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id="toc-Beginnings_of_Anabaptist_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Amish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_the_Amish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Emergence of the Amish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_the_Amish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Migration to North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850–1878:_Division_into_Old_Orders_and_Amish_Mennonites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850–1878:_Division_into_Old_Orders_and_Amish_Mennonites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 1850–1878: Division into Old Orders and Amish Mennonites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850–1878:_Division_into_Old_Orders_and_Amish_Mennonites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Religious practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Way_of_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Way_of_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Way of life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Way_of_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Way of life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Way_of_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Subgroups </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subgroups subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Affiliations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_technology_by_different_affiliations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_technology_by_different_affiliations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Use of technology by different affiliations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_technology_by_different_affiliations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Para-Amish_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Para-Amish_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Para-Amish groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Para-Amish_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Population and distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population and distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Distribution by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Latin America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seekers_and_joiners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seekers_and_joiners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Seekers and joiners </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seekers_and_joiners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_the_modern_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_the_modern_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Life in the modern world </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_in_the_modern_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dog_breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dog_breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Dog breeding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dog_breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Similar groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Relations with Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amish</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiese_Doopsgesindes" title="Amiese Doopsgesindes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amiese Doopsgesindes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amische" title="Amische – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amische" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="أميش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أميش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%9F" title="Amiş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amiş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisch" title="Amisch – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Amisch" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Амішы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амішы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Амішы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амішы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Амиши – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амиши" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amished" title="Amished – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amished" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1ov%C3%A9" title="Amišové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amišové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisch" title="Amisch – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Amisch" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amische" title="Amische – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amische" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1id" title="Amišid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amišid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Άμις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%9Dismo" title="Amiŝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amiŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="آمیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanaigh" title="Amanaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amanaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%8C%ED%8C%8C" title="아만파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아만파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1i" title="Amiši – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amiši" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אמיש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמיש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಮಿಶ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮಿಶ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ამიშები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამიშები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%AE%C5%9F" title="Amîş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amîş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Амишвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Амишвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1i" title="Amiši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amiši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesch" title="Amesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Amesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1ai" title="Amišai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amišai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabatisme_amix" title="Anabatisme amix – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Anabatisme amix" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amishok" title="Amishok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amishok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Амиши – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амиши" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisy" title="Amisy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amisy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ആമിഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആമിഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B4" title="اميش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اميش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5" title="アーミッシュ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アーミッシュ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B4" title="ایمش – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایمش" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisch" title="Amisch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Amisch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisze" title="Amisze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amisze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Амиши – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амиши" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1i" title="Amiši – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amiši" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1i" title="Amiši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amiši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Амиши – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амиши" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%A1i" title="Amiši – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amiši" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amissit" title="Amissit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amissit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆமிஷ் மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆமிஷ் மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="อามิช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อามิช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%9F" title="Amiş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amiş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96" title="Аміші – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аміші" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B4" title="ایمش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایمش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish" title="Amish – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amish" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amisiq" title="Amisiq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Amisiq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E4%BB%80%E4%BA%BA" title="阿米什人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿米什人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אמיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami%C5%9F" title="Amiş – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Amiş" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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(<a href="/wiki/Talk:Amish_in_Canada#Merge_proposal" title="Talk:Amish in Canada">Discuss</a>) Proposed since December 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amish_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amish (disambiguation)">Amish (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis people</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Amish</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/250px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/375px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/500px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">An Amish family riding in a traditional <a href="/wiki/Amish_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish buggy">Amish buggy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County, Pennsylvania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 401,005 (2024, Old Order Amish)<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (large populations in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>; notable populations in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>; small populations in various other states) <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">The Bible</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss German</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Amish (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɑːmɪʃ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Amish.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Amish.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amish.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Amish.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Amish.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Amish.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amish.wav">ⓘ</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈæmɪʃ/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈeɪmɪʃ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German language">Pennsylvania German</a>: Amisch; German: Amische), formally the Old Order Amish, are a group of traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">church fellowships</a> with <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-HarryHerr2018-2">[2]</a> As they maintain <a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world#Anabaptism" title="Nonconformity to the world">a degree of separation</a> from surrounding populations, and hold their faith in common, the Amish have been described by certain scholars as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a>, combining features of an ethnicity and a Christian denomination.<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The Amish are closely related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a>, denominations that are also a part of Anabaptist Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Amish are known for <a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">simple living</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism#Anabaptist_churches" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a>, and slowness to adopt many <a href="/wiki/Convenience" title="Convenience">conveniences</a> of modern technology, with a view neither to interrupt family time, nor replace face-to-face conversations whenever possible, and a view to maintain self-sufficiency. The Amish value rural life, manual labor, humility and <a href="/wiki/Ordnung#Gelassenheit" title="Ordnung">Gelassenheit</a> (submission to God's will). The Amish church began with a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Mennonite Anabaptists in 1693 led by <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill20017–8-6">[6]</a> Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill20018-7">[7]</a> In the second half of the 19th century, the Amish divided into Old Order Amish and <a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a>; the latter do not abstain from using motor cars, whereas the Old Order Amish retained much of their traditional culture. When people refer to the Amish today, they normally refer to the Old Order Amish, though there are other <a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">subgroups of Amish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Misiroglu2015-8">[8]</a> The Amish fall into three main subgroups—the Old Order Amish, the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a>—all of whom wear <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a> and live their life according to the Bible as codified in their church's <a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MeyersNolt2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2017-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2003-11">[11]</a> The Old Order Amish and New Order Amish conduct their worship in German, speak <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, and use <a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)#Amish_buggy" title="Buggy (carriage)">buggies</a> for transportation, in contrast to the Beachy Amish who use modern technology (inclusive of motor cars) and conduct worship in the local language of the area in which they reside.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2017-10">[10]</a> Both the New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Anabaptism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a> to seek converts, and have <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerlach2013-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeyersNolt2005-9">[9]</a> In the early 18th century, many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons. Most Old Order Amish, New Order Amish and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a> speak <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch</a>, but Indiana's <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss Amish</a> also speak <a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic dialects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gameo-13">[13]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Amish population passed the milestone of 400,000,<a href="#cite_note-Amish-America-14">[14]</a> with about 395,000 Old Order Amish living in the United States, and over 6,000 in Canada: a population that is rapidly growing.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013_pp._157-15">[15]</a> Amish church groups seek to maintain a degree of separation from the non-Amish world. Non-Amish people are generally referred to as "English" by the Amish, and outside influences are often described as "worldly". Amish church membership begins with adult <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism</a>, usually between the ages of 16 and 23. Church districts have between 20 and 40 families, and Old Order Amish and New Order Amish <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">worship services</a> are held every other <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Day" title="Lord's Day">Sunday</a> in a member's home or barn, while the Beachy Amish worship every Sunday in churches.<a href="#cite_note-Kroeker2024-16">[16]</a> The rules of the church, the <a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a>, which differs to some extent between different districts, are reviewed twice a year by all members of the church. The Ordnung must be observed by every member and covers many aspects of Old Order Amish day-to-day living, including prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line electricity, telephones, and automobiles, as well as regulations on clothing. Generally, a heavy emphasis is placed on church and family relationships. The Old Order Amish typically operate their own <a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">one-room schools</a> and discontinue formal education after grade eight (age 13 – 14). Most Amish do not buy commercial insurance or participate in <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist#Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">present-day Anabaptists</a>, Amish church members practice <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> and will not perform any type of military service.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_of_Anabaptist_Christianity">Beginnings of Anabaptist Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings of Anabaptist Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cover of "Little Known Facts About The Amish and the Mennonites. A Study of the Social Customs and Habits of Pennsylvania's 'Plain People'. By Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr. Aurand Press. 1938." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Amish_cover.jpg/170px-Amish_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Amish_cover.jpg/255px-Amish_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Amish_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Cover of The Amish and the Mennonites, 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_cemetery.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cemetery filled many small plain headstones with simple inscriptions and two large bare trees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Amish_cemetery.gif/220px-Amish_cemetery.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Amish_cemetery.gif/330px-Amish_cemetery.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Amish_cemetery.gif/440px-Amish_cemetery.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>An old Amish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County, Pennsylvania</a>, 1941</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> movement, from which the Amish later emerged, started in circles around <a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a> (1484–1531) who led the early <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Switzerland" title="Reformation in Switzerland">Reformation in Switzerland</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> on January 21, 1525, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Blaurock" title="George Blaurock">George Blaurock</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a> to each other and then to others.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This Swiss movement, part of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a>, later became known as <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_Amish">Emergence of the Amish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence of the Amish">edit</a>]</div> The term Amish was first used as a Schandename (a term of disgrace) in 1710 by opponents of <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Amman" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Amman">Jakob Amman</a>, an Anabaptist leader. The first informal division between Swiss Brethren was recorded in the 17th century between Oberländers (<a href="/wiki/Bernese_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernese Highlands">those living in the hills</a>) and Emmentalers (those living in the <a href="/wiki/Emmental" title="Emmental">Emmental</a>). The Oberländers were a more <a href="/wiki/Christian_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian extremism">extreme</a> congregation; their zeal pushed them into more remote areas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Swiss Anabaptism developed, from this point, in two parallel streams, most clearly marked by disagreement over the preferred treatment of "fallen" believers. The Emmentalers (sometimes referred to as Reistians, after bishop <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reist" title="Hans Reist">Hans Reist</a>, a leader among the Emmentalers) argued that fallen believers should only be withheld from <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">communion</a>, and not regular meals. The Amish argued that those who had been banned should be avoided even in common meals. The Reistian side eventually formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Mennonite_Conference" title="Swiss Mennonite Conference">Swiss Mennonite Conference</a>. Because of this common heritage, Amish and conservative Mennonites from southern Germany and Switzerland retain many similarities. Those who leave the Amish fold tend to join various congregations of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithKrahn1981212–214-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill200063–64-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_to_North_America">Migration to North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Migration to North America">edit</a>]</div> Amish began migrating to Pennsylvania, then-regarded favorably due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> and attractive land offers, in the early 18th century as part of a larger migration from the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a> and neighboring areas. Between 1717 and 1750, approximately 500 Amish migrated to North America, mainly to the region that became <a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks County, Pennsylvania</a>, but later moved, motivated by land issues and by security concerns tied to the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. Many eventually settled in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a>. A second wave of around 1,500 arrived around the mid-19th century and settled mostly in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and southern Ontario. Most of these late immigrants eventually did not join the Old Order Amish but more liberal groups.