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</div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Coal_mining" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Coal_mining" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Coal+mining" data-event-name="menu.watch" 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open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Coal miner" redirects here. For the John J. Szaton statue, see <a href="/wiki/Coal_Miner_(statue)" title="Coal Miner (statue)">Coal Miner (statue)</a>.</div> Coal mining is the process of <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extracting</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> from the ground or from a mine. Coal is valued for its <a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">energy content</a> and since the 1880s has been widely used to generate electricity. <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> and for cement production. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine is called a "pit", and above-ground mining structures are referred to as a "<a href="/wiki/Pit_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit head">pit head</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, "colliery" generally refers to an underground coal mine. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car,_Nov_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg/220px-Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg/330px-Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg/440px-Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4576" data-file-height="2936"></a><figcaption>A coal mine <a href="/wiki/Mantrip" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantrip">mantrip</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lackawanna Coal Mine">Lackawanna Coal Mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania" title="Scranton, Pennsylvania">Scranton, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS,_VIRGINIA,_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg/220px-FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg/330px-FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg/440px-FIRST_SHIFT_OF_MINERS_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4_NEAR_RICHLANDS%2C_VIRGINIA%2C_LEAVING_THE_ELEVATOR...._-_NARA_-_556393_tweaked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="1922"></a><figcaption>Coal miners exiting a <a href="/wiki/Hoist_(mining)" title="Hoist (mining)">winder</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaft_sinking" title="Shaft sinking">cage</a> at a mine near <a href="/wiki/Richlands,_Virginia" title="Richlands, Virginia">Richlands, Virginia</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/220px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/330px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg/440px-Coal_mine_Wyoming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></a><figcaption>Surface coal mining in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG/220px-0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG/330px-0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG/440px-0_Frameries_-_Charbonnage_de_Crachet_Picquery_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3391"></a><figcaption>A coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Frameries" title="Frameries">Frameries</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> Coal mining has had many developments in recent years, from the early days of men tunneling, digging, and manually extracting the coal on carts to large <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-cut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longwall_mining" title="Longwall mining">longwall</a> mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of <a href="/wiki/Dragline_excavator" title="Dragline excavator">draglines</a>, trucks, <a href="/wiki/Conveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Conveyor">conveyors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_jack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic jack">hydraulic jacks</a>, and shearers. The coal mining industry has a long history of significant negative <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">environmental impacts</a> on local ecosystems, health impacts on local communities and workers, and contributes heavily to the global environmental crises, such as <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">poor air quality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. For these reasons, coal has been one of the first <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuels to be phased out</a> of various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">global energy economy</a>. The major coal producing countries, though, such as <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">China</a>, Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, have not reached peak production, with production increases replacing falls in Europe and the United States<a href="#cite_note-iea-2020-1">[1]</a> and proposed mines under development.<a href="#cite_note-T2-2">[2]</a> The coal mining industry employs almost 2.7 million workers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Methods_of_extraction">2 Methods of extraction</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Surface_mining">2.1 Surface mining</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Strip_mining">2.1.1 Strip mining</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Contour_mining">2.1.2 Contour mining</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Mountaintop_removal_mining">2.1.3 Mountaintop removal mining</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Underground_mining">2.2 Underground mining</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Production">3 Production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Economic_impact">3.1 Economic impact</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Waste_and_refuse">3.2 Waste and refuse</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Disasters">3.2.1 Disasters</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Modern_mining">4 Modern mining</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Safety">5 Safety</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Dangers_to_miners">5.1 Dangers to miners</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Damps">5.1.1 Damps</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Noise">5.1.2 Noise</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Safety_improvements">5.2 Safety improvements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Environmental_impacts">6 Environmental impacts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Coal_mining_by_country">7 Coal mining by country</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Australia">7.1 Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Canada">7.2 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Chile">7.3 Chile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#China">7.4 China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Colombia">7.5 Colombia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Germany">7.6 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Greece">7.7 Greece</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#India">7.8 India</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Japan">7.9 Japan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#New_Zealand">7.10 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Poland">7.11 Poland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Russia">7.12 Russia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Spain">7.13 Spain</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#South_Africa">7.14 South Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Taiwan">7.15 Taiwan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Turkey">7.16 Turkey</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Ukraine">7.17 Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#United_Kingdom">7.18 United Kingdom</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#United_States">7.19 United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Works_cited">9.1 Works cited</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Child_labour">10.1 Child labour</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Older_textbooks">10.2 Older textbooks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Fiction">10.3 Fiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Government_documents_and_primary_sources">10.4 Government documents and primary sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_coal_mining&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> The History of coal mining goes back thousands of years, with early mines documented in ancient China, the Roman Empire and other early historical economies. It became important in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the 19th and 20th centuries, when it was primarily used to power steam engines, heat buildings and generate electricity. Coal mining continues as an important economic activity today, but has begun to decline due to the strong contribution coal plays in <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and environmental issues, which result in decreasing demand and in some geographies, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">wood fuels</a>, coal yields a higher amount of energy per unit mass, specific energy or massic energy, and can often be obtained in areas where wood is not readily available. Though it was used historically as a domestic fuel, coal is now used mostly in industry, especially in <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloy</a> production, as well as <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>. Large-scale coal mining developed during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and coal provided the main source of <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> for industry and transportation in industrial areas from the 18th century to the 1950s. Coal remains an important energy source.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_coal_mining_Freese._2004-4">[4]</a> Coal is also mined today on a large scale by <a href="/wiki/Open_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit">open pit</a> methods wherever the coal <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> strike the surface or are relatively shallow. Britain developed the main techniques of underground coal mining from the late 18th century onward, with further progress being driven by 19th-century and early 20th-century progress.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_coal_mining_Freese._2004-4">[4]</a> However, oil and gas were increasingly used as alternatives from the 1860s onward. By the late 20th century, coal was, for the most part, replaced in domestic as well as industrial and transportation usage by <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> or electricity produced from oil, gas, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> or <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources. By 2010, coal produced over a fourth of the world's energy.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since 1890, coal mining has also been a political and social issue. Coal miners' labour and <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> became powerful in many countries in the 20th century, and often, the miners were leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a> or <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> movements (as in Britain, Germany, Poland, Japan, Chile, Canada and the U.S.)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-History_of_coal_mining_Reyesetal2014-7">[7]</a> Since 1970, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> have been increasingly important, including the health of miners, destruction of the landscape from <a href="/wiki/Strip_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip mine">strip mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">mountaintop removal</a>, air pollution, and coal combustion's contribution to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boats_hauling_coal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Boats_hauling_coal.jpg/220px-Boats_hauling_coal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="495"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Boats_hauling_coal.jpg/220px-Boats_hauling_coal.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Boats_hauling_coal.jpg/330px-Boats_hauling_coal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Boats_hauling_coal.jpg/440px-Boats_hauling_coal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ships have been used to haul coal since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Methods_of_extraction">Methods of extraction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods of extraction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Coal extraction methods vary depending on whether the mine is an underground mine or a surface (also called an open cast) mine. Additionally, coal seam thickness and geology are factors in the selection of a mining method. The most economical method of coal extraction for surface mines is the electric shovel or drag line. The most economical form of underground mining is the long wall, which involves using two spinning drums with carbide bits that runs along sections of the coal seam. Many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a <a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">coal preparation plant</a>. Technical and economic feasibility are evaluated based on the following: regional geological conditions; <a href="/wiki/Overburden" title="Overburden">overburden</a> characteristics; coal seam continuity, thickness, structure, quality, and depth; strength of materials above and below the seam for roof and floor conditions; topography, especially altitude and slope; climate; land ownership as it affects the availability of land for mining and access; surface drainage patterns; groundwater conditions; availability of labor and materials; coal purchaser requirements in terms of tonnage, quality, and destination; and capital investment requirements.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two basic methods of mining. The choice of mining method depends primarily on depth, density, overburden, and thickness of the coal seam; seams relatively close to the surface, at depths less than approximately 55 m (180 ft), are usually surface mined.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Coal that occurs at depths of 55 to 90 m (180 to 300 ft) are usually deep mined, but in some cases surface mining techniques can be used. For example, some western U.S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 60 m (200 ft) are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 20–25 metres (60–90 feet). Coals occurring below 90 m (300 ft) are usually deep mined.<a href="#cite_note-Christman,_R.C._1980-9">[9]</a> However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 300–460 metres (1,000–1,500 feet) below ground level, for instance <a href="/wiki/Tagebau_Hambach" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagebau Hambach">Tagebau Hambach</a> in Germany. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_mining">Surface mining</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Surface mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerrejonmine1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cerrejonmine1.png/220px-Cerrejonmine1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cerrejonmine1.png/220px-Cerrejonmine1.