantis" </figcaption></figure> The fact that Atlantis is a lost land has made of it a metaphor for something no longer attainable. For the American poet <a href="/wiki/Edith_Willis_Linn_Forbes" title="Edith Willis Linn Forbes">Edith Willis Linn Forbes</a>, "The Lost Atlantis" stands for idealisation of the past; the present moment can only be treasured once that is realised.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ella_Wheeler_Wilcox" title="Ella Wheeler Wilcox">Ella Wheeler Wilcox</a> finds the location of "The Lost Land" (1910) in one's carefree youthful past.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Similarly, for the Irish poet <a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a> in "Atlantis, a lost sonnet" (2007), the idea was defined when "the old fable-makers searched hard for a word/ to convey that what is gone is gone forever".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> For some male poets too, the idea of Atlantis is constructed from what cannot be obtained. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bewley" title="Charles Bewley">Charles Bewley</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Newdigate_Prize" title="Newdigate Prize">Newdigate Prize</a> poem (1910) thinks it grows from dissatisfaction with one's condition, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> And, because life is partly sweet And ever girt about with pain, We take the sweetness, and are fain To set it free from grief's alloy </div></blockquote> in a dream of Atlantis.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Similarly for the Australian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Catalano" title="Gary Catalano">Gary Catalano</a> in a 1982 prose poem, it is "a vision that sank under the weight of its own perfection".<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, however, suggests a way out of such frustration through the metaphor of journeying toward Atlantis in his poem of 1941.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> While travelling, he advises the one setting out, you will meet with many definitions of the goal in view, only realising at the end that the way has all the time led inward.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epic_verse_narratives">Epic verse narratives</h3></div> A few late-19th century verse narratives complement the <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_in_popular_culture#Fiction" title="Atlantis in popular culture">genre fiction</a> that was beginning to be written at the same period. Two of them report the disaster that overtook the continent as related by long-lived survivors. In <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Tennyson" title="Frederick Tennyson">Frederick Tennyson</a>'s Atlantis (1888), an ancient Greek mariner sails west and discovers an inhabited island which is all that remains of the former kingdom. He learns of its end and views the shattered remnant of its former glory, from which a few had escaped to set up the Mediterranean civilisations.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In the second, Mona, Queen of Lost Atlantis: An Idyllic Re-embodiment of Long Forgotten History (Los Angeles CA 1925) by James Logue Dryden (1840–1925), the story is told in a series of visions. A Seer is taken to Mona's burial chamber in the ruins of Atlantis, where she revives and describes the catastrophe. There follows a survey of the lost civilisations of Hyperborea and Lemuria as well as Atlantis, accompanied by much spiritualist lore.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> William Walton Hoskins (1856–1919) admits to the readers of his Atlantis and other poems (Cleveland OH, 1881), that he is only 24. Its melodramatic plot concerns the poisoning of the descendant of god-born kings. The usurping poisoner is poisoned in his turn, following which the continent is swallowed in the waves.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Asian gods people the landscape of The Lost Island (Ottawa 1889) by Edward Taylor Fletcher (1816–97). An angel foresees impending catastrophe and that the people will be allowed to escape if their semi-divine rulers will sacrifice themselves.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> A final example, Edward N. Beecher's The Lost Atlantis or The Great Deluge of All (Cleveland OH, 1898) is just a doggerel vehicle for its author's opinions: that the continent was the location of the Garden of Eden; that Darwin's theory of evolution is correct, as are Donnelly's views.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Atlantis was to become a theme in Russia following the 1890s, taken up in unfinished poems by <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bryusov" title="Valery Bryusov">Valery Bryusov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Balmont" title="Konstantin Balmont">Konstantin Balmont</a>, as well as in a drama by the schoolgirl <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Reissner" title="Larissa Reissner">Larissa Reisner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> One other long narrative poem was published in New York by George V. Golokhvastoff. His 250-page The Fall of Atlantis (1938) records how a high priest, distressed by the prevailing degeneracy of the ruling classes, seeks to create an androgynous being from royal twins as a means to overcome this polarity. When he is unable to control the forces unleashed by his occult ceremony, the continent is destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_representations">Artistic representations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Atlantis_in_popular_culture" title="Atlantis in popular culture">Atlantis in popular culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> The Spanish composer <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> worked on a dramatic <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a> based on Verdaguer's L'Atlántida, during the last 20 years of his life.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> The name has been affixed to symphonies by <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Ivanovs" title="Jānis Ivanovs">Jānis Ivanovs</a> (Symphony 4, 1941),<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nanes" title="Richard Nanes">Richard Nanes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and Vaclav Buzek (2009).<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> There was also the symphonic celebration of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hovhaness" title="Alan Hovhaness">Alan Hovhaness</a>: "Fanfare for the New Atlantis" (Op. 281, 1975).<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The Bohemian-American composer and arranger <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Frank_Safranek" title="Vincent Frank Safranek">Vincent Frank Safranek</a> wrote Atlantis (The Lost Continent) Suite in Four Parts; I. Nocturne and Morning Hymn of Praise, II. A Court Function, III. "I Love Thee" (The Prince and Aana), IV. The Destruction of Atlantis, for military (concert) band in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Kaiser_von_Atlantis" title="Der Kaiser von Atlantis">Der Kaiser von Atlantis</a> (The Emperor of Atlantis) was written in 1943 by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ullmann" title="Viktor Ullmann">Viktor Ullmann</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by <a href="/wiki/Petr_Kien" title="Petr Kien">Petr Kien</a>, while they were both inmates at the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> concentration camp of <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a>. The Nazis did not allow it to be performed, assuming the opera's reference to an Emperor of Atlantis to be a satire on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>. Though Ullmann and Kiel were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, the manuscript survived and was performed for the first time in 1975 in Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantis_Monsu_Desiderio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Atlantis_Monsu_Desiderio.jpg/220px-Atlantis_Monsu_Desiderio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Atlantis_Monsu_Desiderio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Nom%C3%A9" title="François de Nomé">François de Nomé</a>'s The Fall of Atlantis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg/220px-N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg/330px-N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg/440px-N.Roerich_%22Gibel_Atlantidy%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Nicholas Roerich's The Last of Atlantis</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_(1908).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg/250px-Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg/330px-Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg/500px-Terror_Antiquus_by_L.Bakst_%281908%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a>'s vision of cosmic catastrophe</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h3></div> Paintings of the submersion of Atlantis are comparatively rare. In the seventeenth century there was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Nom%C3%A9" title="François de Nomé">François de Nomé</a>'s The Fall of Atlantis, which shows a tidal wave surging toward a Baroque city frontage. The style of architecture apart, it is not very different from <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a>'s The Last of Atlantis of 1928. The most dramatic depiction of the catastrophe was <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a>'s Ancient Terror (Terror Antiquus, 1908), although it does not name Atlantis directly. It is a mountain-top view of a rocky bay breached by the sea, which is washing inland about the tall structures of an ancient city. A streak of lightning crosses the upper half of the painting, while below it rises the impassive figure of an enigmatic goddess who holds a blue dove between her breasts. <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(poet)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (poet)">Vyacheslav Ivanov</a> identified the subject as Atlantis in a public lecture on the painting given in 1909, the year it was first exhibited, and he has been followed by other commentators in the years since.