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1850–1878:_Division_into_Old_Orders_and_Amish_Mennonites">1850–1878: Division into Old Orders and Amish Mennonites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1850–1878: Division into Old Orders and Amish Mennonites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></div> Most Amish communities that were established in North America did not ultimately retain their Amish identity. The major division that resulted in the loss of identity of many Amish congregations occurred in the third quarter of the 19th century. The forming of factions worked its way out at different times at different places. The process was rather a "sorting out" than a split. Amish people are free to join another Amish congregation at another place that fits them best.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the years after 1850, tensions rose within individual Amish congregations and between different Amish congregations. Between 1862 and 1878, yearly Dienerversammlungen (ministerial conferences) were held at different places, concerning how the Amish should deal with the tensions caused by the pressures of modern society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992159-23">[23]</a> The meetings themselves were a progressive idea; for bishops to assemble to discuss uniformity was an unprecedented notion in the Amish church.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By the first several meetings, the more traditionally minded bishops agreed to <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a> the conferences.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The more progressive members, comprising roughly two-thirds of the group, became known by the name Amish Mennonite, and eventually united with the <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Church_(1683%E2%80%932002)" title="Mennonite Church (1683–2002)">Mennonite Church</a>, and other Mennonite denominations, mostly in the early 20th century. The more traditionally minded groups became known as the Old Order Amish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992157–178-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Evangelical Churches">Egli Amish</a> had already started to withdraw from the Amish church in 1858. They soon drifted away from the old ways and changed their name to "Defenseless Mennonite" in 1908.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Congregations who took no side in the division after 1862 formed the <a href="/wiki/Rosedale_Network_of_Churches" title="Rosedale Network of Churches">Conservative Amish Mennonite Conference</a> in 1910, but dropped the word "Amish" from their name in 1957; in the year 2000 many congregations left to organize the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mennonite_Alliance" title="Biblical Mennonite Alliance">Biblical Mennonite Alliance</a> in order to continue the practice of traditional Anabaptist ordinances, such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">headcovering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kraybill2010-27">[27]</a> Because no division occurred in Europe, the Amish congregations remaining there took the same way as the change-minded Amish Mennonites in North America and slowly merged with the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>. The last Amish congregation in Germany to merge was the <a href="/wiki/Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Zweibrücken">Ixheim</a> Amish congregation, which merged with the neighboring Mennonite Church in 1937. Some Mennonite congregations, including most in <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a>, are descended directly from former Amish congregations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992227-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> Although splits happened among the Old Order in the 19th century in Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, a major split among the Old Orders took until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. At that time, two very conservative affiliations emerged – the <a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber Amish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes County, Ohio</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation" title="Buchanan Amish affiliation">Buchanan Amish</a> in Iowa. The Buchanan Amish soon were joined by like-minded congregations all over the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992264–266-30">[30]</a> With Germany's aggression toward the US in World War I came the <a href="/wiki/German_language_in_the_United_States#Persecution_during_World_War_I" title="German language in the United States">suppression of the German language in the US</a> that eventually led to language shift of most Pennsylvania German speakers, leaving the Amish and other <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Orders</a> as almost the only speakers by the end of the 20th century. This created a <a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">language barrier</a> around the Amish that did not exist before in that form.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the late 1920s, the more change-minded faction of the Old Order Amish, that wanted to adopt the car, broke away from the mainstream and organized under the name <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992278–281-32">[32]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, the old question of <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a> for the Amish came up again. Because Amish young men in general refused military service, they ended up in the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Public_Service" title="Civilian Public Service">Civilian Public Service</a> (CPS), where they worked mainly in forestry and hospitals. The fact that many young men worked in hospitals, where they had a lot of contact with more progressive Mennonites and the outside world, had the result that many of these men never joined the Amish church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992287–290-33">[33]</a> In the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> laid heavy emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Anabaptism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>, personal holiness and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday School</a> education.<a href="#cite_note-2013Gerlach-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camden2006-35">[35]</a> The ones who wanted to preserve the old way of the Beachy became the <a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992278–281-32">[32]</a> In 1966, the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a> were formed after certain congregations left the Old Order Amish due to issues regarding salvation and "the use of modern agricultural methods."<a href="#cite_note-Laury2010-36">[36]</a> The Old Order Amish believe that they have a "hope for salvation", believing that "joining with other church members to live according to the Ordnung and the Bible will give them the strength to lives worthy of salvation".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2020-37">[37]</a> The New Order Amish, on the other hand, affirm that a believer can have <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#Anabaptism" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance</a>—"that one can know the state of his soul while on earth".<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2020-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-AA2010-38">[38]</a> Until about 1950, almost all Amish children attended small, rural, non-Amish schools, but then school consolidation and mandatory schooling beyond eighth grade caused Amish opposition. Amish communities opened their own Amish schools. In 1972, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> exempted Amish pupils from <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> past <a href="/wiki/Junior_high_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Junior high school">eighth grade</a>. By the end of the 20th century, almost all Amish children attended Amish schools.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Nicholas_T_-_Bright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>Red barns are common on Amish farms.</figcaption></figure> In the last quarter of the 20th century, a growing number of Amish men left farm work and started small businesses because of increasing pressure on small-scale farming. Though a wide variety of small businesses exists among the Amish, construction work and woodworking are quite widespread.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In many Amish settlements, especially the larger ones, farmers are now a minority.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Approximately 12,000 of the 40,000 dairy farms in the United States are Amish-owned as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Until the early 20th century, Old Order Amish identity was not linked to the limited use of technologies, as the Old Order Amish and their rural neighbors used the same farm and household technologies. Questions about the use of technologies also did not play a role in the Old Order division of the second half of the 19th century. Telephones were the first important technology that was rejected, soon followed by the rejection of cars, tractors, radios, and many other technological inventions of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites and the Amish are often grouped together in North America's popular press. This is incorrect, according to a 2017 report by Canadian Mennonite magazine:<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The customs of Old Order Mennonites, the Amish communities and Old Colony Mennonites have a number of similarities, but the cultural differences are significant enough so that members of one group would not feel comfortable moving to another group. The Old Order Mennonites and Amish have the same European roots and the language spoken in their homes is the same German dialect. Old Colony Mennonites use Low German, a different German dialect.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_practices">Religious practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious practices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist doctrine">Anabaptist doctrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amish_religious_practices" title="Amish religious practices">Amish religious practices</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Ausbund_329.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page of ornate old German text. See description." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/De_Ausbund_329.jpg/170px-De_Ausbund_329.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/De_Ausbund_329.jpg/255px-De_Ausbund_329.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/De_Ausbund_329.jpg/340px-De_Ausbund_329.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>A scan of the historical document Diß Lied haben die sieben Brüder im Gefängnüß zu Gmünd gemacht</figcaption></figure> Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their rejection of Hochmut (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on Demut (humility) and <a href="/wiki/Ordnung#Gelassenheit" title="Ordnung">Gelassenheit</a> (calmness, composure, placidity), often translated as "submission" or "letting be". Gelassenheit is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the "Will of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>", expressed through group norms, is at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture. The Amish anti-individualist orientation is the motive for rejecting labor-saving technologies that might make one less dependent on the community. Modern innovations such as electricity might spark a competition for status goods, or photographs might cultivate personal vanity. Electric power lines would be going against the Bible, which says that you shall not be "conformed to the world" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2012:2&version=nrsv">Romans 12:2</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Amish church membership begins with <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">baptism</a>, usually between the ages of 16 and 23. It is a requirement for <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> within the Amish church. Once a person is baptized within the church, he or she may marry only within the faith. Church districts have between 20 and 40 families and worship services are held every other Sunday in a member's home or <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barn</a>. The district is led by a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">ministers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">deacons</a> who are chosen by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">cleromancy</a> (lot).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOYNYKYsulbQCpgPA3_3]-46">[46]</a> The rules of the church, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a>, which differs to some extent between different districts, is reviewed twice a year by all members of the church. Only if all members give their consent to it, <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's supper</a> is held. The Ordnung must be observed by every member and covers many aspects of day-to-day living, including prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephones" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephones">telephones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Automobiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobiles">automobiles</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulations">regulations</a> on <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist#Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">present-day Anabaptists</a>, Amish church members practice <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a> and will not perform any type of military service. The Amish value rural life, manual labor, humility, and <a href="/wiki/Ordnung#Gelassenheit" title="Ordnung">Gelassenheit</a>, all under the auspices of living what they interpret to be God's word.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Members who do not conform to these community expectations and who cannot be convinced to <a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">repent</a> face <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">shunning</a>. The modes of shunning vary between different communities.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On average, about 85 percent of Amish youth choose to be baptized and join the church.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> During an adolescent period of <a href="/wiki/Rumspringa" title="Rumspringa">rumspringa</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'running around',<a href="#cite_note-Growing_up_Amish:_the_Rumspringa_years-49">[49]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a> rumschpringe 'to run around; to gad; to be wild';<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> compare Standard German herum-, rumspringen 'to jump around') in some communities, nonconforming behavior that would result in the shunning of an adult who had made the permanent commitment of baptism, may be met with a degree of forbearance.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Way_of_life">Way of life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Way of life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amish_way_of_life" title="Amish way of life">Amish way of life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg/220px-Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg/330px-Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg/440px-Amish_youth_groups_at_Behalt_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Amish youth learning about a church before considering membership.</figcaption></figure> Amish lifestyle is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a> ("rules"),<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> which differs slightly from community to community and from district to district within a community. There is no central Amish <a href="/wiki/Governing_body" title="Governing body">governing authority</a>. Each Amish community makes its own decisions, and what is acceptable in one community may be unacceptable in another.<a href="#cite_note-ebikes-53">[53]</a> The Ordnung is agreed upon – or changed – within the whole community of baptized members prior to Communion which takes place two times a year. The meeting where the Ordnung is discussed is called Ordnungsgemeine in Standard German and Ordningsgmee in Pennsylvania Dutch. The Ordnung includes such matters as dress, permissible uses of technology, religious duties, and rules regarding interaction with outsiders. In these meetings, women also vote in questions concerning the Ordnung.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Bearing children, raising them, and socializing with neighbors and relatives are the greatest functions of the Amish family. Amish typically believe that large families are a blessing from God. Farm families tend to be larger, because sons are needed to perform farm labor.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Community is central to the Amish way of life. Working hard is considered godly, and some technological advancements have been considered undesirable because they reduce the need for hard work. Machines, such as automatic floor cleaners in barns, have historically been rejected as this provides young farmhands with too much free time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill2001-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> Amish communities are known for traveling by <a href="/wiki/Amish_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish buggy">horse and buggy</a> because they feel <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse-drawn vehicles">horse-drawn vehicles</a> promote a slow pace of life. Many Amish communities do also allow riding in <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor vehicles">motor vehicles</a>, such as buses and cars.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> They also are allowed to travel by <a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">train</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In recent years many Amish people have taken to using <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bicycles">electric bicycles</a> as they are faster than either walking or harnessing up a horse and buggy.<a href="#cite_note-ebikes-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clothing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_Farmhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amish_Farmhouse.jpg/220px-Amish_Farmhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amish_Farmhouse.jpg/330px-Amish_Farmhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Amish_Farmhouse.jpg/440px-Amish_Farmhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Clothing is plain in style and sewn by hand.</figcaption></figure> The Amish are known for their plain attire. Men wear solid colored shirts, broad-brimmed hats, and suits that signify similarity amongst one another. Amish men grow beards to symbolize manhood and marital status, as well as to promote humility. They are forbidden from growing mustaches because mustaches are seen by the Amish as being affiliated with the military, to which they are strongly opposed, due to their pacifist beliefs. Women have similar guidelines on how to dress, which are also expressed in the Ordnung, the Amish version of legislation. They are to wear calf-length dresses, muted colors along with <a href="/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)" title="Bonnet (headgear)">bonnets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">aprons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kapp_(headcovering)" title="Kapp (headcovering)">Prayer kapps</a> and bonnets are worn by the women because they are a visual representation of their religious beliefs and promote unity through the tradition of every woman wearing one. The color of the bonnet signifies whether a woman is single or married. Single women wear black bonnets and married women wear white. The color coding of bonnets is important because women are not allowed to wear jewelry, such as wedding rings, as it is seen as drawing attention to the body which can induce pride in the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Plain_Diversity-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] All clothing is sewn by hand, but the way to fasten the garment widely depends on whether the Amish person is a part of the New Order or Old Order Amish.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Old Order Amish seldom, if ever, use buttons because they are seen as too flashy; instead, they use the <a href="/wiki/Hook_and_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook and eye">hook and eye</a> approach to fashion clothing or metal snaps. The New Order Amish are slightly more progressive and allow the usage of buttons to help attire clothing.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amish_market.jpg/220px-Amish_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amish_market.jpg/330px-Amish_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Amish_market.jpg/440px-Amish_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Amish food sold at a market.</figcaption></figure> Amish cuisine is noted for its simplicity and traditional qualities. Food plays an important part in Amish social life and is served at <a href="/wiki/Potluck" title="Potluck">potlucks</a>, weddings, fundraisers, farewells, and other events.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Many Amish foods are sold at markets, including pies, preserves, bread mixes, pickled produce, desserts, and canned goods. Many Amish communities have also established restaurants for visitors. Amish meat consumption is similar to the American average though they tend to eat more preserved meat.