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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Racionalna_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racionalna_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Racionalna formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racionalna_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strukturna_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strukturna_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Strukturna formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strukturna_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trodimenzionalne_formule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trodimenzionalne_formule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Trodimenzionalne formule</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trodimenzionalne_formule-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Trodimenzionalne formule</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trodimenzionalne_formule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fischerjeva_projekcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fischerjeva_projekcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fischerjeva projekcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fischerjeva_projekcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newmanova_projekcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newmanova_projekcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Newmanova projekcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newmanova_projekcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haworthova_projekcija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haworthova_projekcija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Haworthova projekcija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haworthova_projekcija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeletna_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletna_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Skeletna formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletna_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pripomba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pripomba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pripomba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pripomba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zunanje_povezave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zunanje_povezave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Zunanje povezave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zunanje_povezave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Kazalo vsebine" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Strukturna formula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 40 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurformule" title="Struktuurformule – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Struktuurformule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صيغة بنيوية – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة بنيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Структурна формула – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Структурна формула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulenn_diorroet_plaen" title="Formulenn diorroet plaen – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Formulenn diorroet plaen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Strukturna formula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_estructural" title="Fórmula estructural – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fórmula estructural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86" title="شێوگی پێکھاتن – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێوگی پێکھاتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Структурăлла формула – čuvaščina" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Структурăлла формула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fformiwla_adeileddol" title="Fformiwla adeileddol – valižanščina" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fformiwla adeileddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valižanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Συντακτικός τύπος (χημεία) – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συντακτικός τύπος (χημεία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Structural formula" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktura_formulo" title="Struktura formulo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Struktura formulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_estructural" title="Fórmula estructural – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fórmula estructural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktuurivalem" title="Struktuurivalem – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Struktuurivalem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرمول ساختاری – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمول ساختاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakennekaava" title="Rakennekaava – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rakennekaava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formule_structurale" title="Formule structurale – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formule structurale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संरचना सूत्र – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संरचना सूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_struktur" title="Rumus struktur – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumus struktur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_di_struttura" title="Formula di struttura – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formula di struttura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E5%BC%8F" title="構造式 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="構造式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Құрылымдық формула – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құрылымдық формула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9D" title="구조식 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구조식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuurformule" title="Structuurformule – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Structuurformule" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_estrutural" title="Fórmula estrutural – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fórmula estrutural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formul%C4%83_structural%C4%83" title="Formulă structurală – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Formulă structurală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Структурная формула – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Структурная формула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Strukturna formula" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_formula" title="Structural formula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Structural formula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0trukt%C3%BArny_vzorec" title="Štruktúrny vzorec – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štruktúrny vzorec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Strukturna formula" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strukturformel" title="Strukturformel – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Strukturformel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Структурна формула – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Структурна формула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BA%A5u_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Công thức cấu tạo – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công thức cấu tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%BC%8F" title="结构式 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="结构式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q496353#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Videz</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Iz Wikipedije, proste