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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer operating system</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">BBN Time-Sharing System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg/300px-Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg/450px-Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg/600px-Ed_Fredkin_working_on_PDP-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="826" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ed Fredkin working on PDP-1, c. 1960</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1962<span class="noprint">; 62 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1962-09</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>BBN Time-Sharing System</b> was an early <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing system</a> created at <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt, Beranek and Newman</a> (BBN) for the <a href="/wiki/PDP-1" title="PDP-1">PDP-1</a> computer. It began operation in September 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BBN_Time-Sharing_System&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> left <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> to become a vice president at <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">Bolt Beranek and Newman</a> in 1957. He learned about <a href="/wiki/Time-sharing" title="Time-sharing">time-sharing</a> from <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Strachey" title="Christopher Strachey">Christopher Strachey</a> at a UNESCO-sponsored conference on Information Processing in Paris in June 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a>'s prototype PDP-1 was ready in November, 1959, and the machine was featured in the November/December issue of <i>Datamation</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BBNer <a href="/wiki/Ed_Fredkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ed Fredkin">Ed Fredkin</a> saw a prototype system at the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Joint_Computer_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Joint Computer Conference">Eastern Joint Computer Conference</a> in Boston in December 1959, and was extremely interested.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given BBN's interest, DEC's founder and President <a href="/wiki/Ken_Olsen" title="Ken Olsen">Ken Olsen</a> visited and explained that DEC had just completed construction of a prototype PDP-1, and that they needed a test site for a month. BBN agreed to be the test site, at its regular hourly rates, and then in early 1960 obtained the prototype PDP-1.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first production PDP-1 arrived in November 1960, and was formally accepted in April 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the PDP-1 installed at BBN, in 1960 Licklider took on <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> as consultants. McCarthy had been advocating for the concept of time-sharing computers since the same year, but had found slow progress at MIT. At BBN, Licklider and Fredkin were keenly interested. In particular, Fredkin insisted that "timesharing could be done on a small computer, namely, a PDP-1."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Fredkin recounts:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>John’s invention of time-sharing and his telling me about his ideas all occurred before the PDP-1 existed. When I first saw the PDP-1 at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, I realized that it was the perfect low-cost vehicle for implementing John's ideas. That is why I specified that several of the modifications for time sharing be part of the PDP-1b.</dd></dl> <p>McCarthy recalled in 1989:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>I kept arguing with him. I said "Well, you’d have to ... get an <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> system." And he said, "We can do that. You'd have to get some kind of swapper." I said “We can do that."</dd></dl> <p>Accordingly, a BBN team, largely led by Sheldon Boilen, built custom hardware add-ons to the company's second PDP-1 to provide an external interrupt system and a magnetic drum for swapping storage. To this end, BBN acquired the first <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_FASTRAND" title="UNIVAC FASTRAND">UNIVAC FASTRAND</a> rotating drum, with a 45-<a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">Mbyte</a> storage capacity and an access time of about 0.1 second.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Fall 1962, BBN conducted a public demonstration of the BBN Time-Sharing System, with one operator in Washington, D.C., and two in Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_support_for_time-sharing">Hardware support for time-sharing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BBN_Time-Sharing_System&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hardware support for time-sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As described in McCarthy et al., the computer's hardware was as follows: "The PDP-1 is a single address binary computer with an 18 bit <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word</a> and five <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microsecond</a> memory cycle; most instructions require ten microseconds to execute. The basic memory size is 4096 words, but up to 65,536 words may be addressed indirectly. The machine we used has 8192 words, 4096 of which are reserved for the time-sharing system. Each user sees a 4096 word memory.... Attached to the computer is a high speed <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_drum_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic drum memory">magnetic drum memory</a> divided into 22 fields each of 4096 words. A basic operation of the drum system is the memory-swap accomplished in 33 milliseconds. In this operation 4096 words are transferred from the <a href="/wiki/Core_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Core memory">core memory</a> to a drum field and simultaneously the core memory is loaded from a different drum field.... A 4096 word drum field is allocated for saving the core image of each user when his program is not running. A user's program in run status is run for 140 milliseconds, then if there is another user also in run status, the state of core memory is stored in the first user's core image on drum and simultaneously the second user's core image is loaded into core and the second user's program is started in the appropriate place." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BBN_Time-Sharing_System&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Timeline of operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-sharing_system_evolution" title="Time-sharing system evolution">Time-sharing system evolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BBN_Time-Sharing_System&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Time-Sharing Debugging System for a Small Computer", by J. McCarthy (Stanford), S. Boilen (Bolt Beranek and Newman), E. Fredkin (Information International Inc.), and J. C. R. Licklider (ARPA), <i>Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference</i>, 1963, page 56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/time-sharing-debugging-system">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilliesGilliesGilliesCailliau2000" class="citation book cs1">Gillies, James M.; Gillies, James; Gillies, James and Cailliau Robert; Cailliau, R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIH-JijUNS0C&pg=PA13"><i>How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-286207-5"><bdi>978-0-19-286207-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Web+was+Born%3A+The+Story+of+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286207-5&rft.aulast=Gillies&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Gillies%2C+James&rft.au=Gillies%2C+James+and+Cailliau+Robert&rft.au=Cailliau%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIH-JijUNS0C%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABBN+Time-Sharing+System" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/PDP-1.html">History-Computer.com: DEC PDP-1 History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Culture of Innovation: Insider Accounts of Computing and Life at BBN</i>, David Walden and Raymond Nickerson, editors, Waterside Publishing, 2nd edition, 2012., page 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culture of Innovation</i>, page 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBN's formal acceptance of the first PDP-1 was reported in <i>Computers and Automation</i>, April 1961, page 8B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_computersA_6613365/196104#page/n31/mode/2up/search/%22PROGRAMMED+DATA+PROCESSOR%22">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culture of Innovation</i>, page 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <i>Culture of Innovation</i>, page 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Interview with John McCarthy," 2 March 1989, oral history conducted by William Aspray, transcript OH 156, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, p. 5.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/107476/oh156jm.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culture of Innovation</i>, page 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Culture of Innovation</i>, page 14</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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MCP">Burroughs MCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDC_Kronos" title="CDC Kronos">CDC Kronos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatible_Time-Sharing_System" title="Compatible Time-Sharing System">Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Operating_System_(COS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Operating System (COS)">COS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/CMS" title="CP/CMS">CP/CMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cray_Time_Sharing_System" title="Cray Time Sharing System">Cray Time Sharing System (CTSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System" title="Dartmouth Time-Sharing System">DTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Multiple_Access_System" title="Edinburgh Multiple Access System">EMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatible_Timesharing_System" title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livermore_Time_Sharing_System" title="Livermore Time Sharing System">LTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Console_Time_Sharing_System" title="Multiple Console Time Sharing System">MCTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Terminal_System" title="Michigan Terminal System">MTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC/SP" title="MUSIC/SP">MUSIC/SP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NLTSS" title="NLTSS">NLTSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS_(operating_system)" title="NOS (operating system)">NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOS/VE" title="NOS/VE">NOS/VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORVYL_and_WYLBUR" title="ORVYL and WYLBUR">ORVYL and WYLBUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS4000" title="OS4000">OS4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_operating_system" title="Pick operating system">Pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Remote_Access_Computing" title="IBM Remote Access Computing">RAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSTS/E" title="RSTS/E">RSTS/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TENEX_(operating_system)" title="TENEX (operating system)">TENEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Option" title="Time Sharing Option">TSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Sharing_Operating_System" title="Time Sharing Operating System">TSOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-10" title="TOPS-10">TOPS-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPS-20" title="TOPS-20">TOPS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS_(operating_system)" title="TSS (operating system)">TSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSS/8" title="TSS/8">TSS/8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time-Sharing_System" title="Universal Time-Sharing System">UTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP/CSS" title="VP/CSS">VP/CSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VPS/VM" title="VPS/VM">VPS/VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAITS" title="WAITS">WAITS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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