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Amish cuisine is often mistaken for the similar <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch</a> with some ethnographic and regional variances,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> as well as differences in what cookbook writers and food historians emphasize about the traditional <a href="/wiki/Foodway" class="mw-redirect" title="Foodway">foodways</a> and intertwined religious culture and celebrations of Amish communities. While myths about the diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Shoofly_pie" title="Shoofly pie">shoofly pie</a> are common subject matter for studies of <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American cuisine</a>, food anthropologists point out that the culinary practices of Pennsylvania Dutch and Amish are innovative and dynamic, evolving across time and geographic spaces, and that not all the Pennsylvania Dutch are Amish, and not all Amish live in Pennsylvania. Distinguishing local myths from culinary fact is accomplished by dedicated anthropological field studies in combination with studies of literary sources, usually newspaper archives, diaries, and household records.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subgroups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">Subgroups of Amish</a></div> The Amish fall into three main subgroups—the Old Order Amish, the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a>—all of whom wear <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a> and live their life according to the Bible as codified in their church's <a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MeyersNolt2005-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Misiroglu2015-8">[8]</a> The Old Order Amish and New Order Amish conduct their worship in German, speak <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania German</a>, and use <a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)#Amish_buggy" title="Buggy (carriage)">buggies</a> for transportation, in contrast to the Beachy Amish who use modern technology (inclusive of motor cars) and conduct worship in the local language of the area in which they reside (with exception of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a> who continue to use Pennsylvania German).<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2017-10">[10]</a> Both the New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Born_again#Anabaptism" title="Born again">New Birth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelize</a> to seek converts, and have <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday Schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerlach2013-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-MeyersNolt2005-9">[9]</a> Over the years, the Amish churches have divided many times mostly over questions concerning the Ordnung, but also over doctrinal disputes, mainly about shunning. The largest group, the "Old Order" Amish, a conservative faction that separated from other Amish in the 1860s, are those who have most emphasized traditional practices and beliefs. The <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a> are a group of Amish whom some scholars see best described as a subgroup of Old Order Amish, despite the name.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliations">Affiliations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Affiliations">edit</a>]</div> As of 2011, about 40 different Old Order Amish affiliations were known to exist. The eight major affiliations of the Old Order Amish are listed below, with Lancaster as the largest one in number of districts and population:<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation</th> <th>Date established</th> <th>Origin</th> <th>States</th> <th>Settlements</th> <th>Church districts </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation" title="Lancaster Amish affiliation">Lancaster</a></td> <td>1760</td> <td>Pennsylvania</td> <td>8</td> <td>37</td> <td>291 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elkhart-LaGrange_Amish_affiliation" title="Elkhart-LaGrange Amish affiliation">Elkhart-LaGrange</a></td> <td>1841</td> <td>Indiana</td> <td>3</td> <td>9</td> <td>176 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Old_Order_Amish_affiliation" title="Holmes Old Order Amish affiliation">Holmes Old Order</a></td> <td>1808</td> <td>Ohio</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>147 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation" title="Buchanan Amish affiliation">Buchanan</a>/Medford</td> <td>1914</td> <td>Indiana</td> <td>19</td> <td>67</td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga I</a></td> <td>1886</td> <td>Ohio</td> <td>6</td> <td>11</td> <td>113 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber</a></td> <td>1913</td> <td>Ohio</td> <td>15</td> <td>43</td> <td>119 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga II</a></td> <td>1962</td> <td>Ohio</td> <td>4</td> <td>27</td> <td>99 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Indiana" title="Adams County, Indiana">Swiss (Adams)</a></td> <td>1850</td> <td>Indiana</td> <td>5</td> <td>15</td> <td>86 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_technology_by_different_affiliations">Use of technology by different affiliations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Use of technology by different affiliations">edit</a>]</div> The table below indicates the use of certain technologies by different Amish affiliations. The use of cars is not allowed by any Old and New Order Amish, nor are radio, television, or in most cases the use of the Internet. Three affiliations – "Lancaster", "Holmes Old Order" and "Elkhart-LaGrange" — are not only the three largest affiliations but also represent the mainstream among the Old Order Amish. The most conservative affiliations are at the top, the most modern ones at the bottom. Technologies used by very few are on the left; the ones used by most are on the right. The percentage of all Amish who use a technology is also indicated approximately.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">timeframe?</a>] The Old Order Amish culture involves lower greenhouse gas emissions in all sectors and activities with the exception of diet, and their per-person emissions has been estimated to be less than one quarter that of the wider society.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Affiliation<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></th> <th>Tractor for fieldwork</th> <th>Roto-tiller</th> <th>Power lawn mower</th> <th>Propane gas</th> <th>Bulk milk tank</th> <th>Mechanical milker</th> <th>Mechanical refrigerator</th> <th>Pickup balers</th> <th>Inside flush toilet</th> <th>Running water bath tub</th> <th>Tractor for belt power</th> <th>Pneumatic tools</th> <th>Chain saw</th> <th>Pressurized lamps</th> <th>Motorized washing machines </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Amish" title="Nebraska Amish">Nebraska</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss (Adams)</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation" title="Buchanan Amish affiliation">Buchanan</a>/Medford</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andy_Weaver_Amish" title="Andy Weaver Amish">Danner</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Geauga County, Ohio">Geauga I</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Old_Order_Amish_affiliation" title="Holmes Old Order Amish affiliation">Holmes</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elkhart-LaGrange_Amish_affiliation" title="Elkhart-LaGrange Amish affiliation">Elkhart-LaGrange</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation" title="Lancaster Amish affiliation">Lancaster</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: #FFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="partial table-partial">Some</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nappanee,_Indiana" title="Nappanee, Indiana">Nappanee</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalona,_Iowa" title="Kalona, Iowa">Kalona</a></td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row">Percentage of use by all Amish </th> <td>6</td> <td>20</td> <td>25</td> <td>30</td> <td>35</td> <td>35</td> <td>40</td> <td>50</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>75</td> <td>90</td> <td>97 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Language">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a></div> Most Old Order Amish, <a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Beachy_Amish" title="Old Beachy Amish">Old Beachy Amish</a> speak Pennsylvania Dutch, and refer to non-Amish people as "English", regardless of ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Two Amish subgroups – called Swiss Amish – whose ancestors migrated to the United States in the 1850s speak a form of <a href="/wiki/Bernese_German" title="Bernese German">Bernese German</a> (Adams County, IN and daughter settlements) or a <a href="/wiki/Low_Alemannic_German" title="Low Alemannic German">Low Alemannic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian dialect</a> (Allen County, IN and daughter settlements).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Contrary to popular belief, the word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a mistranslation, but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> Deitsch, which means "Pennsylvania Dutch / German" or "German".<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Diets</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Deutsch</a> are all <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> and descend from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/%C3%BEiudiskaz#Proto-Germanic" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þiudiskaz">*þiudiskaz</a> meaning "popular" or "of the people".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The continued use of "Pennsylvania Dutch" was strengthened by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post 1830) waves of German immigrants to the United States, with the Pennsylvania Dutch referring to themselves as Deitsche and to Germans as Deitschlenner (literally "Germany-ers", compare Deutschländ-er) whom they saw as a related but distinct group.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> According to one scholar, "today, almost all Amish are functionally bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English; however, domains of usage are sharply separated. Pennsylvania Dutch dominates in most in-group settings, such as the dinner table and preaching in church services. In contrast, English is used for most reading and writing. English is also the medium of instruction in schools and is used in business transactions and often, out of politeness, in situations involving interactions with non-Amish. Finally, the Amish read prayers and sing in <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a> (which, in Pennsylvania Dutch, is called Hochdeitsch<a href="#cite_note-81">[a]</a>) at church services. The distinctive use of three different languages serves as a powerful conveyor of Amish identity.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> "Although 'the English language is being used in more and more situations,' Pennsylvania Dutch is 'one of a handful of minority languages in the United States that is neither endangered nor supported by continual arrivals of immigrants.'"<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> The Amish largely share a German or <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a>-German ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> They generally use the term "Amish" only for members of their faith community and not as an ethnic designation. However some <a href="/wiki/List_of_Amish_and_their_descendants" title="List of Amish and their descendants">Amish descendants</a> recognize their cultural background knowing that their genetic and cultural traits are uniquely different from other ethnicities.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hammond2000-86">[85]</a> Those who choose to affiliate with the church, or young children raised in Amish homes, but too young to yet be church members, are considered to be Amish. Certain Mennonite churches have a high number of people who were formerly from Amish congregations. Although more Amish immigrated to North America in the 19th century than during the 18th century, most of today's Amish descend from 18th-century immigrants. The latter tended to emphasize tradition to a greater extent, and were perhaps more likely to maintain a separate Amish identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992104-87">[86]</a> There are a number of Amish Mennonite church groups that had never in their history been associated with the Old Order Amish because they split from the Amish mainstream in the time when the Old Orders formed in the 1860s and 1870s. The former Western Ontario Mennonite Conference (WOMC) was made up almost entirely of former Amish Mennonites who reunited with the Mennonite Church in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Orland Gingerich's book The Amish of Canada devotes the vast majority of its pages not to the Beachy or Old Order Amish, but to congregations in the former WOMC.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Para-Amish_groups">Para-Amish groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Para-Amish groups">edit</a>]</div> Several other groups, called "<a href="/wiki/Para-Amish" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-Amish">para-Amish</a>" by <a href="/wiki/G._C._Waldrep" title="G. C. Waldrep">G. C. Waldrep</a> and others, share many characteristics with the Amish, such as <a href="/wiki/Horse_and_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse and buggy">horse and buggy</a> transportation, <a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">plain dress</a>, and the preservation of the German language. The members of these groups are largely of Amish origin, but they are not in fellowship with other Amish groups because they adhere to theological doctrines (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Assurance_of_salvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Assurance of salvation">assurance of salvation</a>) or practices (<a href="/wiki/Community_of_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of goods">community of goods</a>) that are normally not accepted among mainstream Amish. The <a href="/wiki/Bergholz_Community" title="Bergholz Community">Bergholz Community</a> is a different case; it is not seen as Amish anymore because the community has shifted away from many core Amish principles.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_and_distribution">Population and distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population and distribution">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_SettlementsMap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Amish_SettlementsMap.png/400px-Amish_SettlementsMap.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Amish_SettlementsMap.png/600px-Amish_SettlementsMap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Amish_SettlementsMap.png/800px-Amish_SettlementsMap.png 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Amish settlements in the United States and Canada, 2022</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1920 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1928 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1936 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.19%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1944 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.70%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1952 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">19,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">28,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1968 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">39,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.23%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1976 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1984 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">84,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.97%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1992 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">128,150</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">166,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.29%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">249,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.16%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2020 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">350,665</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.46%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2024 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">401,005</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.41%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: 1992,<a href="#cite_note-2013_population-89">[88]</a> 2000,<a href="#cite_note-etown-90">[89]</a> 2010,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> 2020,<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2021-93">[92]</a> 2024<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Because the Amish are usually baptized no earlier than 18 and children are not counted in local congregation numbers, estimating their numbers is difficult. Rough estimates from various studies placed their numbers at 125,000 in 1992, 166,000 in 2000, and 221,000 in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-etown-90">[89]</a> Thus, from 1992 to 2008, population growth among the Amish in North America was 84 percent (3.6 percent per year). During that time, they established 184 new settlements and moved into six new states.<a href="#cite_note-Trends-94">[93]</a> In 2000, about 165,620 Old Order Amish resided in the United States, of whom 73,609 were church members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill2000-95">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Amish are among the fastest-growing populations in the world, with an average of seven children per family in the 1970s<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> and a total fertility rate of 5.3 in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In 2010, a few religious bodies, including the Amish, changed the way their adherents were reported to better match the standards of the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. When looking at all Amish adherents and not solely Old Order Amish, about 241,000 Amish adherents were in 28 U.S. states in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The Amish added 100,000 more adherents in just 9 years, reaching 401,000 in 2024 in comparison with the 300,000 figure from 2015,<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> at the same time the total number of settlements grew from 501 to 675 (+35%), and the number of districts from 2,193 to 3,039 (+39%).<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_by_country">Distribution by country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Distribution by country">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population" title="List of U.S. states by Amish population">List of U.S. states by Amish population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish in Ohio">Amish in Ohio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Maryland" title="Amish in Maryland">Amish in Maryland</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatleft"> <caption>Amish population by U.S. state and year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">State </th> <th data-sort-type="number">1992 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2000 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2010 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2020 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2024 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Pennsylvania</td> <td>32,710</td> <td>44,620</td> <td>59,350</td> <td>81,500</td> <td>92,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Ohio</td> <td>34,830</td> <td>48,545</td> <td>58,590</td> <td>78,280</td> <td>85,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Indiana</td> <td>23,400</td> <td>32,840</td> <td>43,710</td> <td>59,305</td> <td>65,540 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Wisconsin</td> <td>6,785</td> <td>9,390</td> <td>15,360</td> <td>22,235</td> <td>26,365 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">New York</td> <td>4,050</td> <td>4,505</td> <td>12,015</td> <td>21,230</td> <td>24,325 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Michigan</td> <td>5,150</td> <td>8,495</td> <td>11,350</td> <td>16,525</td> <td>20,690 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Missouri</td> <td>3,745</td> <td>5,480</td> <td>9,475</td> <td>14,520</td> <td>17,635 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Kentucky</td> <td>2,625</td> <td>4,850</td> <td>7,750</td> <td>13,595</td> <td>15,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Iowa</td> <td>3,525</td> <td>4,445</td> <td>7,190</td> <td>9,780</td> <td>10,540 </td></tr></tbody></table> The United States is the home to the overwhelming majority (over 98 percent) of Amish people. In 2024, Old Order communities were present in 32 U.S. states. The total Amish population in the United States as of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit">[update]</a> has stood at 394,720<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> up 17,445 or 4.6 percent, compared to the previous year. Pennsylvania has the largest population (92.7 thousand), followed by Ohio (86 thousand) and Indiana (65.5 thousand), as of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> The largest Amish settlements are in <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a> in southeastern Pennsylvania (43.6 thousand), <a href="/wiki/Holmes_County,_Ohio" title="Holmes County, Ohio">Holmes County</a> and adjacent counties in northeastern Ohio (40.4 thousand), and <a href="/wiki/Elkhart_County,_Indiana" title="Elkhart County, Indiana">Elkhart</a> and <a href="/wiki/LaGrange_County,_Indiana" title="LaGrange County, Indiana">LaGrange</a> counties in northeastern Indiana (29.2 thousand), as of June 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> The highest concentration of Amish in the world is in the Holmes County community; nearly 50 percent of the entire population of Holmes County is Amish as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png/350px-Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png/525px-Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png/700px-Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>Amish settlements as of 2022 in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, the state with the largest Amish population in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> The largest concentration of Amish west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, with other settlements in eastern Iowa and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Minnesota" title="Southeast Minnesota">southeast Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The largest Amish settlements in Iowa are located near <a href="/wiki/Kalona,_Iowa" title="Kalona, Iowa">Kalona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield,_Iowa" title="Bloomfield, Iowa">Bloomfield</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The largest settlement in Wisconsin is near <a href="/wiki/Cashton,_Wisconsin" title="Cashton, Wisconsin">Cashton</a> with 13 congregations, i.e. about 2,000 people in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Because of the rapid population growth of the Amish communities, new settlements in the United States are being established each year, thus: 16 new settlements were established in 2016, 22 in 2017, 16 in 2018, 26 in 2019, 26 in 2020, 17 in 2021, 19 in 2022, 36 in 2023 and 12 by June 2024.