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Sculptures referencing Atlantis have often been stylized single figures. One of the earliest was <a href="/wiki/Einar_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Einar Jónsson">Einar Jónsson</a>'s The King of Atlantis (1919–1922), now in the garden of his museum in <a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>. It represents a single figure, clad in a belted skirt and wearing a large triangular helmet, who sits on an ornate throne supported between two young bulls.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The walking female entitled Atlantis (1946) by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> was from a series inspired by ancient Greek figures<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> with the symbolical meaning of unjustified suffering.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> fountain feature known as The Man of Atlantis (2003) by the Belgian sculptor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luk_van_Soom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luk van Soom (page does not exist)">Luk van Soom</a> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk_van_Soom" class="extiw" title="nl:Luk van Soom">nl</a>], the 4-metre tall figure wearing a diving suit steps from a plinth into the spray.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> It looks light-hearted but the artist's comment on it makes a serious point: "Because habitable land will be scarce, it is no longer improbable that we will return to the water in the long term. As a result, a portion of the population will mutate into fish-like creatures. Global warming and rising water levels are practical problems for the world in general and here in the Netherlands in particular".<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a>'s Hypothetical Continent – Map of Broken Clear Glass: Atlantis was first created as a photographical project in <a href="/wiki/Loveladies,_New_Jersey" title="Loveladies, New Jersey">Loveladies, New Jersey</a>, in 1969,<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> and then recreated as a gallery installation of broken glass.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> On this he commented that he liked "landscapes that suggest prehistory", and this is borne out by the original conceptual drawing of the work that includes an inset map of the continent sited off the coast of Africa and at the straits into the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> Mythology: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antillia" title="Antillia">Antillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)" title="Brasil (mythical island)">Brasil (mythical island)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brittia" title="Brittia">Brittia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantre%27r_Gwaelod" title="Cantre'r Gwaelod">Cantre'r Gwaelod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria (continent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">List of mythological places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayda" title="Mayda">Mayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(lost_continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu (lost continent)">Mu (lost continent)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numenor" class="mw-redirect" title="Numenor">Numenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Brendan%27s_Island" title="Saint Brendan's Island">Saint Brendan's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Island,_New_Caledonia" title="Sandy Island, New Caledonia">Sandy Island, New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ys" title="Ys">Ys</a></li></ul> </div> Underwater geography: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_Monument" title="Yonaguni Monument">Yonaguni Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimini_Road" title="Bimini Road">Bimini Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Holocene_sea_level_rise" title="Early Holocene sea level rise">Early Holocene sea level rise</a></li></ul> </div> Other: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_in_comics" title="Atlantis in comics">Atlantis in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">Flood myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Worlds" title="Hidden Worlds">Hidden Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">List of lost lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_eruption" title="Minoan eruption">Minoan eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisland" title="Frisland">Frisland</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Plato's contemporaries pictured the world as consisting of only Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia (see the map of <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHale2009" class="citation book cs1">Hale, John R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1iI-C4r09oC">Lords of the Sea: The Epic Story of the Athenian Navy and the Birth of Democracy</a>. New York: Penguin. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02080-5"><bdi>978-0-670-02080-5</bdi></a>. <q>Plato also wrote the myth of Atlantis as an allegory of the archetypal <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">thalassocracy</a> or naval power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+the+Sea%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Athenian+Navy+and+the+Birth+of+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02080-5&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1iI-C4r09oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelliver1977" class="citation book cs1">Welliver, Warman (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42">Character, Plot and Thought in Plato's Timaeus-Critias</a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04870-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04870-6"><bdi>978-90-04-04870-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Character%2C+Plot+and+Thought+in+Plato%27s+Timaeus-Critias&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04870-6&rft.aulast=Welliver&rft.aufirst=Warman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpg3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hackforth-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Hackforth_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHackforth1944" class="citation journal cs1">Hackforth, R. (1944). "The Story of Atlantis: Its Purpose and Its Moral". <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Mawr_Classical_Review" title="Bryn Mawr Classical Review">Classical Review</a>. 58 (1): 7–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0009840x00089356">10.1017/s0009840x00089356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-840X">0009-840X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/701961">701961</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162292186">162292186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Atlantis%3A+Its+Purpose+and+Its+Moral&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0009-840X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162292186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F701961%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0009840x00089356&rft.aulast=Hackforth&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-5"><a href="#cite_ref-David_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid1984" class="citation journal cs1">David, Ephraim (1984). "The Problem of Representing Plato's Ideal State in Action". <a href="/wiki/Rivista_di_Filologia_e_di_Istruzione_Classica" title="Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica">Riv. Fil.</a> 112: 33–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Riv.+Fil.&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Representing+Plato%27s+Ideal+State+in+Action&rft.volume=112&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMumford1965" class="citation journal cs1">Mumford, Lewis (1965). "Utopia, the City and the Machine". <a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a>. 94 (2): 271–292. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20026910">20026910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daedalus&rft.atitle=Utopia%2C+the+City+and+the+Machine&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20026910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartmann2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hartmann, Anna-Maria (2015). "The Strange Antiquity of Francis Bacon's New Atlantis". Renaissance Studies. 29 (3): 375–393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frest.12084">10.1111/rest.12084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161272260">161272260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Strange+Antiquity+of+Francis+Bacon%27s+New+Atlantis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frest.12084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161272260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Anna-Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Frame_story" title="Frame story">frame story</a> in <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a> tells about an alleged visit of the Athenian lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a> (c. 638 BC – 558 BC) to Egypt, where he was told the Atlantis story that supposedly occurred 9,000 years before his time. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeder2011" class="citation book cs1">Feder, Kenneth (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yw5QwAACAAJ&pg=PA141">"Lost: One Continent – Reward"</a>. Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology (Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 141–164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1"><bdi>978-0-07-811697-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lost%3A+One+Continent+%E2%80%93+Reward&rft.btitle=Frauds%2C+Myths%2C+and+Mysteries%3A+Science+and+Pseudoscience+in+Archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-07-811697-1&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yw5QwAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskin_Clay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diskin Clay (page does not exist)">Clay, Diskin</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMRl67uqD9wC&pg=PA1">"The Invention of Atlantis: The Anatomy of a Fiction"</a>. In Cleary, John J.; Gurtler, Gary M. (eds.). Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy. Vol. 15. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11704-4"><bdi>978-90-04-11704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Invention+of+Atlantis%3A+The+Anatomy+of+a+Fiction&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Boston+Area+Colloquium+in+Ancient+Philosophy&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11704-4&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Diskin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMRl67uqD9wC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "As Smith discusses in the opening article in this theme issue, the lost island-continent was – in all likelihood – entirely Plato's invention for the purposes of illustrating arguments around Grecian polity. Archaeologists broadly agree with the view that Atlantis is quite simply 'utopia' (Doumas, 2007), a stance also taken by classical philologists, who interpret Atlantis as a metaphorical rather than an actual place (Broadie, 2013; Gill, 1979; Nesselrath, 2002). One might consider the question as being already reasonably solved but despite the general expert consensus on the matter, countless attempts have been made at finding Atlantis." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shimajournal.org/issues/v10n2/c.-Dawson-Hayward-Introduction-Shima-v10n2.pdf">Dawson & Hayward, 2016</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaird2001" class="citation journal cs1">Laird, A. (2001). "Ringing the Changes on Gyges: Philosophy and the Formation of Fiction in Plato's Republic". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Hellenic Studies">Journal of Hellenic Studies</a>. 121: 12–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F631825">10.2307/631825</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/631825">631825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170951759">170951759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Ringing+the+Changes+on+Gyges%3A+Philosophy+and+the+Formation+of+Fiction+in+Plato%27s+Republic&rft.volume=121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170951759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F631825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F631825&rft.aulast=Laird&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luce-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luce_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luce_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luce_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuce1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_V._Luce" title="John V. Luce">Luce, John V.</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama/page/72">"The Literary Perspective"</a>. In Ramage, Edwin S. (ed.). Atlantis, Fact or Fiction?. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10482-3"><bdi>978-0-253-10482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Literary+Perspective&rft.btitle=Atlantis%2C+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-253-10482-3&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlantisfactorfi00rama%2Fpage%2F72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gwyn_Griffiths" title="J. Gwyn Griffiths">Griffiths, J. Gwyn</a> (1985). "Atlantis and Egypt". <a href="/wiki/Historia_(Antiquity_journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia (Antiquity journal)">Historia</a>. 34 (1): 3–28. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4435908">4435908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=Atlantis+and+Egypt&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4435908%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=J.+Gwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGörgemanns2000" class="citation journal cs1">Görgemanns, Herwig (2000). "Wahrheit und Fiktion in Platons Atlantis-Erzählung". Hermes. 128 (4): 405–419. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4477385">4477385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hermes&rft.atitle=Wahrheit+und+Fiktion+in+Platons+Atlantis-Erz%C3%A4hlung&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4477385%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rgemanns&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZangger1993" class="citation journal cs1">Zangger, Eberhard (1993). "Plato's Atlantis Account – A Distorted Recollection of the Trojan War". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 12 (1): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.1993.tb00283.x">10.1111/j.1468-0092.1993.tb00283.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Atlantis+Account+%E2%80%93+A+Distorted+Recollection+of+the+Trojan+War&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.1993.tb00283.x&rft.aulast=Zangger&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gill, Christopher (1979). "Plato's Atlantis Story and the Birth of Fiction". Philosophy and Literature. 3 (1): 64–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fphl.1979.0005">10.1353/phl.1979.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170851163">170851163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.atitle=Plato%27s+Atlantis+Story+and+the+Birth+of+Fiction&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fphl.1979.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170851163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naddaf-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Naddaf_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNaddaf1994" class="citation journal cs1">Naddaf, Gerard (1994). "The Atlantis Myth: An Introduction to Plato's Later Philosophy of History". <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(classics_journal)" title="Phoenix (classics journal)">Phoenix</a>. 48 (3): 189–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3693746">10.2307/3693746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3693746">3693746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=The+Atlantis+Myth%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plato%27s+Later+Philosophy+of+History&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3693746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3693746%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Naddaf&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, K. A. (1998). "Designer History: Plato's Atlantis Story and Fourth-Century Ideology". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Hellenic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Hellenic Studies">Journal of Hellenic Studies</a>. 118 (1): 101–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F632233">10.2307/632233</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/632233">632233</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162318214">162318214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.atitle=Designer+History%3A+Plato%27s+Atlantis+Story+and+Fourth-Century+Ideology&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162318214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F632233%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F632233&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Plato's <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a> is usually dated 360 BC; it was followed by his <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-ley196706-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ley196706_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ley196706_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ley196706_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLey1967" class="citation magazine cs1">Ley, Willy (June 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n05_1967-06_modified#page/n37/mode/2up">"Another Look at Atlantis"</a>. For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 74–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Another+Look+at+Atlantis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1967-06&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v25n05_1967-06_modified%23page%2Fn37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlato" class="citation web cs1">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D24e">"Timaeus"</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gregg_Bury" title="Robert Gregg Bury">R. G. Bury</a>. Loeb Classical Library. Section 24e-25a.