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cerrejonmine1.png/330px-Cerrejonmine1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Cerrejonmine1.png/440px-Cerrejonmine1.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Trucks loaded with coal at the <a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n" title="Cerrejón">Cerrejón</a> coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></figcaption></figure> When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-cut</a>, also referred to as open-cast, open-pit, mountaintop removal or strip, mining methods. Opencast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> may be exploited. This equipment can include the following: Draglines which operate by removing the overburden, power shovels, large trucks in which transport overburden and coal, bucket wheel excavators, and conveyors. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, of the mining area. The overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured and thoroughly mined in strips. The coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used.<a href="#cite_note-CoalMining2009-10">[10]</a> Most open cast mines in the United States extract <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>. In Canada, Australia, and South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Open_cast_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cast mining">open cast mining</a> is used for both <a href="/wiki/Thermal_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal coal">thermal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">metallurgical coals</a>. In <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> open casting for steam coal and <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> is practiced. Surface mining accounts for around 80 percent of production in Australia, while in the US it is used for about 67 percent of production. Globally, about 40 percent of coal production involves surface mining.<a href="#cite_note-CoalMining2009-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strip_mining">Strip mining</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Strip mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Strip mining exposes coal by removing earth above each coal seam. This earth to be removed is referred to as 'overburden' and is removed in long strips.<a href="#cite_note-T1-11">[11]</a> The overburden from the first strip is deposited in an area outside the planned mining area and referred to as out-of-pit dumping. Overburden from subsequent strips is deposited in the void left from mining the coal and overburden from the previous strip. This is referred to as in-pit dumping.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It is often necessary to fragment the overburden by use of explosives. This is accomplished by drilling holes into the overburden, filling the holes with explosives, and detonating the explosive. The overburden is then removed, using large earth-moving equipment, such as <a href="/wiki/Dragline" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragline">draglines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_shovel" title="Power shovel">shovel</a> and trucks, <a href="/wiki/Excavator" title="Excavator">excavator</a> and trucks, or <a href="/wiki/Bucket-wheel_excavator" title="Bucket-wheel excavator">bucket-wheels</a> and conveyors. This overburden is put into the previously mined (and now empty) strip. When all the overburden is removed, the underlying coal seam will be exposed (a 'block' of coal). This block of coal may be drilled and blasted (if hard) or otherwise loaded onto trucks or conveyors for transport to the coal preparation (or wash) plant. Once this strip is empty of coal, the process is repeated with a new strip being created next to it. This method is most suitable for areas with flat terrain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Equipment to be used depends on geological conditions. For example, to remove overburden that is loose or unconsolidated, a bucket wheel excavator might be the most productive. The life of some area mines may be more than 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-Interior_1987-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contour_mining">Contour mining</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contour mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The contour mining method consists of removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around the hillside. This method is most commonly used in areas with rolling to steep terrain. It was once common to deposit the spoil on the downslope side of the bench thus created, but this method of spoil disposal consumed much additional land and created severe landslide and erosion problems. To alleviate these problems, a variety of methods were devised to use freshly cut overburden to refill mined-out areas. These haul-back or lateral movement methods generally consist of an initial cut with the spoil deposited downslope or at some other site and spoil from the second cut refilling the first. A ridge of undisturbed natural material 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) wide is often intentionally left at the outer edge of the mined area. This barrier adds stability to the reclaimed slope by preventing spoil from slumping or sliding downhill.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The limitations of contour strip mining are both economic and technical. When the operation reaches a predetermined stripping ratio (tons of overburden/tons of coal), it is not profitable to continue. Depending on the equipment available, it may not be technically feasible to exceed a certain height of highwall. At this point, it is possible to produce more coal with the augering method in which spiral drills bore tunnels into a highwall laterally from the bench to extract coal without removing the overburden.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mountaintop_removal_mining">Mountaintop removal mining</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mountaintop removal mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining" title="Mountaintop removal mining">Mountaintop removal mining</a></div> Mountaintop coal mining is a surface mining practice involving removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and disposing of associated mining overburden in adjacent "valley fills." Valley fills occur in steep terrain where there are limited disposal alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining" title="Mountaintop removal mining">Mountaintop removal mining</a> combines area and contour strip mining methods. In areas with rolling or steep terrain with a coal seam occurring near the top of a ridge or hill, the entire top is removed in a series of parallel cuts. Overburden is deposited in nearby valleys and hollows. This method usually leaves the ridge and hilltops as flattened plateaus.<a href="#cite_note-Christman,_R.C._1980-9">[9]</a> The process is highly controversial for the drastic changes in topography, the practice of creating head-of-hollow-fills, or filling in valleys with mining debris, and for covering streams and disrupting ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Spoil is placed at the head of a narrow, steep-sided valley or hollow. In preparation for filling this area, vegetation and soil are removed and a rock drain constructed down the middle of the area to be filled, where a natural drainage course previously existed. When the fill is completed, this underdrain will form a continuous water runoff system from the upper end of the valley to the lower end of the fill. Typical head-of-hollow fills are graded and terraced to create permanently stable slopes.<a href="#cite_note-Interior_1987-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_mining">Underground mining</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Underground mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Underground_soft-rock_mining" title="Underground soft-rock mining">Underground soft-rock mining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Washer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_Washer.JPG/220px-Coal_Washer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_Washer.JPG/220px-Coal_Washer.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_Washer.JPG/330px-Coal_Washer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coal_Washer.JPG/440px-Coal_Washer.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A coal wash plant in <a href="/wiki/Clay_County,_Kentucky" title="Clay County, Kentucky">Clay County, Kentucky</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continuous_Miner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Continuous_Miner.jpg/220px-Continuous_Miner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="518"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Continuous_Miner.jpg/220px-Continuous_Miner.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Continuous_Miner.jpg/330px-Continuous_Miner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Continuous_Miner.jpg/440px-Continuous_Miner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A remote Joy HM21 continuous miner used underground</figcaption></figure> Most coal seams are too deep underground for opencast mining and require underground mining, a method that currently accounts for about 60 percent of world coal production.<a href="#cite_note-CoalMining2009-10">[10]</a> In deep mining, the <a href="/wiki/Room_and_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Room and pillar">room and pillar or bord and pillar</a> method progresses along the seam, while pillars and timber are left standing to support the mine roof. Once room and pillar mines have been developed to a stopping point limited by geology, ventilation, or economics, a supplementary version of room and pillar mining, termed second mining or <a href="/wiki/Retreat_mining" title="Retreat mining">retreat mining</a>, is commonly started. Miners remove the coal in the pillars, thereby recovering as much coal from the coal seam as possible. A work area involved in pillar extraction is called a pillar section.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Modern pillar sections use remote-controlled equipment, including large hydraulic mobile roof-supports, which can prevent cave-ins until the miners and their equipment have left a work area. The mobile roof supports are similar to a large dining-room table, but with hydraulic jacks for legs. After the large pillars of coal have been mined away, the mobile roof support's legs shorten and it is withdrawn to a safe area. The mine roof typically collapses once the mobile roof supports leave an area.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are six principal methods of underground mining: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longwall_mining" title="Longwall mining">Longwall mining</a> accounts for about 50 percent of underground production. The longwall shearer has a face of 1,000 feet (300 m) or more. It is a sophisticated machine with a rotating drum that moves mechanically back and forth across a wide coal seam. The loosened coal falls onto an armored chain conveyor or pan line that takes the coal to the conveyor belt for removal from the work area. Longwall systems have their own hydraulic roof supports which advance with the machine as mining progresses. As the longwall mining equipment moves forward, overlying rock that is no longer supported by coal is allowed to fall behind the operation in a controlled manner. The supports make possible high levels of production and safety. Sensors detect how much coal remains in the seam while robotic controls enhance efficiency. Longwall systems allow a 60-to-100 percent coal recovery rate when surrounding geology allows their use. Once the coal is removed, usually 75 percent of the section, the roof is allowed to collapse in a safe manner.<a href="#cite_note-CoalMining2009-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous mining">Continuous mining</a> utilizes a continuous miner machine with a large rotating steel drum equipped with tungsten carbide picks that scrape coal from the seam. Operating in a "room and pillar", also known as "bord and pillar" system, where the mine is divided into a series of 20-to-30-foot (5–10 m) "rooms" or work areas cut into the coalbed—it can mine as much as 14 tons of coal a minute, more than a non-mechanised mine of the 1920s would produce in an entire day. Continuous miners account for about 45 percent of underground coal production. <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyors</a> transport the removed coal from the seam. Remote-controlled continuous miners are used to work in a variety of difficult seams and conditions, and robotic versions controlled by computers are becoming increasingly common. Continuous mining is a misnomer, as room and pillar coal mining is very cyclical. In the US, one can generally cut up to around 20 feet (6 meters). This may be increased with <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">MSHA</a> permission. In South Africa, the limit may be as high as 12 metres (39 ft). After the cutting limit is reached, the continuous miner assembly is removed and the roof is supported by the use of a roof bolter, after which the face has to be serviced before it can be advanced again. During servicing, the "continuous" miner moves to another face. Some continuous miners can bolt and rock dust the face, two major components of servicing, while cutting coal, while a trained crew may be able to advance ventilation, to truly earn the "continuous" label. However, very few mines are able to achieve it. Most continuous mining machines in use in the US lack the ability to bolt and dust. This may partly be because the incorporation of bolting makes the machines wider, and therefore, less maneuverable.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_and_pillar" class="mw-redirect" title="Room and pillar">Room and pillar mining</a> consists of coal deposits that are mined by cutting a network of rooms into the coal seam. Pillars of coal are left behind in order to keep up the roof. The pillars can make up to forty percent of the total coal in the seam, however, where there was space to leave the head and floor coal there is evidence from recent open cast excavations that 18th-century operators used a variety of room and pillar techniques to remove 92 percent of the in situ coal. However, this can be extracted at a later stage (see <a href="/wiki/Retreat_mining" title="Retreat mining">retreat mining</a>).<a href="#cite_note-CoalMining2009-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_blasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock blasting">Blast mining</a> or conventional mining, is an older practice that uses <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> to break up the coal seam, after which the coal is gathered and loaded onto shuttle cars or conveyors for removal to a central loading area. This process consists of a series of operations that begins with "cutting" the coalbed so it will break easily when blasted with explosives. This type of mining accounts for less than 5 percent of total underground production in the US today.