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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Horia Sima</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хорыя Сіма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хорыя Сіма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%88" title="호리아 시마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호리아 시마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%94" title="הוריה סימה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוריה סימה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7" title="هوريا سيما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوريا سيما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%9E" title="ホリア・シマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホリア・シマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Сима, Хория – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сима, Хория" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хорија Сима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хорија Сима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Horia Sima" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хорія Сіма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хорія Сіма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%90" title="האריע סימא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian fascist politician (1906–1993)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Horia Sima</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Horia_Sima.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Horia_Sima.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="264" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Romania">Vice President of the Council of Ministers</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 September 1940 – 20 January 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Romania" title="Michael I of Romania">Michael I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihail" title="Gheorghe Mihail">Gheorghe Mihail</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Antonescu" title="Mihai Antonescu">Mihai Antonescu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_National_Identity_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Culture and National Identity (Romania)">Minister of Culture and Religious Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 July 1940 – 8 July 1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_C._Giurescu" title="Constantin C. Giurescu">Constantin C. Giurescu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Budi%C8%99teanu" title="Radu Budișteanu">Radu Budișteanu</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 June 1938 – 23 January 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a> (as "Captain")</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None</i> (party banned)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-07-03</span>)</span>3 July 1906<br /><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2ndra" title="Mândra">Mundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (today <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2ndra" title="Mândra">Mândra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"> 25 May 1993<span style="display:none">(1993-05-25)</span> (aged 86)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927–1941)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Elvira Florea</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Negru_National_College" title="Radu Negru National College">Radu Negru National College</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Teacher, writer, professor, politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Fascism in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Various Romanian fascist symbols"><img alt="Various Romanian fascist symbols" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/120px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/180px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg/240px-Romanian_fascist_symbols.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">MNFIR</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">Fascio</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">LANC</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">MNF</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Action (page does not exist)">Romanian Action</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizen_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizen Bloc (page does not exist)">Citizen Bloc</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">PNSR</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_death_squads" title="Iron Guard death squads">Iron Guard death squads</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">FR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">PNC</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">PPGR</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">CML</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">FRN</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Youth_Labour" title="Romanian Youth Labour">MTR</a> (1942)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Bonfert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Bonfert (page does not exist)">Bonfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Cantacuzino-Gr%C4%83nicerul" title="Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul">Cantacuzino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grigore_For%C8%9Bu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grigore Forțu (page does not exist)">Forțu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_A._L%C4%83z%C4%83reanu-L%C4%83zuric%C4%83" title="Gheorghe A. Lăzăreanu-Lăzurică">Lăzurică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Stelescu" title="Mihai Stelescu">Stelescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%98tefan_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ștefan Tătărescu (page does not exist)">Tătărescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Vaida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Panaitescu_Vifor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Panaitescu Vifor (page does not exist)">Vifor</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodicals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul" title="Cuvântul">Cuvântul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C8%9Aara_Noastr%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Țara Noastră (page does not exist)">Țara Noastră</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_the_Romanian_Orthodox_Church_and_the_Iron_Guard" title="Relationship between the Romanian Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard">The Orthodox Church and the Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#66CDAA;text-align:center;color:white;;color: var(--color-base)">Events</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funerals_of_Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba_and_Vasile_Marin" title="Funerals of Ion Moța and Vasile Marin">Moța–Marin funerals</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilava_massacre" title="Jilava