CINXE.COM
Just a moment...
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '9139f0327ad7fe0c',cH: 'EleSmwZOYXE5EQNQoyL6bUhRIAZFXMsvzs79utVoxAA-1739838937-1.2.1.1-5zq08c4sktZfYiuh96FuWkrcN_lY2vLTgR5ydjpLSBk8iIdThnh5AZWQIclmtWkc',cUPMDTk: "\/bjs\/search-results?q=&tax=bjs\/4&__cf_chl_tk=Yo1pIouUBc7a.96YIzPi9wn1IMtpQ1QYAaP6mDemRAQ-1739838937-1.0.1.1-JhqhOvjReyVgBenUMIvdNfJPMyceMlTYFE4vKiDNRc0",cFPWv: 'g',cITimeS: '1739838937',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/bjs\/search-results?q=&tax=bjs\/4&__cf_chl_f_tk=Yo1pIouUBc7a.96YIzPi9wn1IMtpQ1QYAaP6mDemRAQ-1739838937-1.0.1.1-JhqhOvjReyVgBenUMIvdNfJPMyceMlTYFE4vKiDNRc0",md: "kPpCNSZ.U4TM3S2d6VgoDYWscucvcfhYtSwAjuU.ieo-1739838937-1.2.1.1-zRD59X4GAyUIO3NZya_qytVIwob0xAMnS4nsENMzPCdGuAi4ZoPQFuFfT5iS2AAG5HQV_LrNG.FNUF50SMB1Ep.vS7qFGE5jhIGtVH05VaQscG40N81ao0dkJHlH7Go.9QAbs2.juxDLrZDtJFIFosFAc2LKaH8FedCbH9TW1klcqfSem8W9aRXm80Ip4vUzlezRgIE.ruLZl9l8bkRoxNTiB75.fOuuNUl87rMkQQoLC6Y8cx0cO8xaK8ycd9SbJJQZhcaMi2FVCEUrMVeUQRMhgsnznUO_QmIE2a5oSPJErvIf9Z0JsJipflMqMWS1nhs3qtACjq7Shfdymufc3ARa_54gYiUPiN64Z.AqcM76a5_RyMrlC6J0bVzZdm6OkenymPFPvTYcMYzYcVIL7Oj7C2iJZSGn6poCn4AR0fhZeOIjMDtrxQPxla7Y6Fqt5_S49pvp_x6yrYBL0mxjU4yDTV.Or5KSeGNUvtxMU0csy0th_03DikvPkdUVJpjHSU1A_0QsyEnzW6MHxxwlAi2.YcReHdZ1I6nU_.2Ix4cb3.0aIUvTcK6T682CKTBzc6U1B.XPnIvKr7bcgOVwO.tZLYUBxm94lKjjGCs59EfAkSHJx44TnsEHon8yyTQ6mQ9iTsEhN6J.a2fyQV2rhBXKYT71zGSaw5SFhR9cnQCy54bobvNPM166nl1Yw9l0Fpew6ZT9Ny7EzXnCtb0Xs4xbpGcSM2xvcmU.WB9raXPB9GQZfoAp5YTbUi4V_hV9g.G8b3liBWGz7D8om5ui0sQ8f0KysXqS7SDv6rN4kg8XPp.Dlqw3eSLvpa1dpm.FBjHfjWb9kHg9zxq5rJGuU7LWzpkp9tb0fsAegUuFXwu6hDadHOhfOYm0pQjedlQgVhv.kwuH_WwcDtkP_t3MvTUwRtJUtvutqdp17vxjKPPYyNlHd7m30_JDgmt_yrXgBZzdwenZc7uFoEXZ_Lj_36O0I_Nh0XZS7.TvloxoG4Ylqj3rsMWMLGCQlXTCIjp59FGpHiQYyxAN_mEJQ504RxqTNKuPSL9IXqRCGkM6KQyWagYAt5hZfvU4Gmq4cfBvVcZVP03zCZtkEIXvZFxTepOKXfMhct.J4LwNsGSrYGpe9yfzFutNI8gw2YKeHTkbyAddD72usMZf.YJo2CqC6EhDULWRrB9pcr5qxzqVqCs_L9lfJhp3