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settlement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_to_Slavic_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Celts_and_Romans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Celts_and_Romans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Ancient Celts and Romans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Celts_and_Romans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavic_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavic_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Slavic settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavic_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-King_Samo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Samo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>King Samo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_Samo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Middle Ages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Carantania_to_Carinthia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carantania_to_Carinthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Carantania to Carinthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carantania_to_Carinthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenes_as_a_distinct_ethnic_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenes_as_a_distinct_ethnic_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Slovenes as a distinct ethnic group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovenes_as_a_distinct_ethnic_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment_to_the_national_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_of_Enlightenment_to_the_national_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Age of Enlightenment to the national movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_of_Enlightenment_to_the_national_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clashing_nationalisms_in_the_late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashing_nationalisms_in_the_late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clashing nationalisms in the late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashing_nationalisms_in_the_late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Emigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merging_into_the_Yugoslav_state_and_struggle_for_the_border_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merging_into_the_Yugoslav_state_and_struggle_for_the_border_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Merging into the Yugoslav state and struggle for the border areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Merging_into_the_Yugoslav_state_and_struggle_for_the_border_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Merging into the Yugoslav state and struggle for the border areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Merging_into_the_Yugoslav_state_and_struggle_for_the_border_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_with_Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_with_Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Border with Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_with_Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_with_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_with_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Border with Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_with_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kingdom of Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Yugoslavia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fascist_Italianization_of_Littoral_Slovenes_and_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_Italianization_of_Littoral_Slovenes_and_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Fascist Italianization of Littoral Slovenes and resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_Italianization_of_Littoral_Slovenes_and_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovenia_in_Titoist_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovenia_in_Titoist_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Slovenia in Titoist Yugoslavia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Slovenia_in_Titoist_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Slovenia in Titoist Yugoslavia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Slovenia_in_Titoist_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalinist_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinist_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Stalinist period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinist_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_1948_Tito–Stalin_split_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_1948_Tito–Stalin_split_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>The 1948 Tito–Stalin split and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_1948_Tito–Stalin_split_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950s:_heavy_industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s:_heavy_industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>1950s: heavy industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s:_heavy_industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s:_"Self-management"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s:_"Self-management""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>1960s: "Self-management"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s:_"Self-management"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s-1980s:_"Years_of_Lead"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s-1980s:_"Years_of_Lead""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>1970s-1980s: "Years of Lead"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-1980s:_"Years_of_Lead"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s:_Towards_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s:_Towards_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>1980s: Towards independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s:_Towards_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Slovenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Slovenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Republic of Slovenia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republic_of_Slovenia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republic of Slovenia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Slovenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Free elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kučan_presidency_(1990–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kučan_presidency_(1990–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Kučan presidency (1990–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kučan_presidency_(1990–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_DEMOS_government_(1990–1992):_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_DEMOS_government_(1990–1992):_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>The DEMOS government (1990–1992): Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_DEMOS_government_(1990–1992):_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drnovšek_premiership_(1992–2002):_Re-orientation_of_Slovenia's_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drnovšek_premiership_(1992–2002):_Re-orientation_of_Slovenia's_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.2</span> <span>Drnovšek premiership (1992–2002): Re-orientation of Slovenia's trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drnovšek_premiership_(1992–2002):_Re-orientation_of_Slovenia's_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drnovšek_presidency_(2002–2007);_EU_and_NATO_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drnovšek_presidency_(2002–2007);_EU_and_NATO_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drnovšek_presidency_(2002–2007);_EU_and_NATO_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2004–2008):_Unsustainable_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janša_premiership_(2004–2008):_Unsustainable_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2004–2008):_Unsustainable_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Türk_presidency_(2007–2012)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Türk_presidency_(2007–2012)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Türk presidency (2007–2012)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Türk_presidency_(2007–2012)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pahor_premiership_(2008–2012):_Blocked_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pahor_premiership_(2008–2012):_Blocked_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4.1</span> <span>Pahor premiership (2008–2012): Blocked reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pahor_premiership_(2008–2012):_Blocked_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pahor_presidency_(2012-2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pahor_presidency_(2012-2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Pahor presidency (2012-2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pahor_presidency_(2012-2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2012–2013):_Anti-corruption_report" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janša_premiership_(2012–2013):_Anti-corruption_report"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.1</span> <span>Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2012–2013):_Anti-corruption_report-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2020-2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janša_premiership_(2020-2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.2</span> <span>Janša premiership (2020-2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janša_premiership_(2020-2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golob_premiership_(2022-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golob_premiership_(2022-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5.3</span> <span>Golob premiership (2022-)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golob_premiership_(2022-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirc_Musar_presidency_(2022-)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirc_Musar_presidency_(2022-)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Pirc Musar presidency (2022-)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirc_Musar_presidency_(2022-)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ سلوفينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ سلوفينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Словения тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Словения тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Славеніі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Славеніі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="История на Словения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на Словения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_d%27Eslov%C3%A8nia" title="Història d'Eslovènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història d'Eslovènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Slovinska" title="Dějiny Slovinska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Slovinska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sloveniens_historie" title="Sloveniens historie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sloveniens historie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Sloweniens" title="Geschichte Sloweniens – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Sloweniens" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Eslovenia" title="Historia de Eslovenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Eslovenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esloveniako_historia" title="Esloveniako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esloveniako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Slov%C3%A9nie" title="Histoire de la Slovénie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Slovénie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Eslovenia" title="Historia de Eslovenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Historia de Eslovenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Slovenije" title="Povijest Slovenije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Slovenije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Slovenia" title="Historio di Slovenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Slovenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Slovenia" title="Storia della Slovenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Slovenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Slovenia" title="Historia ya Slovenia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Slovenia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C4%93nijas_v%C4%93sture" title="Slovēnijas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slovēnijas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slov%C4%97nijos_istorija" title="Slovėnijos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Slovėnijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlov%C3%A9nia_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Szlovénia történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szlovénia történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Slovenia" title="Sejarah Slovenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Slovenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Sloveni%C3%AB" title="Geschiedenis van Slovenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Slovenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%99%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="スロベニアの歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スロベニアの歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_S%C5%82owenii" title="Historia Słowenii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История Словении – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Словении" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovina_Slovenije" title="Zgodovina Slovenije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovina Slovenije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Словеније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Словеније" 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Slovenia" title="Category:History of Slovenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Slovenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carneola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Carniola" title="March of Carniola">March of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Austria" title="Inner Austria">Inner Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezia Giulia">Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">World War II in the Slovene Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovenia" title="Portal:Slovenia">Slovenia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Slovenia" title="Template:History of Slovenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Slovenia" title="Template talk:History of Slovenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Slovenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Slovenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of Slovenia</b> chronicles the period of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Lands">Slovenian territory</a> from the 5th century BC to the present. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>, Proto-<a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribes settled an area stretching from present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. The Slovenian territory was part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and it was devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>'s incursions during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late Antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. The main route from the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian plain">Pannonian plain</a> to <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italy</a> ran through present-day Slovenia. <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Slavs">Alpine Slavs</a>, ancestors of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians">Slovenians</a>, settled the area in the late 6th Century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> controlled the land for nearly 1,000 years. Between the mid-14th century through 1918 most of Slovenia was under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> rule. In 1918, most Slovene territory became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a>, and in 1929 the <a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a> was created within the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, corresponding to Slovenian-majority territories within the state. The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> was created in 1945 as part of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">federal Yugoslavia</a>. Slovenia gained its independence from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in June 1991, and today it is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory_to_Slavic_settlement">Prehistory to Slavic settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory to Slavic settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>. The best-known Neanderthal archaeological site in Slovenia is a cave close to the village of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ebrelje" title="Šebrelje">Šebrelje</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cerkno" title="Cerkno">Cerkno</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe" title="Divje Babe">Divje Babe</a>. Here the <a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a> was found in 1995, a perforated bone controversially believed to be a flute, which would make it the oldest known musical instrument in the world. </p><p>The world's oldest securely dated wooden <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheel and axle</a> was found near the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marsh" title="Ljubljana Marsh">Ljubljana Marsh</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the transition period between the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> flourished. Numerous archeological remains dating from the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt period">Hallstatt period</a> have been found in Slovenia, with important settlements in <a href="/wiki/Most_na_So%C4%8Di" title="Most na Soči">Most na Soči</a>, <a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De" title="Vače">Vače</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0entvid_pri_Sti%C4%8Dni" title="Šentvid pri Stični">Šentvid pri Stični</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Novo_Mesto" title="Novo Mesto">Novo Mesto</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniola" title="Lower Carniola">Lower Carniola</a>, one of the most important archaeological sites of the Hallstatt culture, has been nicknamed the "City of Situlas" after numerous <a href="/wiki/Situla" title="Situla">situlas</a> found in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-google2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, c. 3150 BC"><img alt="Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, c. 3150 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wheel_1a.jpg/120px-Wheel_1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wheel_1a.jpg/180px-Wheel_1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wheel_1a.jpg/240px-Wheel_1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel" title="Ljubljana Marshes Wheel">Ljubljana Marshes Wheel</a>, c. 3150 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold appliqués, Urnfield culture, c. 1200 BC.[3]"><img alt="Gold appliqués, Urnfield culture, c. 1200 BC.[3]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg/120px-Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg/180px-Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg/240px-Lake_Bled_gold1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold appliqués, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, c. 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate,_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia,_c._600_BC_(28140778673).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze breastplate, Hallstatt culture, 600 BC"><img alt="Bronze breastplate, Hallstatt culture, 600 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg/80px-Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg/120px-Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg/160px-Hallstatt_Culture_bronze_double-shell_breastplate%2C_from_a_ducal_or_warrior%27s_grave_in_Slovenia%2C_c._600_BC_%2828140778673%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze breastplate, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, 600 BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vače Situla, Hallstatt culture, 5th century BC"><img alt="Vače Situla, Hallstatt culture, 5th century BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg/120px-PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg/180px-PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg/240px-PMS_-_va%C5%A1ka_situla_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a>, Hallstatt culture, 5th century BC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Princely warrior equipment, Hallstatt culture"><img alt="Princely warrior equipment, Hallstatt culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg/88px-Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg/132px-Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg/176px-Princely_military_equipment_from_the_Bronze_Age_in_Slovenia_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Princely warrior equipment, Hallstatt culture</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Celts_and_Romans">Ancient Celts and Romans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Celts and Romans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Si_romap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Si_romap.png/300px-Si_romap.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Si_romap.png/450px-Si_romap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Si_romap.png/600px-Si_romap.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>Map of Slovenia with ancient Roman provinces and cities (as of 100 A.D.) in green and present-day frontiers in grey.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, present-day Slovenia was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> tribes until the 1st century BC, when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> conquered the region establishing the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>. What is now western Slovenia was included directly under <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italia</a> as part of the X region <i>Venetia et Histria</i>. Important Roman towns located in present-day Slovenia included <a href="/wiki/Emona" title="Emona">Emona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Celeia">Celeia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poetovio" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetovio">Poetovio</a>. Other important settlements were <a href="/wiki/Nauportus" title="Nauportus">Nauportus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neviodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviodunum">Neviodunum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haliaetum" title="Haliaetum">Haliaetum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atrans" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrans">Atrans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stridon" title="Stridon">Stridon</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a>, the region suffered invasions of many barbarian armies, due to its strategic position as the main passage from the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a>. Rome finally abandoned the region at the end of the 4th century. Most cities were destroyed, while the remaining local population moved to the highland areas, establishing fortified towns. In the 5th century, the region was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>, and was later contested between the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavic_settlement">Slavic settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slavic settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/225px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/338px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/450px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Slavic settlement in 631 under the Slavic King <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Slavic ancestors of present-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> settled in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">East Alpine</a> area at the end of the 6th century. Coming from two directions, North (via today's East Austria and Czech Republic), settling in the area of today's Carinthia and west Styria, and South (via today's Slavonia), settling in the area of today's central Slovenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="King_Samo">King Samo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King Samo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This Slavic tribe, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Slavs">Alpine Slavs</a>, was submitted to <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar</a> rule before joining the Slavic King <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a>'s tribal union in 623 AD. After Samo's death, the Slavs of <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a> (in present-day Slovenia) again fell to Avar rule, while the Slavs north of the <a href="/wiki/Karavanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Karavanke">Karavanke</a> range (in present-day Austrian regions of <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a>) established the independent principality of <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carantania_to_Carinthia">Carantania to Carinthia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carantania to Carinthia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/220px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/330px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/440px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carantania#The_Ducal_Coronation" title="Carantania">installation of the Dukes in Carinthia</a>, carried out in an ancient ritual in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> until 1414.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 745, Carantania and the rest of Slavic-populated territories of present-day Slovenia, being pressured by newly consolidated Avar power, submitted to Bavarian overrule and were, together with the Duchy of Bavaria, incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a> and other Slavs living in present Slovenia <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">converted to Christianity</a>. The eastern part of Carantania was ruled again by Avars between 745 and 795. </p><p>Carantania retained its internal independence until 818 when the local princes, following the anti-<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Posavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljudevit Posavski">Ljudevit Posavski</a>, were deposed and gradually replaced by a Germanic (primarily <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a>) ascendancy. Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a>, Carantania, now ruled by a mixed Bavarian-Slav nobility, briefly emerged as a regional power, but was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarian</a> invasions in the late 9th century. </p><p>Carantania-Carinthia was established again as an autonomous administrative unit in 976, when Emperor Otto I, "the Great", after deposing the Duke of Bavaria, Henry II, "the Quarreller", split the lands held by him and made <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a> the sixth duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, but old Carantania never developed into a unified realm. </p><p>In the late 10th and beginning of the 11th century, primarily because of the Hungarian threat, the south-eastern border region of the German Empire was organized into so called <a href="/wiki/March_(territory)" title="March (territory)">"marks"</a>, that became the core of the development of the historical Slovenian lands, the Carniola, the Styria and the western Goriška/Gorizia. The consolidation and formation of the historical Slovenian lands took place in a long period between 11th and 14th century being led by a number of important feudal families such as the <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_von_Spanheim" title="Bernhard von Spanheim">Dukes of Spanheim</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meinhardiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Meinhardiner">Counts of Gorizia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Celje" title="Counts of Celje">Counts of Celje</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenes_as_a_distinct_ethnic_group">Slovenes as a distinct ethnic group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Slovenes as a distinct ethnic group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freising_manuscript.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Freising_manuscript.jpg/170px-Freising_manuscript.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Freising_manuscript.jpg/255px-Freising_manuscript.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Freising_manuscript.jpg/340px-Freising_manuscript.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2835" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Freising_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Freising Manuscripts">Freising Manuscripts</a>, dating from the 10th century A.D., most probably written in upper <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, are the oldest surviving documents in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mentions of a common Slovene ethnic identity, transcending regional boundaries, date from the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 14th century, most of the Slovene Lands passed under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule. In the 15th century, the Habsburg domination was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Celje" title="Counts of Celje">Counts of Celje</a>, but by the end of the century the great majority of Slovene-inhabited territories were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a>. Most Slovenes lived in the administrative region known as <a href="/wiki/Inner_Austria" title="Inner Austria">Inner Austria</a>, forming the majority of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Gorizia_and_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Gorizia and Gradisca">County of Gorizia and Gradisca</a>, as well as of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Styria">Lower Styria</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slovenes also inhabited most of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City">Imperial Free City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, although representing the minority of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Inner_Austria" title="Inner Austria">Inner Austria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg/220px-Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg/330px-Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg/440px-Boj_s_Turki-Valvasor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Ottoman army battling the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Habsburgs</a> in present-day Slovenia during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> spread throughout the Slovene Lands. During this period, the first books in Slovene were written by the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> preacher <a href="/wiki/Primo%C5%BE_Trubar" title="Primož Trubar">Primož Trubar</a> and his followers, establishing the base for the development of standard Slovene. In the second half of the 16th century, numerous books were printed in Slovene, including an integral translation of the Bible by <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Dalmatin" title="Jurij Dalmatin">Jurij Dalmatin</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in the late 16th and 17th centuries, led by the bishop of Ljubljana <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chr%C3%B6n" title="Thomas Chrön">Thomas Chrön</a> and Seckau <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Brenner" class="extiw" title="de:Martin Brenner">Martin Brenner</a>, almost all Protestants were expelled from the Slovene Lands (with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a>). Nevertheless, they left a strong legacy in the tradition of Slovene culture, which was partially incorporated in the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in the 17th century. The <a href="/wiki/Bohori%C4%8D_alphabet" title="Bohorič alphabet">old Slovene orthography</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Adam_Bohori%C4%8D" title="Adam Bohorič">Bohorič</a>'s alphabet, which was developed by the Protestants in the 16th century and remained in use until the mid-19th century, testified to the unbroken tradition of Slovene culture as established in the years of the Protestant Reformation. </p><p>Between the 15th and the 17th centuries, the Slovene Lands suffered many calamities. Many areas, especially in southern Slovenia, were devastated by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>. Many flourishing towns, like <a href="/wiki/Vipavski_Kri%C5%BE" title="Vipavski Križ">Vipavski Križ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kostanjevica_na_Krki" title="Kostanjevica na Krki">Kostanjevica na Krki</a>, were completely destroyed by incursions of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a>, and never recovered. The nobility of the Slovene-inhabited provinces had an important role in the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniolan</a> noblemen's army thus defeated the Ottomans in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak" title="Battle of Sisak">Battle of Sisak</a> of 1593, marking the end of the immediate Ottoman threat to the Slovene Lands, although sporadic Ottoman incursions continued well into the 17th century. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oton_Ivekovic,_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_(na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/220px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/330px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg/440px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Smaknuce_Matije_Gupca_%28na_trgu_ispred_crkve_sv._Marka_u_Zagrebu%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>The execution of <a href="/wiki/Matija_Gubec" title="Matija Gubec">Matija Gubec</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Slovene_Peasant_Revolt" title="Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt">Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt</a>, in 1573.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th and 17th centuries, the western Slovene regions became the battlefield of the wars between the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Republic">Venetian Republic</a>, most notably the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gradisca" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gradisca">War of Gradisca</a>, which was largely fought in the Slovene <a href="/wiki/Gori%C5%A1ka" title="Goriška">Goriška</a> region. Between the late 15th and early 18th centuries, the Slovene lands also witnessed many peasant wars, the best-known being the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Peasant_Revolt" title="Carinthian Peasant Revolt">Carinthian Peasant Revolt</a> of 1478, the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Peasant_Revolt_of_1515" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1515">Slovene Peasant Revolt of 1515</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Slovene_Peasant_Revolt" title="Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt">Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt</a> of 1573, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Slovene_Peasant_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Slovene Peasant Revolt (page does not exist)">Second Slovene Peasant Revolt</a> of 1635, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolmin_Peasant_Revolt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tolmin Peasant Revolt (page does not exist)">Tolmin Peasant Revolt</a> of 1713. </p><p>The late 17th century was also marked by a vivid intellectual and artistic activity. Many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque" title="Italian Baroque">Italian Baroque</a> artists, mostly architects and musicians, settled in the Slovene Lands, and contributed greatly to the development of the local culture. Artists like <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Robba" title="Francesco Robba">Francesco Robba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pozzo" title="Andrea Pozzo">Andrea Pozzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Vittore Carpaccio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Quaglio_the_Elder" title="Giulio Quaglio the Elder">Giulio Quaglio</a> worked in the Slovenian territory, while scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weikhard_von_Valvasor" title="Johann Weikhard von Valvasor">Johann Weikhard von Valvasor</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Gregorius_Thalnitscher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Gregorius Thalnitscher (page does not exist)">Johannes Gregorius Thalnitscher</a> contributed to the development of the scholarly activities. By the early 18th century, however, the region entered another period of stagnation, which was slowly overcome only by the mid-18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Enlightenment_to_the_national_movement">Age of Enlightenment to the national movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Age of Enlightenment to the national movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria_(1816%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)">Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_(Original).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg/220px-Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg/330px-Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg/440px-Zemljovid_slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin_%28Original%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5949" data-file-height="6391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kozler" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kozler">Peter Kozler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zemljovid_Slovenske_de%C5%BEele_in_pokrajin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zemljovid Slovenske dežele in pokrajin">map of the Slovene Lands</a>, designed during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Spring of Nations</a> in 1848, became the symbol of the quest for a <a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the early 18th century and early 19th century, the Slovene lands experienced a period of peace, with a moderate economic recovery starting from mid-18th century onward. The <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was declared a <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> in 1718, boosting the economic activity throughout the western parts of the Slovene Lands. The political, administrative and economic reforms of the Habsburg rulers <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> improved the economic situation of the peasantry, and were well received by the emerging bourgeoisie, which was however still weak. </p><p>In the late 18th century, a process of <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardarization</a> of Slovene began, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniolan</a> clergymen like <a href="/wiki/Marko_Pohlin" title="Marko Pohlin">Marko Pohlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurij_Japelj" title="Jurij Japelj">Jurij Japelj</a>. During the same period, peasant-writers began using and promoting the Slovene <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> in the countryside. This popular movement, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bukovnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukovnik">bukovniki</a></i>, started among <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a> as part a wider revival of Slovene literature. The Slovene cultural tradition was strongly reinforced in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> period in the 18th century by the endeavours of the <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Zois" title="Sigmund Zois">Zois Circle</a>. After two centuries of stagnation, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Slovene literature</a> emerged again, most notably in the works of the playwright <a href="/wiki/Anton_Toma%C5%BE_Linhart" title="Anton Tomaž Linhart">Anton Tomaž Linhart</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik" title="Valentin Vodnik">Valentin Vodnik</a>. However, German remained the main language of culture, administration and education well into the 19th century. </p><p>Between 1805 and 1813, the Slovene-settled territory was part of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a>, an autonomous province of the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French Empire</a>, the capital of which was established at <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>. Although the French rule in the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> was short-lived it significantly contributed to greater national self-confidence and awareness of freedoms. The French did not entirely abolish the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>, their rule familiarised in more detail the inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a> with the achievements of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and with contemporary <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois society">bourgeois society</a>. They introduced equality before the law, compulsory <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> for men and a uniform tax system, and also abolished certain tax privileges, introduced modern administration, separated powers between the state and the Church, and nationalised the judiciary. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg/230px-Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg/345px-Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg/460px-Markus_Pernhart_-_Triglav_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6840" data-file-height="5028" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> veduta of Mount <a href="/wiki/Triglav" title="Triglav">Triglav</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Slovene" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian Slovene">Carinthian Slovene</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Markus_Pernhart" title="Markus Pernhart">Markus Pernhart</a>. In the Romantic era, Triglav became one of the symbols of Slovene identity.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1813, Austria declared war on France. Austrian troops led by General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franz_Tomassich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franz Tomassich (page does not exist)">Franz Tomassich</a> invaded the Illyrian Provinces. After this short <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French interim</a> all Slovene Lands were, once again, included in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. Slowly, a distinct Slovene national consciousness developed, and the quest for a political unification of all Slovenes became widespread. In the 1820s and 1840s, the interest in Slovene language and folklore grew enormously, with numerous philologists collecting folk songs and advancing the first steps towards a standardization of the language. A small number of Slovene activist, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Lower_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Carinthia</a>, embraced the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_movement" title="Illyrian movement">Illyrian movement</a> that started in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and aimed at uniting all South Slavic peoples. <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic">Pan-Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavic</a> ideas also gained importance. However, the intellectual circle around the philologist <a href="/wiki/Matija_%C4%8Cop" title="Matija Čop">Matija Čop</a> and the Romantic poet <a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">France Prešeren</a> was influential in affirming the idea of Slovene linguistic and cultural individuality, refusing the idea of merging the Slovenes into a wider Slavic nation. </p><p>In 1848, a mass political and popular movement for the <a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">United Slovenia</a> (<i><span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Zedinjena Slovenija</i></span></i>) emerged as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Spring of Nations</a> movement within the Austrian Empire. Slovene activists demanded a unification of all Slovene-speaking territories in a unified and autonomous Slovene kingdom within the Austrian Empire. Although the project failed, it served as an almost undisputed platform of Slovene political activity in the following decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clashing_nationalisms_in_the_late_19th_century">Clashing nationalisms in the late 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clashing nationalisms in the late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_and_religious_composition_of_Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic and religious composition of Austria–Hungary">Ethnic and religious composition of Austria–Hungary</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg/240px-Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg/360px-Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg/480px-Telovadni_odsek_Orla_v_Dobrni%C4%8Du.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Orel_(movement)" title="Orel (movement)">Orel</a> association in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Carniola" title="Lower Carniola">Lower Carniola</a> before World War One</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_(deblo_oz._hlod),_dve_prvi_premi,_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg/200px-V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg/300px-V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg/400px-V_Ma%C4%8Dkih_na_%22%C5%A1tarc_vozijo_krcl%22_%28deblo_oz._hlod%29%2C_dve_prvi_premi%2C_zadnja_za_regiranje._V_krclu_zasajeni_%22piki%22_1960_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Part of a late 19th century cannon</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1848 and 1918, numerous institutions (including theatres and publishing houses, as well as political, financial and cultural organisations) were founded in the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_National_Awakening&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovene National Awakening (page does not exist)">Slovene National Awakening</a>. Despite their political and institutional fragmentation and lack of proper political representation, the Slovenes were able to establish a functioning national infrastructure. </p><p>With the introduction of a constitution granting civil and political liberties in the Austrian Empire in 1860, the Slovene national movement gained force. Despite its internal differentiation among the conservative <a href="/wiki/Old_Slovenes" title="Old Slovenes">Old Slovenes</a> and the progressive <a href="/wiki/Young_Slovenes" title="Young Slovenes">Young Slovenes</a>, the Slovene nationals defended similar programs, calling for a cultural and political autonomy of the Slovene people. In the late 1860s and early 1870s, a series of mass rallies called <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabori_rallies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabori rallies (page does not exist)">tabori</a></i>, modeled on the Irish <a href="/wiki/Monster_meetings" class="mw-redirect" title="Monster meetings">monster meetings</a>, were organized in support of the United Slovenia program. These rallies, attended by thousands of people, proved the allegiance of wider strata of the Slovene population to the ideas of national emancipation. </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, Slovenes had established a standardized language, and a thriving civil society. Literacy levels were among the highest in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and numerous national associations were present at grassroots level.