massacre">Jilava massacre</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom</a> (1941)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Template talk:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_in_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism in Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08–'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Antisemitism during the Gaza war">Gaza war ('23–'25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_synagogues" title="Attacks on synagogues">synagogue attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_on_social_media" title="Antisemitism on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> 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decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Horia Sima</b> (3 July 1906 – 25 May 1993) was a <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> politician, best known as the second and last leader of the fascist paramilitary movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> (also known as the Legion of the Archangel Michael). Sima was also the Vice President of the Council of Ministers and <i>de facto</i> co-leader in <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>. Sima had previously served briefly as State Secretary of Education under <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a> in 1940, and as a short-lived Minister of Religion and Arts in the government of <a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a>. </p><p>In January 1941, Sima initiated and led the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaires' Rebellion</a> against <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> Ion Antonescu and the Romanian Army, for which he was sentenced to death, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest pogrom</a>, the largest and most violent pogrom against Jews in the history of <a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a>. Following the rebellion, Sima escaped to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and later to <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, where he lived until his death. In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_People%27s_Tribunals" title="Romanian People's Tribunals">Romanian People's Tribunals</a> again sentenced Sima to death <i>in absentia</i> as a <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Romania">In Romania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sima was born on 3 July 1906<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Silvia and Gheorghe Sima in Mundra, <a href="/wiki/Fogaras_County" title="Fogaras County">Fogaras County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> (today <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A2ndra" title="Mândra">Mândra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Brașov County">Brașov County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some sources incorrectly list his birthplace as the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99" title="Făgăraș">Făgăraș</a> and his birth year as 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1926 and 1932, Horia Sima studied at the Faculty of Letters and Philosophy of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as councillor of the National Union of Christian Students of Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42">: 42 </span></sup> Beginning in 1932 he began to work as a high school teacher<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Caransebe%C8%99" title="Caransebeș">Caransebeș</a>, later transferring to a school in <a href="/wiki/Lugoj" title="Lugoj">Lugoj</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> and finally to <a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1927, when a student, he joined the newly formed Iron Guard and became responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> area. In the early 1930s, Sima participated in the Legion's "Excursions among the People", wherein Iron Guard members would promote their movement in rural areas among peasants,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had become a leading organizer for the Legion in <a href="/wiki/Severin_County" title="Severin County">Severin County</a> by the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima was named in initial lists of Iron Guard electoral candidates for the <a href="/wiki/1933_Romanian_general_election" title="1933 Romanian general election">1933 Romanian general election</a>, but the party was ultimately banned from participating.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1935, he was promoted to the position of Legionary commander of the Timișoara region,<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/1937_Romanian_general_election" title="1937 Romanian general election">1937 Romanian general elections</a>, he ran as a candidate in Severin County.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima became commander of the Iron Guard in late 1938 after its founder and leader, <a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a>, was imprisoned and later murdered. The Iron Guard had initially formed an interim leadership including Sima, Ion Belgae, Iordache Nicoară, Ion Antoniu, and <a href="/wiki/Radu_Mironovici" title="Radu Mironovici">Radu Mironovici</a> in April 1938, but by August, Sima remained the only leader not imprisoned by the Romanian government, eventually allowing him to bypass the hierarchy of leadership previously established and become leader of the Iron Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his ascension to leadership, tension had built significantly both within the organization and country-wide following a series of assassinations of Iron Guard members, including of Codreanu (who was killed by order of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1939, Sima fled to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> through <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup> wherein he and a number of Romanian exiles attempted to plan a coup; this plot was discovered by German police and a number of Legionnaires were arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of the same year, he was sent back to prepare for and conduct <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Assassination of Armand Călinescu">the assassination</a> of the Romanian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu" title="Armand Călinescu">Armand Călinescu</a>, on 21 September 1939 — following Călinescu's murder, a group of Legionnaires led by Sima assumed control of Romania's national radio broadcaster.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a power struggle for Legionary leadership between Sima and a splinter group led by <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Noveanu" title="Vasile Noveanu">Vasile Noveanu</a> that had formed while in exile, Sima was brought in by the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_T%C4%83t%C4%83rescu" title="Gheorghe Tătărescu">Gheorghe Tătărescu</a> government to serve as state secretary within the Ministry of Education. He occupied this position for only six days, and the Tătărescu government resigned on 3 July.