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<form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spécial:Recherche"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" aria-label="Rechercher sur Wikipédia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture underground</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> type de culture alternative </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Langue" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Langue</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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</a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Underground_(culture)&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground (culture)">Underground (culture)</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Underground">Underground</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p>La <b>culture underground</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ou <b>culture alternative</b>, est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_culturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement culturel">mouvement culturel</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contreculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contreculture">contreculturel</a>, d'opposition à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industrie_culturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Industrie culturelle">industrie culturelle</a>, qui se place à l'écart des médias de masse, voire en marge de la société.</p> <div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-modere"> <figure class="mw-halign-right noviewer" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:%C3%80_sourcer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus."><img alt="Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a> <figcaption> Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. </figcaption> </figure> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/45px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/68px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg/90px-2017-fr.wp-orange-source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources</a></strong> <small>(<time class="nowrap" datetime="2012-06" data-sort-value="2012-06">juin 2012</time>).</small></p> <p>Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les <b>références utiles à sa <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V%C3%A9rifiabilit%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Vérifiabilité">vérifiabilité</a></b> et en les liant à la section « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence">Notes et références</a> ».</p> <p><b>En pratique :</b> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Citez_vos_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Qualit%C3%A9_des_sources" title="Wikipédia:Citez vos sources">Quelles sources sont attendues ?</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Ins%C3%A9rer_une_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_(%C3%89diteur_visuel)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Insérer une référence (Éditeur visuel)">Comment ajouter mes sources ?</a></p> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/220px-Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/330px-Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg/440px-Streetfotografie_punks_philipp_von_ostau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="800"></a> <figcaption> Photo de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mode_punk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mode punk">mode punk</a> en 2011. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#D%C3%A9finition"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Définition</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historique"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Historique</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#En_France"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">En France</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Annexes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Annexes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Articles_connexes"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles connexes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Définition"><span id="D.C3.A9finition"></span>Définition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Définition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>L’<i>underground</i> rassemble des individus et des cultures en marge des habitudes culturelles dites <i>« <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/mainstream" class="extiw" title="wikt:mainstream">mainstream</a> »</i>, largement relayées par les <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9dias_de_masse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Médias de masse">médias de masse</a> et les institutions de leurs époques<sup id="cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nightlife-mag.net-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>On y trouve souvent des critiques des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Normes_sociales?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Normes sociales">normes sociales</a>, des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morale">morales</a>, des codes inhérents à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organisation_sociale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organisation sociale">organisation sociale</a> qui y est parfois <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/conspu%25C3%25A9e" class="extiw" title="wikt:conspuée">conspuée</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, ainsi que des techniques de communication et des réseaux de diffusion alternatifs aux moyens traditionnels (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanzine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanzine">fanzines</a> plutôt que grande presse, vente ou échange lors d'événements plutôt que commerce par <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grande_distribution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grande distribution">grande distribution</a>, usage des réseaux darknets (Zeronet, Tor, I2P, Freenet..) plutôt que de l'Internet "clearnet", exaltation du « <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Do_it_yourself?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Do it yourself">do it yourself</a></i> » et de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autogestion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autogestion">autogestion</a>).</p> <p>Cette exclusion du système courant n'est cependant pas systématiquement délibérée, et l'engagement sociopolitique n'est que facultatif. On peut ainsi également considérer comme <i>underground</i> tout milieu associé à de quelconques comportements <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%A9viance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Déviance">déviants</a><sup id="cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nightlife-mag.net-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les mouvements <i>underground</i> se distinguent ainsi par un éloignement des cultures et des médias de masse et, d'autre part, par des valeurs véhiculées souvent considérées comme n'étant pas socialement ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politiquement_correct?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politiquement correct">politiquement correctes</a>, voire <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Subversion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Subversion">subversives</a>.</p> <p>Leurs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protagoniste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protagoniste">protagonistes</a> tiennent souvent à rester dans l'ombre ; un certain <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89litisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Élitisme">élitisme</a> se développe parfois, chacun voulant rester en compagnie d'autres personnes partageant les mêmes passions sans que ces dernières ne soient <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/galvaud%25C3%25A9es" class="extiw" title="wikt:galvaudées">galvaudées</a> par un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Effet_de_mode?