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of a common political entity of all <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1880s, a fierce <a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a> between Catholic traditionalists and <a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">integralists</a> on one side, and liberals, progressivists and <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericals</a> dominated Slovene political and public life, especially in <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>. During the same period, the growth of industrialization intensified social tensions. Both <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a> movements mobilized the masses. In 1905, the first Socialist mayor in the Austro-Hungarian Empire was elected in the Slovene mining town of <a href="/wiki/Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a> on the list of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Social Democratic Party">Yugoslav Social Democratic Party</a>. In the same years, the Christian socialist activist <a href="/wiki/Janez_Evangelist_Krek" title="Janez Evangelist Krek">Janez Evangelist Krek</a> organized hundreds of workers and agricultural <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a> throughout the Slovene countryside. </p><p>At the turn of the 20th century, national struggles in ethnically mixed areas (especially in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Carinthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Styria">Lower Styrian</a> towns) dominated the political and social lives of the citizenry. By the 1910s, the national struggles between Slovene and Italian speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Littoral" title="Austrian Littoral">Austrian Littoral</a>, and Slovene and German speakers, overshadowed other political conflicts and brought about a nationalist radicalization on both sides. </p><p>In the last two decades before World War One, Slovene arts and literature experienced one of its most flourishing periods, with numerous talented modernist authors, painters and architects.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important authors of this period were <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Cankar" title="Ivan Cankar">Ivan Cankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oton_%C5%BDupan%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Oton Župančič">Oton Župančič</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragotin_Kette" title="Dragotin Kette">Dragotin Kette</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Grohar" title="Ivan Grohar">Ivan Grohar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rihard_Jakopi%C4%8D" title="Rihard Jakopič">Rihard Jakopič</a> were among the most talented Slovene visual artists of the time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg/220px-Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg/330px-Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg/440px-Solkanski-most-1906_vir_S%C5%BD_%C5%BDM_Tiri_in_%C4%8Das_10-1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Solkan_Bridge" title="Solkan Bridge">Solkan Bridge</a>, built in 1906</figcaption></figure><p> After the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana earthquake">Ljubljana earthquake</a> of 1895, the city experienced a rapid modernization under the charismatic <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">Liberal nationalist</a> mayors <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hribar" title="Ivan Hribar">Ivan Hribar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tav%C4%8Dar" title="Ivan Tavčar">Ivan Tavčar</a>. Architects like <a href="/wiki/Max_Fabiani" title="Max Fabiani">Max Fabiani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciril_Metod_Koch" title="Ciril Metod Koch">Ciril Metod Koch</a> introduced their own version of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a> architecture to Ljubljana. In the same period, the Adriatic port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> became an increasingly important center of Slovene economy, culture and politics. By 1910, around a third of the city population was Slovene, and the number of Slovenes in Trieste was higher than in Ljubljana.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the 20th century, hundreds of thousands of Slovenes emigrated to other countries, mostly to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but also to <a href="/wiki/Slovene_communities_in_South_America" title="Slovene communities in South America">South America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to larger cities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, especially <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. It has been calculated that around 300,000 Slovenes emigrated between 1880 and 1910, which means that one in six Slovenes left their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emigration">Emigration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Emigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period between the 1880s and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> saw a mass emigration from the present-day Slovenia to America. The largest group of Slovenes eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, and the surrounding area. The second-largest group settled in Chicago, principally on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_West_Side,_Chicago" title="Lower West Side, Chicago">Lower West Side</a>. Many Slovene immigrants went to southwestern Pennsylvania, southeastern Ohio and the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> to work in the coal mines and lumber industry. Some also went to the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a> areas, to work in the steel mills, as well as <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iron_Range" title="Iron Range">Iron Range</a>, to work in the iron mines. </p><p>During the First World War, which severely affected Slovenia in particular with the bloody soviet front and the politics of the great powers that threatened to dismantle the Slovene territory between several countries (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a>, 1915), Slovenes have already tried to regulate their national position in the common state unit Croats and Serbs in the Habsburg Monarchy. The demand, known as the May Declaration, was given by the Slovene, Croatian and Serbian parliamentarians in the Vienna Parliament in the spring of 1917. The ruling circles of the Habsburg monarchy initially rejected the request, and subsequent government initiatives for the federalisation of the monarchy (for example, the October manifesto of Emperor Charles) was rejected by most Slovenian politicians, which has already leaned towards independence. The preservation of the reformed state was longest defended by the former head of the Slovenian People's Party and the last Provincial Commander-in-Chief of Carniola, Ivan Šusteršič, who had few supporters and influence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Merging_into_the_Yugoslav_state_and_struggle_for_the_border_areas">Merging into the Yugoslav state and struggle for the border areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Merging into the Yugoslav state and struggle for the border areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Creation of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mura_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mura Republic">Mura Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian Plebiscite">Carinthian Plebiscite</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KongressfallofAH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/KongressfallofAH.jpg/250px-KongressfallofAH.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/KongressfallofAH.jpg/375px-KongressfallofAH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/KongressfallofAH.jpg/500px-KongressfallofAH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3140" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>The proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Congress_Square" title="Congress Square">Congress Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> on 20 October 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Slovene_People%27s_Party_(historical)" title="Slovene People's Party (historical)">Slovene People's Party</a> launched a movement for self-determination, demanding the creation of a semi-independent South Slavic state under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg dynasty">Habsburg</a> rule. The proposal was picked up by most Slovene parties, and a mass mobilization of Slovene civil society, known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=May_Declaration_(1917)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="May Declaration (1917) (page does not exist)">Declaration Movement</a>, followed. By early 1918, more than 200,000 signatures were collected in favor of the Slovene People Party's proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the War, some 500 Slovenes served as volunteers in the Serbian army, while a smaller group led by Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ljudevit_Pivko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ljudevit Pivko (page does not exist)">Ljudevit Pivko</a>, served as volunteers in the Italian Army. In the final year of the war, many predominantly Slovene regiments in the Austro-Hungarian Army staged a mutiny against their military leadership; the best-known mutiny of Slovene soldiers was the <a href="/wiki/Judenburg_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Judenburg Rebellion">Judenburg Rebellion</a> in May 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Svajncer_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svajncer-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a> took power in Zagreb on 6 October 1918. On 29 October independence was declared by a national gathering in Ljubljana, and by the Croatian parliament, declaring the establishment of the new <a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs</a>. On 1 December 1918 the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs merged with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, becoming part of the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>, itself being renamed in 1929 to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. </p><p>Slovenes whose territory fell under the rule of neighboring states Italy, Austria and Hungary, were subjected to policies of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_with_Austria">Border with Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Border with Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in late 1918, an <a href="/wiki/Austrian-Slovene_clashes_in_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian-Slovene clashes in Carinthia">armed dispute started</a> between the Slovenes and <a href="/wiki/German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> for the regions of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Styria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Styria">Lower Styria</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Carinthia</a>. In November 1918, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Maister" title="Rudolf Maister">Rudolf Maister</a> <a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">seized</a> the city of <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a> and surrounding areas of Lower Styria in the name of the newly formed Yugoslav state. The Austrian government of Styria refrained from military intervention and also opposed a referendum, knowing that the vast majority of Lower Styria was ethnically Slovenian, while Maribor, Ptuj, and Celje had a German-speaking majority, partly as a result of assimilation of Slovenes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maribor and Lower Styria were eventually awarded to Yugoslavia in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a>. </p><p>Around the same time, a group of volunteers led by <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Malgaj" title="Franjo Malgaj">Franjo Malgaj</a> attempted to take control of southern Carinthia. Fighting in Carinthia lasted between December 1918 and June 1919, when the Slovene volunteers and the regular Serbian Army managed to occupy the city of <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>. In compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a>, the Yugoslav forces had to withdraw from Klagenfurt, while a referendum was to be held in other areas of southern Carinthia. In October 1920, the majority of the population of southern Carinthia <a href="/wiki/Carinthian_Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthian Plebiscite">voted</a> to remain in Austria, and only a small portion of the province (around <a href="/wiki/Dravograd" title="Dravograd">Dravograd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravne_na_Koro%C5%A1kem" title="Ravne na Koroškem">Guštanj</a>) was awarded to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a>, on the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> was awarded the Slovene-inhabited <a href="/wiki/Prekmurje" title="Prekmurje">Prekmurje</a> region, which had belonged to <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> since the 10th century. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_with_Italy">Border with Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Border with Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In exchange for joining the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>, under the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo (1920)</a>, was granted rule over much of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a> territories. These included a quarter of the Slovene ethnic territory, including areas that were exclusively ethnic Slovene. The population of the affected areas was approximately 327,000<sup id="cite_ref-SacroEgoismo2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacroEgoismo2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the total population of 1.3 million Slovenes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/6_January_Dictatorship" title="6 January Dictatorship">6 January Dictatorship</a></div> <p>In 1921, against the vote of the great majority (70%) of Slovene MPs, a centralist constitution was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a>. Despite it, Slovenes managed to maintain a high level of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural autonomy">cultural autonomy</a>, and both economy and the arts prospered. Slovene politicians participated in almost all Yugoslav governments, and the Slovene conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Anton_Koro%C5%A1ec" title="Anton Korošec">Anton Korošec</a> briefly served as the only non-<a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Yugoslavia" title="Prime Minister of Yugoslavia">Prime Minister of Yugoslavia</a> in the period between the two world wars. </p><p>In 1929, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>. The constitution was abolished, civil liberties suspended, while the centralist pressure intensified. Slovenia was renamed to <a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a>. During the whole interwar period, Slovene voters strongly supported the conservative <a href="/wiki/Slovene_People%27s_Party_(historical)" title="Slovene People's Party (historical)">Slovene People's Party</a>, which unsuccessfully fought for the autonomy of Slovenia within a federalized Yugoslavia. In 1935, however, the Slovene People's Party joined the pro-regime <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav Radical Community">Yugoslav Radical Community</a>, opening the space for the development of a left wing autonomist movement. In the 1930s, the economic crisis created a fertile ground for the rising of both leftist and rightist radicalisms. In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Slovenia">Communist Party of Slovenia</a> was founded as an autonomous party within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Yugoslavia">Communist Party of Yugoslavia</a>. Between 1938 and 1941, <a href="/wiki/Left_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Left liberal">left liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarian</a> forces established close relations with members of the illegal Communist party, aiming at establishing a broad <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Fascist">anti-Fascist</a> coalition. </p><p>The