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_mining" title="Retreat mining">Retreat mining</a> is a method in which the pillars or coal ribs used to hold up the mine roof are extracted; allowing the mine roof to collapse as the mining works back towards the entrance. This is one of the most dangerous forms of mining, owing to imperfect predictability of when the roof will collapse and possibly crush or trap workers in the mine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Major_coal_producing_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Major coal producing regions">Major coal producing regions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg/220px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg/220px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg/330px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg/440px-Coal_mine_in_Inner_Mongolia_002.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A lignite brown coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg/220px-Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg/220px-Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg/330px-Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg/440px-Loy_Yang_open_cut_brown_coal_mine_and_dredgers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A lignite mine in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg/220px-Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg/220px-Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg/330px-Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg/440px-Historical_coal_production_of_different_countries.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The historical coal production of various countries</figcaption></figure> Coal is mined commercially in over 50 countries. 7,921 million metric tons (Mt) of coal were produced in 2019, a 70% increase over the 20 years since 1999. In 2018, the world production of <a href="/wiki/Brown_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown coal">brown coal (lignite)</a> was 803.2 Mt, with Germany the world's largest producer at 166.3 Mt. China is most likely the second largest producer and consumer of lignite globally although specific lignite production data is not made available.<a href="#cite_note-iea-2020-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Coal production has grown fastest in Asia, while Europe has declined. Since 2011, world coal production has been stable, with decreases in Europe and US offset by increases from China, Indonesia and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The top coal mining nations are: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>2019 estimate of total coal production </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production<a href="#cite_note-Enerdata-20">[20]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> </td> <td>3,692 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td>745 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>640 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </td> <td>585 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>500 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>425 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> </td> <td>264 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>132 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td>117 Mt </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>112 Mt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_impact">Economic impact</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Energy production from coal mining is highly concentrated in certain jurisdictions, which also concentrates much of the social and economic impacts of the industry to these regions.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> The industry directly employs over seven million workers worldwide, which, in turn, creates millions of indirect jobs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> In several parts of the world, producers have reached <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a> as some economies shift away from fossil fuels to address climate change. A 2020 study found that renewables jobs could feasibly be created in these geographies to replace many of the coal mining jobs as part of a <a href="/wiki/Just_transition" title="Just transition">just transition</a>; however, renewable energy was not suitable in some of the geographies with high concentrations of miners, such as in China, which is far and away the leading coal-mining nation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6">2018 coal production, reserves, miners, and major coal-producing regions for <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which account for approximately 70% of global annual coal production. The following table includes jurisdictions which are the top coal-producing provinces and states, responsible for over 85% of each country's coal production.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Coal production (million tonnes) </th> <th>Coal reserves (million tonnes) </th> <th>Coal miners (thousands) </th> <th>Top producing provinces or states </th> <th>% of national production covered </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">China</a> </td> <td>3349 </td> <td>138,819 </td> <td>6110 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> </td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_india" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in india">India</a> </td> <td>717 </td> <td>97,728 </td> <td>485 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissa">Orissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> </td> <td>85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">United States</a> </td> <td>701 </td> <td>250,916 </td> <td>52 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td>90% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>478 </td> <td>144,818 </td> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a> </td> <td>99% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_and_refuse">Waste and refuse</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Waste and refuse" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_refuse&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton,_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/220px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/220px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/330px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG/440px-Coal_waste_pile_west_of_Trevorton%2C_Pennsylvania_far_shot_2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coal waste in Pennsylvania</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a> (also described as coal waste, rock, slag, coal tailings, waste material, rock bank, culm, boney, or gob<a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-23">[23]</a>) is the material left over from coal mining, usually as <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings piles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">spoil tips</a>. For every tonne of hard coal generated by mining, 400 kg (880 lb) of waste material remains, which includes some lost coal that is partially economically recoverable.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Coal refuse is distinct from the byproducts of burning coal, such as <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/220px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/220px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/330px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg/440px-Bota_coal_spoil_stones_at_Botayama_Wanpaku_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coal spoil stones</figcaption></figure> Piles of coal refuse can have significant negative environmental consequences, including the leaching of iron, manganese, and aluminum residues into waterways and <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The runoff can create both surface and groundwater contamination.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The piles also create a fire hazard, with the potential to spontaneously ignite. Because most coal refuse harbors toxic components, it is not easily reclaimed by replanting with plants like beach grasses.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:3-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Gob has about four times as much toxic mercury and more sulfur than typical coal.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-23">[23]</a> Culm is the term for waste <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> coal.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_refuse_:0-23">[23]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disasters">Disasters</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disasters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse#Disasters" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse § Disasters</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_refuse&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> In the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a> in Wales, a colliery <a href="/wiki/Spoil_tip" title="Spoil tip">spoil tip</a> collapsed, engulfing a school and killing 116 children and 28 adults. Other accidents involving coal waste include the <a href="/wiki/Martin_County_coal_slurry_spill" title="Martin County coal slurry spill">Martin County coal slurry spill</a> (US, 2000) and the <a href="/wiki/Obed_Mountain_coal_mine_spill" title="Obed Mountain coal mine spill">Obed Mountain coal mine spill</a> (Canada, 2013).</div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Modern_mining">Modern mining</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern mining" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png/220px-Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png/220px-Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png/330px-Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png/440px-Coal_Miner_Laser_Profiling.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Laser profiling of a mine site by a coal miner using a Maptek I-site laser scanner in 2014</figcaption></figure> The use of sophisticated sensing equipment to monitor air quality is common and has replaced the use of small animals such as canaries, often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Domestic_Canary#Miner's_canary" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic Canary">miner's canaries</a>".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the United States, the increase in technology has significantly decreased the mining workforce. in 2015 US coal mines had 65,971 employees, the lowest figure since <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">EIA</a> began collecting data in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, a 2016 study reported that a relatively minor investment would allow most coal workers to retrain for the solar energy industry.<a href="#cite_note-Louie-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mine_safety" title="Mine safety">Mine safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">Mining accident</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_to_miners">Dangers to miners</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dangers to miners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg/220px-Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg/220px-Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg/330px-Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Farmington-Mine-Disaster-smoke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Farmington_Mine_disaster" title="Farmington Mine disaster">Farmington Mine disaster</a>, which killed 78 people in <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> in 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner_spirometry_(9253624711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg/220px-Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2952"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg/220px-Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg/330px-Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg/440px-Miner_spirometry_%289253624711%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Miners can be regularly monitored for reduced lung function due to coal dust exposure using <a href="/wiki/Spirometry" title="Spirometry">spirometry</a>.</figcaption></figure> Coal mining has been a very dangerous activity and the list of historical coal <a href="/wiki/Mining_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining disasters">mining disasters</a> is long. In the U.S., 104,895 coal miners were killed in mine accidents since 1900,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> 90 percent of the fatalities occurring in the first half of the 20th century. 3,242 died in 1907, the worst year ever; in 2020 there were five.<a href="#cite_note-MSHA-33">[33]</a> Open cut hazards are principally mine wall failures and vehicle collisions; underground mining hazards include suffocation, gas poisoning, roof collapse, <a href="/wiki/Rock_burst" title="Rock burst">rock burst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">outbursts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> explosions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a> explosions can trigger the far more dangerous <a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">coal dust</a> explosions, which can engulf an entire mine. Most of these risks are greatly reduced in modern mines, and multiple fatality incidents are now rare in most parts of the developed world. Modern coal mining in the US has an average 23 deaths per year due to mine accidents (2001–2020).<a href="#cite_note-MSHA-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, in lesser developed countries and some developing countries, many miners continue to die annually, either through direct accidents in coal mines or through adverse health consequences from working under poor conditions. <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">China</a>, in particular, has the highest number of coal mining related deaths in the world, with official statistics claiming that 6,027 deaths occurred in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> To compare, 28 deaths were reported in the U.S. in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Coal production in China is twice that in the US,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> while the number of coal miners is around 50 times that of the US, making deaths in coal mines in China 4 times as common per worker (108 times as common per unit output) as in the US.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mine disasters have still occurred in recent years in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Sago_Mine_disaster" title="Sago Mine disaster">Sago Mine disaster</a> of 2006, and the 2007 mine accident in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Crandall_Canyon_Mine" title="Crandall Canyon Mine">Crandall Canyon Mine</a>, where nine miners were killed and six entombed.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In the decade 2005–2014, US coal mining fatalities averaged 28 per year.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The most fatalities during the 2005–2014 decade were 48 in 2010, the year of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Big_Branch_Mine_disaster" title="Upper Big Branch Mine disaster">Upper Big Branch Mine disaster</a> in West Virginia, which killed 29 miners.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Chronic <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">pneumoconiosis</a> (black lung) were once common in miners, leading to reduced <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>. In some mining countries black lung is still common, with 4,000 new cases of black lung every year in the US (4 percent of workers annually) and 10,000 new cases every year in China (0.2 percent of workers).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The use of water sprays in mining equipment reduces the risk to miners' lungs.