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141–43">: 141–43 </span></sup> On 4 July 1940, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Gigurtu_cabinet" title="Gigurtu cabinet">cabinet of Ion Gigurtu</a> as the undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Public Education, as well as Minister of Religion and Arts,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alongside two other Iron Guard members. Sima resigned from the Gigurtu cabinet after only four days.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this cabinet, antisemitism became codified in Romanian law, and by 9 August 1940, marriage between ethnic Romanians and Jews was prohibited, as was access to public education for Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award"> secession of Northern Transylvania to Hungary</a> (known as the Second Vienna Award) on 30 August 1940, the Gigurtu government collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in August 1940, prior to this secession, the Iron Guard faction controlled by Sima began to organize for a coup against King Carol II in reaction to the concession of Northern Transylvania. Sima, alongside Nicolae Petrașcu, attempted to organize and arm groups of Legionnaires but managed to only gather about 1000 members willing to sacrifice themselves. On the occasion of the Second Vienna Award, Sima visited German authorities in an attempt to form an Axis-allied nationalist government, but left without success. By September he had prepared a manifesto for distribution and had set the date of the coup to 3 September.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156–7">: 156–7 </span></sup> Due to a lack of manpower (only 500 of the intended 1,000 Legionnaires participated) the coup was not carried out as planned — Legionnaires and police officers exchanged gunfire and clashed in centres such as <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> and Bucharest, and by the end of the day most Legionnaires had surrendered. Although the coup was unsuccessful, it spurred a number of protests against Carol II, and by 4 September the King had appointed General Ion Antonescu to the position of Prime Minister, thus halting the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 158–61">: 158–61 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_Legionary_State">National Legionary State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National Legionary State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/220px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/330px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg/440px-AntonescuYHoriaSimaOctubre1940.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2478" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>Ion Antonescu and Horia Sima in October 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1940, <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II abdicated</a> and the Iron Guard entered a tense political alliance with General <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>, forming what was proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that point, Sima was able to officially return from exile and rise to power as deputy prime minister in the new government, as well as resume his activities as leader of the Iron Guard in Romania. Sima appointed five Legionnaires into ministerial positions within the National Legionary State, and Legionnaires assumed leadership roles as prefects in each of Romania's administrative districts.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Romanian territorial cessions in the summer of 1940, secretly implemented by his <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> protectors, offered him the pretext for sparking a wave of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> attacks. As a member of the government, Sima immediately initiated a series of brutal <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, assassinations, and de-possessions of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Jews</a> and competing politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tension and issues began to arise in Romania under the Sima-Antonescu partnership, and Antonescu became increasingly frustrated with the Iron Guard, telling Sima that it was now "...time for order and legality" and that Legionnaires would "not [be] allowed to demand audiences with the Ministers whenever they want."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Sima had failed to win the total support of his German allies, who feared that the Legionnaires were unprepared to administer the country effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> Infrastructure in Bucharest began to fail, and following <a href="/wiki/1940_Vrancea_earthquake" title="1940 Vrancea earthquake">a November earthquake</a>, a number of deaths and the destruction of buildings in the capital further exposed the government's disorganization. By the end of 1940, prices fluctuated greatly and crops began to fail, producing 70% less food than the year prior. Frustration from citizens and Legionnaires fell on Sima, and Ion Zelea Codreanu, Corneliu's father, referred to Sima as "a Satan, in whom the soul of Stelescu lives" (referencing the dissident Legionnaire <a href="/wiki/Mihai_Stelescu" title="Mihai Stelescu">Mihai Stelescu</a>, who was accused of plotting to assassinate Codreanu).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima responded to dissent within the Iron Guard by placing a number of prominent Legionnaires under house arrest, including Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's brothers and father.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175–6">: 175–6 </span></sup> Alongside a group of dissatisfied Legionnaires, the senior Codreanu occupied the Iron Guard's Bucharest headquarters, the Casa Verde, and attempted a putsch. A number of Legionnaires also called for Sima's assassination. A movement within the Iron Guard soon arose to clear the late Corneliu Zelea Codreanu of his treason charges, and his body was exhumed.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Sima and Antonescu were invited by the German government to <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> to meet with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in order to mediate relations between the two Romanian leaders and to discuss German-Romanian relations. Sima refused to attend the meeting, citing both apprehension regarding the flight and that he felt it improper for both leaders to leave the country. Thus, Antonescu met with Hitler alone on 14 January 1941. By 17 January, encouraged by Hitler, relations between Antonescu and Sima ceased to exist, and the General had published an open letter denouncing Sima and accusing him of maintaining an "anti-national attitude".