CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9134f8ff4c48f938',cH: '_EFGKZDu_sOz5087jiNA6vxBs25FI688.y.IPd_XZpw-1739786869-1.2.1.1-g.cGDov2XRTkCSEEy.Zqk04ZeER4ruWrH_WCL_Bn_d43DJDMJ_SJI63i2mouTst1',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=interactive%20e-books&__cf_chl_tk=11Wn4QPFfh38WOpChM0F8sUPPf8cVOZoq_VGB0csve0-1739786869-1.0.1.1-zguw2qykqHQnlE30kcaNR_nQir5MbHVFhc1hH3g7X_g",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739786869',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=interactive%20e-books&__cf_chl_f_tk=11Wn4QPFfh38WOpChM0F8sUPPf8cVOZoq_VGB0csve0-1739786869-1.0.1.1-zguw2qykqHQnlE30kcaNR_nQir5MbHVFhc1hH3g7X_g",md: "QTvBiJ.hFZUvj4SiHSsmqOeUHpubzid5YB3MQFPxFA0-1739786869-1.2.1.1-DRgkD1CtA7DQJYnKmHvevEa9YvyQifbGspbLGB2qa8dsXQmSTr7qGii8Ozs7J3WqEdCNu995BSRiWEnp1g3BvRmfYrtRiE.lmWXps29tGwWRWdhzHn4MViU53fV3uStX.UX61ws7vhUJjDDELpa97OtiKjSRI3Pg5FTzHaSO4BRvYB3ENRIRwan_2yJhHso99fAzvFIkC.K5_D7k0EGFyB7hqXVYUGI5wXqc6a_1xYT6ptV5zdRCi4eKgLAZMEloVbI4krx8YYsNimKA8Ax.PDkhGVtyPJKseUaFywBIUjNjNcu4_jZY6UccSU6dGdUMzczJ0Fof6e6K1wI3yDdMUmFqO8hVFuYcxsnG2k67gxBZNpyTfPWzwGSmt0tCz75irHpC9UMQcJRgrUdfRPRvLMDR2RUykqpEJPjKJ1fSGtbzvJY_3xobpotLwXRQMiSSDhMezrzB4Wpzz8Ihe67hSV4lU_LHCRzlVzlpE9.JUH.dMvoHHv2RBT8UZytWBM90RHXZIUfOS_HqwhB6.IsISKyQf63CQFGX_nDS5xJOx.i9O2mbOT9ltqaZtQiX7gMxzijOmhLB.RJYH.X7YPMGvSMpPAxtMxv.c8PCNyJN8eZCZ1tU2Y60Ynsl2sYJ3Yrco86X60JPyYi2I3nsq6o3O1nNCHRpTw1zZlvDBBCjmzMz9vcHhc368OpPO6X.eeHwGIP1Qb6h8PoRRPhaY.N1vq8Dpb313Wm_A4TQQTta3gBcRu.qc7.GBowPosIWSLyAqUhkZ_CtXS09LDNQBwVo9kBUuFGYDAebMsN.GrMgO.P2MIY9lPf9gSTaI99_JMFd20SKud.6yW.0ciAZzN5TiQ_O7xdfOZtSt6kUzYUTEP3DaFl.dRJoaVEgKz1ibY6cpjuKn6q6RXUYv57qWjGq54Bkz0mG94nwtNIjPpZKZLMlLqWvSiodLopaHwAa798mXPuO05dluOuVy_nY5qwDafJCxUO01gCwhAwRmA5cJRVXoj7MEolObB2hZOwh1Ets2ps1x60VRHlS7M.79OlP8VKWECU7fUVXlSmPsDx3Qui3tL5HU803pen5amLjZQJ6ZTrYj2.JFsVWFy73OyrHjLArt3mVfA1ZrsoClRHyxeA5M8dWZGU.9syzEPHvV3q7P31pqmRjHYu_uNOimUnN1O9C0QpBvCjA2aSWt6fEo6PfPwbEQLhGA8O_yd01b_80b.b1qmX9ze5kK1SOcSDWF2Fy7jcUdfJkKDNfNuGyLGweWg7cHC4xSIGgCy4sKlUa_11o4lLtmCcN1ZKeUspTNYdDYfqwI.VPi5ENc9UEH2xGpx0KIT0EMh8wdNQmcxf_GS7fSXYPOHz2Qpyts9w_AyA_o_6_cFAruuYPIe3rTJ_ECFG.AF9a4QDgExh0fjjXwAp2_1Tm6sqawKJNZODT1wWzeXY8zz2iIpKP2ayfqigntKnFG5c2eUPsrr25qfqH30dVQBNFZRWZXvM20JC0H.lpcEtlr0wtZW_kGeXZiOsYAXMR0KXamgOMgGcq.lzNKpI9D7OJpqmlSpv1fm9Lnzk0h8OczKeZQ7TP5NKAf5OX5gSdjmmfqi_mk31n7H4Whe.h8iN7U35.hOruak1YpqLqWDx0nUbuzrduDcDpcoIayhtWyWRGIYMjHe8jQWLnG7VnkUtT0vVQYMfDj14J0dK8nJ5NbwEdQ2GISRo0J1wck3V7IEASnseP243jnkv3Kp5FO5PZUYpY9sBooMtwTtK8wgJzXIdlTnXQw613Gl70JGbsAgAvVeGShN6QG0V0uY8RLFd5o1IxKIMRssDuaFs9Rw8HeEOPrAGVlw5x.HuP4_Pkbf58HPQQs61Uht7zNuAeeV7aYnVVzfVuAhXbYx15tmni6ROmS0xNn.W8IlF7zKua8oRz5cmI44ijW_gMKudr5tpY2M3gp.9ST0hE8A80hIx48lIGQZay.e8s29EySI28CAAC_PotFH9MypIt",mdrd: "ZlxgJNUu9V5Ebe_y5mJhKfOY2fgyoMoHaJC9bZavLJM-1739786869-1.2.1.1-IH3EsGs9n.zHQ5KF0EScZ.zDYQXItgV336Ui6IJKgE2ypqckT0sD1Ks63YvK8fheCShucEvd_xtPf.oSEmHRG1cHK6ok64MuM8lG_TIP7Gc1.yLrXazISAzQua4sPby7g.55Lcf8SqIKOsH1HuG4nSymRw3ivnksHzK5YkMZeR0aBJ.kl7bpqdfRjodOl3M9svbS1mybeKWRkN5EIvTo47PSg3a4hEFN3QPQWXGlE15VVRYHjniAPu6kx0YnqjBVr8SVZJqjGyRyWk13scYyioKz4G6C14p.muBz2sjUMN5V9hOZdvZpKBhEooEsw5.G.wRb7HzbjGNL2S8sT4jU46uTlaQEfkJFFd9ocjLXmpNETvXiYCHdN16VWwer0gBy4oeMYtM3NT75fKYar.pliVSfvX2Lrj_M8ZZHLXoDmHmLn65JxB4JNlKLLtK4awAH66FgSE2E1bWvDLnY4G9MyL0pTwtM3E9S01UodPJwplIOgSJY4_cBOUENt8SdX3WtT863RfAf5ldUHO0mke0tdpJU49UmmbxMpKJXniygHw.VGBPdoW5RP0C3bGDkoYGOPxO46T6hf74o6A_EJjJ5LHqiusLbLiEzTgB9NlSYGxtX95SplnTm5wkU9KZMAbPJqk.dmFY0.Zw8Yn8auDBq76XomWiK1WuVPPg60YPuJg9lF1__pwFKrTsbNIy6Tb.HTRMgs2bzP1U8PKxskMvsqAW9n0RzJBOx4JkccD5JAEWCjRwWhsFOeQnGKdcle6VZogp9uG4NmbcE85GGkLZlpE84zBNeadW9CVyXnZihFTrcKp6Zaf6v91gE5EvjUw4cVQMiGxXt7.u_6ZtIGj.CIcPwmjqG_z2MzF1No4dijvaa_C3XD092bU.pf2N9uzkLKln63N3kZcYIczx6kFy95o1OYRVjDl4bIP35_dw9NHsx.54t4feHn2hxE4ipfkzsdn9tyeSDGBWWxwMC50K0ucxWDnYoVNcC5SH4uNq1hSHu_H5.Jq51adXb0XZT5UTK5XJb8HNbwMXBNNqqQ2Yso2.MhH_lSOL36ku5Yx9.8wSpZxvTKNeWBsqqw_0XisAgAnAK2VvAuUm3RbUhAysY6voFkUZOE.9KmAZMGw3kgTKwej4BNbF6YLPUkrmtCyChVn5bhN.7EjxRYMdIUgY9ETmu2q.hMwGFpDbreuzjOnltNLI0N2I5h91oaqIjUNqHE626941fI9XPoxqKqGVy_w0tNmzd3bbcMqlVvQOAikt5QfwH2VV.ibsPBmjiGWmSwSRmPyc09w0SCgRElRdQQiezUPjOiNrn_BJ3.Oksn12RjvFbukWhYkpxZzw7Nvq58O38wSPWFfMJoC2auEiRVu1YkUymS_b7qeMKd2Dk5.Pm5MesFZI7pfce3iezJw3_zVhK7shTN_LdX67InDMdxkCF.GgtGs2IExItQ7.JIbamxNcpERrCEfnNeCMoIP3XgfnelK783hxXp3FcsouaprVjhc.3eLgN6y7otzoItxK50IYxtUmYI9z38ArL_n8kPFDsU._V21MU..kAaqzrr0P4DE4uueUUVNyVRH0.rbi2VxHHqzgk4eQi5F6.rd6c_itb.UMw9udinF7SV4inbcB05KCUlX.XZLk0Foh6NZtgTfQhNQaoMSlJZ8u2hDrEKJng5NU9gObqZ_FGVPYeaRwHednfgJnlP8YmWoLU0Ux__kabPZbxRYOht9raETH0RRfCT.Jh5LJVOyuZL0WL6o0ld9gSbV5hZok_iBaaMDU_a6AXXs7TIXZNxqCg9RNbHWDTUSEnNAkhmxvlKmydtLyBaNtTllcheg9XwFlgc.EWX5LVx02CEwyrO9d1OogIRZpiBFc.RI5qH2hhBcK6wR2S9Q2yOZtjQHAzwTv081AQlQKnKK50S1wj0OeGjbQxbRi5lVlYPs0jwgM_cC.YVZX6zkvd6HRqqwlgtVg8f.M"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9134f8ff4c48f938';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=interactive%20e-books&__cf_chl_rt_tk=11Wn4QPFfh38WOpChM0F8sUPPf8cVOZoq_VGB0csve0-1739786869-1.0.1.1-zguw2qykqHQnlE30kcaNR_nQir5MbHVFhc1hH3g7X_g" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>