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2022-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2023-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> The main reason for the continuous expansion is to obtain enough affordable farmland, other reasons for new settlements include locating in isolated areas that support their lifestyle, moving to areas with cultures conducive to their way of life, maintaining proximity to family or other Amish groups, and sometimes to resolve church or leadership conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Trends-94">[93]</a> The adjacent table shows the eight states with the largest Amish population in the years 1992, 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2024.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill2001-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2000-2021-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Canada" title="Amish in Canada">Amish in Canada</a> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this section. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Amish_in_Canada#Merge_proposal" title="Talk:Amish in Canada">Discuss</a>) Proposed since December 2024.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Amish population by Canadian province and year </caption> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Canada </th> <th data-sort-type="number">1992 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2010 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2020 </th> <th data-sort-type="number">2024 </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">All of Canada</td> <td>2,295</td> <td>4,725</td> <td>5,995</td> <td>6,190 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Ontario</td> <td>2,295</td> <td>4,725</td> <td>5,605</td> <td>5,785 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">Prince Edward Isl.</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>250</td> <td>280 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;">New Brunswick</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>70</td> <td>125 </td></tr> </tbody></table> Amish settlements are in four Canadian provinces: Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and New Brunswick. The majority of Old Order settlements are located in the province of Ontario, namely <a href="/wiki/Oxford_County,_Ontario" title="Oxford County, Ontario">Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwich_Township,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich Township, Ontario">Norwich Township</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario" title="Norfolk County, Ontario">Norfolk</a> Counties. A small community is also established in <a href="/wiki/Bruce_County,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce County, Ontario">Bruce County</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huron-Kinloss" title="Huron-Kinloss">Huron-Kinloss Township</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Lucknow,_Ontario" title="Lucknow, Ontario">Lucknow</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2016, several dozen Old Order Amish families founded two new settlements in <a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Kings County, Prince Edward Island">Kings County</a> in the province of Prince Edward Island. Increasing land prices in Ontario had reportedly limited the ability of members in those communities to purchase new farms.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> At about the same time a new settlement was founded near <a href="/wiki/Perth-Andover" title="Perth-Andover">Perth-Andover</a> in New Brunswick, only about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Amish settlements in Maine. In 2017, an Amish settlement was founded in Manitoba near <a href="/wiki/Stuartburn,_Manitoba" title="Stuartburn, Manitoba">Stuartburn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> In 2024 this colony ceased to exist, as the Amish have sold their properties and moved to Minnesota.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Latin America">edit</a>]</div> There is only one colony left in Latin America, in Bolivia. The Argentina colony ceased to exist as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">[1]</a> The first attempt by Old Order Amish to settle in Latin America was in Paradise Valley, near <a href="/wiki/Galeana,_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Galeana, Nuevo León">Galeana, Nuevo León</a>, Mexico, but the settlement lasted from only 1923 to 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992-28">[28]</a> An Amish settlement was tried in Honduras from about 1968 to 1978, but this settlement failed too.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2015, new settlements of New Order Amish were founded east of <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_del_Valle_de_Catamarca" title="San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca">Catamarca</a>, Argentina, and Colonia Naranjita, Bolivia, about 75 miles (121 km) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_la_Sierra" title="Santa Cruz de la Sierra">Santa Cruz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Most of the members of these new communities come from <a href="/wiki/Old_Colony_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Colony Mennonite">Old Colony Mennonite</a> background and have been living in the area for several decades.<a href="#cite_note-Amish_Population_Profile,_2018-114">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> In Europe, no split occurred between Old Order Amish and Amish Mennonites; like the Amish Mennonites in North America, the European Amish assimilated into the Mennonite mainstream during the second half of the 19th century through the first decades of the 20th century. Eventually, they dropped the word "Amish" from the names of their congregations and lost their Amish identity and culture. The last European Amish congregation joined the Mennonites in 1937 in Ixheim, today part of <a href="/wiki/Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="Zweibrücken">Zweibrücken</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seekers_and_joiners">Seekers and joiners</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Seekers and joiners">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seeker_(Anabaptism)" title="Seeker (Anabaptism)">Seeker (Anabaptism)</a></div> Only a few hundred outsiders, so-called seekers, have ever joined the Old Order Amish.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Since 1950, only some 75 non-Anabaptist people have joined and remained lifelong members of the Amish.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013,_page_159-117">[116]</a> Since 1990, some twenty people of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonite</a> background have joined the Amish in <a href="/wiki/Aylmer,_Ontario" title="Aylmer, Ontario">Aylmer, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013-118">[117]</a> Two whole Christian communities have joined the Amish: The church at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Maine" title="Smyrna, Maine">Smyrna, Maine</a>, one of the five <a href="/wiki/Christian_Communities_(Elmo_Stoll)" title="Christian Communities (Elmo Stoll)">Christian Communities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elmo_Stoll" title="Elmo Stoll">Elmo Stoll</a> after Stoll's death<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and the church at <a href="/wiki/Manton,_Michigan" title="Manton, Michigan">Manton, Michigan</a>, which belonged to a community that was founded by Harry Wanner (1935–2012), a minister of <a href="/wiki/Stauffer_Mennonite" title="Stauffer Mennonite">Stauffer Old Order Mennonite</a> background.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Michigan_Amish_Churches" title="Michigan Amish Churches">Michigan Amish Churches</a>", with which Smyrna and Manton affiliated, are said to be more open to seekers and converts than other Amish churches. Most of the members of these two para-Amish communities originally came from <a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain churches</a>, i.e. Old Order Amish, <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonite</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Old_German_Baptist_Brethren" title="Old German Baptist Brethren">Old German Baptist Brethren</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More people have tested Old Order Amish life for weeks, months, or even years, but in the end decided not to join. Others remain close to the Amish, but never think of joining.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013,_page_159-117">[116]</a> On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a>, many of whom conduct their services in English and allow for a limited range of modern conveniences, regularly receive seekers into their churches as visitors, and eventually, as members.<a href="#cite_note-Huber2019-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beachy2021-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Stephen Scott</a>, himself a convert to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a>, distinguishes four types of seekers: <ul><li>Checklist seekers are looking for a few certain specifications.</li> <li>Cultural seekers are more enchanted with the lifestyle of the Amish than with their religion.</li> <li>Spiritual utopian seekers are looking for true <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> Christianity.</li> <li>Stability seekers come with emotional issues, often from <a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">dysfunctional families</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013-118">[117]</a></li></ul> Various congregations belonging to Old Order Anabaptism and Conservative Anabaptism lend support to Christian Aid Ministries, a missionary arm of these movements, along with Iron Curtain and Freiheit Messengers Prison Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_among_the_Amish" title="Health among the Amish">Health among the Amish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Amish woman and three children, on a path to a house and six wooden farm buildings, past some farm equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg/220px-Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg/330px-Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg/440px-Amish_farm_morristown_new_york.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Amish farm near Morristown, New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf/page1-220px-Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf/page1-330px-Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf/page1-440px-Sharing_the_Load_-_Amish_Healthcare_Financing.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>A 2016 study on Amish community funding for health care</figcaption></figure> Amish populations have higher incidences of particular conditions, including <a href="/wiki/Dwarfism" title="Dwarfism">dwarfism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angelman_syndrome" title="Angelman syndrome">Angelman syndrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic disorders">metabolic disorders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> as well as an unusual distribution of blood types.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHostetler1993330-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>] The Amish represent a collection of different <a href="/wiki/Deme_(biology)" title="Deme (biology)">demes</a> or genetically closed communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHostetler1993328-129">[128]</a> Although the Amish do not have higher <a href="/wiki/Incidence_(epidemiology)" title="Incidence (epidemiology)">incidence</a> of genetic disorders than the general population,<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> since almost all Amish descend from a few hundred 18th-century founders, some recessive conditions are more <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalent</a> (an example of the <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>).<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a> Some of these disorders are rare or unique, and are serious enough to increase the mortality rate among Amish children. The Amish are aware of the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamy</a>, but for religious reasons, marry only within their communities.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The majority of Amish accept these as Gottes Wille (God's will); they reject the use of preventive genetic tests prior to marriage and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> of unborn children to discover genetic disorders. When children are born with a disorder, they are accepted into the community and tasked with chores within their ability.<a href="#cite_note-Birthing-134">[133]</a> However, Amish are willing to participate in studies of genetic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-:0-132">[131]</a> Their extensive family histories are useful to researchers investigating diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzheimer's">Alzheimer's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinson's">Parkinson's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">macular degeneration</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] While the Amish are at an increased risk for some genetic disorders, researchers have found their tendency for clean living can lead to better health. Overall cancer rates in the Amish are reduced and tobacco-related cancers in Amish adults are 37 percent and non-tobacco-related cancers are 72 percent of the rate for Ohio adults. Skin cancer rates are lower for Amish, even though many Amish make their living working outdoors where they are exposed to sunlight. They are typically covered and dressed by wearing wide-brimmed hats and long sleeves which protect their skin.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Treating genetic problems is the mission of <a href="/wiki/Clinic_for_Special_Children" title="Clinic for Special Children">Clinic for Special Children</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strasburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Strasburg, Pennsylvania">Strasburg, Pennsylvania</a>, which has developed effective treatments for such problems as <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup_urine_disease" title="Maple syrup urine disease">maple syrup urine disease</a>, a previously fatal disease. The clinic is embraced by most Amish, ending the need for parents to leave the community to receive proper care for their children, an action that might result in shunning. Another clinic is DDC Clinic for Special Needs Children, located in <a href="/wiki/Middlefield,_Ohio" title="Middlefield, Ohio">Middlefield, Ohio</a>, for special-needs children with inherited or metabolic disorders.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The DDC Clinic provides treatment, research, and educational services to Amish and non-Amish children and their families.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] People's Helpers is an Amish-organized network of mental health caregivers who help families dealing with mental illness and recommend professional counselors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill2001105-137">[136]</a> Suicide rates for the Amish are about half that of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-139">[b]</a> The Old Order Amish do not typically carry private commercial health insurance.<a href="#cite_note-Post-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> A handful of American hospitals, starting in the mid-1990s, created special outreach programs to assist the Amish. In some Amish communities, the church will collect money from its members to help pay for medical bills of other members.<a href="#cite_note-Birthing-134">[133]</a> Although the Amish are often perceived by outsiders as rejecting all modern technologies, this is not the case and modern medicine is employed by Amish communities, including hospital births and other advanced treatments. As they go without health insurance and pay up front for services, Amish individuals will often travel to Mexico for non-urgent care and surgery to reduce costs.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> Most Amish clearly seem to use some form of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, a fact that generally is not discussed among the Amish, but indicated by the fact that the number of children systematically increases in correlation with the conservatism of a congregation, the more conservative, the more children. The large number of children is due to the fact that many children are appreciated by the community, and not because of any lack of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013_pp._157-15">[15]</a> Some communities openly allow access to birth control to women whose health would be compromised by childbirth.<a href="#cite_note-Birthing-134">[133]</a> The Amish are against abortion and also find "<a href="/wiki/Artificial_insemination" title="Artificial insemination">artificial insemination</a>, genetics, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem cell research">stem cell research</a>" to be "inconsistent with Amish values and beliefs".<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_modern_world">Life in the modern world</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Life in the modern world">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amish_life_in_the_modern_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish life in the modern world">Amish life in the modern world</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Horsedrawn grey buggy in multilane auto traffic, with rearview mirrors, directional signals, lights, and reflectors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg/220px-Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg/330px-Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg/440px-Traditional_Amish_buggy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1843" /></a><figcaption>Traditional, <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation" title="Lancaster Amish affiliation">Lancaster</a> style <a href="/wiki/Amish_buggy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish buggy">Amish buggy</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg/220px-Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg/330px-Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg/440px-Amish_School_near_Rebersburg_PA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Amish school near <a href="/wiki/Rebersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Rebersburg, Pennsylvania">Rebersburg, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> As time has passed, the Amish have felt pressures from the modern world. Issues such as taxation, <a href="/wiki/Amish_life_in_the_modern_world#Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish life in the modern world">education</a>, law and its enforcement, and occasional discrimination and hostility are areas of difficulty.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The modern way of life in general has increasingly diverged from that of Amish society. On occasion, this has resulted in sporadic discrimination and hostility from their neighbors, such as throwing of stones or other objects at Amish horse-drawn carriages on the roads.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The Amish do not usually educate their children past the eighth grade, believing that the basic knowledge offered up to that point is sufficient to prepare one for the Amish lifestyle. Almost no Amish go to high school and college. In many communities, the Amish operate their own schools, which are typically one-room schoolhouses with teachers (usually young, unmarried women) from the Amish community. On May 19, 1972, Jonas Yoder and Wallace Miller of the Old Order Amish, and Adin Yutzy of the Conservative Amish Mennonite Church were each fined $5 for refusing to send their children, aged 14 and 15, to high school. In <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Yoder" title="Wisconsin v. Yoder">Wisconsin v. Yoder</a> (1972), the Wisconsin Supreme Court overturned the conviction,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> affirmed this, finding the benefits of universal education were not sufficient justification to overcome scrutiny under the <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The Amish are subject to sales and property taxes. As they seldom own motor vehicles, they rarely have occasion to pay motor vehicle registration fees or spend money on the purchase of fuel for vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Under their beliefs and traditions, generally the Amish do not agree with the idea of Social Security benefits and have a religious objection to insurance.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> On this basis, the United States <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a> agreed in 1961 that they did not need to pay <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a>-related taxes. In 1965, this policy was codified into law.