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timaeus&rft.pages=Section+24e-25a&rft.pub=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0180%253Atext%253DTim.%253Asection%253D24e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9010107/Atlantis">"Atlantis—Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 29 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantis%E2%80%94Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9010107%2FAtlantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Also it has been interpreted that Plato or someone before him in the chain of the oral or written tradition of the report, accidentally changed the very similar Greek words for "bigger than" ("meson") and "between" ("mezon") – <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLuce1969" class="citation book cs1">Luce, J.V. (1969). The End of Atlantis – New Light on an Old Legend. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Atlantis+%E2%80%93+New+Light+on+an+Old+Legend&rft.place=London&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Luce&rft.aufirst=J.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> The name is a back-formation from Gades, the Greek name for <a href="/wiki/Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadiz">Cadiz</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlato_(360_BCE)" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (360 BCE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html">"Timaeus"</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Benjamin Jowett</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timaeus&rft.au=Plato+%28360+BCE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FPlato%2Ftimaeus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Castleden 2001, p. 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Castleden 2001, pp. 156–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Rudberg" title="Gunnar Rudberg">Rudberg, G.</a> (1917/2012). Atlantis och Syrakusai, 1917; English: Atlantis and Syracuse, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8482-2822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8482-2822-5">978-3-8482-2822-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz-G%C3%BCnther_Nesselrath" title="Heinz-Günther Nesselrath">Nesselrath, HG</a> (2005). 'Where the Lord of the Sea Grants Passage to Sailors through the Deep-blue Mere no More: The Greeks and the Western Seas', Greece & Rome, vol. 52, pp. 153–171 [pp. 161–171]. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlato" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Plato. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0179%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D24a">"Timaeus"</a>. Perseus Digital Library (in Ancient Greek). Section 24a. Retrieved 25 August 2021. <q>τὰ γράμματα λαβόντες</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perseus+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Timaeus&rft.pages=Section+24a&rft.au=Plato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0179%253Atext%253DTim.%253Asection%253D24a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Cameron 2002[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Castleden 2001, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron_1983-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_1983_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron_1983_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron1983" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1983). "Crantor and Posidonius on Atlantis". The Classical Quarterly. New Series. 33 (1): 81–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009838800034315">10.1017/S0009838800034315</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170592886">170592886</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Crantor+and+Posidonius+on+Atlantis&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009838800034315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170592886%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Muck, Otto Heinrich, The Secret of Atlantis, Translation by Fred Bradley of Alles über Atlantis (Econ Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf-Wien, 1976), Times Books, a division of Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., Inc., New York<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-82392-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-82392-4">978-0-671-82392-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Proclus" title="Proclus">Proclus</a>, Commentary on Plato's Timaeus, pp. 117.10–30 (=FGrHist 671 F 1), trans. Taylor, Nesselrath. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Strabo 2.3.6 </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis,_J.L_1990-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_J.L_1990_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis,_J.L_1990_38-1">b</a> Davis, J.L. and Cherry, J.F., (1990) "Spatial and temporal uniformitarianism in LCI: Perspectives from Kea and Melos on the prehistory of Akrotiri" in Hardy, D.A and Renfrew, A.C. (Eds)(1990) "Thera and the Aegean World III, Proceedings of the Third International Conference, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989" (Thera Foundation) </li> <li id="cite_note-Castleden,_Rodney_1998_p6-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden,_Rodney_1998_p6_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Castleden,_Rodney_1998_p6_39-1">b</a> Castleden, Rodney (1998), "Atlantis Destroyed" (Routledge), p6 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Fitzpatrick-Matthews, Keith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmatthews.org.uk/cult_archaeology/lost_continents.html">Lost Continents: Atlantis</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/DiodorusSiculus4A.html">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica" title="Bibliotheca historica">Bibliotheca historica</a> – <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> 4.56.4: "And the writers even offer proofs of these things, pointing out that the Celts who dwell along the ocean venerate the Dioscori above any of the gods, since they have a tradition handed down from ancient times that these gods appeared among them coming from the ocean. Moreover, the country which skirts the ocean bears, they say, not a few names which are derived from the Argonauts and the Dioscori." </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> T. Franke, Aristotle and Atlantis, 2012; pp. 131–133 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book35.html">"Philo: On the Eternity of the World"</a>. Earlychristianwritings.com. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philo%3A+On+the+Eternity+of+the+World&rft.pub=Earlychristianwritings.com&rft.date=2006-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Fyonge%2Fbook35.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Lightfoot, translator, The Apostolic Fathers, II, 1885, p. 84, Edited & Revised by Michael W. Holmes, 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">De Camp, LS</a> (1954). <a href="/wiki/Lost_Continents" title="Lost Continents">Lost Continents: The Atlantis Theme in History, Science, and Literature</a>. New York: Gnome Press, p. 307. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22668-2">978-0-486-22668-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0401.htm">"Church Fathers: On the Pallium (Tertullian)"</a>. Newadvent.org. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Fathers%3A+On+the+Pallium+%28Tertullian%29&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0401.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf06.xii.iii.i.v.html">"ANF06. Fathers of the Third Century: Gregory Thaumaturgus, Dionysius the Great, Julius Africanus, Anatolius, and Minor Writers, Methodius, Arn"</a>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.atitle=ANF06.+Fathers+of+the+Third+Century%3A+Gregory+Thaumaturgus%2C+Dionysius+the+Great%2C+Julius+Africanus%2C+Anatolius%2C+and+Minor+Writers%2C+Methodius%2C+Arn&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf06.xii.iii.i.v.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indicopleustes2010-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Indicopleustes2010_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosmas_Indicopleustes2010" class="citation book cs1">Cosmas Indicopleustes (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC">The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01295-9"><bdi>978-1-108-01295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Topography+of+Cosmas%2C+an+Egyptian+Monk%3A+Translated+from+the+Greek%2C+and+Edited+with+Notes+and+Introduction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-108-01295-9&rft.au=Cosmas+Indicopleustes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCp9S9o5lj5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Pearse" class="citation web cs1">Roger Pearse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cosmas_12_book12.htm">"Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 374–385. Book 12"</a>. Tertullian.org. Retrieved 24 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmas+Indicopleustes%2C+Christian+Topography+%281897%29+pp.+374%E2%80%93385.+Book+12&rft.pub=Tertullian.org&rft.au=Roger+Pearse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fcosmas_12_book12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Donnelly, I</a> (1882). <a href="/wiki/Atlantis:_The_Antediluvian_World" title="Atlantis: The Antediluvian World">Atlantis: The Antediluvian World</a>, New York: Harper & Bros. Retrieved 6 November 2001, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=4032">Project Gutenberg</a> p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, KL.