<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 179–80">: 179–80 </span></sup> </p><p>In January 1941, the Iron Guard, increasingly dissatisfied with their suppression by Antonescu, staged a three-day rebellion, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Legionnaire's Rebellion</a>. Antonescu prompted Adolf Hitler to choose between the military wing of the Romanian government and the Iron Guard. When Hitler decided to back him over the Guard, Antonescu proceeded with the suppression of the Legion.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bucharest pogrom, staged alongside this power struggle, Iron Guardists destroyed synagogues, vandalized and ransacked Jewish homes and stores,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and killed and tortured 121 Jews (as well as an additional 30 in smaller towns, specifically in <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to widespread torture and rape of Jews, the Legionary Movement was responsible for the mock <i><a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a></i> of five Jews, including a five-year-old girl, who had their stomachs cut open, entrails removed, and were hung from meat hooks and labelled "<a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kosher</a>" in a Bucharest slaughterhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to then-American minister to Romania, Franklin Mitt Gunther, "Sixty Jewish corpses were discovered on the hooks used for carcasses. They were all skinned... and the quantity of blood about was evidence that they had been skinned alive".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile">Exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike most Legionnaires, who were imprisoned by Antonescu following the suppression of the coup attempt, Sima escaped imprisonment. Being secretly housed first at the <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> headquarters in Bucharest, Sima was evacuated on 23 January and hidden in the home of the Gestapo representative to Romania, but soon moved to his sister's residence in Bucharest. Soon after he was again moved by the Sicherheitsdienst to <a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a>, and finally to <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>, disguised as an <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> officer.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184–6">: 184–6 </span></sup> Sima, alongside a number of other hidden Legionnaires, was able to leave Romania for Germany via <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were placed in a villa in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, with a large group of Legionnaires living in nearby <a href="/wiki/Berkenbr%C3%BCck" title="Berkenbrück">Berkenbrück</a>. Though at first enjoying freedom of movement in Berlin, Sima and his companions were moved to Berkenbrück on 19 April 1941 and placed under strict surveillance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Romanian authorities <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_Romanian_war_crime_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II Romanian war crime trials">sentenced him</a> (on 16 June 1941) to 12 years hard labour <i><a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to ensure his permanent exile.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, Sima escaped and fled to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was soon extradited back to Germany on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Galeazzo Ciano</a>. In his political journal, on 26 December 1942, Ciano wrote that, "Since [Sima] got out of Germany with a false passport, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a> demands his extradition. For my part, I advised <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">the Duce</a> to grant his extradition forthwith, especially since his presence here would create friction with Antonescu. And then, all things considered, there will be one less crook."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After travelling to Italy, having disobeyed a contract signed with Germany meant to limit the political activities of the exiled Legionnaires,<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 236–8">: 236–8 </span></sup> Sima and the others exiled were imprisoned in a special, humane section of the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a> specifically meant for Iron Guard members.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 255–6">: 255–6 </span></sup> By October 1943, Sima had been sentenced once more in Romania, this time to a lifetime of hard labour, a fine of 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Romanian_leu" title="Romanian leu">lei</a>, and five years of correctional imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199">: 199 </span></sup> </p><p>While interned at Buchenwald, Sima was faced with the dissent of several groups of Legionnaires who distanced themselves from his policies, stating that they did not approve of the way in which he had run the country and the movement, and who began to appeal to the German supervisors for distinctions to be made in their case. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_Papanace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin Papanace (page does not exist)">Constantin Papanace</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Papanace" class="extiw" title="ro:Constantin Papanace">ro</a>]</span>, a leading Legionary figure who had served as the undersecretary of the State Department of Finance under the National Legionary State,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would later describe Sima as a "terrorist", noting that he "[took] advantage of and abused... his connections", and that Sima possessed "non-discipline... [and] a dangerous dilettantism, not to mention infantilism."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legionnaires increasingly began to blame Sima's leadership of the Iron Guard for the death of Codreanu, citing his previous actions as commander in 1938 as "terroristic" and "tumultuous".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This controversy was to enforce the split which is still present in the political legacy of the Iron Guard. By 1943, the Iron Guard — now in exile in <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, Germany — had split into at least three distinct groups with separate leadership, not including the Legionnaires who considered Sima their legitimate leader.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg</a> in April 1943,<sup id="cite_ref-Țiu_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 258">: 258 </span></sup> where he would be detained in a prison cell until August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Romania changed sides in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, joining the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in August 1944, Sima was released and instructed to create a pro-Nazi puppet government-in-exile in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would broadcast instructions to fascist battalions via German radio.