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Damps">Damps </h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Damps" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Build-ups of a hazardous gas are known as damps, possibly from the German word Dampf which means steam or vapor: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_damp" class="mw-redirect" title="Black damp">Black damp</a>: a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in a mine can cause suffocation, and is formed as a result of corrosion in enclosed spaces so removing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> from the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterdamp" title="Afterdamp">After damp</a>: similar to black damp, after damp consists of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and nitrogen and forms after a mine explosion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Fire damp</a>: consists of mostly <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, a highly flammable gas that explodes between 5% and 15% – at 25% it causes <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Stink damp</a>: so named for the rotten egg smell of the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> gas, stink damp can explode and is also very toxic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">White damp</a>: air containing carbon monoxide which is toxic, even at low concentrations</li> <li>A heavy curtain used to direct air currents in mines and prevent the buildup of dangerous gases is known as a damp sheet.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noise">Noise</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Noise" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Noise is also a contributing factor to potential adverse effects on coal miners' health. Exposure to excessive noise can lead to <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>. Hearing loss developed as a result of occupational exposures is coined <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hearing_loss" title="Occupational hearing loss">occupational hearing loss</a>. To protect miners' hearing, the US <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">Mine Safety and Health Administration</a>'s (MSHA) guidelines for noise place a Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for noise at 90 dBA time-weighted over 8 hours. A lower cutoff, 85 dBA, is set for a worker to fall into the MSHA Action Level which dictates that workers be placed into hearing conservation programs.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Noise exposures vary depending on the method of extraction. For example, a study has found that among surface coal mine operations, dragline equipment produced the loudest sound at a range of 88–112 dBA.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Within longwall sections, stageloaders used to transport coal from the mining face and shearers used for extraction represent some of the highest noise exposures. Auxiliary fans (up to 120 dBA), continuous mining machines (up to 109 dBA), and roof bolters (up to 103 dBA) represent some of the noisiest equipment within continuous mining sections.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Exposures to noise exceeding 90 dBA can lead to adverse effects on workers' hearing. The use of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">administrative controls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">engineering controls</a> can be used to reduce noise exposures.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_improvements">Safety improvements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Safety improvements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/220px--Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="447" data-mwtitle="Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-width="640" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm/Make_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMake_it_Safer_with_Roof_Screen.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></video><figcaption>A video on the use of rock bolts and roof screens in underground mines</figcaption></figure> Improvements in mining methods (e.g. longwall mining), hazardous gas monitoring (such as <a href="/wiki/Safety-lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety-lamp">safety-lamps</a> or more modern electronic gas monitors), gas drainage, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment_in_hazardous_areas" title="Electrical equipment in hazardous areas">electrical equipment</a>, and ventilation have reduced many of the risks of rock falls, explosions, and unhealthy air quality. Gases released during the mining process can be recovered to generate electricity and improve worker safety with <a href="/wiki/Gas_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas engines">gas engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Another innovation in recent years is the use of <a href="/wiki/Self-contained_self-rescue_device" title="Self-contained self-rescue device">closed circuit escape respirators</a>, respirators that contain oxygen for situations where mine ventilation is compromised.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Statistical analyses performed by the US Department of Labor's <a href="/wiki/Mine_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Mine Safety and Health Administration">Mine Safety and Health Administration</a> (MSHA) show that between 1990 and 2004, the industry cut the rate of injuries by more than half and fatalities by two-thirds. But according to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Labor_Statistics" title="Bureau of Labor Statistics">Bureau of Labor Statistics</a>, even in 2006, mining remained the second most dangerous occupation in America, when measured by <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">fatality rate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laborbureau2006-49">[49]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] These numbers, however, include all mining activities, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil and gas mining</a> contribute to the majority of fatalities. Coal mining resulted in 47 fatalities that year.<a href="#cite_note-laborbureau2006-49">[49]</a> One study, though, has suggested that hazards of modern mining are now more accretive with workers facing long-term health impacts, such as sleep deprivation, that build up over time.<a href="#cite_note-T3-50">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry#Impact_to_land_and_surroundings" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry § Impact to land and surroundings</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> Strip mining severely alters the landscape, which reduces the value of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> in the surrounding land.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_Hamilton-51">[51]</a> The land surface is dedicated to mining activities until it can be reshaped and reclaimed. If mining is allowed, resident human populations must be resettled off the mine site; economic activities, such as agriculture or hunting and gathering food and medicinal plants are interrupted. What becomes of the land surface after mining is determined by the manner in which the mining is conducted. Usually reclamation of disturbed lands to a land use condition is not equal to the original use. Existing land uses (such as livestock grazing, crop and timber production) are temporarily eliminated in mining areas. High-value, intensive-land-use areas like urban and transportation systems are not usually affected by mining operations. If mineral values are sufficient, these improvements may be removed to an adjacent area. Strip mining eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_interior-52">[52]</a> Adverse impacts on geological features of human interest may occur in a coal strip mine. Geomorphic and geophysical features and outstanding scenic resources may be sacrificed by indiscriminate mining. Paleontological, cultural, and other historic values may be endangered due to the disruptive activities of blasting, ripping, and excavating coal. Stripping of overburden eliminates and destroys archeological and historic features, unless they are removed beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_Squillace-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_DOI-TEEIC-54">[54]</a> The removal of vegetative cover and activities associated with the construction of haul roads, stockpiling of topsoil, displacement of <a href="/wiki/Overburden" title="Overburden">overburden</a> and hauling of soil and coal increase the quantity of dust around mining operations. Dust degrades air quality in the immediate area, has an adverse impact on vegetative life, and constitutes health and safety hazards for mine workers and nearby residents.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_Squillace-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_DOI-TEEIC-54">[54]</a> Surface mining disrupts virtually all aesthetic elements of the landscape. Alteration of land forms often imposes unfamiliar and discontinuous configurations. New linear patterns appear as material is extracted and waste piles are developed. Different colors and textures are exposed as vegetative cover is removed and overburden dumped to the side. Dust, vibration, and diesel exhaust odors are created (affecting sight, sound, and smell). Residents of local communities often find such impacts disturbing or unpleasant. In case of <a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountaintop removal">mountaintop removal</a>, tops are removed from mountains or hills to expose thick coal seams underneath. The soil and rock removed is deposited in nearby valleys, hollows and depressions, resulting in blocked (and contaminated) waterways.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_Squillace-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_DOI-TEEIC-54">[54]</a> Removal of soil and rock overburden covering the coal resource may cause burial and loss of topsoil, exposes parent material, and creates large infertile wastelands. Soil disturbance and associated compaction result in conditions conducive to erosion. Soil removal from the area to be surface-mined alters or destroys many natural soil characteristics, and reduces its biodiversity and productivity for agriculture. Soil structure may be disturbed by pulverization or aggregate breakdown.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_Squillace-53">[53]</a> In response to negative land effects of coal mining and the abundance of abandoned mines in the US the federal government enacted the <a href="/wiki/Surface_Mining_Control_and_Reclamation_Act_of_1977" title="Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977">Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977</a>, which requires <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">reclamation</a> plans for future coal mining sites. These plans must be approved by federal or state authorities before mining begins.<a href="#cite_note-Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry_interior-52">[52]</a></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Coal_mining_by_country">Coal mining by country</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coal mining by country" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Europe" title="Coal in Europe">Coal in Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_coal_production_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Top_coal_production_countries.svg/220px-Top_coal_production_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Top_coal_production_countries.svg/220px-Top_coal_production_countries.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Top_coal_production_countries.svg/330px-Top_coal_production_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Top_coal_production_countries.svg/440px-Top_coal_production_countries.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The six largest coal producing nations as of 2015, according to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Energy_Information_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Energy Information Agency (page does not exist)">U.S. Energy Information Agency</a></figcaption></figure> Top 10 hard and brown coal producers in 2012 were (in million metric tons): <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in China">China</a> 3,621, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">United States</a> 922, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in India">India</a> 629, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Australia">Australia</a> 432, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> 410, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a> 351, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Africa" title="Energy in South Africa">South Africa</a> 261, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Germany</a> 196, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a> 144, and <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> 122.<a href="#cite_note-%C3%B6ljy-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg/220px-SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1070"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg/220px-SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg/330px-SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg/440px-SLNSW_31753_Balmain_Coal_Mine_for_LJ_Hooker_Ltd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A balmain coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, Australia, in 1950</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Australia">Coal mining in Australia</a></div> Coal has been mined in every state of Australia, but mainly in Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. It is mostly used to generate electricity, and 75% of annual coal production is exported, mostly to eastern Asia. In 2007, 428 million tonnes of coal was mined in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-eia.doe.gov-57">[57]</a> In 2007, coal provided about 85% of Australia's electricity production.<a href="#cite_note-modern-58">[58]</a> In the fiscal year 2008/09, 487 million tonnes of coal was mined, and 261 million tonnes was exported.<a href="#cite_note-ABARE2009-59">[59]</a> In the fiscal year 2013/14, 430.9 million tonnes of coal was mined, and 375.1 million tonnes was exported.<a href="#cite_note-raegsept2015-60">[60]</a> In 2013/14, coal provided about 69% of Australia's electricity production.<a href="#cite_note-wca-61">[61]</a> In 2013, Australia was the world's fifth-largest coal producer, after China, the United States, India, and Indonesia. However, in terms of proportion of production exported, Australia is the world's second largest coal exporter, as it exports roughly 73% of its coal production. Indonesia exports about 87% of its coal production.<a href="#cite_note-wca-61">[61]</a> A court in Australia has cited climate change in ruling against a new coal mine.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Canada" title="Coal in Canada">Coal in Canada</a></div> Canada was ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">15th</a> coal producing country in the world in 2010, with a total production of 67.9 million tonnes. Canada's <a href="/wiki/Coal_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal reserves">coal reserves</a>, the 12th largest in the world, are located largely in the province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The first coal mines in North America were located in <a href="/wiki/Joggins" title="Joggins">Joggins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Morien" title="Port Morien">Port Morien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, mined by French settlers beginning in the late 1600s. The coal was used for the British garrison at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>, and in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Fortress of Louisbourg</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Chile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">Coal mining in Chile</a></div> Compared to other South American countries Chile has limited coal resources. Only Argentina is similarly poor.