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Self-employed individuals in certain sects do not pay into or receive benefits from the United States Social Security system. This exemption applies to a religious group that is conscientiously opposed to accepting benefits of any private or public insurance, provides a reasonable level of living for its dependent members, and has existed continuously since December 31, 1950.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> The U.S. Supreme Court clarified in 1982 that Amish employers are not exempt, but only those Amish individuals who are self-employed.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publishing">Publishing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> In 1964, Pathway Publishers was founded by two Amish farmers to print more material about the Amish and Anabaptists in general. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Lagrange,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrange, Indiana">Lagrange, Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aylmer,_Ontario" title="Aylmer, Ontario">Aylmer</a>, Ontario. Pathway has become the major publisher of Amish school textbooks, general-reading books, and periodicals. Also, a number of private enterprises publish everything from general reading to reprints of older literature that has been considered of great value to Amish families.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> Some Amish read the Pennsylvania German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Hiwwe_wie_Driwwe" title="Hiwwe wie Driwwe">Hiwwe wie Driwwe</a>, and some of them even contribute dialect texts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dog_breeding">Dog breeding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Dog breeding">edit</a>]</div> Amish and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonite</a> communities across many states have turned to <a href="/wiki/Dog_breeding" title="Dog breeding">dog breeding</a> as a lucrative source of income. According to the USDA list of licensees, over 98% of Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Puppy_mill" title="Puppy mill">puppy mills</a> are run by the Amish, as are 97% of Indiana's, and 63% of Pennsylvania's.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lancaster County, Pennsylvania">Lancaster County</a>, Pennsylvania, there are roughly 300 licensed breeders, and an estimated further 600 unlicensed breeding facilities.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Reports of poor standards of care and treatment of dogs as a <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> by members of the Amish community has led to calls for puppy mills and auctions to be closed, with one breeder being issued with a restraining order from the practice for numerous violations of the federal Animal Welfare Act. At the time the restraining order was issued, the breeder had at least 1,000 dogs in their care.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_groups">Similar groups</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Similar groups">edit</a>]</div> Anabaptist groups that sprang from the same late 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a> as the Amish share their <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania German heritage</a> and often still retain similar features in dress. These Old Order groups include different subgroups of <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite" title="Noah Hoover Mennonite">Noah Hoover Old Order Mennonites</a> are so similar in outward aspects to the Old Order Amish, including dress, beards, horse and buggy, <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extreme</a> restrictions on modern technology, Pennsylvania German language, that they are often perceived as Amish and even called Amish.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonites" title="Russian Mennonites">Conservative "Russian" Mennonites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hutterite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutterite">Hutterites</a> who also dress plain and speak German dialects emigrated from other European regions at different times with different German dialects, separate cultures, and related but different religious traditions.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Particularly, the Hutterites live communally<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> and are generally accepting of modern technology.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> In Ukraine there is a <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Кашкетники">nameless movement of Baptists</a> that has been compared to the Amish, due to their similar beliefs of plain living and pacifism.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The few remaining <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Friends" title="Conservative Friends">Plain Quakers</a> are similar in manner and lifestyle, including their attitudes toward war, but are unrelated to the Amish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2003101-167">[165]</a> Early Quakers were influenced, to some degree, by the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a>, and in turn influenced the Amish in colonial Pennsylvania. Almost all modern Quakers have since abandoned their traditional dress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2003103–105-168">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_Native_Americans">Relations with Native Americans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Relations with Native Americans">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Northkill_Amish_Settlement" title="Northkill Amish Settlement">Northkill Amish Settlement</a>, established in 1740 in <a href="/wiki/Berks_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Berks County, Pennsylvania">Berks County, Pennsylvania</a>, was the first identifiable Amish community in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, the Hochstetler Massacre occurred: Local tribes attacked the Jacob Hochstetler <a href="/wiki/Homestead_(buildings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homestead (buildings)">homestead</a> in the Northkill settlement on September 19, 1757. The sons of the family took their weapons but father Jacob did not allow them to shoot due to the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist doctrine">Anabaptist doctrine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">nonresistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> Jacob Sr.'s wife, Anna (Lorentz) Hochstetler, a daughter (name unknown) and Jacob Jr. were killed by the Native Americans. Jacob Sr. and sons Joseph and Christian were taken captive. Jacob escaped after about eight months, but the boys were held for several years.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> When freed, both of these sons joined the church and one of them became a minister.<a href="#cite_note-Long-17">[17]</a> As early as 1809 Amish were farming side by side with Native American farmers in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to Cones Kupwah Snowflower, a Shawnee genealogist, the Amish and Quakers were known to incorporate Native Americans into their families to protect them from ill-treatment, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Removal Act of 1832</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The Amish, as pacifists, did not engage in warfare with Native Americans, nor displace them directly, but were among the European immigrants whose arrival resulted in their displacement.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In 2012, the Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society collaborated with the Native American community to construct a replica Iroquois Longhouse.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_and_Mennonite_Heritage_Center" title="Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center">Amish and Mennonite Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_furniture" title="Amish furniture">Amish furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Amish music">Amish music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">Barn raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Bird-in-Hand" title="Bank of Bird-in-Hand">Bank of Bird-in-Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_Dutch" title="Fancy Dutch">Fancy Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amish_and_their_descendants" title="List of Amish 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.reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hochdeitsch is the Pennsylvania Dutch equivalent of the Standard German word Hochdeutsch; both words literally mean "High German". </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> The overall suicide rate in 1980 in the US was 12.5 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2024_1-9">j</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/population-2024/">"Amish Population Profile, 2024"</a>. Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elizabethtown+College%2C+the+Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Profile%2C+2024&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Fpopulation-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarryHerr2018-2"><a href="#cite_ref-HarryHerr2018_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarryHerr2018" class="citation book cs1">Harry, Karen; Herr, Sarah A. (April 2, 2018). Life beyond the Boundaries: Constructing Identity in Edge Regions of the North American Southwest. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60732-696-0"><bdi>978-1-60732-696-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Amish were one of many Anabaptist groups that grew from the Radical Reformation in sixteenth-century Europe (Hostetler 1993).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+beyond+the+Boundaries%3A+Constructing+Identity+in+Edge+Regions+of+the+North+American+Southwest&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2018-04-02&rft.isbn=978-1-60732-696-0&rft.aulast=Harry&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Herr%2C+Sarah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nolt, Steven M. (2016). The Amish: A Concise Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–21, 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421419565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421419565"><bdi>978-1421419565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amish%3A+A+Concise+Introduction&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21%2C+106&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1421419565&rft.aulast=Nolt&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonKenda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Cory; Kenda, Loren (December 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ruso.12083">"What Kinds of Places Attract and Sustain Amish Populations?"</a>. Rural Sociology. 80 (4): 483–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fruso.12083">10.1111/ruso.12083</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0112">0036-0112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rural+Sociology&rft.atitle=What+Kinds+of+Places+Attract+and+Sustain+Amish+Populations%3F&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fruso.12083&rft.issn=0036-0112&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft.au=Kenda%2C+Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fruso.12083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/religion/anabaptists/">"Anabaptists"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College. Retrieved May 11, 2022. <q>The Amish are one of many Anabaptist groups that trace their roots to the Anabaptist movement in sixteenth-century Europe at the time of the Protestant Reformation. Other groups include Mennonites, Hutterites, the Brethren in Christ, and Brethren groups that began in Schwarzenau, Germany, in 1708.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anabaptists&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies+at+Elizabethtown+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Freligion%2Fanabaptists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill20017–8-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybill20017–8_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraybill2001">Kraybill 2001</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill20018-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybill20018_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraybill2001">Kraybill 2001</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Misiroglu2015-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Misiroglu2015_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Misiroglu2015_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisiroglu2015" class="citation book cs1">Misiroglu, Gina (March 26, 2015). American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47728-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47728-0"><bdi>978-1-317-47728-0</bdi></a>. <q>There are various sects of Amish. Old Order Amish maintain the practices best known in mainstream society. These practices include rigorous restrictions on the use of modern conveniences such as electricity automobiles, and telephones. Other groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a> and New Order Amish, use electricity and automobiles, among other modern conveniences, but they still consider themselves Amish.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Countercultures%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Nonconformists%2C+Alternative+Lifestyles%2C+and+Radical+Ideas+in+U.S.+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47728-0&rft.aulast=Misiroglu&rft.aufirst=Gina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MeyersNolt2005-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersNolt2005_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersNolt2005_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersNolt2005_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MeyersNolt2005_9-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyersNolt2005" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Thomas J.; Nolt, Steven M. (2005). An Amish Patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World. Indiana University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34538-7"><bdi>978-0-253-34538-7</bdi></a>. <q>Groups that today identify themselves as Amish include not only the Old Orders but also the so-called New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish ... The New Order Amish share much with their Old Order Amish religious kin, including horse-and-buggy culture and identifiably traditional dress patterns, but the New Orders employ a more explicit language of personal salvation and are also somewhat less wary of technology—for example, permitting telephones in homes. The Beachy Amish ... are plain in their appearance but clearly less traditional than Old Orders in lifestyle. Beachy Amish members drive cars, use English in worship, and place emphasis on evangelism and missions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amish+Patchwork%3A+Indiana%27s+Old+Orders+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34538-7&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Nolt%2C+Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2017-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Weiner2017_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Weiner2017_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Weiner2017_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Weiner2017" class="citation book cs1">Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (May 2, 2017). New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-0813-8"><bdi>978-1-5017-0813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York+Amish%3A+Life+in+the+Plain+Communities+of+the+Empire+State&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-0813-8&rft.aulast=Johnson-Weiner&rft.aufirst=Karen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraybill2003-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2003_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2003" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (May 1, 2003). The Riddle of Amish Culture. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7631-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-7631-8</bdi></a>. <q>...the Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, and Beachy Amish represent three different affiliations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Amish+Culture&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-7631-8&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerlach2013-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerlach2013_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerlach2013_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Horst (June 1, 2013). My Kingdom Is Not of This World: 300 Years of the Amish, 1683-1983. Masthof Press & Bookstore. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60126-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60126-387-2"><bdi>978-1-60126-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Kingdom+Is+Not+of+This+World%3A+300+Years+of+the+Amish%2C+1683-1983&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Masthof+Press+%26+Bookstore&rft.date=2013-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60126-387-2&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gameo-13"><a href="#cite_ref-gameo_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZookYoder1998" class="citation web cs1">Zook, Noah; Yoder, Samuel L (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html">"Berne, Indiana, Old Order Amish Settlement"</a>. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513150521/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berne%2C+Indiana%2C+Old+Order+Amish+Settlement&rft.pub=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Zook&rft.aufirst=Noah&rft.au=Yoder%2C+Samuel+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameo.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontents%2FB4762.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amish-America-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Amish-America_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/2024-amish-population-passes-four-hundred-thousand/">"2024: Amish Population Passes 400,000 (Five Interesting Facts)"</a>. Amish America. August 19, 2024. Retrieved August 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amish+America&rft.atitle=2024%3A+Amish+Population+Passes+400%2C000+%28Five+Interesting+Facts%29&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2F2024-amish-population-passes-four-hundred-thousand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013_pp._157-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013_pp._157_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donald_B._Kraybill_2013_pp._157_15-1">b</a> Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, (2013) The Amish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroeker2024-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Kroeker2024_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroeker" class="citation web cs1">Kroeker, Marvin E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AM016">"Amish"</a>. Oklahoma Historical Society. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved April 25, 2024. <q>The Clarita and Chouteau Amish are identified by the typical Old Order markers of buggies, beards, and bonnets. They speak Pennsylvania German, are schooled through the eighth grade, wear plain attire, worship in homes, and do not use electricity. ... By comparison, the Beachy Amish are less conservative than the Old Order. They install electricity, drive cars, own computers and cell phones, use church buildings, allow secondary schooling, and have less stringent dress codes. They engage in evangelistic outreach. More than any other European ethnic group in Oklahoma, the Amish have retained a distinct cultural identity by consciously drawing symbolic boundaries between themselves and the society around them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Amish&rft.aulast=Kroeker&rft.aufirst=Marvin+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry%3Fentry%3DAM016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation web cs1">Long, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518064655/https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/the-doctrine-of-nonresistance">"The Doctrine of Nonresistance"</a>. Pilgrim Mennonite Conference. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pilgrimministry.org/literature/the-doctrine-of-nonresistance">the original</a> on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Nonresistance&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Mennonite+Conference&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimministry.org%2Fliterature%2Fthe-doctrine-of-nonresistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Anthony L. Chute, Nathan A. Finn, Michael A. G. Haykin. The Baptist Story, Nashville, 2015, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> C. Arnold Snyder. Anabaptist History and Theology: An Introduction. Kitchener, Ontario, 1995, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithKrahn1981212–214-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithKrahn1981212–214_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithKrahn1981">Smith & Krahn 1981</a>, pp. 212–214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill200063–64-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybill200063–64_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraybill2000">Kraybill 2000</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1978" class="citation journal cs1">Crowley, William K. (1978). "Old Order Amish Settlement: Diffusion and Growth". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 68 (2): 250–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1978.tb01194.x">10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01194.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-5608">0004-5608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562217">2562217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.atitle=Old+Order+Amish+Settlement%3A+Diffusion+and+Growth&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E250-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0004-5608&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2562217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1978.tb01194.x&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992159-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992159_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992157–178-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992157–178_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, pp. 157–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fecministries.org/our-beliefs/history/">"Our History"</a>. Fecministries.