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> offensive proved unstoppable, he fled to <a href="/wiki/Altaussee" title="Altaussee">Altaussee</a> under the alias <i>Josef Weber</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, in Italy, and finally in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a>, he was sentenced to death in Romania in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his exile, the question of leadership within the Iron Guard was still a salient issue, and the now-disjointed organization was fraught with infighting and factionalism. In January 1954, Sima was formally and publicly "disowned" by the Legionary Movement through a 13-page document published in <i>Vatra</i> magazine after controversy arose over the alleged existence of an illegitimate child:<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 6 November 1948, Mardarie Popinciuc, a Romanian living in exile in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forwarded a letter to Legionary leaders alleging that Sima had illegitimately fathered the child of a fellow Legionnaire identified only as "B" while in France,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a claim supposedly backed by the mother of the child and a number of other Legionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of these accusations in <i>Vatra</i>, alongside other political tensions, caused the resignation of a number of members of the Guard, as well as the foundation of a new faction named "Moța-Marin" under the leadership of Ovidiu Găină.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> documents claim that Sima, in light of these allegations, had originally planned to end his career by parachuting into Romania,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he had previously been sentenced to death following two separate trials.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this split and the formation of the "Moța-Marin" group, there also existed controversies surrounding Sima's politics and policies: one splinter group denounced Sima's leadership as "reactionary" and "doomed to failure,"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a further number of distinct groups with conflicting ideologies, tactics, and leadership formed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1990s, Sima attempted to form connections with mainstream ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communism</a>, insisting on the Guard's allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">Free World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party oriented itself towards denunciations of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a>, and Sima continued to publish ideological literature in exile in Spain, including a monthly newsletter titled "Țara și Exilul" ("The Country and Exile"), which found readership in Israel, Australia, Germany, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This adoption of a new image was, in part, successful — beginning in 1949, the United States helped to fund <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> missions to parachute Iron Guard members into Romania in an attempt to undermine the socialist government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sima and other exiled Guardists participated in the <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Yaroslav Stetsko</a>-headed <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_Bloc_of_Nations" title="Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations">Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World Anti-Communist League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spain, Sima forged close connections with several <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangist</a> politicians, including <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blas_Pi%C3%B1ar" title="Blas Piñar">Blas Piñar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also continued to lead (or be affiliated with) Legionary front organizations in Canada, the United States, Germany, Austria, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of his wife Elvira in 1974, Sima resided with fellow exiled Iron Guard member Gheorghe Costea in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, and the two used funds from publishing and donations as income.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s onwards, Sima published a series of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-Masonic</a>, and antisemitic books through Blas Piñar's <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">Fuerza Nueva Editorial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sima reportedly died in Madrid on 25 May 1993, aged 86, although some sources cite his place of death as <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried near his wife Elvira Sima in <a href="/wiki/Torredembarra" title="Torredembarra">Torredembarra</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_writings">Selected writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Destinée du nationalisme</i> (Paris: P.E.G., 1951)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miscarea.com/horia-sima-english.htm">Europe at the crossroads: war or capitulation?</a></i> (Munich: Verlag "Vestitorii", 1955)</li> <li><i>Dos movimientos nacionales: José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</i> (Madrid: Europa, 1960)</li> <li><i>The Rumanian situation after 19 years of Communist slavery and policies of the western powers, 1944-1963; a declaration by the Rumanian Legionary Movement</i> (Rio de Janeiro: Graf. Ed. NAP S/A, 1963)</li> <li><i>Articole politice, 1950-1963</i> (Madrid: Colecția "Omul Nou", 1967)</li> <li><i>Qué es el comunismo?</i> (Madrid: <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">Fuerza Nueva Editorial</a>, 1970)</li> <li><i>Qué es el nacionalismo?</i> (Madrid: Fuerza Nueva Editorial, 1971)</li> <li><i>Histoire du Mouvement Légionnaire</i> (Rio de Janeiro, 1972) (translated as <i>The History of the Legionary Movement</i> [England: Legionary Press, 1995])</li> <li><i>El hombre cristiano y la acción política</i> (Madrid: Fuerza Nueva Editorial, 1974) (with Blas Piñar)</li> <li><i>Sfârșitul unei domnii sângeroase</i> (Madrid: Editura Mișcării Legionare, 1977)</li> <li><i>Técnica de lucha contra el comunismo</i> (Madrid: Fuerza Nueva Editorial, 1980)</li> <li><i>Era libertății: Statul Național-Legionar</i> vol. 1 (Madrid: Editura Mișcării Legionare, 1982); vol. 2 (Madrid: Editura Mișcării Legionare, 1986)</li> <li><i>Prizonieri ai puterilor axei</i> (Madrid: Editura Mișcării Legionare, 1990)</li> <li><i>Guvernul național român dela Viena</i> (Madrid: Editura Mișcării Legionare, 1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSima1993" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Horia (1993). <i>Menirea nationalismului</i>. Editura: Vremea. pp. Back cover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-9162-02-9" title="Special:BookSources/973-9162-02-9"><bdi>973-9162-02-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Menirea+nationalismului&rft.pages=Back+cover&rft.pub=Editura%3A+Vremea&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=973-9162-02-9&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Horia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSima1960" class="citation book cs1">Sima, Horia (1960). <i>Dos Movimientos Nacionales: Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera y Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</i>. Madrid: Ediciones Europa. pp. Front flap.