</a> Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, Mountain View, Mayfield 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1">978-0-07-811697-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoopes_2011-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoopes_2011_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoopes_2011_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoopes_2011_52-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoopes,_John_W.2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoopes, John W. (2011). "Mayanism Comes of (New) Age". In Joseph Gelfer (ed.). 2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse. London: Equinox Publishing. pp. 38–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-639-8"><bdi>978-1-84553-639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mayanism+Comes+of+%28New%29+Age&rft.btitle=2012%3A+Decoding+the+Counterculture+Apocalypse&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84553-639-8&rft.au=Hoopes%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrtelius1596" class="citation book cs1">Ortelius, Abraham (1596). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWhXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PARA1-PR24">"Gadiricus"</a>. Thesaurus Geographicus. Antwerp: Plantin. Retrieved 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gadiricus&rft.btitle=Thesaurus+Geographicus&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pub=Plantin&rft.date=1596&rft.aulast=Ortelius&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAWhXAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPARA1-PR24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCallahan,_TimFriedhoffer,_BobPat_Linse2001" class="citation journal cs1">Callahan, Tim; Friedhoffer, Bob; Pat Linse (2001). "The Search for Atlantis!". Skeptic. 8 (4): 96. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1063-9330">1063-9330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Atlantis%21&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1063-9330&rft.au=Callahan%2C+Tim&rft.au=Friedhoffer%2C+Bob&rft.au=Pat+Linse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoopes,_John_W.2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoopes, John W. (2011). "Mayanism Comes of (New) Age". In Joseph Gelfer (ed.). 2012: Decoding the Counterculture Apocalypse. London: Equinox Publishing. pp. 38–59 [p. 46]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84553-639-8"><bdi>978-1-84553-639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mayanism+Comes+of+%28New%29+Age&rft.btitle=2012%3A+Decoding+the+Counterculture+Apocalypse&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38-59+p.+46&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84553-639-8&rft.au=Hoopes%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_R._Tripp2004" class="citation book cs1">Evans, R. Tripp (2004). Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70247-9"><bdi>978-0-292-70247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romancing+the+Maya%3A+Mexican+Antiquity+in+the+American+Imagination%2C+1820%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70247-9&rft.au=Evans%2C+R.+Tripp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans,_R._Tripp2004" class="citation book cs1">Evans, R. Tripp (2004). Romancing the Maya: Mexican Antiquity in the American Imagination, 1820–1915. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 141–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70247-9"><bdi>978-0-292-70247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Romancing+the+Maya%3A+Mexican+Antiquity+in+the+American+Imagination%2C+1820%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70247-9&rft.au=Evans%2C+R.+Tripp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrunhouse,_Robert_L.1973" class="citation book cs1">Brunhouse, Robert L. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmayafi00brun/page/153">In Search of the Maya: The First Archaeologists</a>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofmayafi00brun/page/153">153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0276-2"><bdi>978-0-8263-0276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Maya%3A+The+First+Archaeologists&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0276-2&rft.au=Brunhouse%2C+Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofmayafi00brun%2Fpage%2F153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Donnelly 1941: 192–203 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Stephen1991" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stephen (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fantasticarchaeo00will">Fantastic Archaeology: The Wild Side of North American Prehistory</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fantasticarchaeo00will/page/137">137–138</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-8238-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-8238-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-8238-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantastic+Archaeology%3A+The+Wild+Side+of+North+American+Prehistory&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=137-138&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-8238-2&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffantasticarchaeo00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Jordan, Paul (2006). "Esoteric Egypt". In Garrett G. Fagan. Archaeological Fantasies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 23–46. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30593-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30593-8">978-0-415-30593-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFortune" class="citation web cs1">Fortune, Dion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourladyisgod.com/images/eBooks/Dion_Fortune_-_Esoteric_Orders_And_Their_Work_cd6_id1971727491_size183.pdf">"Esoteric Orders and Their Work"</a> (PDF). ourladyisgod.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ourladyisgod.com/images/eBooks/Dion_Fortune_-_Esoteric_Orders_And_Their_Work_cd6_id1971727491_size183.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ourladyisgod.com&rft.atitle=Esoteric+Orders+and+Their+Work&rft.aulast=Fortune&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourladyisgod.com%2Fimages%2FeBooks%2FDion_Fortune_-_Esoteric_Orders_And_Their_Work_cd6_id1971727491_size183.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edelstein_2006:_268-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edelstein_2006:_268_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edelstein_2006:_268_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdelstein,_Dan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Edelstein, Dan (2006). "Hyperborean Atlantis: Jean-Sylvain Bailly, Madame Blavatsky, and the Nazi Myth". Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture. 35: 267–291 [p. 268]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsec.2010.0055">10.1353/sec.2010.0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-2370">0360-2370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144152893">144152893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Eighteenth-Century+Culture&rft.atitle=Hyperborean+Atlantis%3A+Jean-Sylvain+Bailly%2C+Madame+Blavatsky%2C+and+the+Nazi+Myth&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=267-291+p.+268&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144152893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0360-2370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsec.2010.0055&rft.au=Edelstein%2C+Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRatner.2018" class="citation news cs1">Ratner., Paul (26 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/culture-religion/why-the-nazis-were-obsessed-with-finding-the-lost-city-of-atlantis">"Why the Nazis were obsessed with finding the lost city of Atlantis"</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+the+Nazis+were+obsessed+with+finding+the+lost+city+of+Atlantis&rft.date=2018-11-26&rft.aulast=Ratner.&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fculture-religion%2Fwhy-the-nazis-were-obsessed-with-finding-the-lost-city-of-atlantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-36-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell-36_65-0">^</a> Powell, The Solar System, pp. 25–26. (Ch. 36. "The second Atlantean sub-race: the Tlavatli".) </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-39-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell-39_66-0">^</a> Powell, The Solar System, pp. 252–263. (Ch. 39. "Ancient Peru: A Toltec remnant".) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unariunwisdom.com/the-seven-root-races/">"Root races"</a>. Uranian Wisdom. 11 August 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uranian+Wisdom&rft.atitle=Root+races&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unariunwisdom.com%2Fthe-seven-root-races%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Joscelyn Godwin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26v0qQcI0vwC&pg=PA37">Arktos: The Polar Myth in Science, Symbolism, and Nazi Survival</a>, Kempton ILL 1996, pp. 37–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Rosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Alfred Rosenberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwporter.com/mythos.htm">"Excerpts from "The Myth of the Twentieth Century""</a>. cwporter.com. Retrieved 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cwporter.com&rft.atitle=Excerpts+from+%22The+Myth+of+the+Twentieth+Century%22&rft.au=Alfred+Rosenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwporter.com%2Fmythos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901224225/http://www.kheper.net/topics/Theosophy/root_races.html">"The Theosophical Root Races"</a>. Kepher. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kheper.net/topics/Theosophy/root_races.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2018. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kepher&rft.atitle=The+Theosophical+Root+Races&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kheper.net%2Ftopics%2FTheosophy%2Froot_races.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See Tillett, Gregory John <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a> (1854–1934), a biographical study. Ph.D. Thesis. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a>, Department of Religious Studies, Sydney, 1986 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlnotes.htm">p. 985</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141130034314/http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlnotes.htm">Archived</a> 30 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCayce,_Edgar_Evans1968" class="citation book cs1">Cayce, Edgar Evans (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarcayceonatla00cayc_018">Edgar Cayce on Atlantis</a>. New York and Boston: Grand Central Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edgarcayceonatla00cayc_018/page/n13">27</a>–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-35102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-35102-7"><bdi>978-0-446-35102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edgar+Cayce+on+Atlantis&rft.place=New+York+and+Boston&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-446-35102-7&rft.au=Cayce%2C+Edgar+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedgarcayceonatla00cayc_018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunnelsMurray,_Priscilla2004" class="citation book cs1">Runnels, Curtis; Murray, Priscilla (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rg4rTjo0OCQC&pg=PA130">Greece Before History: An Archaeological Companion and Guide</a>. Stanford: Stanford UP. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4036-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4036-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4036-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+Before+History%3A+An+Archaeological+Companion+and+Guide&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Stanford+UP&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4036-4&rft.aulast=Runnels&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft.au=Murray%2C+Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drg4rTjo0OCQC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> J. Annas, Plato: A Very Short Introduction (OUP 2003), p. 42 (emphasis not in the original) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Timaeus 25e, Jowett translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Feder" title="Kenneth Feder">Feder, KL.</a> Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries: Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology, Mountain View, Mayfield 1999, p. 164 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-811697-1">978-0-07-811697-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Collina-Girard, Jacques, L'Atlantide retrouvée: enquête scientifique autour d'un mythe (Paris: Belin – pour la science, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Valente Poddighe, Paolo. Atlantide Sardegna: Isola dei Faraoni (Atlantis Sardinia: Island of the Pharaohs). Stampacolor </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Frau, Sergio. Le Colonne d'Ercole. Un'inchiesta. La prima geografia. Tutt'altra storia. Nur Neon 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvin2015" class="citation web cs1">Evin, Florence (15 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/15/bronze-age-sardinia-archaeology-atlantis">"Was Sardinia home to the mythical civilisation of Atlantis?"</a>. The Guardian. 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Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures. 10(2): 10-17. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Mauro Tulli, "The Atlantis poem in the Timaeus-Critias", in The Platonic Art of Philosophy, Cambridge University 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXRGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">pp. 269–282</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> "The following papyrus, 1359, which Grenfell and Hunt identified as also from the Catalogue, is regarded by C. Robert as part of a separate epic, which he calls Atlantis." Bell, H. Idris, "Bibliography: Graeco-Roman Egypt A. Papyri (1915–1919)", The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr. 1920), pp. 119–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> P.Oxy. 1359. See Carl Robert (1917): Eine epische Atlantias, Hermes, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul. 1917), pp. 477–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>, Life of Plotinus, 7=35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nesselrath_1998_pp._1-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nesselrath_1998_pp._1_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nesselrath_1998_pp._1_121-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinz-G%C3%BCnther_Nesselrath" title="Heinz-Günther Nesselrath">Nesselrath, HG</a> (1998). 'Theopomps Meropis und Platon: Nachahmung und Parodie', Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft, vol. 1, pp. 1–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeyrick1687" class="citation book cs1">Heyrick, Thomas (1687). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A43565.0001.001?view=toc">The New Atlantis: A Poem, in Three Books</a>. London: Privately printed. Retrieved 11 June 2024 – via Early English Books Online, University of Michigan Library Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Atlantis%3A+A+Poem%2C+in+Three+Books&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Privately+printed&rft.date=1687&rft.aulast=Heyrick&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fe%2Feebo%2FA43565.0001.001%3Fview%3Dtoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/secretmemoirsman00manl#page/n5/mode/2up">"Archived online"</a>. 1709.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+online&rft.date=1709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsecretmemoirsman00manl%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Nováková, Soňa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phil.muni.cz/angl/thepes/thepes_02_17.pdf">pp. 121–6 "Sex and Politics: Delarivier Manley's New Atalantis"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=dul1.ark:/13960/t3vt2bh65;view=1up;seq=7">Online edition</a>. Grosset & Dunlap. April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Online+edition&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Ddul1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3vt2bh65%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Boris Thomson, Lot's Wife and the Venus of Milo: Conflicting Attitudes to the Cultural Heritage in Modern Russia, Cambridge University 1978, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3UTbrInnAoC&pg=PA77">pp. 77–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ancientatlantis00mansgoog#page/n15/mode/2up">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Robert Hughes, Barcelona, London 1992, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJd9esHdz5YC&q=Atlantida+%22poem%22&pg=PA341">pp. 341–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Isidor Cònsul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visat.cat/traduccions-literatura-catalana/eng/ressenyes/85/122/0/3/poesia/jacint-verdaguer.html">"The translations of Verdaguer</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Obras Poeticas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/3202277#page/151/mode/2up/search/atlantida">pp. 151–166</a>; there is a translation of canto 8 by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetrynook.com/poem/atl%E2%94%9C%C3%ADntida">Elijah Clarence Hills</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Los Trovadores de México (Barcelona, 1898), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MwpAAAAYAAJ&dq=Tablada+%22De+Atl%C3%A1ntida%22&pg=PA413">pp.383-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoensen2002" class="citation journal cs1">Joensen, Leyvoy (2002). "Atlantis, Bábylon, Tórshavn: The Djurhuus Brothers and William Heinesen in Faroese Literary History". Scandinavian Studies. 74 (2): 181–204 [esp. 192–4]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40920372">40920372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=Atlantis%2C+B%C3%A1bylon%2C+T%C3%B3rshavn%3A+The+Djurhuus+Brothers+and+William+Heinesen+in+Faroese+Literary+History&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-204+esp.+192-4&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40920372%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Joensen&rft.aufirst=Leyvoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/f/the_lost_atlantis.html">"Black Cat poems"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black+Cat+poems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackcatpoems.com%2Ff%2Fthe_lost_atlantis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litscape.com/author/Ella_Wheeler_Wilcox/The_Lost_Land.html">"Litscape"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Litscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litscape.com%2Fauthor%2FElla_Wheeler_Wilcox%2FThe_Lost_Land.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422224620/https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/atlantis%E2%80%94-lost-sonnet">"Poets.