<a href="#cite_note-rebelion-64">[64]</a> Coal in Chile is mostly <a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">sub-bituminous</a> with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coals</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arauco_Basin" title="Arauco Basin">Arauco Basin</a> in central Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Davis1990-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">Coal power in China</a></div> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is by far the largest producer of coal in the world, producing over 2.8 billion tons of coal in 2007, or approximately 39.8 percent of all coal produced in the world during that year.<a href="#cite_note-eia.doe.gov-57">[57]</a> For comparison, the second largest producer, the United States, produced more than 1.1 billion tons in 2007. An estimated 5 million people work in China's coal-mining industry. As many as 20,000 miners die in accidents each year.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Most Chinese mines are deep underground and do not produce the surface disruption typical of strip mines. Although there is some evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mine_reclamation" title="Mine reclamation">reclamation</a> of mined land for use as parks, China does not require extensive reclamation and is creating significant acreages of <a href="/wiki/Abandoned_mined_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Abandoned mined land">abandoned mined land</a>, which is unsuitable for agriculture or other human uses, and inhospitable to indigenous wildlife. Chinese underground mines often experience severe surface <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> (6–12 meters), negatively impacting farmland because it no longer drains well. China uses some subsidence areas for <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">aquaculture</a> ponds but has more than they need for that purpose. Reclamation of subsided ground is a significant problem in China. Because most Chinese coal is for domestic consumption, and is burned with little or no <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> control equipment, it contributes greatly to visible smoke and severe air pollution in industrial areas using coal for fuel. China's total energy uses 67% from coal mines.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Colombia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some of the world's largest coal reserves are located in South America, and an opencast mine at <a href="/wiki/Cerrej%C3%B3n" title="Cerrejón">Cerrejón</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Open_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Open pit">open pit</a> mines. The output of the mine in 2004 was 24.9 million tons (compared to total global hard coal production of 4,600 million tons). Cerrejón contributed about half of Colombia's coal exports of 52 million tons that year, with Colombia ranked sixth among major coal exporting nations. The company planned to expand production to 32 million tons by 2008. The company has its own 150 km standard-gauge railroad, connecting the mine to its coal-loading terminal at Puerto Bolívar on the Caribbean coast. There are two 120-car unit trains, each carrying 12,000 tons of coal per trip. The round-trip time for each train, including loading and unloading, is about 12 hours. The coal facilities at the port are capable of loading 4,800 tons per hour onto vessels of up to 175,000 tons of dead weight. The mine, railroad and port operate 24 hours per day. Cerrejón directly employs 4,600 workers, with a further 3,800 employed by contractors. The reserves at Cerrejón are low-sulfur, low-ash, bituminous coal. The coal is mostly used for electric power generation, with some also used in <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> manufacture. The surface mineable reserves for the current contract are 330 million tons. However, total proven reserves to a depth of 300 metres are 3,000 million tons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The expansion of the Cerrejón mine has been blamed for the forced displacement of local communities.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="1825"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde_2017_CHB_23_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit</a> coal mine in the <a href="/wiki/Rheinisches_Braunkohlerevier" title="Rheinisches Braunkohlerevier">Rhineland lignite mining area</a> in Germany</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has a long history of coal mining, going back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. Coal mining greatly increased during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and the following decades. The main mining areas were around <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> area, along with many smaller areas in other parts of Germany, and until 1945 also in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> was repeatedly under French control. These areas grew and were shaped by coal mining and coal processing, and this is still visible even after the end of the coal mining.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Coal mining reached its peak in the first half of the 20th century. After 1950, the coal producers started to struggle financially. In 1975, a subsidy was introduced (Kohlepfennig, coal penny as part of the electricity bill), which was discontinued in the 1990s. In 2007, due to EU regulations, the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> decided to end subsidies by 2018. As a consequence, <a href="/wiki/RAG_AG" title="RAG AG">RAG AG</a>, the owner of the two remaining coal mines in Germany, Prosper Haniel and Ibbenbüren, announced it would close all mines by 2018, thus ended underground coal mining in Germany. Open pit lignite mining for electricity continues in Nordrhein-Westfalen, and in the eastern states of Brandenburg, Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greece" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lignite has been mined in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> since 1873, and today supplies approximately 75% of the country's energy. The main mining areas are located in Western Macedonia (<a href="/wiki/Ptolemaida" title="Ptolemaida">Ptolemaida</a>) and the Peloponnese (<a href="/wiki/Megalopoli_Mine" title="Megalopoli Mine">Megalopolis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in India">Coal mining in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/220px-Coal_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/220px-Coal_Mine.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/330px-Coal_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coal_Mine.jpg/440px-Coal_Mine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Jharia" title="Jharia">Jharia</a>, India</figcaption></figure> Coal mining in India has a long history of commercial exploitation starting in 1774 with John Sumner and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius_Grant_Heatly" title="Suetonius Grant Heatly">Suetonius Grant Heatly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Raniganj_Coalfield" title="Raniganj Coalfield">Raniganj Coalfield</a> along the Western bank of <a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a>. Demand for coal remained low until the introduction of steam locomotives in 1853. After this, production rose to an annual average of 1 Mt and India produced 6.12 Mt per year by 1900 and 18 Mt per year by 1920, following increased demand in the First World War, but went through a slump in the early thirties. The production reached a level of 29 Mt by 1942 and 30 Mt by 1946. After independence, the country embarked upon five-year development plans. At the beginning of the 1st Plan, annual production went up to 33 Mt. During the 1st Plan period, the need for increasing coal production efficiently by systematic and scientific development of the coal industry was being felt. Setting up the National Coal Development Corporation (NCDC), a Government of India undertaking, in 1956 with the collieries owned by the railways as its nucleus was the first major step towards planned development of Indian Coal Industry. Along with the Singareni Collieries Company Ltd. (SCCL) which was already in operation since 1945 and which became a government company under the control of Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1956, India thus had two Government coal companies in the fifties. SCCL is now a joint undertaking of Government of Telangana and Government of India.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Japan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_mines_in_Japan" title="List of coal mines in Japan">List of coal mines in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg/220px-Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg/220px-Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg/330px-Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg/440px-Daikodo_of_Horonai_Coal_Mine.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Daikōdō, the first <a href="/wiki/Adit" title="Adit">adit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine" title="Hokutan Horonai coal mine">Horonai mine</a>, dug in 1879</figcaption></figure> The richest Japanese coal deposits have been found on <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a>. Japan has a long history of coal mining dating back into the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Japanese Middle Ages</a>. It is said that coal was first discovered in 1469 by a farming couple near <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cmuta,_Fukuoka" title="Ōmuta, Fukuoka">Ōmuta</a>, central Kyushu.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1478, farmers discovered burning stones in the north of the island, which led to the exploitation of the Chikuhõ coalfield.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Following Japanese industrialization, additional coalfields were discovered in northern Japan. One of the first mines in Hokkaido was the <a href="/wiki/Hokutan_Horonai_coal_mine" title="Hokutan Horonai coal mine">Hokutan Horonai coal mine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_New_Zealand#Coal" title="Mining in New Zealand">Mining in New Zealand § Coal</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mining_in_New_Zealand&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NZCoalProduction.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NZCoalProduction.png/400px-NZCoalProduction.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NZCoalProduction.png/400px-NZCoalProduction.png" data-width="400" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NZCoalProduction.png/600px-NZCoalProduction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/NZCoalProduction.png/800px-NZCoalProduction.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>New Zealand Coal Production, 1878 - 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_New_Zealand_Energy2015-75">[75]</a></figcaption></figure> Coal mining produced almost 4 million tonnes of coal in 2014, of which 44% was exported.<a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_New_Zealand_Energy2015-75">[75]</a> In 2016 it was down to 2,834,956 tonnes,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> very similar to production in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> New Zealand coal reserves are in excess of 15 billion tonnes, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taranaki_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Taranaki Region">Taranaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_New_Zealand_Energy2015-75">[75]</a> Over 80% of the reserves are in Southland <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> deposits worth $100 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_New_Zealand_GREENZONE-78">[78]</a> In 2008 coal was produced from four underground and 21 <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">opencast</a> mines.<a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_New_Zealand_CM-c-79">[79]</a> By the end of 2021 production was from 15 opencast mines,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the largest being Stockton (see Environmental issues below), which produced 984,951 tonnes that year. The largest coal mining company was <a href="/wiki/Solid_Energy" title="Solid Energy">Solid Energy</a>, a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of New Zealand">state-owned enterprise</a>, until its collapse in 2015, but is now <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Resources" title="Bathurst Resources">Bathurst Resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Poland" title="Coal in Poland">Coal in Poland</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_in_Poland&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poland_Coal_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Poland_Coal_Production.png/220px-Poland_Coal_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Poland_Coal_Production.png/220px-Poland_Coal_Production.png" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Poland_Coal_Production.png/330px-Poland_Coal_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Poland_Coal_Production.png/440px-Poland_Coal_Production.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coal production in Poland (1940–2012)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Poland" title="Coal in Poland">Coal in Poland</a> is partly mined and partly imported. 144 million metric tons of coal was mined in 2012, providing 55 percent of that country's primary energy consumption. Poland is the second-largest coal-mining country in Europe, after <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and the ninth-largest coal producer in the world. The country consumes nearly all the coal it mines, and is no longer a major coal exporter.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Coal mines are concentrated mainly in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a>. The most profitable mines were <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Coal_Mine" title="Marcel Coal Mine">Marcel Coal Mine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zofi%C3%B3wka_Coal_Mine" title="Zofiówka Coal Mine">Zofiówka Coal Mine</a>. In communist times (1945–1989) one of the most important and largest mines was <a href="/wiki/1_Maja_Coal_Mine" title="1 Maja Coal Mine">1 Maja Coal Mine</a>. In 2020, coal played a significant role in Poland's <a href="/wiki/Energy_mix" title="Energy mix">energy mix</a>, making up 69.5% of the nation's <a href="/wiki/Energy_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy production">energy production</a> and 68.5% of its <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>. It accounted for 40.2% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The largest portion of coal consumption was in electricity and heat generation, representing 75.6% of the total demand. The industrial sector followed, utilizing 14.5%, and buildings were responsible for 9.9% of coal usage.