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Metal spinning - Wikipedia

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mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basma_%C3%BCsulu" title="Basma üsulu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Basma üsulu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repussar_al_torn" title="Repussar al torn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Repussar al torn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovotla%C4%8Ditelstv%C3%AD" title="Kovotlačitelství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kovotlačitelství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C3%BCcken_(Umformen)" title="Drücken (Umformen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drücken (Umformen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trugimine" title="Trugimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trugimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repujado_al_torno" title="Repujado al torno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Repujado al torno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa 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hreflang="nl" data-title="Forceren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokseren" title="Fokseren – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Fokseren" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%81%B8%E3%82%89%E7%B5%9E%E3%82%8A" title="へら絞り – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="へら絞り" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoblanie" title="Wyoblanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Metalworking process</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg/250px-Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg/375px-Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg/500px-Metal_spinning_brass_vase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>A brass vase spun by hand. Mounted to the <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a> spindle is the <a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">mandrel</a> for the body of the vase; a shell sits on the "T" rest. The foreground shows the mandrel for the base. Behind the finished vase are the spinning tools used to shape the metal.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metal spinning</b>, also known as <b>spin forming</b> or <b>spinning</b> or <b>metal turning</b> most commonly, is a <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a> process by which a disc or tube of metal is rotated at high speed and formed into an <a href="/wiki/Axial_symmetry" title="Axial symmetry">axially symmetric</a> part.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Spinning can be performed by hand or by a <a href="/wiki/CNC_lathe" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC lathe">CNC lathe</a>. </p><p>The metal spinning trade is one that dates back to antiquity and was a skill used in the Ancient Egyptian era. This is when metal spinning was limited to soft metals spun by human power on primitive lathes. The technique gave significant advances to hydro and steam power in Europe and North America in the 19th century and by the early 20th century the electric motor provided the necessary power and high-speed turning capability. With this advancement, metal spinning craftsmen were now able to spin higher quality pieces made out of brass, copper, aluminum and even stainless and cold-rolled steel. </p><p>Metal spinning does not involve removal of material, as in conventional wood or metal turning, but forming (moulding) of <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> over an existing shape. </p><p>Metal spinning ranges from an artisan's specialty to the most advantageous way to form round metal parts for commercial applications. Artisans use the process to produce architectural detail, specialty lighting, decorative household goods and <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a>. Commercial applications include <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> <a href="/wiki/Nose_cone" title="Nose cone">nose cones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cookware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cookware">cookware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instrument</a> bells, and public waste receptacles. Virtually any <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> metal may be formed, from <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, to high-strength, high-temperature alloys including INX, <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, Grade 50 / Corten, and Hastelloy. The diameter and depth of formed parts are limited only by the size of the equipment available. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The spinning process is fairly simple. A formed block is mounted in the drive section of a lathe. A pre-sized metal disk is then clamped against the block by a pressure pad, which is attached to the <a href="/wiki/Tailstock" title="Tailstock">tailstock</a>. The block and workpiece are then rotated together at high speeds. A localized force is then applied to the workpiece to cause it to flow over the block. The force is usually applied via various levered tools. Simple workpieces are just removed from the block, but more complex shapes may require a multi-piece block. Extremely complex shapes can be spun over ice forms, which then melt away after spinning. Because the final diameter of the workpiece is always less than the starting diameter, the workpiece must thicken, elongate radially, or buckle circumferentially.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more involved process, known as <i>reducing</i> or <i>necking</i>, allows a spun workpiece to include reentrant geometries. If surface finish and form are not critical, then the workpiece is "spun on air"; no <a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">mandrel</a> is used. If the finish or form are critical then an eccentrically mounted mandrel is used. </p><p>"Hot spinning" involves spinning a piece of metal on a lathe while high heat from a torch is applied to the workpiece. Once heated, the metal is then shaped as the tool on the lathe presses against the heated surface forcing it to distort as it spins. Parts can then be shaped or necked down to a smaller diameter with little force exerted, providing a seamless shoulder. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic hand metal spinning tool is called a <i>spoon</i>, though many other tools (be they commercially produced, ad hoc, or improvised) can be used to effect varied results. Spinning tools can be made of hardened steel for use with aluminum, or from solid brass for spinning stainless steel or mild steel. </p><p>Some metal spinning tools are allowed to spin on bearings during the forming process. This reduces friction and heating of the tool, extending tool life and improving surface finish. Rotating tools may also be coated with a <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> to prolong tool life. Rotating tools are commonly used during <a href="/wiki/CNC" class="mw-redirect" title="CNC">CNC</a> metal spinning operations. </p><p>Commercially, rollers mounted on the end of levers are generally used to form the material down to the mandrel in both hand spinning and CNC metal spinning. Rollers vary in diameter and thickness depending the intended use. The wider the roller the smoother the surface of the spinning; the thinner rollers can be used to form smaller radii. </p><p>Cutting of the metal is done by hand held cutters, often foot long hollow bars with tool steel shaped/sharpened files attached. In CNC applications, carbide or tool steel cut-off tools are used. </p><p>The mandrel does not incur excessive forces, as found in other metalworking processes, so it can be made from wood, plastic, or ice. For hard materials or high volume use, the mandrel is usually made of metal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several operations can be performed in one set-up. Work pieces may have re-entrant profiles and the profile in relation to the center line virtually unrestricted. </p><p>Forming parameters and part geometry can be altered quickly, at less cost than other metal forming techniques. Tooling and production costs are also comparatively low. Spin forming, often done by hand, is easily automated and an effective production method for <a href="/wiki/Prototypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototypes">prototypes</a> as well as high quantity production runs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other methods of forming round metal parts include <a href="/wiki/Hydroforming" title="Hydroforming">hydroforming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stamping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">casting</a>. These other methods generally have a higher fixed cost, but a lower variable cost than metal spinning. As machinery for commercial applications has improved, parts are being spun with thicker materials in excess of 1in (25mm) thick steel. Conventional spinning also wastes a considerably smaller amount of material than other methods. </p><p>Objects can be built using one piece of material to produce parts without seams. Without seams, a part can withstand higher internal or external pressure exerted on it. For example: scuba tanks and CO<sub>2</sub> cartridges. </p><p>One disadvantage of metal spinning is that if a crack forms or the object is dented, it must be scrapped. Repairing the object is not cost-effective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling_(metalworking)" title="Curling (metalworking)">Curling (metalworking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_spinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Shear spinning">Shear spinning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, J.T. (2011). <i>DeGarmo's Materials and Processes in Manufacturing</i>. Wiley; 11 edition. pp.&#160;457, 458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470924679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470924679"><bdi>978-0470924679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=DeGarmo%27s+Materials+and+Processes+in+Manufacturing&amp;rft.pages=457%2C+458&amp;rft.pub=Wiley%3B+11+edition&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-0470924679&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.aufirst=J.T.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+spinning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_spinning&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.metalcraftspinning.com/metal-spinning/">https://www.metalcraftspinning.com/metal-spinning/</a> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zemetal.com/">Sheet Metal Fabrication</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Sheet metal">Sheet metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coining_(metalworking)" title="Coining (metalworking)">Coining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Casting (metalworking)">Casting (metalworking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrohydraulic_forming" title="Electrohydraulic forming">Electrohydraulic forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_forming" title="Electromagnetic forming">Electromagnetic forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_forming" title="Explosive forming">Explosive forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroforming" title="Hydroforming">Hydroforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">Stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_hardening" title="Press hardening">Press hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stamping" title="Progressive stamping">Progressive stamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching" title="Punching">Punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_(metalworking)" title="Sinking (metalworking)">Sinking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Joining processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivet" title="Rivet">Riveting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Finishing processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">Anodizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galvanization" title="Galvanization">Galvanizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_treating" title="Heat treating">Heat treating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_finishing" title="Mass finishing">Mass finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patina" title="Patina">Patination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peening" title="Peening">Peening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a 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