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/atlantis%E2%80%94-lost-sonnet">the original</a> on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poets.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fpoetsorg%2Fpoem%2Fatlantis%25E2%2580%2594-lost-sonnet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Google Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/charles-bewley/atlantis-the-newdigate-prize-poem-1910-lwe/1-atlantis-the-newdigate-prize-poem-1910-lwe.shtml">p. 11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Gary Catalano, Heaven of Rags, Sydney 1982, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/catalano-gary/atlantis-0359028">Australian Poetry Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423174323/http://www.poetrylibrary.edu.au/poets/catalano-gary/atlantis-0359028">Archived</a> 23 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poeticous.com/w-h-auden/atlantis-1">""Atlantis""</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Atlantis%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poeticous.com%2Fw-h-auden%2Fatlantis-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Costello" title="Bonnie Costello">Bonnie Costello</a>, "Setting out for Atlantis", from Auden at Work, Palgrave Macmillan 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AauhCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA133">pp. 133–53</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> In two parts at Black Cat Poems; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/t/atlantis_part_i.html">part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackcatpoems.com/t/atlantis_part_ii.html">part 2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDryden1998" class="citation book cs1">Dryden, J. L. (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ3eIcpA4coC">Mona, Queen of Lost Atlantis</a>. Health Research Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7873-0298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7873-0298-6"><bdi>978-0-7873-0298-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mona%2C+Queen+of+Lost+Atlantis&rft.pub=Health+Research+Books&rft.date=1998-12&rft.isbn=978-0-7873-0298-6&rft.aulast=Dryden&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZ3eIcpA4coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Archived online, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantisotherpoe00hosk">pp. 7–127</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lostislandatlant00flet/lostislandatlant00flet_djvu.txt">"Archived online"</a>. 1895.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+online&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flostislandatlant00flet%2Flostislandatlant00flet_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t5q81xg08;view=1up;seq=9">Hathi Trust</a>. The Brooks Company. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hathi+Trust&rft.pub=The+Brooks+Company&rft.date=1897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dloc.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft5q81xg08%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPichler2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Pichler, Madeleine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://othes.univie.ac.at/25256/1/2013-01-21_0401826.pdf#page=27">Atlantis als Motiv in der russischen Literatur des 20. Jahrhunderts</a> (PDF) (M.A. thesis). Vienna University. pp. 27–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508181855/https://othes.univie.ac.at/25256/1/2013-01-21_0401826.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Atlantis+als+Motiv+in+der+russischen+Literatur+des+20.+Jahrhunderts&rft.inst=Vienna+University&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pichler&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fothes.univie.ac.at%2F25256%2F1%2F2013-01-21_0401826.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Pichler, pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> There is a performance on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LbO0U3BMEfo">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Symphony 4, of which there is a performance on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TZN83Q11GZg">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/1538965/a/nanes%3A+symphonies+no+1+%26+2+%2F+keith+clark,+london+po.htm">Symphony 1</a>, "Atlantis, the sunken city", recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra during the 1990s </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> A performance on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvUUfewPZa8">YouTube</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prestoclassical.co.uk/w/122552">"Presto Classical"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presto+Classical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prestoclassical.co.uk%2Fw%2F122552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> The Heritage Encyclopedia of Band Music by William H. Rehrig, ed. by Paul Bierley. Westerville OH: Integrity Press, 1991. vol. 2, pp. 655–656 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Beaumont, Antony (2001), in <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Holden_(writer)" title="Amanda Holden (writer)">Holden, Amanda</a> (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-140-29312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-140-29312-4">0-140-29312-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaras1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEa_Karas" title="Joža Karas">Karas, Joža</a> (1990). Music in Terezín, 1941–1945. Hillsdale, New York: Pendragon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Terez%C3%ADn%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Hillsdale%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Pendragon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Karas&rft.aufirst=Jo%C5%BEa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Unknown author (26 April 1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/apr/26/archive-1977-death-takes-holiday">"From the archive: Death takes a holiday"</a>, The Guardian (London), 26 April 1977; reprinted on 26 April 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2009" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Pamela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/69111">Cultural Memory and Survival: The Russian Renaissance of Classical Antiquity in the Twentieth Century</a>. Studies in Russia and Eastern Europe. Vol. 6. London, UK: School of Slavonic and East European Studies, UCL. pp. 5–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Memory+and+Survival%3A+The+Russian+Renaissance+of+Classical+Antiquity+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.series=Studies+in+Russia+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=School+of+Slavonic+and+East+European+Studies%2C+UCL&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F69111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2452/3695419751_47fc7eecd1_b.jpg">"Flicker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flicker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fc1.staticflickr.com%2F3%2F2452%2F3695419751_47fc7eecd1_b.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://previews.123rf.com/images/shufu/shufu1212/shufu121200021/17025830-Atlantis-Ivan-Mestrovic-bronze-sculpture-1946-Stock-Photo.jpg">"View online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=View+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpreviews.123rf.com%2Fimages%2Fshufu%2Fshufu1212%2Fshufu121200021%2F17025830-Atlantis-Ivan-Mestrovic-bronze-sculpture-1946-Stock-Photo.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Meštrović, Matthew, "Meštrović's American Experience", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiacroatica.org/jcs/24/2411.htm">Journal of Croatian Studies, XXIV, 1983</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherforecast.co.uk/europe/croatia/the-metrovi-gallery-17403.html">"Meštrović Gallery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherforecast.co.uk%2Feurope%2Fcroatia%2Fthe-metrovi-gallery-17403.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brusselspictures.com/wp-content/photos/statues/de-man-van-atlantis.JPG">"Brussels Pictures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brussels+Pictures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselspictures.com%2Fwp-content%2Fphotos%2Fstatues%2Fde-man-van-atlantis.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Kunstbus article quoting <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunstbus.nl/kunst/luk+van+soom.html">"Luk van Soom"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216221819/http://www.kunstbus.nl/kunst/luk+van+soom.html">Archived</a> 16 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107223810/http://www.robertsmithson.com/photoworks/hc_atlantis_300.htm">"Hypothetical Continent – Map of Broken Clear Glass: Atlantis"</a>. Robert Smithson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertsmithson.com/photoworks/hc_atlantis_300.htm">the original</a> on 7 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robert+Smithson&rft.atitle=Hypothetical+Continent+%E2%80%93+Map+of+Broken+Clear+Glass%3A+Atlantis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertsmithson.com%2Fphotoworks%2Fhc_atlantis_300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worleygig.com/2015/07/27/modern-art-monday-presents-robert-smithson-map-of-broken-glass-atlantis">"Dia Beacon Gallery"</a>. 