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dos+Movimientos+Nacionales%3A+Jose+Antonio+Primo+de+Rivera+y+Corneliu+Zelea+Codreanu&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=Front+flap&rft.pub=Ediciones+Europa&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Horia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZamfirache2018" class="citation news cs1">Zamfirache, Cosmin Pătrașcu (27 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adevarul.ro/locale/botosani/horia-sima-profesorul-ajuns-ultimul-lider-miscarii-legionare-fost-informator-spion-e-banuit-contribuit-uciderea-zelea-codreanu-1_5b81183bdf52022f75c5fe07/index.html">"Horia Sima, profesorul ajuns ultimul lider al Mișcării Legionare. A fost informator, spion și e bănuit că ar fi contribuit la uciderea lui Zelea Codreanu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Adev%C4%83rul&rft.atitle=Horia+Sima%2C+profesorul+ajuns+ultimul+lider+al+Mi%C8%99c%C4%83rii+Legionare.+A+fost+informator%2C+spion+%C8%99i+e+b%C4%83nuit+c%C4%83+ar+fi+contribuit+la+uciderea+lui+Zelea+Codreanu&rft.date=2018-08-27&rft.aulast=Zamfirache&rft.aufirst=Cosmin+P%C4%83tra%C8%99cu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadevarul.ro%2Flocale%2Fbotosani%2Fhoria-sima-profesorul-ajuns-ultimul-lider-miscarii-legionare-fost-informator-spion-e-banuit-contribuit-uciderea-zelea-codreanu-1_5b81183bdf52022f75c5fe07%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIonică1996" class="citation cs2">Ionică, Ion I. (1996), <i>Dealu Mohului: ceremonia agrară a cununii în Țara Oltului</i>, Editura Minerva, pp. xi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealu+Mohului%3A+ceremonia+agrar%C4%83+a+cununii+%C3%AEn+%C8%9Aara+Oltului&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Editura+Minerva&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ionic%C4%83&rft.aufirst=Ion+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeletant2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Deletant" title="Dennis Deletant">Deletant, Dennis</a> (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersforgotten00dele_355"><i>Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersforgotten00dele_355/page/n47">37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403993410" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403993410"><bdi>978-1403993410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Forgotten+Ally%3A+Ion+Antonescu+and+his+Regime&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1403993410&rft.aulast=Deletant&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersforgotten00dele_355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoia2020" class="citation web cs1">Boia, Eugene (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343218533">"Clio în doliu: Reflections on Some Issues Regarding the History and Historiography of the "Archangel Michael" Legion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clio+%C3%AEn+doliu%3A+Reflections+on+Some+Issues+Regarding+the+History+and+Historiography+of+the+%22Archangel+Michael%22+Legion&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Boia&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F343218533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206024.pdf">"Horia Sima"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yad Vashem<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horia+Sima&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25206024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZarifopol-Johnston2009" class="citation book cs1">Zarifopol-Johnston, Ilinca (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchingforcior00zari"><i>Searching for Cioran</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/searchingforcior00zari/page/n277">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253352675" title="Special:BookSources/9780253352675"><bdi>9780253352675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Cioran&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780253352675&rft.aulast=Zarifopol-Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ilinca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsearchingforcior00zari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Țiu-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Țiu_9-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFȚiu2010" class="citation book cs1">Țiu, Ilarion (2010). <i>The legionary movement after Corneliu Codreanu: from the dictatorship of King Carol II to the communist regime (February 1938 – August 1944)</i>. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880336598" title="Special:BookSources/9780880336598"><bdi>9780880336598</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/630496676">630496676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+legionary+movement+after+Corneliu+Codreanu%3A+from+the+dictatorship+of+King+Carol+II+to+the+communist+regime+%28February+1938+%26ndash%3B+August+1944%29&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F630496676&rft.isbn=9780880336598&rft.aulast=%C8%9Aiu&rft.aufirst=Ilarion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRogger1965" class="citation book cs1">Rogger, Hans (1965). <i>The European Right</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Right&rft.pages=555&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Rogger&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123061524/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA%2C%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%201_0017.pdf">"Horia Sima Vol. 1_0017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA%2C%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%201_0017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horia+Sima+Vol.+1_0017&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FSIMA%252C%2520HORIA%2520%2520%2520VOL.%25201_0017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2004" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2004). <i>Fascists</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-21651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-21651-0"><bdi>978-0-511-21651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascists&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-511-21651-0&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adt.arcanum.com/en/view/Cuvantul_1933_11/">"Lista candidaților Gărzii de Fier"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A2ntul" title="Cuvântul">Cuvântul</a></i>. 23 November 1933. p. 7<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuv%C3%A2ntul&rft.atitle=Lista+candida%C8%9Bilor+G%C4%83rzii+de+Fier&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1933-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadt.arcanum.com%2Fen%2Fview%2FCuvantul_1933_11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Listele definitive ale candidaților pentru Cameră ai partidului "Totul pentru Țară"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Buna Vestire</i>. 