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Poland_:0-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish-electricity-mix.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Poland electricity generation by source. Key to colors (from the top): other fuels, solar, wind, hydro, biomass and biogas, pumped storage, gas-fired, bituminous coal, lignite." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Polish-electricity-mix.svg/220px-Polish-electricity-mix.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Polish-electricity-mix.svg/220px-Polish-electricity-mix.svg.png" data-alt="Poland electricity generation by source. Key to colors (from the top): other fuels, solar, wind, hydro, biomass and biogas, pumped storage, gas-fired, bituminous coal, lignite." data-width="220" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Polish-electricity-mix.svg/330px-Polish-electricity-mix.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Polish-electricity-mix.svg/440px-Polish-electricity-mix.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Poland electricity generation by source. Key to colors (from the top): other fuels, solar, wind, hydro, biomass and biogas, pumped storage, gas-fired, bituminous coal, lignite.</figcaption></figure> In 2023 over 60% of Poland's electricity was generated from coal.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> However extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive against <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Russian imports</a>, which are cheaper and of higher quality.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The industry now relies on government subsidies, taking nearly all of the annual €1.6 billion government energy sector support. In September 2020, the government and <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">mining union</a> agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Poland_telegraph-20201022-86">[86]</a> but this has been criticised by environmentalists as too late to be compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">limit climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> As of early 2022, Poland imported roughly a fifth of its coal, with 75% of these imports coming from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In late March 2022, Poland's government announced that it would ban Russian coal imports due to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, with imports from Russia to cease entirely by April or May 2022.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The effectiveness of this decision has been questioned as any trade ban would be likely to contravene European Union (<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a>) rules because the vast majority of Russian coal is imported by private companies.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Poland_Tilles-91">[91]</a> The Polish government has not outlined plans on how it will replace Russian imports (which stood at 8.3 mln tons or around 66% of all coal imported to Poland in 2021<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Poland_Tilles-91">[91]</a>) or deal with reduced coal supply. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Energy (Russia)">Ministry of Energy</a> expressed doubt that Poland would be able to rapidly replace Russian coal.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Russia ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">fifth largest coal producing country</a> in 2010, with a total production of 316.9 Mt. Russia has the world's second largest coal reserves.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Although Russian oil and gas exports get a lot more attention, Russia is the world's third largest coal exporter and these exports are an important source of foreign revenue and are important for the coal mining communities.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Russia and Norway share the coal resources of the Arctic archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_Basins_(Asturias)" title="Mining Basins (Asturias)">Mining Basins (Asturias)</a></div> Spain was ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">30th</a> coal producing country in the world in 2010. The coal miners of Spain were active in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republican side</a>. In October 1934, in <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>, union miners and others suffered a <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1934" title="Revolution of 1934">fifteen-day siege</a> in Oviedo and Gijon. There is a museum dedicated to coal mining in the region of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Cercs_Mine_Museum" title="Cercs Mine Museum">Cercs Mine Museum</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1nchez_I_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Sánchez I Government">Sánchez government</a> and Spanish <a href="/wiki/Labour_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour union">Labour unions</a> settled an agreement to close ten Spanish coal mines at the end of 2018. The government pre-engaged to spend 250 million Euro to pay for early retirements, occupational retraining and structural change. In 2018, about 2,3 per cent of the electric energy produced in Spain was produced in <a href="/wiki/Coal-burning_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-burning power plant">coal-burning power plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: South Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa#Mining" title="Coal in South Africa">Coal in South Africa § Mining</a></div> South Africa is one of the ten largest coal producing countries<a href="#cite_note-tubf-schmidt-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-wci-mining-97">[97]</a> and the fourth largest coal exporting country<a href="#cite_note-dme-coal-98">[98]</a> in the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Taiwan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG/220px-New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG/220px-New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG/330px-New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG/440px-New_Pinghsi_Coal_Tunnel.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An abandoned coal mine in the <a href="/wiki/Pingxi_District" title="Pingxi District">Pingxi District</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei">New Taipei</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, coal is distributed mainly in the northern area. All of the commercial coal deposits occurred in three <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> coal-bearing formations, which are the Upper, the Middle, and the Lower Coal Measures. The Middle Coal Measures was the most important with its wide distribution, great number of coal beds and extensive potential reserves. Taiwan has coal reserves estimated to be 100–180 Mt. However, coal output had been small, amounting to 6,948 metric tonnes per month from 4 pits before it ceased production effectively in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The abandoned coal mine in <a href="/wiki/Pingxi_District" title="Pingxi District">Pingxi District</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Taipei" class="mw-redirect" title="New Taipei">New Taipei</a>, has now turned into the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Coal_Mine_Museum" title="Taiwan Coal Mine Museum">Taiwan Coal Mine Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Turkey" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey#Coalfields_and_mines" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal in Turkey § Coalfields and mines</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_in_Turkey&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg/220px-Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9394" data-file-height="5251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg/220px-Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg/330px-Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg/440px-Turkey_Lignite_and_Bituminous_Coal_Deposits_-_DPLA_-_9eb3d04756518de1cb506c9d6c0101d2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of coal deposits in Turkey, 1940</figcaption></figure> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit">[update]</a> Turkey was 11th in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">list of countries by coal production</a>, and mined 1.3% of the world's coal, with lignite and <a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">sub-bituminous</a> deposits widespread throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Turkey_:6-101">[101]</a> Due to <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Turkey" title="Geology of Turkey">the country's geology</a>, there is no hard coal, which has a higher energy density (over 7,250 kcal/kg), within 1000 m of the surface.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Turkey_:5-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Turkey_GBR-103">[103]</a> All coal deposits are owned by the state but over half of mining is done by the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_in_Turkey_:6-101">[101]</a> In 2017 almost half of Turkey's coal production was mined by the state-owned mines, but the government is seeking an expansion of privatization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErsoy20198-104">[104]</a> As of 2019, there are 436 coal mining companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7elik" title="Akçelik">Akçelik</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErsoy20193-105">[105]</a> 740 coal mines,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> and more mining and exploration licences are being tendered.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> However, some drilling companies are not bidding for licences because mineral exploration is more profitable and in 2018 many mining licences were combined with coal licenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Business_Reports201837,38-108">[108]</a> Mining is documented in the "e-maden" computer system ("maden" means "mine" in Turkish).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Coal miners do not have the right to <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A company called Tarhan Maden has proposed a mine in the district of <a href="/wiki/Tav%C5%9Fanl%C4%B1_District" title="Tavşanlı District">Tavşanlı</a> in Kütahya Province.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Unions have complained of mines they say are unsafe, such as <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1n%C4%B1k_coal_mine" title="Kınık coal mine">Kınık coal mine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">Coal in Ukraine</a></div> In 2012 coal production in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> amounted to 85.946 million tonnes, up 4.8% from 2011.<a href="#cite_note-CUIU30813-113">[113]</a> Coal consumption that same year grew to 61.207 million tonnes, up 6.2% compared with 2011.<a href="#cite_note-CUIU30813-113">[113]</a> More than 90 percent of Ukraine's coal production comes from the <a href="/wiki/Donets_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Donets Basin">Donets Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The country's coal industry employs about 500,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Ukrainian coal mines are among the most dangerous in the world, and accidents are common.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Furthermore, the country is plagued with extremely dangerous <a href="/wiki/Illegal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal mine">illegal mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal mining in the United Kingdom</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/220px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="2017"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 408px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/220px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="408" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/330px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/440px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coalfields of the United Kingdom in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal mining in the United Kingdom</a> dates back to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman times</a> and occurred in many different parts of the country. <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields#Great_Britain" title="List of coalfields">Britain's coalfields</a> are associated with <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South</a> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">the Scottish Central Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. After 1972, coal mining quickly collapsed and had practically disappeared by the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom_Guardian41013-118">[118]</a> The consumption of coal—mostly for electricity—fell from 157 million tonnes in 1970 to just 587,000 tonnes in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Employment in coal mines fell from a peak of 1,191,000 in 1920 to 695,000 in 1956, 247,000 in 1976, 44,000 in 1993, 2,000 in 2015, and to 360 in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, some of which extend under the North Sea. <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a> is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, there are extensive deposits of <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> which is less <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy-dense</a> based on oxidation (combustion) at ordinary combustion temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom_:1-121">[121]</a> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euracoal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euracoal (page does not exist)">Euracoal</a>, the UK has 3.56 billion tonnes of identified <a href="/wiki/Hard_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coal">hard coal</a> resources with estimated total remaining coal resources possibly being as large as 187 billion tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2020, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehaven coal mine">Whitehaven deep coal mine</a> gained planning permission but no works have begun, with legal challenges ongoing and no licence in place for seabed mining from the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Management_Organisation" title="Marine Management Organisation">Marine Management Organisation</a>.</div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham,_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4876" data-file-height="3271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Wilson_Carmichael_-_A_View_of_Murton_Colliery_near_Seaham%2C_County_Durham_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Murton colliery near <a href="/wiki/Seaham" title="Seaham">Seaham</a>, United Kingdom, in 1843</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">Coal mining in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_mines_in_the_United_States" title="List of coal mines in the United States">List of coal mines in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg/220px-GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2931" data-file-height="1965"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg/220px-GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg/330px-GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg/440px-GROUP_OF_MINERS_WAITING_TO_GO_TO_WORK_ON_THE_4_P.M._TO_MIDNIGHT_SHIFT_AT_THE_VIRGINIA-POCAHONTAS_COAL_COMPANY_MINE_%5E4..._-_NARA_-_556348.