main territory of Slovenia, being the most industrialized and westernized among others less developed parts of Yugoslavia became the main center of industrial production: in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, for example, in Slovenia the industrial production was four times greater and even twenty-two times greater than in <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Banovina" title="Vardar Banovina">Vardar Banovina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The interwar period brought a further industrialization in Slovenia, with a rapid economic growth in the 1920s followed by a relatively successful economic adjustment to the <a href="/wiki/1929_economic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 economic crisis">1929 economic crisis</a>. This development however affected only certain areas, especially the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Basin" title="Ljubljana Basin">Ljubljana Basin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Sava_Valley" title="Central Sava Valley">Central Sava Valley</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Carinthia">Slovenian Carinthia</a>, and the urban areas around <a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maribor" title="Maribor">Maribor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> experienced a period of great expansion, with resort areas like <a href="/wiki/Bled" title="Bled">Bled</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roga%C5%A1ka_Slatina" title="Rogaška Slatina">Rogaška Slatina</a> gaining an international reputation. Elsewhere, agriculture and forestry remained the predominant economic activities. Nevertheless, Slovenia emerged as one of the most prosperous and economically dynamic areas in Yugoslavia, profiting from a large Balkan market. Arts and literature also prospered, as did architecture. The two largest Slovenian cities, Ljubljana and Maribor, underwent an extensive program of urban renewal and modernization. Architects like <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Ple%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Plečnik">Jože Plečnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vurnik" title="Ivan Vurnik">Ivan Vurnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C5%A0ubic" title="Vladimir Šubic">Vladimir Šubic</a> introduced modernist architecture to Slovenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_Italianization_of_Littoral_Slovenes_and_resistance">Fascist Italianization of Littoral Slovenes and resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fascist Italianization of Littoral Slovenes and resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Rapallo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Treaty_of_Rapallo.png/320px-Treaty_of_Rapallo.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Treaty_of_Rapallo.png/480px-Treaty_of_Rapallo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Treaty_of_Rapallo.png/640px-Treaty_of_Rapallo.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The annexed western <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy_(1920%E2%80%931947)" title="Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)">quarter of Slovene ethnic territory</a>, and approximately 327,000 out of the total population of 1.3<sup id="cite_ref-SacroEgoismo2012_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacroEgoismo2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> million Slovenes,<sup id="cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were subjected to forced <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italianization">Fascist Italianization</a>. On the map of present-day Slovenia with its traditional regions' boundaries.</figcaption></figure> <p>With a secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a> in 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> was promised large portions of Austrian-Hungarian territory by the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a>, in exchange for joining the Entente against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the Central Powers were defeated in 1918, Italy went on to annex some of the promised territories, after signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">treaty of Rapallo</a> with the new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbs,_Croats_and_Slovenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> in 1920. However, these areas also included a <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy_(1920%E2%80%931947)" title="Slovene minority in Italy (1920–1947)">quarter of Slovene ethnic territory</a> and approximately 327.000 out of total population of 1.3<sup id="cite_ref-SacroEgoismo2012_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SacroEgoismo2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> million Slovenes, were annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cresciani_ClashOfCivilisations-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty left half a million Slavs (besides Slovenes also Croatians) inside Italy, while only a few hundred Italians in the fledgling Yugoslav state".<sup id="cite_ref-HehnP_Low_Dishonest_Decade_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HehnP_Low_Dishonest_Decade-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> was at the end of 19th century de facto the largest Slovene city, having had more <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovene</a> inhabitants than <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>. After being ceded from the multi-ethnic Austria, Italian lower middle class—who felt most threatened by the city's Slovene middle class—sought to make Trieste "città italianissima", committing series of attacks, led by <a href="/wiki/Black_Shirts" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Shirts">Black Shirts</a>, on Slovene shops, libraries, lawyer offices, and the central place of the rival community in <i><a href="/wiki/Narodni_dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodni dom">Narodni dom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> followed and by the mid-1930s, several thousand Slovenes, especially intellectuals from Trieste region, emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. </p><p>The present-day Slovenian municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Idrija" title="Idrija">Idrija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajdov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Ajdovščina">Ajdovščina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vipava,_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipava, Slovenia">Vipava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanal_ob_So%C4%8Di" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanal ob Soči">Kanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postojna" title="Postojna">Postojna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pivka" title="Pivka">Pivka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ilirska_Bistrica" title="Ilirska Bistrica">Ilirska Bistrica</a>, were subjected to forced <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy_(1920-1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947)">Slovene minority in Italy (1920-1947)</a> lacked any minority protection under international or domestic law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clashes between the Italian authorities and <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Fascist squads</a> on one side, and the local Slovene population on the other, started as early as 1920, culminating with the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Narodni_dom_(Trieste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodni dom (Trieste)">Narodni dom</a>, the Slovenian National Hall of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>. After all Slovene minority organizations in Italy had been suppressed, the <a href="/wiki/Militant_anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant anti-fascist">militant anti-fascist</a> organization <a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a> was formed in 1927 in order to fight Fascist violence. The anti-Fascist guerrilla movement continued throughout the late 1920s and 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania joined the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite pact">Tripartite pact</a> in 1940, pressure greatly increased on Yugoslavia to join in as Hitler was trying to protect its southern flank before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">launching the attack on the Soviet Union</a>. The signing of the Treaty of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia with Germany on March 25, 1941, was followed two days later by a coup led by aviation general Dušan Simović. Regent prince Pavel was thrown out and authority was granted to young Peter. General Simović took over the provisional administration of the government. Thus, Yugoslavia did not seem to be reliable anymore to Hitler, and so on April 6, 1941, according to the operation Marita and without a formal declaration of war, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The attack began with the bombing of Belgrade, killing 20,000 people. The resistance of the Yugoslav royal army was only symbolic, as only half of the recruits were able to collect due to slow mobilization, and the military equipment and doctrine of Serbia from the Balkan wars and the First World War were obsolete. Thus, on April 10, German troops have already reached Zagreb and on April 12 Belgrade. The Italian army launched its attack only on April 11, when Hungary joined. At that time, the German army was already in Karlovac. The Italian army split into two parts: it penetrated the part towards both Ljubljana and beyond via Kočevje, and the second part penetrated via Dalmatia. The German army also broke out of Bulgaria and with the mobilized units easily prevented the withdrawal of the Yugoslav army into the Thessaloniki front. </p><p>Shortly after the attack, the National People's Council was formed under the leadership of Marko Natlačen, who called for a peaceful handover of weapons and expelled the occupier. After the capitulation of the Yugoslav army, Hungary took over most of Prekmurje. In 1941, five Slovene settlements were established under the authority of NDH: Bregansko selo (now called Slovenska vas), Nova vas near Bregana (now Nova vas near Mokrice), Jesenice in Dolenjska, Obrežje and Čedem. The territory was about 20 square kilometers, with about 800 inhabitants at that time. The Italians in the beginning held a moderate policy in their occupied territory. In this way, bilingualism coincided, Italian was introduced into schools only as a teaching subject, all non-political, cultural and sports associations allowed it. In the occupied territory, composed of Ljubljana, Notranjska and Dolenjska with approximately 320,000 inhabitants, Italy established the Province of Ljubljana (Italian Provincia di Lubiana). After the first successful rebel actions of the occupants in the occupied territory, the Italian authorities changed the policy and began the program of ethnic cleansing [15]. The execution of this plot led to the expulsion of approximately 35,000 civilians, of whom in the Italian concentration camps, in 1942 and 1943, about 3500 men, women and children died of hunger and disease [16] That this was an attempt to ethnic cleansing, results not only from the very large number of people killed and displaced, but also from the statements and orders of the high Italian officers, and in particular from the content of the notorious 3C circular, signed by General Mario Roatta on March 1, 1942. ] The German form of occupation was the tiniest of all three, since they banned all Slovenian newspapers, German was introduced into schools as a language, the adults were violently enrolled in the Styrian Homeland Association and the Carinthian People's Union or their armed sections. The official language has also become German. They violently took away 600 children who seemed to satisfy the criteria of the Aryan race and assigned them to the Lebensborn organization, they introduced Nazi laws, and later began to mobilize the military, which was contrary to international law, ... </p><p>On April 26, 1941, the Anti-Imperialist Front was set up in Ljubljana (renamed the Liberation Front) in the German invasion of the Soviet Union, which began an armed struggle against the occupiers. The founding groups of the Anti-Imperialist Front were: the Communist Party of Slovenia, part of the Christian Socialists, the democratic part of the Liberal Gymnastical Society Sokol and a part of the cultural workers who were unconnected. In memory of this event was determined April 27 as the day of the resistance against the occupier. </p><p>In Volkmerjev prehod in Maribor, on April 29, 1941, two anti-German-style young men under the leadership of Bojan Ilich burned two personal cars of the German Civil Administration. This was the first rebuffing anti-occupation campaign in occupied Slovenia, which was born out of a revolt at the trance, which was visited by Hitler during the three days before that of most of the German Germans. Nazi police arrested about 60 young men, but they soon released them because they could not prove their participation in the fire. On June 22, 1941, the main command of the Partisan forces was established and on the same day, the Secrets of the Liberation Movement OF were published. Subsequently, on November 1, 1941, the Basic Points of the OF, whose points 8 and 9 were written under the influence of the Atlantic Charter, were also published. By the signing of the Dolomite Declaration on March 1, 1943, the leading role in the Liberation Front was taken over by the Communist Party of Slovenia, which in the victorious national liberation struggle itself assumed all power. </p><p>In 1943, a liberated territory was formed in Kočevje, where the OF organized the Kočevski Choir, in which it elected the highest organ of the Slovenian state, adopted a decision on joining the Primorska Slovenia and elected a delegation for the II. sitting AVNOJ. </p><p>At the end of the war, the Slovene Partisan army, together with the Yugoslav Army and the Soviet Red Army, freed the entire Slovenian ethnic territory. The VOS departments under the command of the Communist Party and the Soviet model, after the end of the war, mostly performed post-war extrajudicial killings against civilian and military personnel. Up to 600 graves have been evacuated so far throughout Slovenia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slovenia_in_Titoist_Yugoslavia">Slovenia in Titoist Yugoslavia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Slovenia in Titoist Yugoslavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_SFR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of SFR Yugoslavia">Economy of SFR Yugoslavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg/220px-Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg/330px-Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg/440px-Locator_map_Slovenia_in_Yugoslavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the re-establishment of Yugoslavia at the end of World War II, Slovenia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, declared on 29 November 1943. A socialist state was established, but because of the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a>, economic and personal freedoms were broader than in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. In 1947, Italy ceded most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> to Yugoslavia, and Slovenia thus regained the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Littoral">Slovenian Littoral</a>. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Koper">Koper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izola" title="Izola">Izola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piran" title="Piran">Piran</a>, Italian-populated urban enclaves saw mass ethnic Italian and anti-Communist emigration (part of the <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian Exodus">Istrian Exodus</a>) due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Foibe_massacres" title="Foibe massacres">Foibe massacres</a> and other revenge against them for <a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a> and due to their fear of Communism, which by 1947 had <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalised</a> all private property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Your explanation here (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The dispute over the port of <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> however remained open until 1954, until the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a> was divided among Italy and Yugoslavia, thus giving Slovenia access to the sea. This division was ratified only in 1975 with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Osimo" title="Treaty of Osimo">Treaty of Osimo</a>, which gave a final legal sanction to Slovenia's long disputed western border. From the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a> enjoyed a relatively wide autonomy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinist_period">Stalinist period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stalinist period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1945 and 1948, a wave of political repressions took place in Slovenia and in Yugoslavia. Thousands of people were imprisoned for their political beliefs. Several tens of thousands of Slovenes left Slovenia immediately after the war in fear of Communist persecution. Many of them settled in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, which became the core of Slovenian anti-Communist emigration. More than 50,000 more followed in the next decade, frequently for economic reasons, as well as political ones. These later waves of Slovene immigrants mostly settled in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, but also in other western countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_1948_Tito–Stalin_split_and_aftermath"><span id="The_1948_Tito.E2.80.93Stalin_split_and_aftermath"></span>The 1948 Tito–Stalin split and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The 1948 Tito–Stalin split and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></div> <p>In 1948, the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> took place. In the first years following the split, the political repression worsened, as it extended to Communists accused of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>. Hundreds of Slovenes were imprisoned in the concentration camp of <a href="/wiki/Goli_Otok" title="Goli Otok">Goli Otok</a>, together with thousands of people of other nationalities. Among the show trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the <a href="/wiki/Nagode_Trial" title="Nagode Trial">Nagode Trial</a> against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists (1946) and the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_trials_(Slovenia)" title="Dachau trials (Slovenia)">Dachau trials</a> (1947–1949), where former inmates of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a> were accused of collaboration with the Nazis. Many members of the Roman Catholic clergy also suffered persecution. The case of bishop of Ljubljana <a href="/wiki/Anton_Vovk" title="Anton Vovk">Anton Vovk</a>, who was doused with gasoline and set on fire by Communist activists during a pastoral visit to <a href="/wiki/Novo_Mesto" title="Novo Mesto">Novo Mesto</a> in January 1952, echoed in the western press.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s:_heavy_industrialization">1950s: heavy industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1950s: heavy industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1950s, Slovenia was the first of the Yugoslav republics to begin a process of relative pluralization. A decade of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> was accompanied also by a fervent cultural and literary production with many tensions between the regime and the dissident intellectuals. From the late 1950s onward, dissident circles started to be formed, mostly around short-lived independent journals, such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revija_57&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revija 57 (page does not exist)">Revija 57</a></i> (1957–1958), which was the first independent intellectual journal in Yugoslavia and one of the first of this kind in the Communist bloc,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perspektive&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perspektive (page does not exist)">Perspektive</a></i> (1960–1964). Among the most important critical public intellectuals in this period were the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Pučnik">Jože Pučnik</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kocbek" title="Edvard Kocbek">Edvard Kocbek</a>, and the literary historian <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Pirjevec" title="Dušan Pirjevec">Dušan Pirjevec</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s:_"Self-management""><span id="1960s:_.22Self-management.22"></span>1960s: "Self-management"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1960s: "Self-management""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1960s, the reformist faction gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Communist Party">Slovenian Communist Party</a>, launching a series of reforms, aiming at the modernization of Slovenian society and economy. A new economic policy, known as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers self-management</a> started to be implemented under the advice and supervision of the main theorist of the Yugoslav Communist Party, the Slovene <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Kardelj" title="Edvard Kardelj">Edvard Kardelj</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s-1980s:_"Years_of_Lead""><span id="1970s-1980s:_.22Years_of_Lead.22"></span>1970s-1980s: "Years of Lead"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1970s-1980s: "Years of Lead""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, this trend was stopped by the conservative faction of the Slovenian Communist Party, backed by the Yugoslav Federal government. A period known as the "Years of Lead" (Slovene: <i>svinčena leta</i>) followed. During this period, censorship and repression of the press and artists increased, while freedom of speech declined. Many people were jailed because of their political beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s:_Towards_independence">1980s: Towards independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1980s: Towards independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, Slovenia experienced a rise of cultural pluralism. Numerous grass-roots political, artistic and intellectual movements emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_school_of_psychoanalysis" title="Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis">Ljubljana school of psychoanalysis</a>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_revija_(magazine)" title="Nova revija (magazine)">Nova revija</a></i> intellectual circle. By the mid-1980s, a reformist fraction, led by <a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a>, took control of the Slovenian Communist Party, starting a gradual reform towards controlled <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">political pluralism</a>. </p><p>The Yugoslav economic crisis of the 1980s increased the struggles within the Yugoslav Communist regime regarding the appropriate economic measures to be undertaken. Slovenia, which had less than 10% of overall Yugoslav population, produced around a fifth of the country's GDP and a fourth of all Yugoslav exports. The political disputes around economic measures was echoed in the public sentiment, as many Slovenes felt they were being economically exploited, having to sustain an expensive and inefficient federal administration. </p><p>In 1987 and 1988, a series of clashes between the emerging <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> and the Communist regime culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Spring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovene Spring">Slovene Spring</a>. In 1987, a group of liberal intellectuals published a manifesto in the alternative <i><a href="/wiki/Nova_revija_(magazine)" title="Nova revija (magazine)">Nova revija</a></i> journal; in their so-called <a href="/wiki/Contributions_for_the_Slovenian_National_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributions for the Slovenian National Program">Contributions for the Slovenian National Program</a>, they called for democratization and a greater independence for Slovenia. Some of the articles openly contemplated Slovenia's independence from Yugoslavia and the establishment of a full-fedged parliamentary democracy. The manifesto was condemned by the Communist authorities, but the authors did not suffer any direct repression, and the journal was not suppressed (although the editorial board was forced to resign). At the end of the same year, a massive strike broke out in the Litostroj manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, which led to the establishment of the first independent trade union in Yugoslavia. The leaders of the strike established an independent political organization, called the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Union_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democratic Union of Slovenia">Social Democratic Union of Slovenia</a>. Soon afterwards, in mid May 1988, an independent <a href="/wiki/Peasant_Union_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasant Union of Slovenia">Peasant Union of Slovenia</a> was organized. Later in the same month, the Yugoslav Army arrested four Slovenian journalists of the alternative magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Mladina" title="Mladina">Mladina</a></i>, accusing them of revealing state secrets. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana trial">Ljubljana trial</a> triggered mass protests in Ljubljana and other Slovenian cities. (See:<a href="/w/index.php?title=1987-1988_Slovenia_protests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987-1988 Slovenia protests (page does not exist)">1987-1988 Slovenia protests</a>) </p><p>A mass democratic movement, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Defense_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Defense of Human Rights">Committee for the Defense of Human Rights</a>, pushed the Communists in the direction of democratic reforms. These revolutionary events in Slovenia pre-dated by almost one year the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> in Eastern Europe, but went largely unnoticed by international observers. </p><p>At the same time, the confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">Slovenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">Serbian Leagues of Communists</a> (which was dominated by the nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>), became the most important political struggle in Yugoslavia. The poor economic performance of the Federation, and rising clashes between the different republics, created a fertile soil for the rise of secessionist ideas among Slovenes, both anti-Communists and Communists. On 27 of September 1989 the Slovenian Assembly made many amendments to the 1974 constitution including the abandonment of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a> monopoly on political power and the reassertion of Slovenia's right to leave Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an action named "Action North" in 1989, Slovene police forces, members of which later organized their own veteran organization, prevented several hundred Milošević supporters from meeting in Ljubljana on 1 December at a so-called <a href="/wiki/Rally_of_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rally of Truth">Rally of Truth</a>, with an attempt to overthrow Slovenian leadership because of its opposition to Serb centralist policy. The action can be considered the first defense action for Slovenian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 January 1990, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Slovenia" title="League of Communists of Slovenia">League of Communists of Slovenia</a>, in protest against the domination of the Serb nationalist leadership, walked out of the <a href="/wiki/14th_Congress_of_the_League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia">14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a> which effectively ceased to exist as a national party – they were followed soon after by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia" title="League of Communists of Croatia">League of Communists of Croatia</a>. </p><p>In September 1989, numerous <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendments</a> were passed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia (page does not exist)">Assembly</a>, which introduced <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a> to Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 March 1990, the Slovenian Assembly passed the amendment XCI changing the official name of the state to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a> dropping the word 'Socialist'. The new name has been official since 8 March 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty.si_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty.si-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republic_of_Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Republic of Slovenia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_elections">Free elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Free elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 30 December 1989 Slovenia officially opened the spring 1990 elections to opposition parties thus inaugurating <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party democracy">multi-party democracy</a>. The <i>Democratic Opposition of Slovenia</i> (DEMOS) coalition of democratic political parties was created by an agreement between the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Union" title="Slovenian Democratic Union">Slovenian Democratic Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Social Democrat Alliance of Slovenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Christian_Democrats" title="Slovene Christian Democrats">Slovene Christian Democrats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_People%27s_Party" title="Slovenian People's Party">Farmers' Alliance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Greens_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greens of Slovenia">Greens of Slovenia</a>. The leader of the coalition was the well-known <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissident</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Pučnik">Jože Pučnik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 April 1990, <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Slovenian parliamentary election">the first free multiparty parliamentary elections</a>, and the first round of the presidential elections, were held. <a href="/wiki/DEMOS" title="DEMOS">DEMOS</a> defeated the former Communist party in the parliamentary elections, by gathering 54% of the votes.<sup id="cite_ref-twenty.si_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twenty.si-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coalition government led by the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_Christian_Democrats" title="Slovene Christian Democrats">Christian Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a> was formed, and began economic and political reforms that established a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> and a liberal democratic political system. At the same time, the government pursued the independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Milan_Ku%C4%8Dan" title="Milan Kučan">Milan Kučan</a> was elected president in the second round of the presidential elections on 22 April 1990, defeating the <a href="/wiki/DEMOS_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="DEMOS coalition">DEMOS</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Pučnik">Jože Pučnik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kučan_presidency_(1990–2002)"><span id="Ku.C4.8Dan_presidency_.281990.E2.80.932002.29"></span>Kučan presidency (1990–2002)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kučan presidency (1990–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_DEMOS_government_(1990–1992):_Independence"><span id="The_DEMOS_government_.281990.E2.80.931992.29:_Independence"></span>The DEMOS government (1990–1992): Independence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The DEMOS government (1990–1992): Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Milan Kučan strongly opposed the preservation of Yugoslavia through violent means. After the concept of a loose <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> failed to gain support by the republics of Yugoslavia, Kučan favoured a controlled process of non-violent disassociation that would enable the collaboration of the former Yugoslav nations on a new, different basis. </p><p>On 23 December 1990, a <a href="/wiki/1990_Slovenian_independence_referendum" title="1990 Slovenian independence referendum">referendum on the independence of Slovenia</a> was held, in which the more than 88% of Slovenian residents voted for the independence of Slovenia from Yugoslavia. Slovenia became independent through the passage of the appropriate acts on 25 June 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Race_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Race-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prunk_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prunk-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the morning of the next day, a short <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> began, in which the Slovenian forces successfully rejected Yugoslav military interference.