enciklopedije</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Strukturna formula</b> kemijske <a href="/wiki/Spojina" title="Spojina">spojine</a> je grafični prikaz zgradbe <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a>, iz katere je razvidna razporeditev <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomov</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska vez">kemijskih vezi</a>. Najpogosteje se uporabljajo racionalna, strukturna in skeletna formula. Poleg teh formul se uporabljajo tudi drugi načini zapisa kemijske strukture, na primer SMILES (Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification) InChI (International Chemical Identifier) in CML (Chemical Markup Language). </p><p>Strukturne formule imajo v primerjavi z molekulskimi formulami več prednosti. Ena od njih je preglednost zapisa <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska reakcija">kemijske reakcije</a>: iz strukturne formule je razviden potek reakcije in vse spremembe, ki so med reakcijo nastale. Druga prednost je prikaz različnih <a href="/wiki/Izomerija" class="mw-redirect" title="Izomerija">izomernih oblik</a> neke spojine, ki iz njene molekulske formule niso razvidne </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racionalna_formula">Racionalna formula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Racionalna formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Racionalna formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V prvih publikacijah s področja organske kemije je bila uporaba grafike zelo omejena, zato se je razvil zapis, ki je bil lahko vključen v ostali tekst. Takšen zapis je primeren samo za enostavne spojine, ker že pri malo bolj zapletenih <a href="/wiki/Aromatska_spojina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatska spojina">aromatskih spojinah</a> popolnoma odpove. Etanol bi z racionalno formulo zapisali kot </p> <dl><dd><b>CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-OH</b> ali <b>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strukturna_formula">Strukturna formula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Strukturna formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Strukturna formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trodimenzionalne_formule">Trodimenzionalne formule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Trodimenzionalne formule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Trodimenzionalne formule"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trodimenzionalne razporeditve atomov v <a href="/wiki/Kiralnost_(fizika)" title="Kiralnost (fizika)">kiralnih molekulah</a> se lahko prikažejo na več načinov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fischerjeva_projekcija">Fischerjeva projekcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Fischerjeva projekcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Fischerjeva projekcija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fischerjeva projekcija se uporablja predvsem za prikaz <a href="/wiki/Sladkor" title="Sladkor">monosaharidov</a>, uporabna pa je tudi za prikaz <a href="/wiki/Aminokislina" title="Aminokislina">aminokislin</a> in drugih organskih spojin. Vezi so prikazane kot vertikalne ali horizontalne črte. Veriga ogljikovih atomov je običajno zapisana pokončno, z ogljikovim atomom C<sub>1</sub> na vrhu. Ogljikovi atomi so v stičiščih oziroma presečiščih vezi in niso zapisani eksplicitno. Vse horizontalne vezi so projicirane proti gledalcu, vertikalne vezi pa od gledalca. Fischerjeva projekcija <a href="/wiki/Glukoza" title="Glukoza">glukoze</a> izgleda takole: </p><p><br /> </p> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newmanova_projekcija">Newmanova projekcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Newmanova projekcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Newmanova projekcija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newmanova in Sawhorseova projekcija se uporabljata za prostorski prikaz zgradbe molekule na dveh sosednjih ogljikovih atomih. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haworthova_projekcija">Haworthova projekcija</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Haworthova projekcija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Haworthova projekcija"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haworthova projekcija se uporablja predvsem za prikaz cikličnih sladkorjev in njihovih polimerov: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haworth projection of beta-D-Glucose"><img alt="Haworth projection of beta-D-Glucose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg/100px-Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg/150px-Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg/200px-Beta-D-glucose_Haworth_formula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1122" /></a></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeletna_formula">Skeletna formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Skeletna formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Skeletna formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Escitalopram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/200px-Escitalopram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/300px-Escitalopram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Escitalopram.svg/400px-Escitalopram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Skeletna formula antidepresiva escitaloprama, v kateri so prikazani heteroatomi, enojne, dvojne in trojne vezi, benzenov obroč in prostorska zgradba molekule.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Skeletna_formula" title="Skeletna formula">Skeletne formule</a> so ustaljen sistem simbolov za prikazovanje bolj kompleksnih organskih molekul. Ogljikovi atomi (C) so na vsakem vrhu (pregibu) in na vsakem koncu segmentov skeleta in niso posebej označeni. Enojna vez je prikazana z enojno črto, dvojna in trojna vez pa z dvema oziroma tremi vzporednimi črtami. Ostale razpoložljive ogljikove vezi (razlika do štiri) so zapolnjene z vodikovimi atomi, ki tudi niso posebej označeni. Vodikovi atomi na atomih, ki niso ogljikovi atomi, morajo biti napisani eksplicitno (na primer –OH ali –NH<sub>2</sub>). Etanol bi s skeletno formulo zapisali kot </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slika:Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skeletna formula etanola"><img alt="Skeletna formula etanola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/60px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/90px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg/120px-Ethanol-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Kiralnost v skeletnih formulah je nakazana z Nattovo projekcijsko metodo: vezi, ki ležijo nad projekcijsko ravnino, so označene s polno črto, vezi pod projekcijsko ravnino pa s prekinjeno črto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pripomba">Pripomba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Pripomba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Pripomba"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zunanje_povezave">Zunanje povezave</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Zunanje povezave" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strukturna_formula&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Zunanje povezave"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/Organicchemistry/StructuralFormulas/StructuralFormulas.htm">Pomembnost strukturnih formul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-01/strform.htm">Strukturne formule</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430102947/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch106-01/strform.htm">Arhivirano</a> 2009-04-30 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Normativna_kontrola" title="Wikipedija:Normativna kontrola">Normativna kontrola: Narodne knjižnice</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496353#identifiers" title="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih"><img alt="Uredite to na Wikipodatkih" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph194824&CON_LNG=ENG">Češka republika</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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