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123824/https://fecministries.org/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fecministries.org&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffecministries.org%2Four-beliefs%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Stephen Scott</a>. An Introduction to Old Order and Conservative Mennonite Groups. Intercourse, Penn.: 1996, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraybill2010-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Kraybill2010_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2010" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B. (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites. JHU Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9911-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-9911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Amish%2C+Brethren%2C+Hutterites%2C+and+Mennonites&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9911-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992227-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992227_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992264–266-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992264–266_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, pp. 264–266. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, Steven M. Nolt. The Amish. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 2013, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992278–281-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992278–281_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992278–281_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, pp. 278–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992287–290-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992287–290_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, pp. 287–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-2013Gerlach-34"><a href="#cite_ref-2013Gerlach_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlach2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Horst (2013). My Kingdom Is Not of This World: 300 Years of the Amish, 1683–1983. Masthof Press & Bookstore. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60126-387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60126-387-2"><bdi>978-1-60126-387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Kingdom+Is+Not+of+This+World%3A+300+Years+of+the+Amish%2C+1683%E2%80%931983&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Masthof+Press+%26+Bookstore&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-60126-387-2&rft.aulast=Gerlach&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camden2006-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Camden2006_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamden2006" class="citation book cs1">Camden, Laura L. (2006). Mennonites in Texas: The Quiet in the Land. Texas A&M University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-538-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-538-2"><bdi>978-1-60344-538-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mennonites+in+Texas%3A+The+Quiet+in+the+Land&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-538-2&rft.aulast=Camden&rft.aufirst=Laura+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laury2010-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Laury2010_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaury2010" class="citation book cs1">Laury, Elise Schebler Roberts, Helen Kelley, Sandra Dallas, Jennifer Chiaverini, Jean Ray (2010). The Quilt. Voyageur Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-536-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61060-536-6"><bdi>978-1-61060-536-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quilt&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61060-536-6&rft.aulast=Laury&rft.aufirst=Elise+Schebler+Roberts%2C+Helen+Kelley%2C+Sandra+Dallas%2C+Jennifer+Chiaverini%2C+Jean+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-Weiner2020-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Weiner2020_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-Weiner2020_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson-Weiner2020" class="citation book cs1">Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (September 15, 2020). The Lives of Amish Women. JHU Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3870-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-3870-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-3870-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+Amish+Women&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-3870-2&rft.aulast=Johnson-Weiner&rft.aufirst=Karen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA2010-38"><a href="#cite_ref-AA2010_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/whats-the-difference-between-new-order-and-old-order-amish/">"What's the difference between New Order and Old Order Amish?"</a>. Amish America. 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+the+difference+between+New+Order+and+Old+Order+Amish%3F&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fwhats-the-difference-between-new-order-and-old-order-amish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, (2013) The Amish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 250–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, Steven M. Nolt. The Amish, Baltimore: 2013, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, The Amish Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 2013, pp. 281–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milkbusiness.com/article/licensed-dairy-farm-numbers-drop-to-just-over-40000">"Licensed Dairy Farm Numbers Drop to Just Over 40,000"</a>. Milk Business. February 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milk+Business&rft.atitle=Licensed+Dairy+Farm+Numbers+Drop+to+Just+Over+40%2C000&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milkbusiness.com%2Farticle%2Flicensed-dairy-farm-numbers-drop-to-just-over-40000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/2018/12/21/amish-dairy-farmers-risk-losing-their-living/2378827002/">"Amish dairy farmers at risk of losing their living and way of life as their buyer drops their milk"</a>. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123816/https://www.jsonline.com/story/money/2018/12/21/amish-dairy-farmers-risk-losing-their-living/2378827002/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Amish+dairy+farmers+at+risk+of+losing+their+living+and+way+of+life+as+their+buyer+drops+their+milk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2F2018%2F12%2F21%2Famish-dairy-farmers-risk-losing-their-living%2F2378827002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybillJohnson-WeinerNolt2013" class="citation book cs1">Kraybill, Donald B.; Johnson-Weiner, Karen M.; Nolt, Steven M. (2013). The Amish. JHU Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0914-6"><bdi>978-1-4214-0914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amish&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0914-6&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft.au=Johnson-Weiner%2C+Karen+M.&rft.au=Nolt%2C+Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadianmennonite.org/stories/10-things-know-about-mennonites-canada">"10 things to know about Mennonites in Canada"</a>. Canadian Mennonite. January 12, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123814/https://canadianmennonite.org/stories/10-things-know-about-mennonites-canada">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved December 6, 2020. <q>it is in many ways, an option of last resort and it's something we only do when we think we have a critical threat to the community's safety and we need immediate action</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+things+to+know+about+Mennonites+in+Canada&rft.pub=Canadian+Mennonite&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadianmennonite.org%2Fstories%2F10-things-know-about-mennonites-canada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOYNYKYsulbQCpgPA3_3]-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybill1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOYNYKYsulbQCpgPA3_3]_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraybill1994">Kraybill 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYNYKYsulbQC&pg=PA3">3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/religion/church-discipline">"Church Discipline - Amish Studies"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Discipline+-+Amish+Studies&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies%2C+Elizabethtown+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Freligion%2Fchurch-discipline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/frequently-asked-questions">"Frequently Asked Questions - Amish Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+-+Amish+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Ffrequently-asked-questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Growing_up_Amish:_the_Rumspringa_years-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Growing_up_Amish:_the_Rumspringa_years_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevick2014" class="citation book cs1">Stevick, Richard A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cyh8AwAAQBAJ">Growing up Amish: the Rumspringa years</a> (Second ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1372-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1372-3"><bdi>978-1-4214-1372-3</bdi></a>. 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Berghahn Books. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+Methods+for+Anthropological+Studies+of+Food+and+Nutrition%3A+Volumes+I%E2%80%93III%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Kraybill, Donald B., Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt (eds.). The Amish. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubak2018" class="citation book cs1">Subak, Susan (2018). The Five-Ton Life. University of Nebraska Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803296886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803296886"><bdi>978-0803296886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five-Ton+Life&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0803296886&rft.aulast=Subak&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesner2007" class="citation web cs1">Wesner, Erik (April 19, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.com/amish-technology-friendliness/">"Amish Technology Use in Different Groups"</a>. Amish America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amish+Technology+Use+in+Different+Groups&rft.pub=Amish+America&rft.date=2007-04-19&rft.aulast=Wesner&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Famish-technology-friendliness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.communitynewslinesville.com/horsin-around-with-roseanne/3563-behalt-amish-settlers-in-the-18th-century-american-colonies">""Behalt": Amish settlers in the 18th century American colonies"</a>. The Community News. Retrieved April 25, 2024. <q>These days, the "Old Beachy Amish," the "New Order Amish," and the Old Order Amish still speak Pennsylvania German</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Behalt%22%3A+Amish+settlers+in+the+18th+century+American+colonies&rft.pub=The+Community+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.communitynewslinesville.com%2Fhorsin-around-with-roseanne%2F3563-behalt-amish-settlers-in-the-18th-century-american-colonies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llceranglais.fr/the-amish-community.html">"The Amish Community"</a>. LLCER Anglais | Site d'aide à la phonologie anglaise, grammaire, linguistique et civilisations anglophones (in Canadian French). Retrieved December 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LLCER+Anglais+%7C+Site+d%27aide+%C3%A0+la+phonologie+anglaise%2C+grammaire%2C+linguistique+et+civilisations+anglophones&rft.atitle=The+Amish+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llceranglais.fr%2Fthe-amish-community.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Chad Thompson: The Languages of the Amish of Allen County, Indiana: Multilingualism and Convergence, in Anthropological Linguistics, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring, 1994), pp. 69–91 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hughes Oliphant Old: The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures in the Worship of the Christian Church, Volume 6: The Modern Age. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007, p. 606. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Hostetler, John A. (1993), Amish Society, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Irwin Richman: The Pennsylvania Dutch Country. Arcadia Publishing, 2004, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> W. Haubrichs, "Theodiscus, Deutsch und Germanisch – drei Ethnonyme, drei Forschungsbegriffe. Zur Frage der Instrumentalisierung und Wertbesetzung deutscher Sprach- und Volksbezeichnungen." In: H. Beck et al., Zur Geschichte der Gleichung "germanisch-deutsch" (2004), 199–228 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Mark L. Louden: Pennsylvania Dutch: The Story of an American Language. JHU Press, 2006, pp. 3–4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1421418282" title="Special:BookSources/1421418282">1421418282</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurstMcConnell2010" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Charles E.; McConnell, David L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amishparadoxdive00hurs">An Amish Paradox: Diversity and Change in the World's Largest Amish Community</a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amishparadoxdive00hurs/page/n31">15</a>–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801893988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801893988"><bdi>978-0801893988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amish+Paradox%3A+Diversity+and+Change+in+the+World%27s+Largest+Amish+Community&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801893988&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.au=McConnell%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famishparadoxdive00hurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurstMcConnell2010" class="citation book cs1">Hurst, Charles E.; McConnell, David L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amishparadoxdive00hurs">An Amish Paradox: Diversity and Change in the World's Largest Amish Community</a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amishparadoxdive00hurs/page/n31">15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801893988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801893988"><bdi>978-0801893988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amish+Paradox%3A+Diversity+and+Change+in+the+World%27s+Largest+Amish+Community&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0801893988&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.au=McConnell%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famishparadoxdive00hurs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Hugh F. Gingerich and Rachel W. Kreider. Revised Amish and Amish Mennonite Genealogies. Morgantown, Penn.: 2007. This comprehensive volume gives names, dates, and places of births and deaths, and relationships of most of the known people of this unique sect from the early 1700s until about 1860 or so. The authors also include a five-page "History of the First Amish Communities in America". </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/genetic-disorders-hit-amish-hard/">"Genetic Disorders Hit Amish Hard"</a>. CBS News. June 8, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222172442/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/genetic-disorders-hit-amish-hard/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Genetic+Disorders+Hit+Amish+Hard&rft.date=2005-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fgenetic-disorders-hit-amish-hard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond2000-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Hammond2000_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2000" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Phillip E. (2000). The Dynamics of Religious Organizations: The Extravasation of the Sacred and Other Essays. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198297628" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198297628"><bdi>978-0198297628</bdi></a>. <q>1. Religion is the major foundation of ethnicity, examples include the Amish, Hutterites, Jews, and Mormons. Ethnicity in this pattern, so to speak, equals religion, and if the religious identity is denied, so is the ethnic identity. [Footnote: In actuality, of course, there can be exceptions, as the labels "jack Mormon," "banned Amish," or "cultural Jew" suggest.] Let us call this pattern "ethnic fusion." 2. Religion may be one of several foundations of ethnicity, the others commonly being language and territorial origin; examples are the Greek or Russian Orthodox and the Dutch Reformed. Ethnicity in this pattern extends beyond religion in the sense that ethnic identification can be claimed without claiming the religious identification, but the reverse is rare. Let us call this pattern "ethnic religion." 3. An ethnic group may be linked to a religious tradition, but other ethnic groups will be linked to it, too. Examples include Irish, Italian, and Polish Catholics; Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish Lutherans. Religion in this pattern extends beyond ethnicity, reversing the previous pattern, and religious identification can be claimed without claiming the ethnic identification. Let us call this pattern "religious ethnicity"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+Religious+Organizations%3A+The+Extravasation+of+the+Sacred+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0198297628&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Phillip+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENolt1992104-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENolt1992104_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNolt1992">Nolt 1992</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich1990" class="citation web cs1">Gingerich, Orland (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/W4781ME.html">"Western Ontario Mennonite Conference"</a>. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106144930/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/W4781ME.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Anabaptist+Mennonite+Encyclopedia+Online&rft.atitle=Western+Ontario+Mennonite+Conference&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=Orland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameo.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontents%2FW4781ME.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013_population-89"><a href="#cite_ref-2013_population_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2013.asp">"Amish Population Trends 1992–2013"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130614055427/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2013.asp">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amish+Population+Trends+1992%E2%80%932013&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies%2C+Elizabethtown+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2FPopulation_Trends_1992_2013.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etown-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etown_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-etown_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/PDF/Statistics/Population_Change_Summary_1992_2008.pdf">"Amish Population Change Summary 1992–2008"</a> (PDF). Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119075527/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/PDF/Statistics/Population_Change_Summary_1992_2008.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amish+Population+Change+Summary+1992%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies%2C+Elizabethtown+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2FPDF%2FStatistics%2FPopulation_Change_Summary_1992_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2016/06/Population_Change_2010-2015.pdf">"Amish Population Change, 2010–2015 (Alphabetical Order)"</a> (PDF). Groups.etown.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024629/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2016/06/Population_Change_2010-2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Groups.etown.edu&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Change%2C+2010%E2%80%932015+%28Alphabetical+Order%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Ffiles%2F2016%2F06%2FPopulation_Change_2010-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2020_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/">"Amish Population Profile, 2020"</a>. Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. August 18, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151807/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elizabethtown+College%2C+the+Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Profile%2C+2020&rft.date=2019-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Fstatistics%2Fstatistics-population-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2021-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2021_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/2021-amish-population/#maincontent">"The Amish Population in 2021"</a>. Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. August 12, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190707/https://amishamerica.com/2021-amish-population/">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elizabethtown+College%2C+the+Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Amish+Population+in+2021&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2F2021-amish-population%2F%23maincontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trends-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trends_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trends_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2008.asp">"Population Trends 1992–2008"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090606152522/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2008.asp">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Trends+1992%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies%2C+Elizabethtown+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2FPopulation_Trends_1992_2008.