27 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dia+Beacon+Gallery&rft.date=2015-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworleygig.com%2F2015%2F07%2F27%2Fmodern-art-monday-presents-robert-smithson-map-of-broken-glass-atlantis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321063927/http://robertsmithson.com/drawings/map_of_broken_glass_374.htm">"Artist's site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertsmithson.com/drawings/map_of_broken_glass_374.htm">the original</a> on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artist%27s+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.robertsmithson.com%2Fdrawings%2Fmap_of_broken_glass_374.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atlantis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atlantis">Atlantis</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/atlantis" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/atlantis">atlantis</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> Ancient sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jowett" title="Benjamin Jowett">Benjamin Jowett</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1572">Project Gutenberg</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180&layout=&loc=Tim.+1a">alternative version</a> with commentary.</li> <li>Plato, <a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a>, translated by Benjamin Jowett at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1571">Project Gutenberg</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180&layout=&loc=Criti.+106a">alternative version</a> with commentary.</li></ul> Modern sources <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCalvo1997" class="citation book cs1">Calvo, T., ed. (1997). Interpreting the Timaeus-Critias, Proceedings of the IV. Symposium Platonicum in Granada September 1995. Academia St. Augustin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89665-004-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89665-004-7"><bdi>978-3-89665-004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Timaeus-Critias%2C+Proceedings+of+the+IV.+Symposium+Platonicum+in+Granada+September+1995&rft.pub=Academia+St.+Augustin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-89665-004-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastleden2001" class="citation book cs1">Castleden, Rodney (2001). Atlantis Destroyed. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24759-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24759-7"><bdi>978-0-415-24759-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantis+Destroyed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24759-7&rft.aulast=Castleden&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForsyth1980" class="citation book cs1">Forsyth, P. Y. (1980). Atlantis: The Making of Myth. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0355-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-0355-7"><bdi>978-0-7735-0355-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantis%3A+The+Making+of+Myth&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-0355-7&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=P.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGill1980" class="citation book cs1">Gill, C. (1980). Plato, The Atlantis Story: Timaeus 17–27 Critias. Bristol Classical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-59-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906515-59-4"><bdi>978-0-906515-59-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plato%2C+The+Atlantis+Story%3A+Timaeus+17%E2%80%9327+Critias&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-906515-59-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan1994" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantissyndrome0000jord">The Atlantis Syndrome</a>. Stroud: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3518-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-3518-0"><bdi>978-0-7509-3518-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantis+Syndrome&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-3518-0&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlantissyndrome0000jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamage1978" class="citation book cs1">Ramage, E. S., ed. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantisfactorfi00rama">Atlantis: Fact or Fiction?</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-10482-3"><bdi>978-0-253-10482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantis%3A+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-253-10482-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlantisfactorfi00rama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVidal-Naquet2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vidal-Naquet" title="Pierre Vidal-Naquet">Vidal-Naquet, Pierre</a> (2007). The Atlantis Story: A Short History of Plato's Myth. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85989-805-8"><bdi>978-0-85989-805-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantis+Story%3A+A+Short+History+of+Plato%27s+Myth&rft.place=Exeter&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85989-805-8&rft.aulast=Vidal-Naquet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plato_navbox" title="Template talk:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plato_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plato navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plato135" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Of_doubtfulauthenticity27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of doubtful authenticity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_(Plato)" title="Definitions (Plato)">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigrams_(Plato)" title="Epigrams (Plato)">Epigrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistles_(Plato)" title="Epistles (Plato)">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Letter" title="Seventh Letter">Seventh Letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_epistemology" title="Platonic epistemology">Platonic epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anamnesis_(philosophy)" title="Anamnesis (philosophy)">Amanesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_madness" title="Divine madness">Theia mania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">Theory of Forms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_theory_of_soul" title="Plato's theory of soul">Theory of soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">Plato's political philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_solid" title="Platonic solid">Platonic solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">Anima mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperuranion" title="Hyperuranion">Hyperuranion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_interpretations_of_Plato" title="Allegorical interpretations of Plato">Allegories and metaphors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Gyges" title="Ring of Gyges">Ring of Gyges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_cave" title="Allegory of the cave">The Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_divided_line" title="Analogy of the divided line">The Divided Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_of_the_Sun" title="Analogy of the Sun">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_of_State" title="Ship of State">Ship of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_of_Er" title="Myth of Er">Myth of Er</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Plato" title="Life of Plato">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">The Academy in Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_unwritten_doctrines" title="Plato's unwritten doctrines">Unwritten doctrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_of_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues">List of manuscripts of Plato's dialogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_influence_of_Plato%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural influence of Plato's Republic">Cultural influence of Plato's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Gnosticism" title="Neoplatonism and Gnosticism">Neoplatonism and Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_Plato" title="Commentaries on Plato">Commentaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">and Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri#Greek" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">Oxyrhynchus Papyri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_23" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_24" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_228" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 228">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_229" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 229">229</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_Dream" title="Plato's Dream">Plato's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitier_Meets_Plato" title="Poitier Meets Plato">Poitier Meets Plato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continents_of_Earth513" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continents_of_Earth513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li>Other prehistoric continents <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait_proto-microcontinent" title="Davis Strait proto-microcontinent">Davis Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockall_Basin" title="Rockall Basin">Rockall Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>Possible future supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/15px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/23px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, 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