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Effet de mode">effet de mode</a>, dans le but, avoué, de conserver leur « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Identit%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Identité (sciences sociales)">identité culturelle</a> ». Les mouvements les plus importants <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Id%C3%A9ologie_punk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Idéologie punk">punk</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Techno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Techno">techno</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod_(sous-culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mod (sous-culture)">mods</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Skinhead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Skinhead">skinhead</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heavy_metal_traditionnel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heavy metal traditionnel">metal</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_gothique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement gothique">gothique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rap_underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap underground">rap underground</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>adoptent des codes propres et, ainsi, très paradoxalement, tendent à s'uniformiser.</p> <p>Sujet à de nombreux stéréotypes et poncifs <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sensationnalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sensationnalisme">sensationnalistes</a>, ces <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_culturel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement culturel">mouvements culturels</a> peinent parfois à exister, à long terme, au sein d'une société qui accepte difficilement, et parfois même <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9pression_politique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Répression politique">réprime</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, cet <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anticonformisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anticonformisme">anticonformisme</a> ; d'où cette <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Connotation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Connotation">connotation</a> de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A9volte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Révolte">révolte</a> et d'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insoumission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insoumission">insoumission</a> au terme : une résistance face au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monopole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monopole">monopole</a> de la culture uniforme<sup id="cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nightlife-mag.net-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>Les idéaux et principes d'un mouvement <i>underground</i> sont souvent exprimés artistiquement : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique">musique</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peinture_(art)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peinture (art)">peinture</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Littérature">littérature</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinéma">cinéma</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_performance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Art performance">performances</a>… et diffusés par le biais de médias spécifiques : <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanzine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanzine">fanzines</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presse_underground_des_ann%C3%A9es_1960_et_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presse underground des années 1960 et 1970">presse underground</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio libre">radios libres</a> et, depuis la création d’internet : sites web, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Forum_(informatique)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forum (informatique)">forums</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Historique">Historique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Historique" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-modere"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:Circle-icons-globe.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/17px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/17px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png" data-width="17" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/26px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Circle-icons-globe.svg/34px-Circle-icons-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell"> Cette section adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et doit être <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Internationalisation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Internationalisation">internationalisée</a><small> (juin 2012)</small>. </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="En_France">En France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : En France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Certes, les thèses de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greil_Marcus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greil Marcus">Greil Marcus</a> seraient d'un grand secours pour établir une histoire contemporaine de l'underground, c'est-à-dire depuis le début du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="XIXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>.</p> <p>Dans l'ouvrage <i>L'Étoile des Juifs</i>, de <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serge_Klarsfeld?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Serge Klarsfeld">Serge Klarsfeld</a>, l'auteur fait état des PV d'arrestations de français non soumis à l'obligation de porter l'étoile jaune, mais qui l'ont fait, pour certains, jusqu'au péril. Sur les insignes sérieux ou fantaisistes qu'épinglaient ces personnes, des mentions comme « Auvergnat » ou « <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zazou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zazou">Zazou</a> » (suivi d'un numéro). D'autre part, dans un discours du chef de la milice, visible dans le documentaire <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Chagrin_et_la_Piti%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Chagrin et la Pitié">Le Chagrin et la Pitié</a></i>, le terme « Zazou » est employé pour qualifier cette « pauvre France » réfractaire à l'ordre nouveau. En <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1962?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1962">1962</a>, à la question portant sur l'avenir de l'art et son évolution mercantile plutôt que spirituelle : <span class="citation">« What will happen to serious artists who hope to retain these qualities in their work (soit, en français : Qu'arrivera-t-il aux artistes sérieux qui souhaitent conserver ces qualités dans leur travail) »</span> le peintre <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> répond <span class="citation">« They will go underground (soit, en français : Ils seront <i>underground</i>) »</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>L'usage courant du terme, en France, son utilisation systématique (parfois à des fins publicitaires) est attribuable, si ce n'est à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bizot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-François Bizot">Jean-François Bizot</a> lui-même, du moins à une nébuleuse où les organes de presse qu'il a créés : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actuel_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuel (magazine)">Actuel</a></i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radio_Nova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radio Nova">Radio Nova</a>, <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nova_Mag&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nova Mag (page inexistante)">Nova Mag</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ont eu une part active. Il faut adjoindre à ceux-ci des publications comme <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlie_Mensuel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlie Mensuel">Charlie Mensuel</a></i> ou <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fluide_glacial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fluide glacial">Fluide glacial</a></i>.</p> <p>La diffusion de bande dessinée (fanzine) ne doit pas pour autant occulter d'autres vecteurs culturels comme la musique, à travers les labels <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saravah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saravah">Saravah</a> ou <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BYG_Records?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BYG Records">BYG Records</a>. Simplement, comme l'illustre une revue comme <i>Antirouille</i> (numéro consulté datant de 1978), tout un réseau de publications associatives nourrissait une scène contre-médiatique qualifiable de souterraine jusqu'à la libéralisation des ondes.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cnrtl.fr/lexicographie/underground?"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Underground - subst. masc. inv.