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraybill2000-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraybill2000_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKraybill2000">Kraybill 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEricksenEricksenHostetlerHuntington1979" class="citation journal cs1">Ericksen, Julia A.; Ericksen, Eugene P.; Hostetler, John A.; Huntington, Gertrude E. (July 1979). "Fertility Patterns and Trends among the Old Order Amish". Population Studies. 33 (2): 255–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2173531">10.2307/2173531</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4728">0032-4728</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173531">2173531</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39648293">39648293</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11630609">11630609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=Fertility+Patterns+and+Trends+among+the+Old+Order+Amish&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E255-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=1979-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2173531%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2173531&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39648293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11630609&rft.issn=0032-4728&rft.aulast=Ericksen&rft.aufirst=Julia+A.&rft.au=Ericksen%2C+Eugene+P.&rft.au=Hostetler%2C+John+A.&rft.au=Huntington%2C+Gertrude+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/conversations-with-tyler/tyler-cowen-eric-kaufmann-population-religion-culture-6e85bf9c8c07">"Eric Kaufmann on Immigration, Identity, and the Limits of Individualism (Ep. 70)"</a>. July 3, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eric+Kaufmann+on+Immigration%2C+Identity%2C+and+the+Limits+of+Individualism+%28Ep.+70%29&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2Fconversations-with-tyler%2Ftyler-cowen-eric-kaufmann-population-religion-culture-6e85bf9c8c07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManns" class="citation web cs1">Manns, Molly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2012/nov-dec/article2.asp">"Indiana's Amish Population"</a>. InContext. Indiana Business Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228163601/http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2012/nov-dec/article2.asp">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2012. Retrieved January 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InContext&rft.atitle=Indiana%27s+Amish+Population&rft.aulast=Manns&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.incontext.indiana.edu%2F2012%2Fnov-dec%2Farticle2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/population-trends-2010-2015/">"Population Trends 2010-2015. 5-Year Highlights"</a>. 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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801893995" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801893995"><bdi>978-0801893995</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647908343">647908343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Amish+paradox+%3A+diversity+%26+change+in+the+world%27s+largest+Amish+community&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647908343&rft.isbn=978-0801893995&rft.aulast=Hurst&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_by_State_2009.asp">"Amish Population by State"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119100112/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_by_State_2009.asp">Archived</a> from the original on January 19, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amish+Population+by+State&rft.pub=Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies%2C+Elizabethtown+College&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2FPopulation_by_State_2009.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.com/iowa-amish/">"Iowa Amish"</a>. amishamerica.com. October 12, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013234421/http://amishamerica.com/iowa-amish/">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amishamerica.com&rft.atitle=Iowa+Amish&rft.date=2010-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.com%2Fiowa-amish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.com/wisconsin-amish/#cashton">"Wisconsin Amish: Cashton"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123813/https://amishamerica.com/wisconsin-amish/#cashton">Archived</a> April 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at amishamerica.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2021/08/Amish-Pop-2021_by-state-and-county.pdf">Amish Population in the United States and Canada by State and County, September 18, 2021 by Edsel Burdge, Jr., Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2022-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2022_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/amish-population-2022-new-mexico/#maincontent">"Amish Population 2022: Amish Call New Mexico Home"</a>. Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. July 29, 2022. 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Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. September 2, 2023. Retrieved September 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elizabethtown+College%2C+the+Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Profile%2C+2023&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Fstatistics%2Fpopulation-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306140703/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2015/08/Population_Change_1992-2013.pdf">"Amish Population Change 1992–2013 (Alphabetical Order)"</a> (PDF). Population Trends 1992–2013. 21-Year Highlights. 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Retrieved September 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Trends+1992%E2%80%932013.+21-Year+Highlights&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Change+1992%E2%80%932013+%28Alphabetical+Order%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Ffiles%2F2015%2F08%2FPopulation_Change_1992-2013.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcms2010.org/">2010 U.S. Religion Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822073845/http://www.rcms2010.org/">Archived</a> August 22, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official website. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2000-2021-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Elizabethtown_College,_the_Young_Center_for_Anabaptist_and_Pietist_Studies-2000-2021_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2021/08/Population_Change_2000-2021.pdf">"Amish Population Change, 2000-2021"</a> (PDF). Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies. August 12, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elizabethtown+College%2C+the+Young+Center+for+Anabaptist+and+Pietist+Studies&rft.atitle=Amish+Population+Change%2C+2000-2021&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.etown.edu%2Famishstudies%2Ffiles%2F2021%2F08%2FPopulation_Change_2000-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/amish-scout-new-community-in-p-e-i-1.2802434">"Amish scout new community in P.E.I."</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912145659/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/amish-scout-new-community-in-p-e-i-1.2802434">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amish+scout+new+community+in+P.E.I.&rft.pub=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fprince-edward-island%2Famish-scout-new-community-in-p-e-i-1.2802434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.com/amish-moving-to-fourth-canadian-province/">Amish Moving To Fourth Canadian Province</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194623/http://amishamerica.com/amish-moving-to-fourth-canadian-province/">Archived</a> October 6, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at amishamerica.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonAnderson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Cory; Anderson, Jennifer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/vol4/iss1/2">"The Amish Settlement in Honduras, 1968–1978"</a>. 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The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927020542/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/05/AR2006100501360.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Amish+Reluctantly+Accept+Donations&rft.date=2006-10-05&rft.aulast=Rubinkam&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F10%2F05%2FAR2006100501360.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Beliefs.asp">"Amish Studies – Beliefs"</a>. Young Center for Anabaptist & Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212110331/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Beliefs.asp">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2013. 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Lippincott: 178–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F10459602013003002">10.1177/10459602013003002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0781736800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0781736800"><bdi>978-0781736800</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12113145">12113145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201377433">201377433</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123823/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tq-rL8VcQBQC&q=abortion+amish&pg=PA455">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. 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Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vindicator&rft.atitle=Trumbull+probes+attack+on+woman%2C+Amish+buggy&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1988-05-18&rft.aulast=Iseman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1uBRAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5866%2C396113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-15ZAAAAIBAJ&pg=6383,209217">"Stone Amish"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Painesville_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Painesville Telegraph">Painesville Telegraph</a>. 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Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Painesville+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stone+Amish&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1949-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D-15ZAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6383%2C209217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q8Q_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2772%2C3130040">"State Police Arrest 25 Boys in Rural Areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator" class="mw-redirect" title="The Vindicator">The Vindicator</a>. October 25, 1958. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308234531/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=q8Q_AAAAIBAJ&pg=2772%2C3130040">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vindicator&rft.atitle=State+Police+Arrest+25+Boys+in+Rural+Areas&rft.date=1958-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dq8Q_AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2772%252C3130040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Wisconsin v. Yoder, 182 N.W.2d 539 (Wis. 1971). </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205, 32 L.Ed.2d 15, 92 S.Ct. 1526 (1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928092054/http://www.wwmt.com/articles/rumble-1366086-joseph-0in.html">"Rumble strips removed after the Amish say they're dangerous"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WWMT" title="WWMT">WWMT</a> television news. August 20, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwmt.com/articles/rumble-1366086-joseph-0in.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011. <q>Dobberteen is one of a growing number of people in St. Joseph County who believes that the Amish shouldn't have a say in what happens with a state road. 'Some people are saying, "Well jeeze, you know the Amish people don't pay taxes for that, why are we filling them in" what do you think about that? We pay our taxes,' said Dobberteen. Roads are paid for largely with gas tax and vehicle registration fees, which the Amish have no reason to pay.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WWMT+television+news&rft.atitle=Rumble+strips+removed+after+the+Amish+say+they%27re+dangerous&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwmt.com%2Farticles%2Frumble-1366086-joseph-0in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill" class="citation web cs1">Kraybill, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419054904/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/amish-faq/">"Top Ten FAQ (about the Amish)"</a>. PBS/The American Experience. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/amish-faq/">the original</a> on April 19, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Ten+FAQ+%28about+the+Amish%29&rft.pub=PBS%2FThe+American+Experience&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Fgeneral-article%2Famish-faq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2013" class="citation web cs1">Kelley, Daniel (October 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/u-s-struggles-health-reform-amish-go-their-own-way-8C11345954">"As U.S. struggles with health reform, the Amish go their own way"</a>. NBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214175101/https://www.nbcnews.com/healthmain/u-s-struggles-health-reform-amish-go-their-own-way-8C11345954">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved February 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=As+U.S.+struggles+with+health+reform%2C+the+Amish+go+their+own+way&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fhealthmain%2Fu-s-struggles-health-reform-amish-go-their-own-way-8C11345954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/1402-">"U.S. Code collection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123830/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/1402">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Code+collection&rft.pub=Cornell+Law+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F26%2F1402-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf">"Application for Exemption From Social Security and Medicare Taxes and Waiver of Benefits"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">Internal Revenue Service</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630145820/http://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/f4029.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Application+for+Exemption+From+Social+Security+and+Medicare+Taxes+and+Waiver+of+Benefits&rft.pub=Internal+Revenue+Service&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irs.gov%2Fpub%2Firs-pdf%2Ff4029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssa.gov/OP_Home/rulings/oasi/45/SSR82-44-oasi-45.html">"U.S. v. Lee, 102 S. Ct. 1051 (1982)"</a>. August 20, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2011. <q>On appeal, the Supreme Court noted that the exemption provided by 26 U.S.C. 1402(g) is available only to self-employed individuals and does not apply to employers or employees. As to the constitutional claim, the court held that since accommodating the Amish beliefs under the circumstances would unduly interfere with the fulfillment of the overriding governmental interest in assuring mandatory and continuous participation in and contribution to the Social Security system, the limitation on religious liberty involved here was justified. Consequently, in reversing the district court, the Supreme Court held that, unless Congress provides otherwise, the tax imposed on employers to support the Social Security system must be uniformly applicable to all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+v.+Lee%2C+102+S.+Ct.+1051+%281982%29&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssa.gov%2FOP_Home%2Frulings%2Foasi%2F45%2FSSR82-44-oasi-45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Pathway_Publishers">"Pathway Publishers"</a>. Gameo.org. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112152251/http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Pathway_Publishers">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gameo.org&rft.atitle=Pathway+Publishers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgameo.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPathway_Publishers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aphis-efile.force.com/PublicSearchTool/s/inspection-reports">"APHIS Public Search Tool"</a>. aphis-efile.force.com. Retrieved March 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aphis-efile.force.com&rft.atitle=APHIS+Public+Search+Tool&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faphis-efile.force.com%2FPublicSearchTool%2Fs%2Finspection-reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=7187712&page=1">"Puppies 'Viewed as Livestock' in Amish Community, Says Rescue Advocate"</a>. ABC News. Retrieved March 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Puppies+%27Viewed+as+Livestock%27+in+Amish+Community%2C+Says+Rescue+Advocate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBusiness%2Fstory%3Fid%3D7187712%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffman2021" class="citation web cs1">Kauffman, Clark (October 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2021/10/01/citing-shocking-actions-of-iowa-dog-breeder-judge-issues-restraining-order/">"Citing 'shocking' actions of Iowa dog breeder, judge issues restraining order"</a>. Iowa Capital Dispatch. Retrieved March 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iowa+Capital+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Citing+%27shocking%27+actions+of+Iowa+dog+breeder%2C+judge+issues+restraining+order&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiowacapitaldispatch.com%2F2021%2F10%2F01%2Fciting-shocking-actions-of-iowa-dog-breeder-judge-issues-restraining-order%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=25261">"7 News Belize"</a>. 7newsbelize.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015123500/http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=25261">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2014. Retrieved December 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=7newsbelize.com&rft.atitle=7+News+Belize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.7newsbelize.com%2Fsstory.php%3Fnid%3D25261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/S72788ME.html">"Stauffer Mennonite Church"</a>. Gameo.org. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513012434/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/S72788ME.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gameo.org&rft.atitle=Stauffer+Mennonite+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameo.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontents%2FS72788ME.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etown.edu/YoungCenter.aspx?topic=About+Anabaptists+and+Pietists">"Elizabethtown College"</a>. Etown – Young Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117005305/http://www.etown.edu/centers/young-center/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2012. Retrieved November 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabethtown+College&rft.pub=Etown+%E2%80%93+Young+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etown.edu%2FYoungCenter.aspx%3Ftopic%3DAbout%2BAnabaptists%2Band%2BPietists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277694/Hutterites">"Hutterites"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211055426/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277694/Hutterite">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hutterites&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F277694%2FHutterites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaverdure2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Laverdure, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013223110/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/hutterites.html">"Hutterites"</a>. Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. Canadian Plains Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/hutterites.html">the original</a> on October 13, 2008. Retrieved November 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hutterites&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Saskatchewan&rft.pub=Canadian+Plains+Research+Center&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Laverdure&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesask.uregina.ca%2Fentry%2Fhutterites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomanyshyn2015" class="citation web cs1">Romanyshyn, Yuliana (November 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/article/guide/people/they-live-like-amish-but-they-are-not-400974.html">"They live like Amish, but they are not"</a>. KyivPost. Retrieved December 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KyivPost&rft.atitle=They+live+like+Amish%2C+but+they+are+not&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft.aulast=Romanyshyn&rft.aufirst=Yuliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Farticle%2Fguide%2Fpeople%2Fthey-live-like-amish-but-they-are-not-400974.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMash2021" class="citation web cs1">Mash, Dave (December 7, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebargainhunter.com/news/features/living-the-amish-faith-half-way-across-the-world-ukrainian-amish-exhibit-similar-faith-choices-to-amish-mennonite-beliefs">"Living the Amish faith half way across the world…"</a>. The Bargain Hunter. Retrieved December 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bargain+Hunter&rft.atitle=Living+the+Amish+faith+half+way+across+the+world%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2021-12-07&rft.aulast=Mash&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebargainhunter.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fliving-the-amish-faith-half-way-across-the-world-ukrainian-amish-exhibit-similar-faith-choices-to-amish-mennonite-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2003101-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2003101_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamm2003">Hamm 2003</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamm2003103–105-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamm2003103–105_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamm2003">Hamm 2003</a>, pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolt2016" class="citation book cs1">Nolt, Steven M. (May 2016). The Amish. JHU Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1956-5"><bdi>978-1-4214-1956-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amish&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2016-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1956-5&rft.aulast=Nolt&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/amish/">"WGBH American Experience. The Amish"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207174633/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/timeline/amish/">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WGBH+American+Experience.