<sup id="cite_ref-Race_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Race-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAF_History_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAF_History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evening, the independence was solemnly proclaimed in Ljubljana by the Speaker of the Parliament <a href="/wiki/France_Bu%C4%8Dar" title="France Bučar">France Bučar</a>. The Ten-Day War lasted till 7 July 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-SAF_History_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAF_History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the <a href="/wiki/Brijuni_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Brijuni Agreement">Brijuni Agreement</a> was made, with the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> as a mediator, and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav National Army">Yugoslav National Army</a> started its withdrawal from Slovenia. On 26 October 1991, the last Yugoslav soldier left Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-SAF_History_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAF_History-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 December 1991 the Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia passed a new Constitution, which became the first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Constitution of independent Slovenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Kucan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Milan_Kucan.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="137" /></a><figcaption>Milan Kučan</figcaption></figure> <p>Kučan represented Slovenia at the peace conference on former Yugoslavia in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">the Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> which concluded that the former Yugoslav nations were free to determine their future as independent states. On May 22, 1992 Kučan represented Slovenia as it became a new member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. </p><p>The most important achievement of the Coalition, however, was the declaration of independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenians</a> rejected <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> military interference. As a result of internal disagreements the coalition fell apart in 1992. It was officially dissolved in April 1992 in agreement with all the parties that had composed it. Following the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Lojze_Peterle" title="Lojze Peterle">Lojze Peterle</a>'s government, a new coalition government, led by <a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Janez Drnovšek</a> was formed, which included several parties of the former DEMOS. <a href="/wiki/Jo%C5%BEe_Pu%C4%8Dnik" title="Jože Pučnik">Jože Pučnik</a> became vice-president in Drnovšek's cabinet, guaranteeing some continuity in the government policies. </p><p>The first country to recognise Slovenia as an independent country was Croatia on 26 June 1991. In the second half of 1991, some of the countries formed after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> recognized Slovenia. These were the Baltic countries Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, and Georgia, Ukraine, and Belarus. On 19 December 1991, Iceland and Sweden recognised Slovenia, and Germany passed a resolution on the recognition of Slovenia, realised alongside the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC) on 15 January 1992. On 13, respectively 14 January 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and San Marino recognised Slovenia. The first transmarine countries to recognise Slovenia were Canada and Australia on the 15, respectively 16 January 1992. The United States was at first very reserved towards the Slovenian independence and recognised Slovenia only on 7 April 1992. </p><p>The recognition by the EEC was particularly significant for Slovenia, as in December 1991 the EEC passed criteria for the international recognition of newly founded countries, which included <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, the respect for <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, the government of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, and the respect for the <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">national minority rights</a>. The recognition of Slovenia therefore indirectly also meant that Slovenia had been meeting the passed criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1992, after the independence and the international recognition of Slovenia, Kučan was elected as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Slovenia">president of Slovenia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="1992 Slovenian presidential election">1992 presidential election</a>, with the support of the citizens list. He won another five-year term in the <a href="/wiki/1997_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="1997 Slovenian presidential election">1997 election</a>, running again as an independent and again winning the majority in the first round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drnovšek_premiership_(1992–2002):_Re-orientation_of_Slovenia's_trade"><span id="Drnov.C5.A1ek_premiership_.281992.E2.80.932002.29:_Re-orientation_of_Slovenia.27s_trade"></span>Drnovšek premiership (1992–2002): Re-orientation of Slovenia's trade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Drnovšek premiership (1992–2002): Re-orientation of Slovenia's trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Janez_Drnovsek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Janez_Drnovsek.jpg/180px-Janez_Drnovsek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Janez_Drnovsek.jpg/270px-Janez_Drnovsek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Janez_Drnovsek.jpg/360px-Janez_Drnovsek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="3048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janez_Drnov%C5%A1ek" title="Janez Drnovšek">Janez Drnovšek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a> between 1992 and 2002, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">president of Slovenia</a> between 2002 and 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Janez Drnovšek was the second <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> of independent Slovenia. He was chosen as a compromise candidate and an expert in economic policy, transcending ideological and programmatic divisions between parties. Drnovšek's governments reoriented Slovenia's trade away from Yugoslavia towards the West and contrary to some other former Communist countries in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the economic and social transformation followed a <a href="/wiki/Gradualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gradualist">gradualist</a> approach.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After six months in opposition from May 2000 to Autumn 2000, Drnovšek returned to power again and helped to arrange the first meeting between <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bush-Putin_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush-Putin 2001">Bush-Putin 2001</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drnovšek_presidency_(2002–2007);_EU_and_NATO_membership"><span id="Drnov.C5.A1ek_presidency_.282002.E2.80.932007.29.3B_EU_and_NATO_membership"></span>Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Drnovšek presidency (2002–2007); EU and NATO membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2002_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="2002 Slovenian presidential election">2002 Slovenian presidential election</a></div> <p>Drnovšek held the position of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">president</a> from 2002 to 2007. During the term, in March 2003, Slovenia held <a href="/wiki/2003_Slovenian_European_Union_and_NATO_membership_referendum" title="2003 Slovenian European Union and NATO membership referendum">two referendums on joining the EU and NATO</a>. Slovenia joined NATO on 29 March 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the European Union on 1 May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 January 2007 Slovenia joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Janša_premiership_(2004–2008):_Unsustainable_growth"><span id="Jan.C5.A1a_premiership_.282004.E2.80.932008.29:_Unsustainable_growth"></span>Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Janša premiership (2004–2008): Unsustainable growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jansa-rumsfeld2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Jansa-rumsfeld2.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="140" /></a><figcaption>Janez Janša</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2004_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2004 Slovenian parliamentary election">2004 Slovenian parliamentary election</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janez Janša</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a> from November 2004 to November 2008 for the first time. During the term characterized by over-enthusiasm after joining EU, between 2005 and 2008 the Slovenian banks have seen <a href="/wiki/Loan-deposit_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan-deposit ratio">loan-deposit ratio</a> veering out of control, over-borrowing from foreign banks and then over-crediting private sector, leading to its unsustainable growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Türk_presidency_(2007–2012)"><span id="T.C3.BCrk_presidency_.282007.E2.80.932012.29"></span>Türk presidency (2007–2012)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Türk presidency (2007–2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2007_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="2007 Slovenian presidential election">2007 Slovenian presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg/150px-Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg/225px-Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Danilo_Turk_NIB-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Danilo Türk</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Danilo_T%C3%BCrk" title="Danilo Türk">Danilo Türk</a> held the position of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">president</a> from 2007 to 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pahor_premiership_(2008–2012):_Blocked_reforms"><span id="Pahor_premiership_.282008.E2.80.932012.29:_Blocked_reforms"></span>Pahor premiership (2008–2012): Blocked reforms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Pahor premiership (2008–2012): Blocked reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2008 Slovenian parliamentary election">2008 Slovenian parliamentary election</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Borut_Pahor" title="Borut Pahor">Borut Pahor</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a> from November 2008 until February 2012. Faced by the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">global economic crisis</a> his government proposed economic reforms, but they were rejected by the opposition leader Janez Janša and blocked by <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_referendums_of_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian referendums of 2011">referendums in 2011</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rtv266580_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtv266580-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the voters <a href="/wiki/2010_Slovenian_border_dispute_agreement_referendum" title="2010 Slovenian border dispute agreement referendum">voted in favour</a> of an arbitration agreement with Croatia, aimed to solve the <a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Slovenia_border_disputes" title="Croatia–Slovenia border disputes">border dispute</a> between the countries, emerging after the breakup of Yugoslavia.<sup id="cite_ref-rtv266580_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtv266580-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, Slovenia joined the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pahor_presidency_(2012-2022)"><span id="Pahor_presidency_.282012-2022.29"></span>Pahor presidency (2012-2022)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Pahor presidency (2012-2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="2012 Slovenian presidential election">2012 Slovenian presidential election</a></div> <p>Pahor has held the position of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">president</a> since 2012. In November 2017, Slovenian President Borut Pahor was re-elected for a second term in close <a href="/wiki/2017_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="2017 Slovenian presidential election">election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Janša_premiership_(2012–2013):_Anti-corruption_report"><span id="Jan.C5.A1a_premiership_.282012.E2.80.932013.29:_Anti-corruption_report"></span>Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Janša premiership (2012–2013): Anti-corruption report"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Janša was <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a> from February 2012 until March 2013 for the second time. He was replaced by the first female PM in history of Slovenia, <a href="/wiki/Alenka_Bratu%C5%A1ek" title="Alenka Bratušek">Alenka Bratušek</a>, after the official <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">anti-corruption agency</a>'s <i>Report on the Parliamentary Parties' Leaders</i> was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-The_2012_2013_Investigation_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_2012_2013_Investigation-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delo_Žerdin_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delo_Žerdin-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former prime minister Janez Janša spent six months in prison in 2014 after being convicted on bribery charges related to a 2006 arms deal. Janša had denied any wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miro_Cerar" title="Miro Cerar">Miro Cerar</a> was prime minister since September 2014 until March 2018. His government coalition included Cerar's Party of Modern Centre, the Social Democrats and pensioners’ party DeSUS.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, the center-right Slovenia Democratic Party (SDS) of former prime minister Janez Janša won in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Slovenian parliamentary election">election</a>. SDS secured 25 seats in the 90-seat parliament. A center-left party, The List of <a href="/wiki/Marjan_%C5%A0arec" title="Marjan Šarec">Marjan Šarec</a> (LMŠ), was in second place with 13 seats. Cerar's Party of The Modern Centre was fourth with just 10 seats.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2018, new prime minister Marjan Šarec formed a minority government made up of five center-left parties.