</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">cnrtl.fr</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-nightlife-mag.net-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-1">b</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nightlife-mag.net_2-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="George2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolas_George2007">Nicolas George, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nightlife-mag.net/lifestyle-es-tu-underground--1946"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Es-tu underground ?</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">nightlife-mag.net</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-09-10" data-sort-value="2007-09-10">10 septembre 2007</time></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2001"><span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.webzinemaker.com/admi/m6/page.php3?num_web%3D1501%26rubr%3D4%26id%3D6111"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">Culture Underground</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.webzinemaker.com/admi/m6/page.php3?num_web%3D1501%26rubr%3D4%26id%3D6111">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.webzinemaker.com/admi/m6/page.php3?num_web%3D1501%26rubr%3D4%26id%3D6111">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.webzinemaker.com/admi/m6/page.php3?num_web%3D1501%26rubr%3D4%26id%3D6111">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.webzinemaker.com/admi/m6/page.php3?num_web%3D1501%26rubr%3D4%26id%3D6111">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span>, sur <span class="italique">webzinemaker.com</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2001-08-04" data-sort-value="2001-08-04">4 août 2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-05-23" data-sort-value="2015-05-23">23 mai 2015</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fringeli1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christoph_Fringeli1995"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Christoph_Fringeli&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Christoph Fringeli (page inexistante)">Christoph Fringeli</a>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://zerez.free.fr/texte/cercle1.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Briser le Cercle</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">zerez.fr</span>, <time>1995</time></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="gegekanai2005">gegekanai, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lenumerozero.lautre.net/spip.php?article660"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Répression policière sanglante- 1 mort et plus de 100 blessés</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">lenumerozero.lautre.net</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2005-08-17" data-sort-value="2005-08-17">17 août 2005</time></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <span class="noarchive">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/TheyWillGoUnderground.html"><cite style="font-style:normal; color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);" lang="en">They will go Underground - Citation attribuée à Duchamp en 1962</cite></a> »<sup class="plainlinks">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/TheyWillGoUnderground.html">Archive.org</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url%3Dhttp://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/TheyWillGoUnderground.html">Wikiwix</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.is/http://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/TheyWillGoUnderground.html">Archive.is</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?hl%3Dfr%26q%3Dcache:http://www.mailartist.com/johnheldjr/TheyWillGoUnderground.html">Google</a> • <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Projet:Correction_des_liens_externes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#J'ai_trouv%C3%A9_un_lien_mort,_que_faire_?" title="Projet:Correction des liens externes">Que faire ?</a>)</sup></span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_(culture)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Nova Mag</i>, titre « Paris undergound », décembre 2000 (à recouper)</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Annexes">Annexes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Annexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div style="column-width:30em;column-gap:1em;" class="colonnes"> <ul> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultures_alternatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultures alternatives">Cultures alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comics_underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comics underground">Comics underground</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fanzine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presse_underground_des_ann%C3%A9es_1960_et_1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presse underground des années 1960 et 1970">Presse underground des années 1960 et 1970</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e_alternative?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bande dessinée alternative">Bande dessinée alternative</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_punk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement punk">Punk</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rock_alternatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rock alternatif">Rock alternatif</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_alternatif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement alternatif">Mouvement alternatif</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mouvement_autonome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mouvement autonome">Mouvement autonome</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lausanne_Underground_Film_and_Music_Festival?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival">Lausanne Underground Film and Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Underground_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Weather_Underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Underground_Press_Syndicate&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Underground Press Syndicate (page inexistante)">Underground Press Syndicate</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Press_Syndicate" class="extiw" title="en:Underground Press Syndicate"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Underground Press Syndicate »">(en)</span></a> ("U.P.S.")</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whole_Earth_Catalog?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whole Earth Catalog">Whole Earth Catalog</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stewart_Brand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Haynes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Haynes">Jim Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Lebel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Jacques Lebel">Jean-Jacques Lebel</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actuel_(magazine)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Actuel (magazine)">Actuel (magazine)</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bizot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-François Bizot">Jean-François Bizot</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalogue_des_Ressources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalogue des Ressources">Catalogue des Ressources</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philippe_Bone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philippe Bone">Philippe Bone</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Alternatives?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Éditions Alternatives">Éditions Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contreculture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contreculture">Contreculture</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culture_libre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culture libre">Culture libre</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hacktivisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hacktivisme">Hacktivisme</a> - <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sous-culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sous-culture">sous-culture</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_Debord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a> et l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internationale_situationniste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internationale situationniste">Internationale situationniste</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Do_it_yourself?