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Miners at the Virginia-Pocahontas Coal Company Mine in 1974 waiting to go to work on the 4 pm to midnight shift</figcaption></figure> Coal began being mined in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early 18th century, and commercial mining started around 1730 in <a href="/wiki/Midlothian,_Virginia" title="Midlothian, Virginia">Midlothian, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The U.S. share of world coal production remained steady at about 20 percent from 1980 to 2005, at about 1 billion <a href="/wiki/Short_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Short tons">short tons</a> per year. The United States was ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">second</a> highest coal producing country in the world in 2010, and possesses the largest <a href="/wiki/Coal_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal reserves">coal reserves</a> in the world. In 2008 then-<a href="/wiki/President_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> stated that coal was the most reliable source of electricity.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 2011, former U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said that the U.S. should rely more on cleaner sources of energy that emit lower or no <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">carbon dioxide pollution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> For a time, while domestic coal consumption for electric power was being displaced by natural gas, exports grew.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> U.S. net coal exports increased ninefold from 2006 to 2012, peaked at 117 million short tons in 2012, then declined to 63 million tons in 2015. In 2015, 60% of net US exports went to Europe, 27% to Asia. US coal production increasingly comes from strip mines in the western United States, such as from the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Basin" title="Powder River Basin">Powder River Basin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-T1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFC031713-127">[127]</a> Coal has come under continued price pressure from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, which has resulted in a rapid decline of coal in the U.S. and several notable bankruptcies including <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Energy" title="Peabody Energy">Peabody Energy</a>. On 13 April 2016 the company reported that its revenue had reduced by 17 percent as coal prices fell and that it had lost two billion dollars the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[128]</a> It then filed <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11_bankruptcy_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection">Chapter 11 bankruptcy</a> on 13 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> addressed retraining coal workers for <a href="/wiki/Solar_photovoltaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar photovoltaic">solar photovoltaic</a> employment because of the rapid rise in U.S. solar jobs.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> A 2016 study indicated that this was technically possible and would account for only 5% of the industrial revenue from a single year to provide coal workers with job security in the energy industry as whole.<a href="#cite_note-Louie-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> pledged to bring back coal jobs during the <a href="/wiki/2016_US_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 US presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a>, and as president he announced plans to reduce environmental protection, particularly by repealing the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Power_Plan" title="Clean Power Plan">Clean Power Plan</a> (CPP). However, industry observers have warned that this might not lead to a boom in mining jobs<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A 2019 projection by the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> estimated that coal production without CPP would decline over coming decades at a faster rate than indicated in the agency's 2017 projection, which had assumed the CPP was in effect.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a> – Human disease caused by long-term exposure to coal dust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bretz_(photographer)" title="George Bretz (photographer)">George Bretz (photographer)</a> – American photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a> – Exploitation of children through work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Measures">Coal Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Plymouth,_Pennsylvania" title="Coal mining in Plymouth, Pennsylvania">Coal mining in Plymouth, Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry_impoundment" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal slurry impoundment">Coal slurry impoundment</a> – Product of coal preparationPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal train">Coal train</a> – Practice of transporting cargo by railPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Coal-mining region</a> – Basin with coal deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_coal_mining_terminology" title="Glossary of coal mining terminology">Glossary of coal mining terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">Environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrying" title="Hurrying">Hurrying</a> – Hauling coal from a mine to the surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_coal_mining" title="List of books about coal mining">List of books about coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mine_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine fire">Mine fire</a> – Underground smouldering of a coal depositPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">Mining accident</a> – Accident occurring during the process of mining minerals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation#Mine_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Recovering of heat from old coal mines</a> – Part of environmental remediation</li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iea-2020-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iea-2020_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iea-2020_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Reuters. 10 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Coal+industry+faces+1+million+job+losses+from+global+energy+transition+-+research&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fmarkets%2Fcoal-industry-faces-1-million-job-losses-global-energy-transition-research-2023-10-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_coal_mining_Freese._2004-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_coal_mining_Freese._2004_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_coal_mining_Freese._2004_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Freese2004" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Freese (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coalhumanhistory00free/page/137">Coal: A Human History</a>. 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London. Retrieved 17 April 2013. <q>Earlier this month Maltby colliery in South Yorkshire closed down for good. At the end of a winter that saw 40% of our energy needs met by coal – most of it imported – we witnessed the poignant closing ceremony</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+long%2C+slow+death+of+the+UK+coal+industry&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2Fapr%2F11%2Fslow-death-coal-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coalaction.org.uk/coal-mining/">"Coal mining"</a>. Coal Action Network. 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British Geological Society. March 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bgs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Mineral+Profile+%E2%80%93+Coal&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgs.ac.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fstart.cfm%3Fid%3D1404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euracoal.eu/library/archive/united-kingdom-6/">"United Kingdom (6th ed.)"</a>. the voice of coal in Europe. 13 September 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+voice+of+coal+in+Europe&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom+%286th+ed.%29&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuracoal.eu%2Flibrary%2Farchive%2Funited-kingdom-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> MCCartney, Martha W. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midlomines.org/history.html">"Historical Overview Of The Midlothian Coal Mining Company Tract, Chesterfield County, Virginia."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419170121/http://www.midlomines.org/history.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> December 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> The White House, Washington, DC (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/07/20080731-5.html">"President Bush Attends 2008 Annual Meeting of the West Virginia Coal Association."</a> President George W. Bush Archives. Press release, 31 July 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax2011" class="citation news cs1">Lomax, Simon (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213054038/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html">"'Massive' Closures of U.S. Coal Plants Loom, Chu Says"</a>. Bloomberg Business Week. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-09/-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business+Week&rft.atitle=%27Massive%27+Closures+of+U.S.+Coal+Plants+Loom%2C+Chu+Says&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fnews%2F2011-02-09%2F-massive-closures-of-u-s-coal-plants-loom-chu-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/coal/production/quarterly/">"Quarterly Coal Report – Energy Information Administration"</a>. www.eia.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eia.gov&rft.atitle=Quarterly+Coal+Report+%E2%80%93+Energy+Information+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fcoal%2Fproduction%2Fquarterly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFC031713-127"><a href="#cite_ref-SFC031713_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Brown2013" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Brown (17 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/business/energy/article/Company-eyes-coal-on-Montana-s-Crow-reservation-4361446.php">"Company eyes coal on Montana's Crow reservation"</a>. The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Company+eyes+coal+on+Montana%27s+Crow+reservation&rft.date=2013-03-17&rft.au=Matthew+Brown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Farticle%2FCompany-eyes-coal-on-Montana-s-Crow-reservation-4361446.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileyIsidore2016" class="citation web cs1">Riley, Charles; Isidore, Chris (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2016/04/13/news/companies/peabody-coal-bankruptcy/index.html">"Top U.S. coal company Peabody Energy files for bankruptcy"</a>. CNNMoney. Retrieved 13 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNNMoney&rft.atitle=Top+U.S.+coal+company+Peabody+Energy+files+for+bankruptcy&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Isidore%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2016%2F04%2F13%2Fnews%2Fcompanies%2Fpeabody-coal-bankruptcy%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2016/08/what-if-all-u-s-coal-workers-were-retrained-to-work-in-solar">What If All U.S. Coal Workers Were Retrained to Work in Solar?</a> – Harvard Business Review. August. 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRushe2017" class="citation news cs1">Rushe, Dominic (27 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/27/us-coal-industry-clean-power-plan-donald-trump">"Top US coal boss Robert Murray: Trump 'can't bring mining jobs back'"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Top+US+coal+boss+Robert+Murray%3A+Trump+%27can%27t+bring+mining+jobs+back%27&rft.date=2017-03-27&rft.aulast=Rushe&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2017%2Fmar%2F27%2Fus-coal-industry-clean-power-plan-donald-trump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrooks2019" class="citation web cs1">Crooks, Ed [@Ed_Crooks] (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/Ed_Crooks/status/1089186288220192768">"President Obama's Clean Power Plan was expected to lead to a steep fall in US coal production. Now the plan has been blocked, and coal production is expected to fall even faster than if it had come into effect: https://t.co/HmhRutJnc2 https://t.co/qfF7LhefOY"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210622174145/https://twitter.com/Ed_Crooks/status/1089186288220192768">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Obama%27s+Clean+Power+Plan+was+expected+to+lead+to+a+steep+fall+in+US+coal+production.+Now+the+plan+has+been+blocked%2C+and+coal+production+is+expected+to+fall+even+faster+than+if+it+had+come+into+effect%3A+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FHmhRutJnc2+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FqfF7LhefOY&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Crooks&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FEd_Crooks%2Fstatus%2F1089186288220192768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErsoy2019" class="citation report cs1">Ersoy, Mücella (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/images/CMM/CMM_CE/Turkey_2019/3._2019-_CBM_Workshop-M_Ersoy-100619.pdf">Turkish coal mining sector: Current State, Strategy for the Future</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Coal_Operations_Authority" title="Turkish Coal Operations Authority">Turkish Coal Operations Authority</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkish+coal+mining+sector%3A+Current+State%2C+Strategy+for+the+Future&rft.pub=Turkish+Coal+Operations+Authority&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ersoy&rft.aufirst=M%C3%BCcella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Ffileadmin%2FDAM%2Fenergy%2Fimages%2FCMM%2FCMM_CE%2FTurkey_2019%2F3._2019-_CBM_Workshop-M_Ersoy-100619.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlobal_Business_Reports2018" class="citation report cs1">Global Business Reports (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbreports.com/files/pdf/_2018/Turkey_Mining_2018_-_Web_Version.pdf">Turkey Mining</a> (PDF) (Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Turkey+Mining&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Global+Business+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbreports.com%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F_2018%2FTurkey_Mining_2018_-_Web_Version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_report" title="Template:Cite report">cite report</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|author=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining#Bibliography" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining § Bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Baylies, Carolyn. History of the Yorkshire Miners 1881–1918 (Routledge, 2003) in England <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4-JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">online</a>.