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, prime minister Šarec resigned because his minority government was too weak to push through important legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Janša_premiership_(2020-2022)"><span id="Jan.C5.A1a_premiership_.282020-2022.29"></span>Janša premiership (2020-2022)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Janša premiership (2020-2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 2020, Janez Janša became prime minister for third time in the new coalition government of SDS, the Modern Centre Party (SMC), New Slovenia (NSi) and Pensioners' Party (DeSUS). Janša had previously been prime minister from 2004 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Janez Janša was known as a right-wing populist and an outspoken supporter of former US President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Janša was also known as an ally of right-wing Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orban</a> of Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Golob_premiership_(2022-)"><span id="Golob_premiership_.282022-.29"></span>Golob premiership (2022-)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Golob premiership (2022-)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2022, liberal opposition, The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Movement_(Slovenia)" title="Freedom Movement (Slovenia)">Freedom Movement</a>, won the parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2022_Slovenian_parliamentary_election" title="2022 Slovenian parliamentary election">election</a>. The Freedom Movement won 34.5% of the vote, compared with 23.6% for Janša’s <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 May 2022, Slovenia’s parliament voted to appoint the leader of Freedom Movement, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Golob" title="Robert Golob">Robert Golob</a>, as the new <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a> to succeed Janez Janša.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Natasa Pirc Musar</a>, liberal candidate and lawyer, won the second round of Slovenia's <a href="/wiki/2022_Slovenian_presidential_election" title="2022 Slovenian presidential election">presidential election</a>, becoming Slovenia's first female president.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirc_Musar_presidency_(2022-)"><span id="Pirc_Musar_presidency_.282022-.29"></span>Pirc Musar presidency (2022-)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Pirc Musar presidency (2022-)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 23 December 2022, Nataša Pirc Musar became Slovenia’s fifth president to succeed her predecessor Borut Pahor.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">History of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">History of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">History of the Jews in Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Slovenia">List of presidents of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">List of heads of state of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prime ministers of Yugoslavia">List of prime ministers of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Politics of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Slovenia" title="Prime Minister of Slovenia">Prime Minister of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Slovenian_history" title="Timeline of Slovenian history">Timeline of Slovenian history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Prekmurje" title="Republic of Prekmurje">Republic of Prekmurje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_March_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)">Slovene March (Kingdom of Hungary)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/">"World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia | Government Communication Office"</a>. <i>www.ukom.gov.si</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/">the original</a> on 2016-08-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukom.gov.si&rft.atitle=World%27s+Oldest+Wheel+Found+in+Slovenia+%7C+Government+Communication+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukom.gov.si%2Fen%2Fmedia_room%2Fbackground_information%2Fculture%2Fworlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maribor2012.info/userfiles/File/application-form_2007+supplement_2008_v3.pdf">"Application for the Title of the European Capital of Culture 2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City Municipality of Maribor. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+for+the+Title+of+the+European+Capital+of+Culture+2012&rft.pub=City+Municipality+of+Maribor&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maribor2012.info%2Fuserfiles%2FFile%2Fapplication-form_2007%2Bsupplement_2008_v3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nms.si/en/collections/highlights/417-Two-appliques">"Two appliqués"</a>. <i>National Museum of Slovenia</i>. 2022. <q>These extraordinary appliqués were part of treasures deposited in the Bronze Age as an offering to gods on the shore of Lake Bled. The prestigious gold appliqués also indicate that the lake was an important centre of a cult. ... Similar appliqués have been discovered in Switzerland, Bavaria and Hungary, mainly in Bronze Age fortified settlements and in the graves of wealthy women. ... The ornamentation bears markings of the solar and lunar year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+Slovenia&rft.atitle=Two+appliqu%C3%A9s&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nms.si%2Fen%2Fcollections%2Fhighlights%2F417-Two-appliques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopovski2017" class="citation book cs1">Popovski, Ivan (2017). <i>A Short History of South East Europe</i>. Lulu Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781365953941" title="Special:BookSources/9781365953941"><bdi>9781365953941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South+East+Europe&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781365953941&rft.aulast=Popovski&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edo Škulj, ed., Trubarjev simpozij (Rome – Celje – Ljubljana: Celjska Mohorjeva družba, Društvo Mohorjeva družba, Slovenska teološka akademija, Inštitut za zgodovino Cerkve pri Teološki fakulteti, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtih,_Peter1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Štih, Peter (1993). 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Seattle, WA: University of Washington. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+East+Central+Europe&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Washington&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Šolski zgodovinski atlas</i> (2 ed.). 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Primorske novice. 18 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primorske.si/Slovenija-in-svet/Mineva-20-let-od-prvih-zahodnoevropskih-priznanj-S.aspx">the original</a> on 10 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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<i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Slovenian+PM+Cerar+resigns+as+pressure+mounts+ahead+of+election&rft.date=2018-03-14&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Marja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-slovenia-politics-idUSKCN1GQ358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2018" class="citation news cs1">Novak, Marja (4 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-slovenia-election-idUSKCN1IY0V1">"Anti-immigration party wins Slovenia elections"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span 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T. A. (22 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225085358/https://sloveniatimes.com/natasa-pirc-musar-sworn-in-as-slovenias-fifth-president/">"Nataša Pirc Musar sworn in as Slovenia's fifth president"</a>. <i>Slovenia Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sloveniatimes.com/natasa-pirc-musar-sworn-in-as-slovenias-fifth-president/">the original</a> on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slovenia+Times&rft.atitle=Nata%C5%A1a+Pirc+Musar+sworn+in+as+Slovenia%27s+fifth+president&rft.date=2022-12-22&rft.aulast=Angle%C5%A1ki&rft.aufirst=S.+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsloveniatimes.com%2Fnatasa-pirc-musar-sworn-in-as-slovenias-fifth-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Slovenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <ul><li>Oto Luthar (ed), <i>The Land Between: A history of Slovenia. With contributions by Oto Luthar, Igor Grdina, Marjeta Šašel Kos, Petra Svoljšak, Peter Kos, Dušan Kos, Peter Štih, Alja Brglez and Martin Pogačar</i> (Frankfurt am Main etc., Peter Lang, 2008).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Slovenian_history" title="Timeline of Slovenian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo's Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Carniola" title="March of Carniola">March of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Slovenia" title="List of islands of Slovenia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Slovenia" title="List of lakes of Slovenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Slovenia" title="List of mountains in Slovenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Slovenia" title="Municipalities of Slovenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Slovenia" title="List of rivers of Slovenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Slovenia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Slovenia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Slovenia" title="Politics of Slovenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Slovenia" title="Constitution of Slovenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Slovenia" title="Elections in Slovenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Slovenia" title="Foreign relations of Slovenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Slovenia" title="Government of Slovenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Slovenia" title="Judiciary of Slovenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Slovenia">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Armed_Forces" title="Slovenian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Parliament" title="Slovenian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_National_Police_Force" title="Slovenian National Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Slovenia" title="List of political parties in Slovenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Slovenia" title="President of Slovenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_regions_of_Slovenia" title="Statistical regions of Slovenia">Statistical regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Slovenia" title="Bank of Slovenia">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Stock_Exchange" title="Ljubljana Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Slovenia" title="Tourism in Slovenia">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Slovenia" title="Transport in Slovenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Slovenia" title="Driving in Slovenia">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Slovenia" title="Highways in Slovenia">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in Slovenia">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Slovenia" title="Category:Society of Slovenia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Slovenia" title="Demographics of Slovenia">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Slovenia" title="Education in Slovenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Slovenia" title="Healthcare in Slovenia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Slovenia" title="Squatting in Slovenia">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Slovenia" title="Culture of Slovenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia#Visual_arts,_architecture_and_design" title="Slovenia">Architecture, visual arts, and design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_films" title="List of Slovenian films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_literature" title="Slovene literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Slovenia" title="Mass media in Slovenia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Slovenia" title="Public holidays in Slovenia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Slovenia" title="Sport in Slovenia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Slovenia" title="National symbols of Slovenia">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Slovenia" title="National anthem of Slovenia">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia" title="Coat of arms of Slovenia">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovenia" title="Flag of Slovenia">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Slovenia" title="Outline of Slovenia">Outline</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slovenia" title="Category:Slovenia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovenia" title="Portal:Slovenia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Slovenia_(1945–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Slovenia" title="Template:Years in Slovenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Slovenia" title="Template talk:Years in Slovenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Slovenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Slovenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Slovenia_(1945–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Slovenia" title="List of years in Slovenia">Years</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">1945</a>–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1960_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1960 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1974_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1974 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_Slovenia" title="2008 in Slovenia">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Slovenia (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_Slovenia" title="2011 in Slovenia">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Slovenia" title="2012 in Slovenia">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Slovenia" title="2013 in Slovenia">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Slovenia" title="2014 in Slovenia">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Slovenia" title="2015 in Slovenia">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Slovenia" title="2016 in Slovenia">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Slovenia" title="2017 in Slovenia">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Slovenia" title="2018 in Slovenia">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Slovenia" title="2019 in Slovenia">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Slovenia" title="2020 in Slovenia">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Slovenia" title="2021 in Slovenia">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Slovenia" title="2022 in Slovenia">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Slovenia" title="2023 in Slovenia">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Slovenia" title="2024 in Slovenia">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republics_and_autonomous_provinces_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia*" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Template talk:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federal_subjects_of_Yugoslavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federal subjects of Yugoslavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republics_and_autonomous_provinces_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia*" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia#Federal_units" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Republics and autonomous provinces of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>*</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Vojvodina" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Montenegro" title="Socialist Republic of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>* in order of population and territory size</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&oldid=1258624910">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Slovenia&oldid=1258624910</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: 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