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Do it yourself">Do it yourself</a> (« Faites-le vous-même »)</li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_artisanal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinéma artisanal">Cinéma artisanal</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cinéma underground">Cinéma underground</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_improvis%C3%A9e?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Musique improvisée">Musique improvisée</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Musique_%C3%A9lectronique?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Musique électronique">Musique électronique</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Art_urbain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Art urbain">Art urbain</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sc%C3%A8ne_d%C3%A9mo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scène démo">Scène démo</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="noprint boite-grise boite-a-droite" style="text-align:left;"> <div style="float:left;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 45px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/45px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="45" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/68px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Circle-icons-frames.svg/90px-Circle-icons-frames.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </div> <div style="margin-left:60px;"> Une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Cat%C3%A9gorie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Catégorie">catégorie</a> est consacrée à ce sujet : <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Culture_underground?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catégorie:Culture underground">Culture underground</a></i>. </div> <div style="clear:left;"></div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://paris70.free.fr/">Mouvance des années 1970 à Paris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arte.tv/fr/art-musique/1860978.html">Soirée « théma » sur le thème de l'underground</a> sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arte">Arte</a> en hommage à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bizot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-François Bizot">Jean-François Bizot</a> (<time class="nowrap" datetime="2007-12-14" data-sort-value="2007-12-14">14 décembre 2007</time>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-l-atelier-de-la-creation-l-underground-musical-francais-post-68-et-pre-punk-2014-02-12">L'underground musical français post-68 et pré-punk</a> de Yves-Marie Mahé et Nathalie Salles dans l'Atelier de la création sur <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France Culture">France Culture</a></li> </ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <ul> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26392?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/4997921-8">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aut.nkp.cz/ph467676">Tchéquie</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail de la culture"> <noscript> <img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logo_culture.jpg/16px-Logo_culture.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="502"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logo_culture.jpg/16px-Logo_culture.jpg" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="16" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logo_culture.jpg/24px-Logo_culture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Logo_culture.jpg/32px-Logo_culture.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Culture">Portail de la culture</a></span> </span></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Ce document provient de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DCulture_underground%26oldid%3D219554213">https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&oldid=219554213</a> ». </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Culture_underground&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="PierrotdePont" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1729259194"> <span>Dernière modification le 18 octobre 2024, à 14:46</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Langues</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AB%25D9%2582%25D8%25A7%25D9%2581%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="ثقافة سرية – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة سرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeralt%25C4%25B1_m%25C9%2599d%25C9%2599niyy%25C9%2599t" title="Yeraltı mədəniyyət – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeraltı mədəniyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Андэрграўнд – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Андэрграўнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258D%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Андэграўнд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Андэграўнд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AA%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D1%258A%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Ъндърграунд – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ъндърграунд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(Kultur)" title="Underground (Kultur) – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Underground (Kultur)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA%25CF%2581%25CE%25AC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584" title="Αντεργκράουντ – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντεργκράουντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Underground culture" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrundaj_medioj" title="Subgrundaj medioj – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subgrundaj medioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_underground" title="Cultura underground – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura underground" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_kultura" title="Underground kultura – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Underground kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_underground" title="Cultura underground – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura underground" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A4%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A3%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A4" title="Անդերգրաունդ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անդերգրաունդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_underground" title="Cultura underground – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura underground" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2580%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2582%25B0%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589_(%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596)" title="アンダーグラウンド (文化) – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンダーグラウンド (文化)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Андеграунд – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Андеграунд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(cultuur)" title="Underground (cultuur) – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Underground (cultuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergrunn" title="Undergrunn – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Undergrunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_(kultura)" title="Underground (kultura) – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Underground (kultura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_underground" title="Cultura underground – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura underground" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Андеграунд – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андеграунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4_%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0" title="Андерграунд култура – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андерграунд култура" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground" title="Underground – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Underground" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeralt%25C4%25B1_k%25C3%25BClt%25C3%25BCr%25C3%25BC" title="Yeraltı kültürü – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeraltı kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2590%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2583%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B4" title="Андеграунд – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андеграунд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2583n_h%25C3%25B3a_underground" title="Văn hóa underground – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa underground" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 18 octobre 2024 à 14:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC 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