19 December 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buna+Vestire&rft.atitle=Listele+definitive+ale+candida%C8%9Bilor+pentru+Camer%C4%83+ai+partidului+%22Totul+pentru+%C8%9Aar%C4%83%22&rft.date=1937-12-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/968"><i>Europe: A History</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/968">968</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"><bdi>0-19-820171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=968&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-820171-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0%2Fpage%2F968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorgescu1991" class="citation book cs1">Georgescu, Vlad (1991). <i>The Romanians: A History</i>. Columbus: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University_Press" title="Ohio State University Press">Ohio State University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8142-0511-9"><bdi>0-8142-0511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romanians%3A+A+History&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8142-0511-9&rft.aulast=Georgescu&rft.aufirst=Vlad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania</i></a></span>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801453687" title="Special:BookSources/9780801453687"><bdi>9780801453687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth%3A+Fascist+Activism+in+Interwar+Romania&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780801453687&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/222">222</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adt.arcanum.com/en/view/Universul_1940_09/?pg=158&layout=l">"Statul Național Legionar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Universul" title="Universul">Universul</a></i>. 18 September 1940. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universul&rft.atitle=Statul+Na%C8%9Bional+Legionar&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1940-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadt.arcanum.com%2Fen%2Fview%2FUniversul_1940_09%2F%3Fpg%3D158%26layout%3Dl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/223">223</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/228">228</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrnea1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigu_Ornea" title="Zigu Ornea">Ornea, Zigu</a> (1996). <i>Anii treizeci: extrema dreaptă românească</i>. Editura Fundației Culturale Române. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9735770660" title="Special:BookSources/9735770660"><bdi>9735770660</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/895624740">895624740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anii+treizeci%3A+extrema+dreapt%C4%83+rom%C3%A2neasc%C4%83&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Editura+Funda%C8%9Biei+Culturale+Rom%C3%A2ne&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F895624740&rft.isbn=9735770660&rft.aulast=Ornea&rft.aufirst=Zigu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a></i>. 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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/241">241</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123111827/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA%2C%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%202_0083.pdf">"Horia Sima, vol. 2_0083"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Intelligence Agency. 17 November 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/SIMA,%20HORIA%20%20%20VOL.%202_0083.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horia+Sima%2C+vol.+2_0083&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=1975-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FSIMA%2C%2520HORIA%2520%2520%2520VOL.%25202_0083.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClark2015" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Roland (5 June 2015). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar"><i>Holy Legionary Youth</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holylegionaryyou00clar/page/242">242</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2F9780801456343">10.7591/9780801456343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801456343" title="Special:BookSources/9780801456343"><bdi>9780801456343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Legionary+Youth&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2F9780801456343&rft.isbn=9780801456343&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholylegionaryyou00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Scott1986" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Scott (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/12946705"><i>Inside the League : the shocking expose of how terrorists, Nazis, and Latin American death squads have infiltrated the world Anti-Communist League</i></a>. Dodd, Mead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-396-08517-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-396-08517-2"><bdi>0-396-08517-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12946705">12946705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+League+%3A+the+shocking+expose+of+how+terrorists%2C+Nazis%2C+and+Latin+American+death+squads+have+infiltrated+the+world+Anti-Communist+League&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12946705&rft.isbn=0-396-08517-2&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12946705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCragg2024" class="citation journal cs1">Cragg, Bronwyn (23 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/jrns.2024.4">"Letters from Exile: Canadian Media, the Romanian Diaspora, and the Legionary Movement"</a>. <i>Journal of Romanian Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Fjrns.2024.4">10.3828/jrns.2024.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2627-5325">2627-5325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Romanian+Studies&rft.atitle=Letters+from+Exile%3A+Canadian+Media%2C+the+Romanian+Diaspora%2C+and+the+Legionary+Movement&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2024-04-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Fjrns.2024.4&rft.issn=2627-5325&rft.aulast=Cragg&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk%2Fdoi%2F10.3828%2Fjrns.2024.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJerez_Riesco2019" class="citation book cs1">Jerez Riesco, José Luis (2019). <i>Blas Piñar y la Legión de San Miguel Arcángel</i>. SND (published July 2019). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-120547-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-120547-1-2"><bdi>978-84-120547-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blas+Pi%C3%B1ar+y+la+Legi%C3%B3n+de+San+Miguel+Arc%C3%A1ngel&rft.pub=SND&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-84-120547-1-2&rft.aulast=Jerez+Riesco&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiñarSima1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piñar, Blas; Sima, Horia (1974). <i>El hombre cristiano y la acción politica</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Fuerza Nueva Editorial. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+hombre+cristiano+y+la+acci%C3%B3n+politica&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Fuerza+Nueva+Editorial&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Pi%C3%B1ar&rft.aufirst=Blas&rft.au=Sima%2C+Horia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVălenaș2000" class="citation book cs1">Vălenaș, Liviu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjt.ro/bv/ScritoriBanateni/VALENAS_Liviu/Valenasmiscarea.pdf"><i>Mișcarea Legionară – Între Adevăr și Mistificare</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Timișoara: Editura Marineasa. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mi%C8%99carea+Legionar%C4%83+%26ndash%3B+%C3%8Entre+Adev%C4%83r+%C8%99i+Mistificare&rft.place=Timi%C8%99oara&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Editura+Marineasa&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=V%C4%83lena%C8%99&rft.aufirst=Liviu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjt.ro%2Fbv%2FScritoriBanateni%2FVALENAS_Liviu%2FValenasmiscarea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoria+Sima" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Roland Clark, <i>Holy Legionary Youth: Fascist Activism in Interwar Romania</i> (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nagy-Talavera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera">Nicholas M. Nagy-Talavera</a>, <i>The Green Shirts and the Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Rumania</i> (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Philip Rees</a> (editor), <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a></i> (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016573">Newspaper clippings about Horia Sima</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gigurtu_cabinet_(4_July_1940_–_4_September_1940)107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gigurtu_Cabinet" title="Template:Gigurtu Cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gigurtu_Cabinet" title="Template talk:Gigurtu Cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gigurtu_Cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gigurtu Cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gigurtu_cabinet_(4_July_1940_–_4_September_1940)107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gigurtu_cabinet" title="Gigurtu cabinet">Gigurtu cabinet</a> (4 July 1940 – 4 September 1940)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania" title="Prime Minister of Romania">Prime Minister</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Ion Gigurtu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihail" title="Gheorghe Mihail">Gheorghe Mihail</a> (Deputy Prime Minister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popescu" title="David Popescu">David Popescu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Administration_and_Interior_(Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Administration and Interior (Romania)">Interior</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Mihail Manoilescu</a> (External Affairs)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N._Leon" title="Gheorghe N. Leon">Gheorghe N. Leon</a></i> (Finances)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_V._Gruia" title="Ion V. Gruia">Ion V. Gruia</a> (Justice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Nicolescu" title="Constantin Nicolescu">Constantin Nicolescu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defence_(Romania)" title="Ministry of National Defence (Romania)">National Defence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_P%C4%83i%C8%99" title="Nicolae Păiș">Nicolae Păiș</a> (Air and Marine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Priboianu" title="Mihail Priboianu">Mihail Priboianu</a> (Army Procurement)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N._Leon" title="Gheorghe N. Leon">Gheorghe N. Leon</a> (National Economy)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N._Leon" title="Gheorghe N. Leon">Gheorghe N. Leon</a></i> (Agriculture and Domains)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Macovei" title="Ion Macovei">Ion Macovei</a> (Public Works and Communications)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_N._Leon" title="Gheorghe N. Leon">Gheorghe N. Leon</a></i> (Foreign Trade)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumitru_Caracostea" title="Dumitru Caracostea">Dumitru Caracostea</a> (National Education)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Horia Sima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radu_Budi%C8%99teanu" title="Radu Budișteanu">Radu Budișteanu</a> (Religious Affairs and Arts)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Ghi%C8%9Bescu" title="Stan Ghițescu">Stan Ghițescu</a> (Labour)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gomoiu" title="Victor Gomoiu">Victor Gomoiu</a> (Health and Social Protection)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasile_Noveanu" title="Vasile Noveanu">Vasile Noveanu</a> (Public Assets Inventory)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a> (National Propaganda)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Otto_Roth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Otto Roth (page does not exist)">Hans Otto Roth</a> (Minister of State for Minorities)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442004#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjy7Xgqtf4VCTWkMJBxTDy">WorldCat</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX9cGwhVdt8dMgWXRFrq">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119522055">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050729">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12027463j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12027463j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sima, Horia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV014812">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1122461">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/271793">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069714363">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=100949">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/259244">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007272452005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119522055.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028439767">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&oldid=1265701693">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horia_Sima&oldid=1265701693</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1907_births" title="Category:1907 births">1907 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1993_deaths" title="Category:1993 deaths">1993 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bra%C8%99ov_County" title="Category:People 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