Eo4vLjpSISjjB73g1FO7MoVVR57MduvykqC.J29JrAw8MwmpV038YMY3X96Qvaaz7zYa1VLQNXBlN4UMB4cdf9.0hDzrBzIAnG3tHRjmnxPrHyXHXs2pQXiXBKJhOV6Z3Fo0D3mGuYDtuxsZHzjMSBfKDsWx_aAGNDUFgRWAF.ApvHFAQAeEU7_VhtixYnAGG2CZ1ojFI6pXyU1u5d.A2.iWrar.x0PIONTJSvN8iM.BSIaASV3tYYnZj1I3SI.U0PkrGQ0Nkk71fi1qA0F4w.3LuJECCPhyTo218.9d4oqN0VHnXHQX6.PNVGh0IntFGDEc3Bo.NzHQVcllmIeGkelRCc85nXoBRcKVEwBk7KPLJ_v3q7HHDgRRh8ysSRS5I4ZrYw8bP7NfzgA3etUqI3WhqmB_AFPMzaf45kbH8tyA8cBKC158L7sn.E6GQ.aSOjX9NqzJlhPLCETRqGOP0gIm1wKi_1b21QeA_lCBvHfaz6GJt2vo7ovalRurYg4dN42AE8haLnmzPb5B42VS2RjHo.ypTX39R6UECRSC_42ZqUhXQ77IXC04kkzmThf3SFUXT3MBFhux7mpxbxaIclypcFKiI7K.YZGbJ4YL9sqphLwT.J1tzN2ynM0_ee0eEkCuMNepXD5BTd8yHM5pnpVtCRYRH_F1yZtanF556bLSADVFlbTG9q6WHY2QixWTKcScEgKKULNefj_wMh9Y3ehgEWQCC3gr2cIuvoS8y27OIO5Tgqj1giBysDydebF8pVfnFVrGG2FBXuIq.drwf8uv_B3Ldz8CZdgdVGB5s1ye6TfJuRFOr6dmC0wBbJ_yGHQ6lxalo0MUWAis0HT3PhOAvu2SAVrYZnI8FsIxIi1YqxoyVxvCRL9EE1kiyTrneRbDrLB79wxde1PQr547rLKJCkkLzBGXzwTmRSSO88.dyxJABm1qZFfomCaMUD9HVP5myyd.4Gi8CFQkxvB5_W9zE84aRoeKI5BPgFiqRxIQFTAPjo1JoLHB4s7pI4vYPqptNsa0q6G5kDdvfD2_Ch_EJQ6Hg9VhYPyTgRrgSGz9e0YYZh5C69fYmAImWOHOygbowDqI7Aobvxkvesb.74dvLVEUGwAaIlpHJ1lKGLl4OzQhfpw..jyNnKEWJ56P_kBtXGRhT04e.1TPtBCqibASBakiKLdVfHXZlELYVjNtQQswtF.ErM24pg.9Nvp1Ia.ATu2bB1fCOMHPeMI6Tl8vdwGahguJknHPgm7KABqwwb35sjqUjIKncT9CMHePX9bC3Ybp8k2xyrzDSw34LDki_9OmGhbTpDmQz3tcTs7KeE0IF92a.OIvdpfaCo.qtWlsxeJPqexAofFdqJhHV0sx3NA.GmDJFwb9wHSW0ydR9RumOy5XjFI",mdrd: "OMs.CO6TeaPf4IOjobhLGqPbzB2a73bf8KDbS6v6aBw-1739838937-1.2.1.1-A36Bx2S5ns5K2xUDDp3yXzF2d8t5daSp5BFvmtsP9..G0awssxVmBdqcPHYA8.82Jfir3pZ6Cdo4qyZgOYq9aEzqZC7HMNgnKyhMoo4KSlgcNTXXcLpmeP2Z8ZKzO4Gh2CN_dFvc7yvHvWoPsB7a2KA3ZkpfggL1lL0DIvLfi3RMsdlIrZrtlaGKWF.tH.3JXe2E0l5S9Igv7iMyFWv.Ubtp3DQGrnXzBzMleaGivpCDvFtO_kPQmsGuHwrtypHaP_jlAlHJOLbhpzGhWtrLoUknnHrm.vtlSizZZF6uBjWwQGH6rirvSQUKTJCvqxZcj0xygggEFN2DhSgC2zvTm35WicJpcYDxnJ.ym6MW7IKeyNadaDyV09qllWfACTLdAzwvl_v3dqKAiV9jQ2vROLaLQKxmaPPHFUo0Z0bbd1SFvUSQHD5K8mOFqWTvN1DmxuR5qDXU2Y.dzGWhOk56BUBIvWnXA0arIp67AJaWBkQ.y6Z8EN0_chfae_2PdjndTxo6_SOgfqfMsV7RSnxeampPnMcCCoQQnhFGqy4u4CEcrF_UzsPKYmB7tb6pVdOE0_O0rxYSkQWkKagmstMVwgT.yfbS8NZVMceFOrI.FR5TgS3NPdYBY1_fokkZgG5pkE6azlpuNZJyJ.4YTMOuWrzU3sqS7PzCrXU7btx_QUv89_Q_Col6EeSf7BkYc573ftOdNsJMXn5veG9TmviDxjoe_No_GZpIMXmiQc0Y5AV4Vjw3EBaplHyypL1va2v5.gAbHp.mZl_RcGc0978DxosL6w3P6LPxXIxgtkMQFMzO8MaDZHVKATrOwCM.M1q4y3D9yfWVDyN625HwSiMUYmeBsG4aRfUQqLeTWfWRDbtrCuhPstx6whGxjWSP5ikZwTRFuKKefboIKLe9FW2imMaUyM6xswIxhqDNYWo.4jdG8w54oPfdw6lFX8I1WgqRk1_yDMthdATjdcB8O6sNrlZCIb6NpkfGrV1QpM.Rc6Ei_IcafloUkZx9MAkPNTl5jMQGqegEE41zYfENr4nMA7gPnFlrOSZlacPTcmVwswEwUnKX7VxRarRATHBr5.SS5yzIuhIRc5rLzPBeaOlUJLKwpqTorusia6MKY478bUMs0TGgLGKDVTuQwV8pdBOODUYZoIcVaHRkpjYKEP9IhIPQIsH_CvwWt4rz4zS5JWbx5mjfcrW7LYGmALVDTGxnzPMRR3s.PINOlPv_tWe.dr7HuEoM1lmOXhEW.tfcQPlxi_vWmHxU.HlrSr1D3CFduDx0VorHBa57Ps2z7ApE2NJwyXucJaP5jyctj.SfF8eGUTTCNfRAhICDC2JjrTvH07mRvx1s1SP.izYhkQUhYyd6yBJWxHos2IcYvICcRTUcEeuTFwmVs7373kqBDKvIr8cJlNaFGPBqgudYa6iux9_78qUAJvQB7IX9vdnxP14bvlVBze6uy9ZxFjlHTGlMa766LlpeslowjKvp5bYroOya7YAZz.HmqHLxHvTXVPTt0FzU5OnqimhfnM8V3n45AAPOIGgZPh4.OwhxYR2lfS7w3blUGCkxaFLMT6Xy61CFDMkNuCGmLMF_06.442C2p84CJe..mjnfdZtZIWc8atFOGbiwG1dyfI12dMCGTaWdMcpkSsIzRQ_U8w_zrbiI6PIvOX__3nlUbzEKsVqTiLlyjIUSoeciGpRSi4ZBQ4xD7Vk8Uw199P0nXBJsdZBTjFGVC0ChzdX7A1nsJ.IW46STduU6rrl61AX8iifkZ5OX._15cPHfTkEyYI2F1aEwP_W9WL1ZFJWWGejqDPRh5b3tW14599sYVZ9oeaoPKUvymcYjlh9dvu4e6TXI7d1A9VnfdCHB_nKKsbWXoKqG5fxTw_3KCvCHilsJZXJKhdnfYF_m6nWaQcvBJtHCws5.GTDc_nvq.eDAomYjSPzq_T8EOP9gPsTnYhGqFgz4PWBxn3gVHTKyHDU.ChvV9ebf"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9139f0327ad7fe0c';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/bjs\/search-results?q=&tax=bjs\/4&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Yo1pIouUBc7a.96YIzPi9wn1IMtpQ1QYAaP6mDemRAQ-1739838937-1.0.1.1-JhqhOvjReyVgBenUMIvdNfJPMyceMlTYFE4vKiDNRc0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>