</li> <li>Chirons, Nicholas P. Coal Age Handbook of Coal Surface Mining (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-011458-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-011458-7">0-07-011458-7</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Trade_and_Industry,_UK" class="citation web cs1">Department of Trade and Industry, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013144159/http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm">"The Coal Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coal.gov.uk/resources/cleanercoaltechnologies/CoalMineandbedmethane.cfm">the original</a> on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coal+Authority&rft.au=Department+of+Trade+and+Industry%2C+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coal.gov.uk%2Fresources%2Fcleanercoaltechnologies%2FCoalMineandbedmethane.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Faull, Margaret L. "Coal mining and the landscape of England, 1700 to the present day." Landscape History 30.1 (2008): 59–74.</li> <li>Gardner, A. Dudley. Forgotten frontier: A history of Wyoming coal mining (Routledge, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GUyfDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22coal+mining%22++%22wyoming%22+history&pg=PT7">online</a>.</li> <li>Goin, Peter, and Elizabeth Raymond. "Living in anthracite: Mining landscape and sense of place in Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania." Public Historian 23.2 (2001): 29–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2001.23.2.29">online</a></li> <li>Hamilton, Michael S. Mining Environmental Policy: Comparing Indonesia and the USA (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005). (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4493-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4493-6">0-7546-4493-6</a>).</li> <li>Hinde, John Roderick. When coal was king: Ladysmith and the coal-mining industry on Vancouver Island (2003), in Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whencoalwaskingl0000hind">online</a></li> <li>Kuenzer, Claudia. Coal Mining in China (In: Schumacher-Voelker, E., and Mueller, B., (Eds.), BusinessFocus China, Energy: A Comprehensive Overview of the Chinese Energy Sector ( Deutschland Verlag, 2007); 281 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940114-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940114-00-6">978-3-940114-00-6</a> pp. 62–68)</li> <li>Latzko, David A. "Coal mining and regional economic development in Pennsylvania, 1810–1980." Economies et Sociétés 44 (2011): 1627–1649. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528042008/http://www.personal.psu.edu/~dxl31/research/articles/coal.pdf">Archived</a> 28 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Lovejoy, Owen R. "The coal mines of Pennsylvania." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 38.1_suppl (1911): 133–138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1011890.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Madsen, Peter M. "These lives will not be lost in vain: Organizational learning from disaster in US coal mining." Organization Science 20.5 (2009): 861–875.</li> <li>Merrill, Travers, and Lucy Kitson. End of Coal Mining in South Wales: Lessons learned from industrial transformation. (International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/end-of-coal-mining-south-wales-lessons-learned.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Metheny, Karen Bescherer. From the miners' doublehouse: archaeology and landscape in a Pennsylvania coal company town (Univ. of Tennessee Press, 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXPLWRrRMXsC&dq=%22coal+mining%22+Pennsylvania&pg=PR11">online</a>.</li> <li>Mitchell, Brian R. Economic development of the British coal industry 1800–1914 (Cambridge UP, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR11">online</a></li> <li>Nielsen, Charles V., and George F. Richardson. 1982 Keystone Coal Industry Manual (1982)</li> <li>Oei, Pao-Yu, Hanna Brauers, and Philipp Herpich. "Lessons from Germany's hard coal mining phase-out: policies and transition from 1950 to 2018." Climate Policy 20.8 (2020): 963–979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14693062.2019.1688636?needAccess=true&role=button">online</a></li> <li>Srivastava, A.K. Coal Mining Industry in India (1998) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7100-076-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7100-076-2">81-7100-076-2</a>)</li> <li>Stern, Gerald M. The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the survivors of one of the worst disasters in coal-mining history brought suit against the coal company – and won (Vintage, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_cMJ_9EJygC&dq=coal+mining+disasters&pg=PR11">online</a>.</li> <li>Woytinsky, W. S., and E. S. Woytinsky. World Population and Production Trends and Outlooks (1953) pp. 840–881; with many tables and maps on the worldwide coal industry in 1950</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_labour">Child labour</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Child labour" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Kirby, Peter Thomas. "Aspects of the employment of children in the British coal-mining industry, 1800–1872" (PhD. Diss. University of Sheffield, 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/24960/1/296852.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Lovejoy, Owen R. "Child labor in the coal mines." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 27.2 (1906): 35–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1010788.pdf">online</a></li> <li>McGill, Nettie Pauline. The welfare of children in bituminous coal mining communities in West Virginia (US Government Printing Office, 1923) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fmvSYhyA6pcC&dq=children+coal+mining&pg=PP10">online</a>.</li> <li>McIntosh, Robert. Boys in the pits: child labour in coal mines (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2000) in Canada; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uZgMaTs09TUC&dq=children+coal+mining&pg=PP11">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_textbooks">Older textbooks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Older textbooks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Burns, Daniel. The modern practice of coal mining (1907)</li> <li>Hughes. Herbert W, A Text-Book of Mining: For the use of colliery managers and others (London, many editions 1892–1917), the standard British textbook for its era.</li> <li>Tonge, James. The principles and practice of coal mining (1906)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Grisham, John. <a href="/wiki/Gray_Mountain_(Grisham_novel)" title="Gray Mountain (Grisham novel)">"Gray Mountain" (2014)</a>, novel set in Appalachia about a fictional legal clinic intern in Virginia coal mining</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Zola, Émile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germinal_(novel)" title="Germinal (novel)">Germinal</a> (novel, 1885); realistic story of a coalminers' strike in northern France in the 1860s</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_documents_and_primary_sources">Government documents and primary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Government documents and primary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Illinois Dept. of Commerce and Economic Opportunity. "Coal mining in Illinois" (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coalmininginilli00unse">online</a></li> <li>Kowalski-Trakofler, K. M., et al. "Underground coal mining disasters and fatalities – United States, 1900–2006." (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/107649/cdc_107649_DS1.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Energy_Information_Center" class="citation web cs1">National Energy Information Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html">"Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, Energy"</a>. Retrieved 16 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greenhouse+Gases%2C+Climate+Change%2C+Energy&rft.au=National+Energy+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.doe.gov%2Foiaf%2F1605%2Fggccebro%2Fchapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining" class="Z3988"></li> <li>U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Natural Resources. "Mining in America: Powder River Basin Coal Mining, The Benefits and Challenges". (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.gpo.fdsys.CHRG-113hhrg81894">online</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Coal_mining" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Coal mining">Coal mining</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/colliery" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:colliery">colliery</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005205750/http://www.coaleducation.org/glossary.htm">Glossary of Mining Terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-mine-tracker/">Global Coal Mine Tracker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Energy_Monitor" title="Global Energy Monitor">Global Energy Monitor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140516231051/http://abandonedmines.org/">Coal Mine exploration and preservation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190624052201/http://www.ironminers.com/">Abandoned Mine Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410205101/http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coal_mining.htm">Methods of mining</a> – overview and graphic of coal mining methods</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/coal-mining-in-the-british-isles/">Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncm.org.uk/">National Coal Mining Museum for England</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170825164620/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/surveillance/ords/CoalWorkersHealthSurvProgram.html">NIOSH Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/1organic/coal.html">Purdue University</a> – Petroleum and Coal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704131644/http://www.uow.edu.au/eng/longwall/">University of Wollongong</a> – educational resource on longwall mining</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rlv.si/si/VRRLV/nacrt.html/">Virtual coalmine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927032436/http://www.rlv.si/si/VRRLV/nacrt.html/">Archived</a> 27 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – visual e-learning source with comprehensive display of long-wall face</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=92">World Coal Institute – Coal Mining</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061007054355/http://www.worldcoal.org/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=92">Archived</a> 7 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 28 September 2024, at 02:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85" title="استخراج الفحم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استخراج الفحم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="কয়লা খনন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কয়লা খনন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Въгледобив – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въгледобив" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineria_de_carb%C3%B3" title="Mineria de carbó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineria de carbó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%9B%C5%BEba_uhl%C3%AD" title="Těžba uhlí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Těžba uhlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%ADa_de_carb%C3%B3n" title="Minería de carbón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minería de carbón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="معدن‌کاری زغال‌سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معدن‌کاری زغال‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraction_du_charbon" title="Extraction du charbon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Extraction du charbon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianad%C3%B3ireacht_guail" title="Mianadóireacht guail – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mianadóireacht guail" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EA%B4%91" title="탄광 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄광" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="कोयला खनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोयला खनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penambangan_batu_bara" title="Penambangan batu bara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penambangan batu bara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrazione_del_carbone" title="Estrazione del carbone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estrazione del carbone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9nb%C3%A1ny%C3%A1szat" title="Szénbányászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szénbányászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်မီးသွေးတူးဖော်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မီးသွေးတူးဖော်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD%E9%89%B1%E6%A5%AD" title="石炭鉱業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭鉱業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullgruvedrift" title="Kullgruvedrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kullgruvedrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBmir_qazib_olish" title="Koʻmir qazib olish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻmir qazib olish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ډبرو د سکرو کان کیندنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډبرو د سکرو کان کیندنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrac%C8%9Bia_c%C4%83rbunelui" title="Extracția cărbunelui – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Extracția cărbunelui" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xehetaria_e_qymyrit" title="Xehetaria e qymyrit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xehetaria e qymyrit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coal mining" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="كانگای خەڵووز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="كانگای خەڵووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B0" title="Експлоатација угља – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Експлоатација угља" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலக்கரி அகழ்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலக்கரி அகழ்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="การทำเหมืองถ่านหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำเหมืองถ่านหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89" title="Розроблення вугільних родовищ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розроблення вугільних родовищ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD%E5%BC%80%E9%87%87" title="煤炭开采 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="煤炭开采" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 September 2024, at 02:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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\u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.5"],["[others]","320","18.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tl82v","timestamp":"20241122141136","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Coal mining","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coal_mining","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12880211","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12880211","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-04-10T20:14:22Z","dateModified":"2024-09-28T02:23:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/Lackawanna_Coal_Mine_car%2C_Nov_2014.jpg","headline":"process of getting coal out of the 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