+The+Amish&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famericanexperience%2Ffeatures%2Ftimeline%2Famish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Cones Kupwah Snowflower in NAAH No. July 14, 1996 "Let's Get Physical" </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219184613/http://mcusa-archives.org/Resources/gathering--amishorshawnee.html">"Gathering at the Hearth: Stories Mennonites Tell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcusa-archives.org/Resources/gathering--amishorshawnee.html">the original</a> on December 19, 2010. Retrieved November 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gathering+at+the+Hearth%3A+Stories+Mennonites+Tell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcusa-archives.org%2FResources%2Fgathering--amishorshawnee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/attempting-to-repair-the-past-an-american-indian-longhouse-exhibit-coming-to-amish-country/">"Attempting to Repair the Past: An American Indian Longhouse Exhibit Coming to Amish Country"</a>. Indiancountrymedianetwork.com. April 29, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908013101/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/news/attempting-to-repair-the-past-an-american-indian-longhouse-exhibit-coming-to-amish-country/">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indiancountrymedianetwork.com&rft.atitle=Attempting+to+Repair+the+Past%3A+An+American+Indian+Longhouse+Exhibit+Coming+to+Amish+Country&rft.date=2012-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrymedianetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fattempting-to-repair-the-past-an-american-indian-longhouse-exhibit-coming-to-amish-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamm2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, Thomas D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9y2KvxT-tgC">The Quakers in America</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50893-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50893-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quakers+in+America&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50893-3&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9y2KvxT-tgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostetler1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Hostetler" title="John A. Hostetler">Hostetler, John</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amishsociety00host_0">Amish Society</a> (4th ed.), Baltimore, Maryland; London: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4442-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-4442-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amish+Society&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland%3B+London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-4442-3&rft.aulast=Hostetler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famishsociety00host_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill1994" class="citation cs2">Kraybill, Donald B (1994), Olshan, Marc A (ed.), The Amish Struggle with Modernity, Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, p. 304</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amish+Struggle+with+Modernity&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kraybill" title="Donald Kraybill">Kraybill, Donald B</a>, The Anabaptist Escalator</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anabaptist+Escalator&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2000" class="citation cs2">——— (2001) [2000], Anabaptist World USA, Herald Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-9163-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-9163-9"><bdi>978-0-8361-9163-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabaptist+World+USA&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8361-9163-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraybill2001" class="citation cs2">——— (2001), The Riddle of Amish Culture (revised ed.), JHU Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6772-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-6772-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riddle+of+Amish+Culture&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6772-9&rft.aulast=Kraybill&rft.aufirst=Donald+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolt1992" class="citation cs2">Nolt, Steven M. (1992), A History of the Amish, Intercourse: Good Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Amish&rft.place=Intercourse&rft.pub=Good+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nolt&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Swiss Amish", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amishamerica.typepad.com/amish_america/swiss_amish/">Amish America</a>, Type pad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302035944/http://amishamerica.typepad.com/amish_america/swiss_amish/">archived</a> from the original on March 2, 2009, retrieved March 26, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Swiss+Amish&rft.btitle=Amish+America&rft.pub=Type+pad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famishamerica.typepad.com%2Famish_america%2Fswiss_amish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_on_the_Amish" title="Literature on the Amish">Literature on the Amish</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Die Botschaft – Lancaster, PA – Newspaper for Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites; only Amish may place advertisements.</li> <li>The Diary – Gordonville, PA – Monthly newsmagazine by and for Old Order Amish.</li> <li>Beachy, Leroy (2011). Unser Leit ... The Story of the Amish. Millersburg, OH: Goodly Heritage Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9832397-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9832397-0-3">0-9832397-0-3</a></li> <li>DeWalt, Mark W. (2006). Amish Education in the United States and Canada. Rowman and Littlefield Education.</li> <li>Garret, Ottie A and Ruth Irene Garret (1998). True Stories of the X-Amish: Banned, Excommunicated and Shunned, Horse Cave, KY: Neu Leben.</li> <li>Garret, Ruth Irene (1998). Crossing Over: One Woman's Escape from Amish Life, Thomas More.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Gehman Richard. "Plainest of Pennsylvania's Plain People Amish Folk". National Geographic, August 1965, pp. 226–53.</li> <li>Good, Merle and Phyllis (1979). 20 Most Asked Questions about the Amish and Mennonites. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.</li> <li>Hostetler, John A. ed. (1989). Amish Roots: A Treasury of History, Wisdom, and Lore. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Igou, Brad (1999). The Amish in Their Own Words: Amish Writings from 25 Years of Family Life, Scottdale, PA: Herald Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (2006). Train Up a Child: Old Order Amish and Mennonite Schools. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Johnson-Weiner, Karen M. (2017) New York Amish : Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State (Cornell UP, 2017).</li> <li>Keim, Albert (1976). Compulsory Education and the Amish: The Right Not to be Modern. Beacon Press.</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B., Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, The Amish (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013), 500 pp.</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B. "Amish." in Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2014), pp. 97–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3273300018/GPS?u=wikipedia&sid=GPS&xid=2101fa51">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123834/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=GPS&u=wikipedia&id=GALE%7CCX3273300018&v=2.1&it=r&sid=GPS&asid=2101fa51">Archived</a> April 28, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B. (2008). The Amish of Lancaster County. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.* Kraybill, Donald B. ed. (2003). The Amish and the State. Foreword by Martin E. Marty. 2nd ed.: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B. (2014). Renegade Amish: Beard Cutting, Hate Crimes, and the Trial of the Bergholz Barbers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B. & Carl D. Bowman (2002). On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B. & Steven M. Nolt (2004). Amish Enterprise: From Plows to Profits. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B., Steven M. Nolt & David L. Weaver-Zercher (2006). Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy. New York: Jossey-Bass.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Kraybill, Donald B., Steven M. Nolt & David L. Weaver-Zercher (2010). The Amish Way: Patient Faith in a Perilous World. New York: Jossey-Bass.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Luthy, David (1991). Amish Settlements That Failed, 1840–1960. LaGrange, IN: Pathway Publishers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Mackall, Joe: Plain Secrets: An Outsider among the Amish, Boston, Mass. 2007.</li> <li>Nolt, Steven M. and Thomas J. Myers (2007). Plain Diversity: Amish Cultures and Identities. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Schachtman, Tom (2006). Rumspringa: To be or not to be Amish. New York: North Point Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Schlabach, Theron F. (1988). Peace, Faith, Nation: Mennonites and Amish in Nineteenth-Century America. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Schmidt, Kimberly D., Diane Zimmerman Umble, & Steven D. Reschly, eds. (2002) Strangers at Home: Amish and Mennonite Women in History. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Scott_(writer)" title="Stephen Scott (writer)">Scott, Stephen</a> (1988). The Amish Wedding and Other Special Occasions of the Old Order Communities. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithKrahn1981" class="citation cs2">Smith, C Henry; Krahn, Cornelius (1981), Smith's Story of the Mennonites (revised & expanded ed.), Newton, Kansas: Faith and Life Press, pp. 249–356, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87303-069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87303-069-4"><bdi>978-0-87303-069-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smith%27s+Story+of+the+Mennonites&rft.place=Newton%2C+Kansas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E356&rft.edition=revised+%26+expanded&rft.pub=Faith+and+Life+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87303-069-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=C+Henry&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmish" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Smith, Jeff (2016). Becoming Amish. Cedar, MI: Dance Hall Press[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Stevick, Richard A. (2007). Growing Up Amish: the Teenage Years. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Umble, Diane Zimmerman (2000). Holding the Line: the Telephone in Old Order Mennonite and Amish Life. Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Umble, Diane Zimmerman & David L. Weaver-Zercher, eds. (2008). The Amish and the Media. Johns Hopkins University Press</li> <li>Weaver-Zercher, David L. (2001). The Amish in the American Imagination. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Yoder, Harvey (2007). The Happening: Nickel Mines School Tragedy. Berlin, OH: TGS International.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amish&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amish" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amish">Amish</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/">The Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Amish">"Amish"</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Anabaptist_Mennonite_Encyclopedia_Online" title="Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online">Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beachyam.org/FAQs.htm">Select Affiliations in the Seven Plain Anabaptist Religious Traditions - Beachy AM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amishamerica.com/">"Amish America"</a>, a website dedicated to news and information about the Amish</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/">"Amish Studies"</a> at Young Center for Anabaptist & Pietist Studies at <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown_College" title="Elizabethtown College">Elizabethtown College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goshen.edu/mhl/">Mennonite Historical Library at Goshen College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lancasterpa.com/amish/amish-frequently-asked-questions/">"FAQs About the Amish"</a>, by resident experts at the Mennonite Information Center.</li> <li>"The Amish in Missouri" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114000409/http://missourifolkloresociety.truman.edu/Amish.htm">Archived</a> November 14, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Missouri Folklore Society</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amish" title="Template:Amish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amish" title="Template talk:Amish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amish257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">Affiliations</a> (by number of church districts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Amish_affiliation" title="Lancaster Amish affiliation">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elkhart-LaGrange_Amish_affiliation" title="Elkhart-LaGrange Amish affiliation">Elkhart-LaGrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Old_Order_Amish_affiliation" title="Holmes Old Order Amish affiliation">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_Amish_affiliation" title="Buchanan Amish affiliation">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swartzentruber_Amish" title="Swartzentruber Amish">Swartzentruber</a></li> <li>Geauga I</li> <li>Geauga II</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss (Adams)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyer_Amish" title="Troyer Amish">Troyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Amish" title="Swiss Amish">Swiss (Allen)</a></li> <li>Dover (Delaware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Weaver_Amish" title="Andy Weaver Amish">Andy Weaver</a></li> <li>Nappanee (IN)</li> <li>Arthur (IL)</li> <li>New Wilmington (PA)</li> <li>Daviess (IN)</li> <li>Kenton (IN)</li> <li>Ashland (OH)</li> <li>Jamesport/Bloomfield (MO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Amish_Churches" title="Michigan Amish Churches">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Amish" title="Nebraska Amish">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renno_Amish" title="Renno Amish">Renno</a></li> <li>Fredericktown (OH)</li> <li>Kalona (IA)</li> <li>Kansas/Oklahoma</li> <li>Milverton (ON)</li> <li>Missouri/Illinois</li> <li>Somerset (PA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobe_Amish" title="Tobe Amish">Tobe Hostetler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgroups_of_Amish" title="Subgroups of Amish">and others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Distribution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Amish_population" title="List of U.S. states by Amish population">List of U.S. states by Amish population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Canada" title="Amish in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Amish_Country" title="Ohio Amish Country">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_in_Maryland" title="Amish in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Way of life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish_religious_practices" title="Amish religious practices">Amish religious practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_way_of_life" title="Amish way of life">Amish way of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_among_the_Amish" title="Health among the Amish">Health among the Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Amish_society" title="Women in Amish society">Women in Amish society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amish_and_their_descendants" title="List of Amish and their descendants">List of Amish and their descendants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hochstetler" title="Hochstetler">Hochstetler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltzfus" title="Stoltzfus">Stoltzfus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyer" title="Troyer">Troyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoder" title="Yoder">Yoder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_language" title="Pennsylvania Dutch language">Pennsylvania Dutch language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_furniture" title="Amish furniture">Amish furniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_doll" title="Amish doll">Amish doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_preaching_soup" title="Amish preaching soup">Amish preaching soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barn_raising" title="Barn raising">Barn raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumspringa" title="Rumspringa">Rumspringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_on_the_Amish" title="Literature on the Amish">Literature on the Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anabaptism212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anabaptists" title="Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anabaptists" title="Template talk:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anabaptists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anabaptism212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petr_Chel%C4%8Dick%C3%BD" title="Petr Chelčický">Petr Chelčický</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_mysticism" class="mw-redirect" title="German mysticism">German mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwickau_prophets" title="Zwickau prophets">Zwickau prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batenburgers" title="Batenburgers">Batenburgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite" title="Old Order Mennonite">Old Order Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Mennonites" title="Conservative Mennonites">Conservative Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">Russian Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_Amish" title="New Order Amish">New Order Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachy_Amish" title="Beachy Amish">Beachy Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Mennonite" title="Amish Mennonite">Amish Mennonites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abecedarian" title="Abecedarian">Abecedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Brethren" title="River Brethren">River Brethren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_River_Brethren" title="Old Order River Brethren">Old Order River Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_in_Christ_Church" title="Brethren in Christ Church">Brethren in Christ Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruderhof_Communities" title="Bruderhof Communities">Bruderhof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Christian_Church" title="Apostolic Christian Church">Apostolic Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleitheim_Confession" title="Schleitheim Confession">Schleitheim Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dordrecht_Confession_of_Faith" title="Dordrecht Confession of Faith">Dordrecht Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Order_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Order Movement">Old Order Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptist–Jewish relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Theology of Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Huldrych_Zwingli#Eucharist" title="Theology of Huldrych Zwingli">Memorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonconformity_to_the_world" title="Nonconformity to the world">Nonconformity to the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> – <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agape_feast" title="Agape feast">Agape feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_communion" title="Closed communion">Closed communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Foot washing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnung" title="Ordnung">Ordnung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable Anabaptists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Manz" title="Felix Manz">Felix Manz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Conrad Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgram_Marpeck" title="Pilgram Marpeck">Pilgram Marpeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Denck" title="Hans Denck">Hans Denck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Hutter" title="Jakob Hutter">Jakob Hutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Hubmaier" title="Balthasar Hubmaier">Balthasar Hubmaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rothmann" title="Bernhard Rothmann">Bernhard Rothmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Philips" title="Dirk Philips">Dirk Philips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Ammann" title="Jakob Ammann">Jakob Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mack" title="Alexander Mack">Alexander Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich">Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104444#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1240" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/807678/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001720-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004511">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph191881&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph191883&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007293898205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&oldid=1274960446">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amish&oldid=1274960446</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Amish" title="Category:Amish">Amish</a></li><li><a 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